FLIR Systems FLIRT62101 Infrared Camera with WLan interface User Manual UserManual

FLIR Systems AB Infrared Camera with WLan interface UserManual

UserManual.pdf

User’s manualFlir T4xx series
User’s manualFlir T4xx series#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US iii
Table of contents1 Legal disclaimer ................................................................................ 11.1 Legal disclaimer .......................................................................11.2 U.S. Government Regulations......................................................11.3 Copyright ................................................................................11.4 Quality assurance .....................................................................21.5 Patents...................................................................................21.6 EULATerms.............................................................................22 Warnings & Cautions..........................................................................43 Notice to user....................................................................................83.1 User-to-user forums...................................................................83.2 Calibration...............................................................................83.3 Accuracy.................................................................................83.4 Disposal of electronic waste ........................................................83.5 Training...................................................................................83.6 Documentation updates..............................................................83.7 Important note about this manual ..................................................84 Customer help...................................................................................94.1 General ..................................................................................94.2 Submitting a question.................................................................94.3 Downloads ..............................................................................95 Quick Start Guide ............................................................................ 105.1 Procedure ............................................................................. 106 Parts lists .......................................................................................116.1 Contents of the transport case ................................................... 116.2 List of accessories and services ................................................. 117 A note about ergonomics.................................................................. 147.1 General ................................................................................ 147.2 Figure................................................................................... 148 Camera parts ..................................................................................158.1 Rear view.............................................................................. 158.1.1 Figure........................................................................ 158.1.2 Explanation................................................................. 158.2 Front view ............................................................................. 168.2.1 Figure........................................................................ 168.2.2 Explanation................................................................. 168.3 Bottom view........................................................................... 178.3.1 Figure........................................................................ 178.3.2 Explanation................................................................. 178.4 Battery condition indicator......................................................... 188.4.1 Figure........................................................................ 188.4.2 Explanation................................................................. 188.5 Laser pointer.......................................................................... 198.5.1 Figure........................................................................ 198.5.2 Laser warning label....................................................... 198.5.3 Laser rules and regulations............................................. 199 Screen elements.............................................................................. 209.1 Figure................................................................................... 209.2 Explanation ........................................................................... 2010 Navigating the menu system ............................................................. 2110.1 Figure................................................................................... 2110.2 Explanation ........................................................................... 2111 External devices and storage media................................................... 2211.1 Figure................................................................................... 22#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US v
Table of contents11.2 Explanation ........................................................................... 2212 Pairing Bluetooth devices ................................................................. 2312.1 General ................................................................................ 2312.2 Procedure ............................................................................. 2313 Configuring Wi-Fi............................................................................. 2413.1 General ................................................................................ 2413.2 Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (most common use) ................ 2413.3 Connecting the camera to a wireless local area network (less commonuse) ..................................................................................... 2414 Fetching data from external Extech meters ......................................... 2514.1 General ................................................................................ 2514.2 Figure................................................................................... 2514.3 Supported Extech meters ......................................................... 2514.4 Technical support for Extech meters ............................................ 2514.5 Procedure ............................................................................. 2514.6 Typical moisture measurement and documentationprocedure ............................................................................. 2614.6.1 General...................................................................... 2614.6.2 Procedure................................................................... 2615 Handling the camera ........................................................................ 2715.1 Charging the battery ................................................................ 2715.1.1 General...................................................................... 2715.1.2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to chargethe battery when it is inside the camera ............................. 2715.1.3 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to chargethe battery when it is outside the camera............................ 2715.1.4 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge thebattery ....................................................................... 2815.2 Inserting the battery ................................................................. 2815.2.1 Procedure................................................................... 2815.3 Removing the battery............................................................... 2915.3.1 Procedure................................................................... 2915.4 Turning on and turning off the camera .......................................... 3015.5 Adjusting the angle of lens ........................................................ 3015.5.1 Figure........................................................................ 3015.5.2 Procedure................................................................... 3015.6 Mounting an additional lens ....................................................... 3015.6.1 Procedure................................................................... 3015.7 Removing an additional infrared lens ........................................... 3215.7.1 Procedure................................................................... 3215.8 Attaching the sunshield ............................................................ 3415.8.1 Procedure................................................................... 3415.9 Using the laser pointer ............................................................. 3515.9.1 Figure........................................................................ 3515.9.2 Procedure................................................................... 3515.10 Calibrating the compass ........................................................... 3515.10.1 Figure........................................................................ 3515.10.2 Procedure................................................................... 3515.11 Calibrating the touchscreen LCD ................................................ 3615.11.1 Figure........................................................................ 3615.11.2 Procedure................................................................... 3616 Working with images and folders ....................................................... 3716.1 Adjusting the infrared camera focus............................................. 3716.1.1 Procedure................................................................... 3716.2 Previewing an image................................................................ 37#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US vi
Table of contents16.3 General ................................................................................ 3716.3.1 Procedure................................................................... 3716.4 Saving an image ..................................................................... 3716.4.1 General...................................................................... 3716.4.2 Formatting memory cards............................................... 3716.4.3 Image capacity ............................................................ 3716.4.4 Procedure................................................................... 3816.5 Periodically saving an image...................................................... 3816.5.1 General...................................................................... 3816.5.2 Procedure................................................................... 3816.6 Opening an image................................................................... 3816.6.1 General...................................................................... 3816.6.2 Procedure................................................................... 3816.7 Adjusting an image manually ..................................................... 3816.7.1 General...................................................................... 3816.7.2 Example 1 .................................................................. 3916.7.3 Example 2 .................................................................. 3916.7.4 Changing the temperature scale level................................ 3916.7.5 Changing the temperature scale span ............................... 4016.8 Hiding overlay graphics ............................................................ 4016.8.1 General...................................................................... 4016.8.2 Procedure................................................................... 4016.9 Deleting images...................................................................... 4016.9.1 General...................................................................... 4016.9.2 Procedure................................................................... 4016.10 Creating an Adobe PDF report ................................................... 4016.10.1 General...................................................................... 4016.10.2 Procedure................................................................... 4017 Working with fusion ......................................................................... 4217.1 What is picture-in-picture?......................................................... 4217.2 What is thermal fusion? ............................................................ 4217.3 Types ................................................................................... 4217.4 Image examples ..................................................................... 4217.5 Procedure ............................................................................. 4418 Working with video .......................................................................... 4618.1 Recording video clips............................................................... 4618.1.1 General...................................................................... 4618.1.2 Procedure................................................................... 4619 Working with measurement tools and isotherms.................................. 4719.1 Setting up measurement tools.................................................... 4719.1.1 General...................................................................... 4719.1.2 Procedure................................................................... 4719.2 Setting up a difference calculation............................................... 4719.2.1 General...................................................................... 4719.2.2 Procedure................................................................... 4719.3 Setting up isotherms ................................................................ 4719.3.1 General...................................................................... 4719.3.2 Setting up a high-temperature isotherm ............................. 4819.3.3 Setting up a low-temperature isotherm .............................. 4819.3.4 Setting up an interval isotherm......................................... 4819.3.5 Setting up a humidity isotherm......................................... 4819.3.6 Setting up an insulation isotherm...................................... 4919.4 Working with presets................................................................ 4919.4.1 General...................................................................... 4919.4.2 Procedure................................................................... 49#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US vii
Table of contents19.5 Removing measurement tools.................................................... 4919.5.1 Procedure................................................................... 4919.6 Moving measurement tools ....................................................... 5019.6.1 Procedure................................................................... 5019.7 Resizing areas ....................................................................... 5019.7.1 Procedure................................................................... 5019.8 Changing object parameters...................................................... 5019.8.1 General...................................................................... 5019.8.2 Types of parameters...................................................... 5019.8.3 Recommended values................................................... 5019.8.4 Procedure................................................................... 5120 Annotating images........................................................................... 5220.1 General ................................................................................ 5220.2 Adding a digital photo automatically............................................. 5220.2.1 General...................................................................... 5220.2.2 Procedure................................................................... 5220.3 Adding a digital photo manually.................................................. 5220.3.1 General...................................................................... 5220.3.2 Procedure................................................................... 5220.4 Creating a voice annotation ....................................................... 5220.4.1 General...................................................................... 5220.4.2 Procedure................................................................... 5320.5 Creating a text........................................................................ 5320.5.1 General...................................................................... 5320.5.2 Procedure................................................................... 5320.6 Creating a table ...................................................................... 5420.6.1 General...................................................................... 5420.6.2 Definition of field and value ............................................. 5420.6.3 Procedure................................................................... 5520.7 Adding a sketch...................................................................... 5620.7.1 General...................................................................... 5620.7.2 Adding a separate sketch ............................................... 5620.7.3 Adding a sketch to an infrared image ................................ 5720.7.4 Adding a sketch to a digital photo..................................... 5721 Programming the camera ................................................................. 5821.1 General ................................................................................ 5821.2 Procedure ............................................................................. 5822 Changing settings ........................................................................... 5922.1 Changing camera settings......................................................... 5922.1.1 General...................................................................... 5922.1.2 Procedure................................................................... 5922.2 Changing preferences.............................................................. 5922.2.1 General...................................................................... 5922.2.2 Procedure................................................................... 5922.3 Changing connectivity.............................................................. 5922.3.1 General...................................................................... 5922.3.2 Procedure................................................................... 6022.4 Changing regional settings ........................................................ 6022.4.1 General...................................................................... 6022.4.2 Procedure................................................................... 6023 Cleaning the camera ........................................................................ 6123.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items ..................................... 6123.1.1 Liquids....................................................................... 6123.1.2 Equipment .................................................................. 6123.1.3 Procedure................................................................... 61#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US viii
Table of contents23.2 Infrared lens........................................................................... 6123.2.1 Liquids....................................................................... 6123.2.2 Equipment .................................................................. 6123.2.3 Procedure................................................................... 6124 Technical data ................................................................................. 6225 Pin configurations ........................................................................... 6325.1 Pin configuration for USB Mini-B connector................................... 6325.2 Pin configuration for video connector ........................................... 6325.3 Pin configuration for USB-A connector ......................................... 6425.4 Pin configuration for power connector .......................................... 6426 Dimensions.....................................................................................6526.1 Camera ................................................................................ 6526.1.1 Camera dimensions...................................................... 6526.1.2 Camera dimensions, continued........................................ 6526.1.3 Camera dimensions, continued........................................ 6626.1.4 Camera dimensions, continued (with 30 mm/15°lens).......................................................................... 6626.1.5 Camera dimensions, continued (with 10 mm/45°lens).......................................................................... 6626.2 Battery ................................................................................. 6726.2.1 Figure........................................................................ 6726.3 Stand-alone battery charger ...................................................... 6826.3.1 Figure........................................................................ 6826.4 Stand-alone battery charger with the battery.................................. 6926.4.1 Figure........................................................................ 6926.5 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°).......................................................... 6926.5.1 Figure........................................................................ 6926.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°).......................................................... 7026.6.1 Figure........................................................................ 7027 Application examples....................................................................... 7127.1 Moisture & water damage ......................................................... 7127.1.1 General...................................................................... 7127.1.2 Figure........................................................................ 7127.2 Faulty contact in socket ............................................................ 7127.2.1 General...................................................................... 7127.2.2 Figure........................................................................ 7127.3 Oxidized socket...................................................................... 7227.3.1 General...................................................................... 7227.3.2 Figure........................................................................ 7227.4 Insulation deficiencies.............................................................. 7327.4.1 General...................................................................... 7327.4.2 Figure........................................................................ 7327.5 Draft .................................................................................... 7427.5.1 General...................................................................... 7427.5.2 Figure........................................................................ 7428 About Flir Systems........................................................................... 7528.1 More than just an infrared camera............................................... 7628.2 Sharing our knowledge............................................................. 7628.3 Supporting our customers......................................................... 7628.4 A few images from our facilities .................................................. 7729 Glossary.........................................................................................7830 Thermographic measurement techniques........................................... 8130.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 8130.2 Emissivity.............................................................................. 81#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US ix
Table of contents30.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample .................................... 8130.3 Reflected apparent temperature ................................................. 8430.4 Distance ............................................................................... 8430.5 Relative humidity..................................................................... 8430.6 Other parameters.................................................................... 8431 History of infrared technology ........................................................... 8632 Theory of thermography ................................................................... 8932.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 8932.2 The electromagnetic spectrum ................................................... 8932.3 Blackbody radiation................................................................. 8932.3.1 Planck’s law ................................................................ 9032.3.2 Wien’s displacement law ................................................ 9132.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law.................................................. 9232.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters ................................................. 9332.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials ............................................. 9533 The measurement formula ................................................................ 9634 Emissivity tables ........................................................................... 10034.1 References...........................................................................10034.2 Tables .................................................................................100#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US x
Legal disclaimer11.1 Legal disclaimerAll products manufactured by Flir Systems are warranted against defective materials andworkmanship for a period of one (1) year from the delivery date of the original purchase,provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accord-ance with Flir Systems instruction.Uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by Flir Systems are warrantedagainst defective materials and workmanship for a period of two (2) years from the deliv-ery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal stor-age, use and service, and in accordance with Flir Systems instruction, and provided thatthe camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase.Detectors for uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by Flir Systems are war-ranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of ten (10) years fromthe delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under nor-mal storage, use and service, and in accordance with Flir Systems instruction, and pro-vided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase.Products which are not manufactured by Flir Systems but included in systems deliveredby Flir Systems to the original purchaser, carry the warranty, if any, of the particular suppli-er only. Flir Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable. It is not appli-cable to any product which has been subjected to misuse, neglect, accident or abnormalconditions of operation. Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty.In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be fur-ther used in order to prevent additional damage. The purchaser shall promptly report anydefect to Flir Systems or this warranty will not apply.Flir Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of chargeif, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided thatit is returned to Flir Systems within the said one-year period.Flir Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above.No other warranty is expressed or implied. Flir Systems specifically disclaims the impliedwarranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.Flir Systems shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequentialloss or damage, whether based on contract, tort or any other legal theory.This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law.Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty, shallbe finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute ofthe Stockholm Chamber of Commerce. The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm. Thelanguage to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English.1.2 U.S. Government RegulationsThe products described in the user documentation may require government authorizationfor export/re-export, or transfer. Contact Flir Systems for details.1.3 Copyright© 2012, Flir Systems. All rights reserved worldwide. No parts of the software includingsource code may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed or translated into any languageor computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical, manualor otherwise, without the prior written permission of Flir Systems.This documentation must not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced,translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without priorconsent, in writing, from Flir Systems.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 1
Legal disclaimer1Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks ortrademarks of Flir Systems and/or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks, trade names orcompany names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property oftheir respective owners.1.4 Quality assuranceThe Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manu-factured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard.Flir Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development; therefore we reservethe right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in thismanual without prior notice.1.5 PatentsOne or several of the following patents or design patents apply to the products and/or fea-tures described in this manual:0002258-2; 000279476-0001; 000439161; 000499579-0001; 000653423; 000726344;000859020; 001106306-0001; 001707738; 001707746; 001707787; 001776519;0101577-5; 0102150-0; 1144833; 1182246; 1182620; 1285345; 1299699; 1325808;1336775; 1391114; 1402918; 1404291; 1411581; 1415075; 1421497; 1678485;1732314; 2106017; 3006596; 3006597; 466540; 483782; 484155; 4889913;60122153.2; 602004011681.5-08; 6707044; 68657; 7034300; 7110035; 7154093;7157705; 7237946; 7312822; 7332716; 7336823; 7544944; 75530; 7667198; 7809258;7826736; 8,018,649 B2; 8,153,971; 8212210 B2; D540838; D549758; D579475;D584755; D599,392; DI6702302-9; DI6803572-1; DI6903617-9; DI7002221-6;DI7005799-0; DM/057692; DM/061609; ZL01823221.3; ZL01823226.4; ZL02331553.9;ZL02331554.7; ZL200480034894.0; ZL200530120994.2; ZL200610088759.5;ZL200630130114.4; ZL200730151141.4; ZL200730339504.7; ZL200820105768.8;ZL200830128581.2; ZL200880105769.2; ZL200930190061.9; ZL201030176127.1;ZL201030176130.3; ZL201030176157.2; ZL201030595931.31.6 EULA Terms• You have acquired a device (“INFRARED CAMERA”) that includes software licensedby Flir Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing, GP or its affiliates (“MS”). Those installedsoftware products of MS origin, as well as associated media, printed materials, and“online” or electronic documentation (“SOFTWARE”) are protected by international in-tellectual property laws and treaties. The SOFTWARE is licensed, not sold. All rightsreserved.• IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT (“EULA”), DONOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE. INSTEAD, PROMPTLY CON-TACT Flir Systems AB FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DE-VICE(S) FOR A REFUND. ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE, INCLUDING BUT NOTLIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE, WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TOTHIS EULA (OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT).#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 2
Legal disclaimer1•GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE. This EULA grants you the following license:• You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE.•NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. Flir Sys-tems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWAREIN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON Flir Systems AB TO CONDUCTSUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLEFOR SUCH USE.•NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE is provided “AS IS”and with all faults. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY, PER-FORMANCE, ACCURACY, AND EFFORT (INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE)IS WITH YOU. ALSO, THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCEWITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE ORTHE SOFTWARE, THOSE WARRANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM, ANDARE NOT BINDING ON, MS.• No Liability for Certain Damages. EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW, MS SHALLHAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL ORINCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THEUSE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE. THIS LIMITATION SHALL AP-PLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. IN NOEVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U.S. TWOHUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS (U.S.$250.00).•Limitations on Reverse Engineering, Decompilation, and Disassembly. Youmay not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the SOFTWARE, exceptand only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable lawnotwithstanding this limitation.•SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRICTIONS. You may per-manently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or trans-fer of the Device, and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA. If the SOFTWAREis an upgrade, any transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE.•EXPORT RESTRICTIONS. You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U.S.export jurisdiction. You agree to comply with all applicable international and nation-al laws that apply to the SOFTWARE, including the U.S. Export AdministrationRegulations, as well as end-user, end-use and destination restrictions issued byU.S. and other governments. For additional information see http://www.microsoft.com/exporting/.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 3
Warnings & Cautions2WARNING• (Applies only to Class A digital devices.) This equipment generates, uses, and can ra-diate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the in-struction manual, may cause interference to radio communications. It has been testedand found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to SubpartJ of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protectionagainst such interference when operated in a commercial environment. Operation ofthis equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case theuser at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be requiredto correct the interference.• (Applies only to Class B digital devices.) This equipment has been tested and found tocomply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCCRules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful in-terference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiateradio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruc-tions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is noguarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipmentdoes cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be deter-mined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct theinterference by one or more of the following measures:• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the re-ceiver is connected.• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.• (Applies only to digital devices subject to 15.19/RSS-210.) NOTICE: This device com-plies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with RSS-210 of Industry Canada. Operationis subject to the following two conditions:1. this device may not cause harmful interference, and2. this device must accept any interference received, including interference that maycause undesired operation.• (Applies only to digital devices subject to 15.21.) NOTICE: Changes or modificationsmade to this equipment not expressly approved by (manufacturer name) may void theFCC authorization to operate this equipment.• (Applies only to digital devices subject to 2.1091/2.1093/OET Bulletin 65.) Radiofre-quency radiation exposure Information: The radiated output power of the device isfar below the FCC radio frequency exposure limits. Nevertheless, the device shall beused in such a manner that the potential for human contact during normal operation isminimized.• (Applies only to cameras featuring Wi-Fi.) Radiofrequency radiation exposure In-formation: For body worn operation, this camera has been tested and meets the FCCRF exposure guidelines when used with the Flir Systems accessories supplied or des-ignated for this product. Use of other accessories may not ensure compliance withFCC RF exposure guidelines.• (Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Do not look directly into the laser beam.The laser beam can cause eye irritation.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 4
Warnings & Cautions2• Applies only to cameras with battery:• Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery. The battery contains safetyand protection devices which, if they become damaged, can cause the battery tobecome hot, or cause an explosion or an ignition.• If there is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes, do not rub youreyes. Flush well with water and immediately get medical care. The battery fluidcan cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this.• Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the speci-fied charging time. If you continue to charge the battery, it can become hot andcause an explosion or ignition.• Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery. If you do not use the cor-rect equipment, you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery.If you do not use the correct equipment, an incorrect flow of current to the batterycan occur. This can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion andinjury to persons.• Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warn-ing labels on containers before you use a liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.• If mounting the A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera on a pole, tower or any elevated location,use industry standard safe practices to avoid injuries.CAUTION• Do not point the infrared camera (with or without the lens cover) at intensive energysources, for example devices that emit laser radiation, or the sun. This can have an un-wanted effect on the accuracy of the camera. It can also cause damage to the detectorin the camera.• Do not use the camera in a temperature higher than +50°C (+122°F), unless specifiedotherwise in the user documentation. High temperatures can cause damage to thecamera.• (Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Protect the laser pointer with the protec-tive cap when you do not operate the laser pointer.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 5
Warnings & Cautions2• Applies only to cameras with battery:• Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a spe-cific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided byFlir Systems.• Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery toeach other with a metal object (such as wire).• Do not get water or salt water on the battery, or permit the battery to get wet.• Do not make holes in the battery with objects. Do not hit the battery with a ham-mer. Do not step on the battery, or apply strong impacts or shocks to it.• Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the batterybecomes hot, the built-in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop thebattery charging process. If the battery becomes hot, damage can occur to thesafety equipment and this can cause more heat, damage or ignition of the battery.• Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery withheat.• Do not put the battery on or near fires, stoves, or other high-temperature locations.• Do not solder directly onto the battery.• Do not use the battery if, when you use, charge, or store the battery, there is an un-usual smell from the battery, the battery feels hot, changes color, changes shape,or is in an unusual condition. Contact your sales office if one or more of theseproblems occurs.• Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery.• The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is ±0°C to +45°C (+32°F to +113°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documentation. If youcharge the battery at temperatures out of this range, it can cause the battery to be-come hot or to break. It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of thebattery.• The temperature range through which you can discharge the battery is −15°C to+50°C (+5°F to +122°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documentation.Use of the battery out of this temperature range can decrease the performance orthe life cycle of the battery.• When the battery is worn, apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape orsimilar materials before you discard it.• Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.• Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. Thiscan cause damage.• Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflectivecoating.• Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflectivecoating.• In furnace and other high-temperature applications, you must mount a heatshield onthe camera. Using the camera in furnace and other high-temperature applications with-out a heatshield can cause damage to the camera.• (Applies only to cameras with an automatic shutter that can be disabled.) Do not dis-able the automatic shutter in the camera for a prolonged time period (typically max. 30minutes). Disabling the shutter for a longer time period may harm, or irreparably dam-age, the detector.• The encapsulation rating is valid only when all openings on the camera are sealed withtheir designated covers, hatches, or caps. This includes, but is not limited to, compart-ments for data storage, batteries, and connectors.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 6
Warnings & Cautions2• (Applies only to Flir A3xx f/A3xx pt series cameras.)• Except as described in this manual, do not open the Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f seriescamera for any reason. Disassembly of the camera (including removal of the cov-er) can cause permanent damage and will void the warranty.• Do not to leave fingerprints on the Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera’s infraredoptics.• The Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera requires a power supply of 24 VDC. Operat-ing the camera outside of the specified input voltage range or the specified operat-ing temperature range can cause permanent damage.• When lifting the Flir A3xx pt series camera use the camera body and base, not thetubes.• (Applies only to Flir GF309 cameras.) CAUTION: The exceptionally wide temperaturerange of the Flir GF309 infrared camera is designed for performing highly accurateelectrical and mechanical inspections and can also “see through flames” for inspectinggas-fired furnaces, chemical heaters and coal-fired boilers. IN ORDER TO DERIVEACCURATE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN THESE ENVIRONMENTS THEGF309 OPERATOR MUST HAVE A STRONG UNDERSTANDING OF RADIOMETRICFUNDAMENTALS AS WELL AS THE PRODUCTS AND CONDITIONS OF COMBUS-TION THAT IMPACT REMOTE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT. The Infrared Train-ing Center (itc) offers a wide range of world class infrared training for thermographyprofessionals including GF309 operators. For more information about obtaining thetraining and certification you require, contact your Flir sales representative or itc atwww.infraredtraining.com.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 7
Notice to user33.1 User-to-user forumsExchange ideas, problems, and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around theworld in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit:http://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/3.2 CalibrationWe recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact your lo-cal sales office for instructions on where to send the camera.3.3 AccuracyFor very accurate results, we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have startedthe camera before measuring a temperature.3.4 Disposal of electronic wasteAs with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environmen-tally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste.Please contact your Flir Systems representative for more details.3.5 TrainingTo read about infrared training, visit:• http://www.infraredtraining.com• http://www.irtraining.com• http://www.irtraining.eu3.6 Documentation updatesOur manuals are updated several times per year, and we also issue product-critical notifi-cations of changes on a regular basis.To access the latest manuals and notifications, go to the Download tab at:http://support.flir.comIt only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find thelatest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historicaland obsolete products.3.7 Important note about this manualFlir Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line.This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not applyto your particular camera model.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 8
Customer help44.1 GeneralFor customer help, visit:http://support.flir.com4.2 Submitting a questionTo submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It onlytakes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase forexisting questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.When you want to submit a question, make sure that you have the following information tohand:• The camera model• The camera serial number• The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex-ample, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire)• Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.)• Version of any programs from Flir Systems• Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual4.3 DownloadsOn the customer help site you can also download the following:• Firmware updates for your infrared camera.• Program updates for your PC/Mac software.• Freeware and evaluation versions of PC/Mac software.• User documentation for current, obsolete, and historical products.• Mechanical drawings (in *.dxf and *.pdf format).• Cad data models (in *.stp format).• Application stories.• Technical datasheets.• Product catalogs.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 9
Quick Start Guide55.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Charge the battery for four hours.2. Insert the battery into the camera.3. Insert an SD Memory Card into the card slot at the bottom of the camera.4. Push the On/Off button to turn on the camera. Allow 45 seconds for the startupsequence.5. Aim the camera toward your target of interest.6. Push the Preview/Save button halfway down to autofocus the camera.7. Push the Preview/Save button fully down to save an image.8. Do one of the following:• Remove the SD Memory Card and insert it into a card reader connected to acomputer.• Connect a computer to the camera using a USB Mini-B cable.9. Move the image from the card or camera using a drag-and-drop operation.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 10
Parts lists66.1 Contents of the transport case• Infrared camera with lens• Battery (2 ea.)• Battery charger• Bluetooth headset*• Calibration certificate• Camera lens cap• Downloads brochure• Flir ResearchIR scratchcard*• Flir Tools download card• Flir apps card• Getting started guide• Hard transport case• Important information guide• Memory card• Neckstrap• Optics brochure• Power supply, incl. multi-plugs• Service & training brochure• Sunshield• Thank you card• USB cable• User documentation CD-ROM• Video cable• Warranty extension card* The inclusion of this item is dependent on model.NoteFlir Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or tochange specifications at any time without prior notice.6.2 List of accessories and servicesPart No Product name1123970 Sun shield1124544 Neck strap1196398 Battery1196895 Hard transport case for Flir T/B2xx-4xx1196960 IR lens, f = 10 mm, 45° incl. case1196961 IR lens, f = 30 mm, 15° incl. case1910423 USB cable Std A <-> Mini-B1910475 Adapter, SD memory card to USB1910490 Cigarette lighter adapter kit, 12 VDC, 1.2 m/3.9 ft.1910582 Video cable19250-100 IR Window 2 in19251-100 IR Window 3 in.19252-100 IR Window 4 in.APP-10002 Flir Tools Mobile (Android Application)APP-10003 Flir Tools Mobile (iPad/iPhone Application)DSW-10000 Flir IR Camera PlayerITC-ADV-3021 ITC Advanced General Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers.ITC-ADV-3029 ITC Advanced General Thermography Course- group of 10 pers.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 11
Parts lists6Part No Product nameITC-CER-5101 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers.ITC-CER-5105 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course - additional student to on site class, 1 persITC-CER-5109 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course – group of 10 pers.ITC-CER-5201 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers.ITC-CER-5205 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course - additional student to on site class, 1 persITC-CER-5209 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course – group of 10 pers.ITC-CER-6101 EN473 IT Certification course Category 1, excl. Certification, 1 pers.ITC-CER-6109 EN473 IT Certification course Category 1, excl. Certification, group up to 10 pers.ITC-CON-1001 ITC conference feeITC-EXP-0511 ITC Getting Started with Thermography - attendance, 1 pers.ITC-EXP-0521 ITC Getting Started with Thermography (evening or weekend) - attendance, 1pers.ITC-EXP-1001 ITC Training 1 day - attendance 1 pers.ITC-EXP-1009 ITC Training 1 day - group up to 10 pers.ITC-EXP-1011 ITC Short course Introduction to thermography -attendance 1 pers. (1 day)ITC-EXP-1019 ITC Short course Introduction to thermography - inclusive 10 pers. (1 day)ITC-EXP-1021 ITC In-house training - additional attendance 1 pers. (per day)ITC-EXP-1029 ITC In-house training - group up to 10 pers. (per day)ITC-EXP-2001 ITC Training 2 days - attendance 1 pers.ITC-EXP-2009 ITC Training 2 days - group up to 10 pers.ITC-EXP-2041 ITC Short course electrical thermography - attendance 1 pers. (2 days)ITC-EXP-2049 ITC Short course electrical thermography - inclusive 10 pers. (2 days)ITC-EXP-3001 ITC Training 3 days - attendance 1 pers.ITC-EXP-3009 ITC Training 3 days - group up to 10 pers.ITC-FEE-0120 Certification EN473 IT Category 1ITC-FEE-0130 Repeat Certification EN473 IT Category 1ITC-PRA-2011 ITC Practical Course - Solar panel inspection - attendance, 1 pers (2 days)ITC-PRA-2019 ITC Practical Course - Solar panel inspection - group up to 10 pers (2 days)ITC-SOW-0001 ITC Software course - attendance 1 pers. (per day)ITC-SOW-0009 ITC Software course - group up to 10 pers. (per day)ITC-SOW-1001 ITC Training Flir Software - attendance 1 pers. (1 day)ITC-SOW-2001 ITC Training Flir Software - attendance 1 pers. (2 days)ITC-TFT-0100 ITC travel time for instructorITC-TOL-1001 Travel and lodging expenses instructor (Europe, Balcans, Turkey, Cyprus)ITC-TOL-1002 Travel and lodging expenses instructor (Russia/GUS, Middle East, North Africa)ITC-TOL-1003 Travel and lodging expenses instructor (Center and South Africa)ITC-TOL-1004 Travel and lodging expenses instructor (various)ITC-TOL-1005 Travel and lodging expenses instructor (other)T127451 Flir Reporter Professional (license only)T127597 Flir ResearchIR 3 (license only)T127597L10 Flir ResearchIR 3 (license only), 10 user licensesT127597L5 Flir ResearchIR 3 (license only), 5 user licensesT127598 Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (license only)#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 12
Parts lists6Part No Product nameT127598L10 Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (license only), 10 user licensesT127598L5 Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (license only), 5 user licensesT127648 Flir Tools+ (license only)T197000 High temp. option +1200°C/+2192°F for Flir T/B2xx to T/B4xx and A3xx, A3xxf,A3xxpt, A3xxsc seriesT197214 Close-up 2× (50 µm) incl. caseT197215 Close-up 4× (100 µm) incl. caseT197408 IR lens, 76 mm (6°) with case and mounting support for T/B-200/400T197412 IR lens, 4 mm (90°) with case and mounting support for T/B2xx-4xxT197650 2-bay battery charger, incl. power supply with multi plugsT197667 Battery packageT197717 Flir Reporter Professional (DVD)T197771 Bluetooth HeadsetT197965 Flir ToolsT198206 Flir ResearchIR 3 (CD)T198209 Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (CD)T198290 Upgrade Flir ResearchIR 3 to Flir ResearchIR 3 MaxT198291 Upgrade previous version to Flir ResearchIR 3 MaxT198292 Upgrade previous version to Flir ResearchIR 3T199802 Calibration including General maintenance T2xx-T4xx seriesT199815 One year extended warranty for T2xx-4xx seriesT910737 Memory card micro-SD with adaptersT910750 Power supply, incl. multi plugsT910972 EX845: Clamp meter + IR therm TRMS 1000A AC/DCT910973 MO297: Moisture meter, pinless with memoryT911048 Pouch for Flir T6xx and T4xx seriesT911093 Tool beltNoteFlir Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or tochange specifications at any time without prior notice.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 13
A note about ergonomics77.1 GeneralTo prevent strain injuries, it is important that you hold the camera ergonomically correct.This section gives advice and examples on how to hold the camera.NotePlease note the following:• Always adjust the angle of the lens to suit your work position.• When you hold the camera, make sure that you support the camera housing with your left hand too.This decreases the strain on your right hand.7.2 Figure#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 14
Camera parts88.1 Rear view8.1.1 Figure8.1.2 Explanation1. Touch screen LCD.2. Antenna for wireless communication.3. Digital zoom button.4. Programmable button.5. Joystick: Move up/down or left/right to navigate on menus, in dialog boxes, and in theimage archive. Push to confirm choices.6. Menu/Back button: Push to display the menu on the screen, and to go back in dialogboxes.7. Mode button: Push to display the mode selector and select a camera mode. Themodes that can be selected are:•Thermal camera: Using this mode, the camera captures infrared images.•Digital camera: Using this mode, the camera captures visual images.•Thermal fusion: Using this mode, the camera captures an image where someparts are displayed as an infrared image and some parts as a visual image, de-pending on the temperature.•Picture in Picture: Using this mode, the camera captures an image where the mid-dle part is displayed as an infrared image and the outer frame as a visual image.•MSX (Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging): Using this mode, the camera captures in-frared images where the edges of the objects are enhanced.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 15
Camera parts88. A/M button: This button has two main functions:1. Push to switch between automatic and manual adjustment modes. The manualadjustment modes that can be selected are the following:•Manual: Using this mode, the top and bottom temperature levels in the scalecan be changed simultaneously, by pushing the joystick up/down. The tem-perature span can be changed by pushing the joystick left/right.•Manual min.: Using this mode, the bottom temperature level in the scale canbe changed by pushing the joystick up/down, while the top temperature levelremains fixed.•Manual max.: Using this mode, the top temperature level in the scale can bechanged by pushing the joystick up/down, while the bottom temperature levelremains fixed.2. Push and hold the button until you hear a clicking sound to autoadjust the image.9. Archive button: Push to open/close the image gallery.10. On/Off button: Push to turn on/turn off the camera. Allow 45 seconds for the startupsequence.11. Hand strap.8.2 Front view8.2.1 Figure8.2.2 Explanation1. Laser pointer button: Push to activate the laser pointer.2. This button has two main functions:1. Preview/Save: Push the button fully down to save an infrared image and a digitalphoto simultaneously.NoteThe behavior of this button can be changed under Settings to one of the following:•Preview/Save.•Save directly (default).•Always preview.2. Autofocus: Push the button halfway down to autofocus the camera.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 16
Camera parts83. Focus button: Move left/right to manually focus the camera.4. Attachment point for the neck strap.5. Video lamp.6. Digital camera lens.7. Release button for additional infrared lenses.8. Laser pointer.9. Infrared lens.NoteThe laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.8.3 Bottom view8.3.1 Figure8.3.2 Explanation1. Tripod mount 1/4"-202. Release button for the cover to the connector bay3. Cover for the connector bay4. Release button for the battery compartment cover5. Cover for the battery compartment#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 17
Camera parts88.4 Battery condition indicator8.4.1 Figure8.4.2 ExplanationType of signal ExplanationThe green light flashes. The power supply or the stand-alone batterycharger is charging the battery.The green light is continuous. The battery is fully charged.The green light is off. The camera is using the battery (instead of thepower supply).#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 18
Camera parts88.5 Laser pointer8.5.1 FigureFigure 8.1 This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center ofthe infrared lens.WARNINGDo not look directly into the laser beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation.CAUTIONProtect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you are not using the laser pointer.NoteThe laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.NoteThe symbol is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on.8.5.2 Laser warning labelA laser warning label with the following information is attached to the camera:8.5.3 Laser rules and regulationsWavelength: 635 nm. Maximum output power: 1 mW.This product complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 except for deviations pursuantto Laser Notice No. 50, dated June 24, 2007.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 19
Screen elements99.1 Figure9.2 Explanation1. Back toolbar button.2. Mode toolbar button.3. Presets toolbar button.4. Tools toolbar button.5. Palette toolbar button.6. Parameters toolbar button.7. Result table.8. Measurement box.9. Measurement spotmeter.10. Various status and mode icons, e.g., Bluetooth, battery, USB, and compass.11. Measurement circle.12. Temperature scale.13. Measurement line.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 20
Navigating the menu system1010.1 Figure10.2 ExplanationThe figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera:• Using the index finger or a stylus pen to navigate the menu system (left).• Using the joystick to navigate the menu system (right).You can also use a combination of the two.In this manual it is assumed that the joystick is used, but most tasks can also be carriedout using the index finger or a stylus pen.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 21
External devices and storagemedia1111.1 Figure11.2 Explanation1. To connect an external USB device to the camera, use a USB-A cable and thissocket.2. Indicator showing that the memory card is busy.Note• Do not eject the SD memory card when this LED is flashing.• Do not connect the camera to a computer when this LED is flashing.3. To connect a computer to the camera to move images and files to and from the cam-era, use a USB Mini-B cable and this socket.4. To insert an SD memory card, use this card slot.5. To connect a video monitor to the camera, use a CVBS (composite video) cable andthis socket.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 22
Pairing Bluetooth devices1212.1 GeneralBefore you can use a Bluetooth device with the camera, you need to pair the devices.12.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Turn on the camera.2. Push the Menu/Back button.3. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.4. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.5. On the Connectivity tab, go to Bluetooth and push the joystick to enable Bluetoothconnectivity.6. On the same tab, go to Add device and push the joystick to begin scanning fordevices.At this stage you need to refer to the user documentation for your Bluetooth device.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 23
Configuring Wi-Fi1313.1 GeneralDepending on your camera configuration, you can connect the camera to a wireless localarea network (WLAN) using Wi-Fi, or let the camera provide Wi-Fi access to anotherdevice.You can connect the camera in two different ways:•Most common use: Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (also called ad hoc or P2Pconnection). This method is primarily used with other devices, e.g., an iPhone or iPad.•Less common use: Connecting the camera to a WLAN.13.2 Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (most common use)Follow this procedure:1. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.2. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.3. Go to theConnectivity tab.4. Under Wi-Fi, select Connect device.5. Select Wi-Fi settings.6. Enter values for the following parameters:•SSID (the name of the network).•Channel (the channel that the other device is broadcasting on).•Encryption (the encryption algorithm, e.g., None or WEP).•Key (the access key to the network).•Address (the IP address for the network).•Gateway (the gateway IP address for the network).NoteThese parameters are set for your camera's network. They will be used by the external device toconnect that device to the network.7.13.3 Connecting the camera to a wireless local area network (less common use)Follow this procedure:1. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.2. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.3. Go to theConnectivity tab.4. Under Wi-Fi, select Connect to WLAN.5. Select Wi-Fi settings.6. Select one of the available networks.Password-protected networks are indicated with a padlock icon, and for these you willneed to enter an access key.7.NoteSome networks do not broadcast their existence. To connect to such a network, select Add manuallyand set all parameters manually according to that network.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 24
Fetching data from externalExtech meters1414.1 GeneralYou can fetch data from an external Extech meter and merge this data into the result tablein the infrared image.14.2 Figure14.3 Supported Extech meters• Extech Moisture Meter MO297• Extech Clamp Meter EX84514.4 Technical support for Extech meterssupport@extech.comThis support is for Extech meters only. For technical support for infrared cameras, go tohttp://support.flir.com.For more information about products from Extech Instruments, go to http://www.extech.com/instruments/.14.5 ProcedureNoteThis procedure assumes that you have paired the Bluetooth devices and set the functionality of the Savebutton to Preview/Save.Follow this procedure:1. Turn on the camera.2. Turn on the Extech meter.3. On the meter, enable Bluetooth mode. Refer to the user documentation for the meterfor information on how to do this.4. On the meter, choose the quantity that you want to use (voltage, current, resistance,etc.). Refer to the user documentation for the meter for information on how to do this.Results from the meter will now automatically be displayed in the result table in thetop left corner of the infrared camera screen.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 25
Fetching data from external Extech meters145. Do one of the following:• To preview an image, push the Preview/Save button. At this stage, you can addadditional values. To do so, take a new measurement with the meter and selectAdd on the infrared camera screen.• To save an image without previewing, push and hold down the Preview/Savebutton.• (Dependent on camera model) To add a value to a recalled image, turn on the me-ter after you have recalled the image, then select Add on the infrared camerascreen. A maximum of eight values can be added, but note that some values arebroken into two lines.6. Click Close or Save (depending on camera model).14.6 Typical moisture measurement and documentation procedure14.6.1 GeneralThe following procedure can form the basis for other procedures using Extech metersand infrared cameras.14.6.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Use the infrared camera to identify any potential damp areas behind walls andceilings.2. Use the moisture meter to measure the moisture levels at various suspect locationsthat may have been found.3. When a spot of particular interest is located, store the moisture reading in the moisturemeter’s memory and identify the measurement spot with a handprint or other thermalidentifying marker.4. Recall the reading from the meter memory. The moisture meter will now continuouslytransmit this reading to the infrared camera.5. Use the camera to take a thermal image of the area with the identifying marker. Thestored data from the moisture meter will also be saved on the image.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 26
Handling the camera1515.1 Charging the batteryNoteYou must charge the battery for four hours before you start using the camera for the first time.15.1.1 GeneralYou must charge the battery when a low battery voltage warning is displayed on thescreen.Follow one of these procedures to charge the battery:• Use the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is in-side the camera.• Use the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it isoutside the camera.• Use the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery15.1.2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge thebattery when it is inside the cameraNoteFor brevity, the ‘combined power supply and battery charger’ is called the ‘power supply’ below.15.1.2.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Open the battery compartment lid.2. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the battery.3. Connect the power supply mains-electricity plug to a mains socket.4. Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery conditionindicator is continuous.See also:For information about the battery condition indicator, see 8.4 Battery condition indicator,page 18.15.1.3 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge thebattery when it is outside the cameraNoteFor brevity, the ‘combined power supply and battery charger’ is called the ‘power supply’ below.15.1.3.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Put the battery on a flat surface.2. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the battery.3. Connect the power supply mains-electricity plug to a mains socket.4. Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery conditionindicator is continuous.See also:For information about the battery condition indicator, see 8.4 Battery condition indicator,page 18.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 27
Handling the camera1515.1.4 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery15.1.4.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Put the battery in the stand-alone battery charger.2. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the stand-alone batterycharger.3. Connect the power supply mains-electricity plug to a mains socket.4. Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery conditionindicator is continuous.See also:For information about the battery condition indicator, see 8.4 Battery condition indicator,page 18.15.2 Inserting the batteryNoteUse a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you insert it.15.2.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it.2. Open the cover to the battery compartment.3. Push the battery into the battery compartment until the battery locking mechanismengages.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 28
Handling the camera154. Close the cover to the battery compartment.15.3 Removing the battery15.3.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it.2. Open the cover to the battery compartment.3. Push the red release button in the direction of the arrow to unlock the battery.4. Pull out the battery from the battery compartment.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 29
Handling the camera1515.4 Turning on and turning off the camera• To turn on the camera, push and release the On/Off button.• To turn off the camera, push and release the On/Off button.15.5 Adjusting the angle of lens15.5.1 Figure15.5.2 ProcedureTo adjust the angle, tilt the lens up or down.15.6 Mounting an additional lensNoteDo not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens accordingto the instructions in 23.2 Infrared lens, page 6115.6.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the lens release button to unlock the lens cap.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 30
Handling the camera152. Rotate the lens cap 30° counter-clockwise (looking at the front of the lens).3. Carefully pull out the lens cap from the bayonet ring.4. Correctly position the lens in front of the bayonet ring.5. Carefully push the lens into position.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 31
Handling the camera156. Rotate the lens 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens).15.7 Removing an additional infrared lensNoteDo not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens accordingto the instructions in 23.2 Infrared lens, page 61When you have removed the lens, put the lens caps on the lens immediately, to protect it from dust andfingerprints.15.7.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the lens release button to unlock the lens.2. Rotate the lens counter-clockwise 30° (looking at the front of the lens).#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 32
Handling the camera153. Carefully pull out the lens from the bayonet ring.4. Correctly position the lens cap in front of the bayonet ring.5. Carefully push the lens cap into position.6. Rotate the lens cap 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens).#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 33
Handling the camera1515.8 Attaching the sunshield15.8.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Align the two front tabs of the sunshield with the corresponding two notches at the topof the screen.2. Push the front part of the sunshield into position. Make sure that the two tabs matewith the corresponding notches.3. Carefully hold together the two rear wings of the sunshield.4. Push the rear part of the sunshield toward the screen, and then release your grip.Make sure that the two tabs mate with the corresponding notches.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 34
Handling the camera1515.9 Using the laser pointer15.9.1 Figure15.9.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. To turn on the laser pointer, push and hold the laser pointer button.2. To turn off the laser pointer, release the laser pointer button.NoteThe laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.NoteThe symbol is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on.15.10 Calibrating the compass15.10.1 Figure15.10.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.4. Go to the Camera tab.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 35
Handling the camera155. On the Camera tab, select Calibrate compass and push the joystick.6. Click Start.7. Calibrate the compass by rotating the camera vertically one revolution and horiston-tally one revolution.15.11 Calibrating the touchscreen LCD15.11.1 Figure15.11.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.4. Go to the Camera tab.5. On the Camera tab, select Calibrate touchscreen and push the joystick.6. Click Start.7. Calibrate the touchscreen by tapping the five crosshairs that appear on the screen us-ing a pencil.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 36
Working with images and folders1616.1 Adjusting the infrared camera focus16.1.1 ProcedureTo adjust the infrared camera focus, do one of the following:• Push the focus button left for far focus.• Push the focus button right for near focus.• Push the Preview/Save button halfway down to autofocus the camera.NoteIt is important that you hold the camera steady while autofocusing.16.2 Previewing an image16.3 GeneralIn preview mode, you can add various types of annotations to the image before you saveit, such as a text, a table with textual information, a voice comment, a sketch, etc. You dothis by selecting the type of annotation on the toolbar that is automatically displayed whenyou preview an image.In preview mode you can also check that the image contains the required information be-fore you save it to the SD Memory Card.16.3.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. When the camera leaves the factory, it is configured to save an image directly, withoutpreviewing. To enable previewing, do the following:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.4. On the Preferences tab, go to Save button and select Always preview.2. To preview an image, push the Preview/Save button fully down.16.4 Saving an image16.4.1 GeneralYou can save one or more images to the SD Memory Card.16.4.2 Formatting memory cardsFor best performance, memory cards should be formatted to the FAT (FAT16) file system.Using FAT32-formatted memory cards may result in inferior performance. To format amemory card to FAT (FAT16), follow this procedure:1. Insert the memory card into a card reader that is connected to your computer.2. In Windows Explorer, select My Computer and right-click the memory card.3. Select Format.4. Under File system, select FAT.5. Click Start.16.4.3 Image capacityThis table gives information on the approximate number of images that can be saved onSD Memory Cards:#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 37
Working with images and folders16Card size No voice annotationIncl. 30 seconds voiceannotation256 MB 500 250512 MB 1000 5001 GB 2000 100016.4.4 ProcedureTo save an image without previewing, push the Preview/Save button fully down.NoteThe behavior of the Preview/Save button can be changed on the Preferences tab (Mode >Settings >Preferences).16.5 Periodically saving an image16.5.1 GeneralYou can periodically save images to the SD Memory card.16.5.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.3. On the Mode menu, select Program and push the joystick.4. Use the joystick to set the desired parameters. These include the following:• Duration between images.• Stop conditions:•Manually.•Number of images.•Total time duration.5. Push the Menu/Back button.6. • To start the periodic saving, push the Preview/Save button fully down.• To stop the periodic saving, push the Preview/Save button fully down.16.6 Opening an image16.6.1 GeneralWhen you save an image, it is stored on the SD Memory Card. To display the imageagain, you can recall it from the SD Memory Card.NoteTo leave archive mode, push the Archive button.16.6.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Archive button to display a thumbnail view of recently saved images.2. Move the joystick left/right or up/down to select a specific image.3. Push the joystick to display the image.16.7 Adjusting an image manually16.7.1 GeneralAn image can be adjusted automatically or manually.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 38
Working with images and folders16You use the A/M button to switch between these two modes.16.7.2 Example 1This figure shows two infrared images of cable connection points. In the left image a cor-rect analysis of the circled cable is difficult if you only auto-adjust the image. You can ana-lyze this cable in more detail if you• change the temperature scale level• change the temperature scale span.In the left image, the image is auto-adjusted. In the right image the maximum and mini-mum temperature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the object. Onthe temperature scale to the right of each image you can see how the temperature levelswere changed.16.7.3 Example 2This figure shows two infrared images of an isolator in a power line.In the left image, the cold sky and the power line structure are recorded at a minimumtemperature of –26.0°C (–14.8°F). In the right image the maximum and minimum temper-ature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the isolator. This makes it eas-ier to analyze the temperature variations in the isolator.16.7.4 Changing the temperature scale levelFollow this procedure:1. Push the A/M button repeatedly to select one of the following manual modes:•Manual .•Manual max. .•Manual min. .2. To change the temperature scale level (-s), move the joystick up/down.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 39
Working with images and folders1616.7.5 Changing the temperature scale spanFollow this procedure:1. Push the A/M button repeatedly to select Manual .2. To change the temperature span, move the joystick left/right.16.8 Hiding overlay graphics16.8.1 GeneralOverlay graphics provide information about an image. You can choose to hide some or alloverlay graphics.16.8.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.4. On the Preferences tab, go to View and disable the overlay graphics that you do notwant to display.16.9 Deleting images16.9.1 GeneralYou can delete one or more images from the SD Memory Card.16.9.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Archive button.2. Select the image you want to delete by using the joystick.3. Push the joystick to open the image.4. Push the joystick to display a menu.5. On the menu, select one of the following:•Delete.•Delete all.6. Push the joystick to confirm.16.10 Creating an Adobe PDF report16.10.1 GeneralYou can create an Adobe PDF report about any image on the SD Memory Card. The re-port may include the following:• The infrared image, including any associated visual image.• A list of text annotations.• A list of measurement results.• A list of object parameters.• A sketch.• An image description.16.10.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Insert an SD memory card into the card slot.2. Push the Archive button.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 40
Working with images and folders163. Select the image for which you want to create a report.4. Push the joystick to open the image.5. Push the joystick to display a menu.6. On the menu, select Create report page by using the joystick. At this stage you can al-so add information to the report header and footer.NoteTo view the report on the PC, you need Adobe Reader. This software can be downloaded for free from:http://get.adobe.com/reader/NoteTo add your own logotype to your report, put a small *.jpg file in a folder named \reportlogo on the SDmemory card.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 41
Working with fusion1717.1 What is picture-in-picture?Picture-in-picture is similar to thermal fusion in that it lets you display part of a digital photoas an infrared image.However, picture-in-picture displays an infrared image frame on top of a digital photo.17.2 What is thermal fusion?Thermal fusion is a function that lets you display part of a digital photo as an infraredimage.For example, you can set the camera to display all areas of an image that have a certaintemperature in infrared, with all other areas displayed as a digital photo.17.3 TypesThe number of image modes is subject to camera models. These include:•Above: All areas in the digital photo with a temperature above the specified tempera-ture level are displayed in infrared.•Below: All areas in the digital photo with a temperature below the specified tempera-ture level are displayed in infrared.•Interval: All areas in the digital photo with a temperature between two specified temper-ature levels are displayed in infrared.•Picture-in-Picture: An infrared image frame is displayed on top of the digital photo.NotePicture-in-Picture only works for calibrated lenses. The lens that ships with the camera is factory-calibrated. To have a new lens calibrated, your must send in the camera and the lens to your localservice department.•MSX (Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging): Using this mode, the camera captures infraredimages where the edges of the objects are enhanced.NoteMSX only works for calibrated lenses. The lens that ships with the camera is factory-calibrated. Tohave a new lens calibrated, your must send in the camera and the lens to your local servicedepartment.17.4 Image examplesThis table explains the different types:#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 42
Working with fusion17Fusion type ImageAboveBelowInterval#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 43
Working with fusion17Fusion type ImagePicture-in-PictureMSX17.5 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Mode button to select one of the following:•Thermal fusion .•Picture in Picture .2. Push the A/M button to select one of the following:•Above .•Below .•Interval .3. (This step applies to Thermal fusion.)Do one or more of the following:• If you chose Above or Below, move the joystick up or down to adjust the tempera-ture level. The temperature level that you set will be the level beyond which the in-frared image will be displayed as a visual photo.• If you chose Interval, do one or more of the following:• Push the joystick up/down to move the interval up/down.• Push the joystick left/right to increase/decrease the interval.The temperature levels that you set will be the level beyond which the infrared im-age will be displayed as a visual photo.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 44
Working with fusion174. (This step applies to Picture in Picture.)Do one or more of the following:• If you chose Above or Below, move the joystick up or down to adjust the tempera-ture level in the infrared portion of the image.• If you chose Interval, do one or more of the following:• Push the joystick up/down to move the temperature interval up/down in the in-frared portion of the image.• Push the joystick left/right to increase/decrease the temperature interval inthe infrared portion of the image.5. To deactivate Fusion, push the Mode button to select Thermal camera.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 45
Working with video1818.1 Recording video clips18.1.1 GeneralYou can record non-radiometric infrared or visual video clips. In this mode, the cameracan be regarded as an ordinary digital video camera.The video clips can be played back in Windows Media Player, but it will not be possible toretrieve radiometric information from the video clips.18.1.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.3. On the Mode menu, select Video and push the Preview/Save button. This will displaya notification indicating that the recording has started.4. To stop the video recording, push the Preview/Save button again.When you stop the video recording you can play back the recording in the camera, us-ing the tools on the video recording toolbar.Note• You can only view the most recently recorded video clips in this mode. To view another video clip, goto the archive mode.• To be able to view the clips with Windows Media Player for Windows XP, you need a decoder thatsupports MPEG-4 video. Such a decoder can be downloaded from http://www.cole2k.net/ (retrievedJuly 11, 2012).• Other video players may also work, for example ffdshow from http://sourceforge.net/projects/ffdshow.• Flir Systems does not take any responsibility for the functionality of third-party video players andcodecs.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 46
Working with measurement toolsand isotherms1919.1 Setting up measurement tools19.1.1 GeneralTo measure the temperature, you use one or more measurement tools. This section givesyou examples how you set up a spotmeter or an area.19.1.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.3. On the Tools menu, select one of the following:•Add spot .•Add box .•Add circle .Note• The area inside the center of the spotmeter must be covered by the object of interest, to display acorrect temperature.• For accurate measurements, you must set the object parameters. See 19.8 Changing object param-eters, page 50.19.2 Setting up a difference calculation19.2.1 GeneralYou can let the camera calculate the temperature difference between, for example, aspotmeter and an area. This assumes that you have previously set up at least two meas-urement tools.19.2.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.3. On the Tools menu, select Add difference . This will display a dialog box whereyou can select the two measurement tools from which you want to calculate thedifference.4. Push the joystick to confirm the choice.19.3 Setting up isotherms19.3.1 GeneralYou can make the camera display an isotherm color when certain measurement condi-tions are met. The following isotherms can be set up:• An isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature rises above a preset value.• An isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature falls below a preset value.• An isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature is between two values.• An isotherm color that is displayed when the camera detects an area where there maybe a risk of humidity in a building structure.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 47
Working with measurement tools and isotherms19• An isotherm color that is displayed when the camera detects what may be an insulationdeficiency in a wall.19.3.2 Setting up a high-temperature isothermFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm and push the joystick.4. Select Above.5. Move the joystick up/down to set the temperature at which you want the isotherm colorto be displayed. The screen will now display the isotherm color when the temperatureexceeds the set temperature level.19.3.3 Setting up a low-temperature isothermFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm and push the joystick.4. Select Below.5. Move the joystick up/down to set the temperature at which you want the isotherm colorto be displayed. The screen will now display the isotherm color when the temperaturefalls below the set temperature level.19.3.4 Setting up an interval isothermFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm and push the joystick.4. Select Interval.5. Do one of the following:• Move the joystick up/down to set the temperature levels between which you wantthe isotherm color to be displayed.• Move the joystick left/right to set the temperature span within which you want theisotherm color to be displayed.The screen will now display the isotherm color when the temperature is between theset temperature levels.19.3.5 Setting up a humidity isothermFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm and push the joystick.4. Select Humidity.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 48
Working with measurement tools and isotherms195. Use the joystick to set the following parameters:•Rel. humidity limit: The critical limit of relative humidity that you want to detect in abuilding structure. For example, mold will grow in areas where the relative humid-ity is less than 100%, and you may want to find such areas.•Rel. hum. %: The current relative humidity at the inspection site.•Atm. temp.: The current atmospheric temperature at the inspection site.19.3.6 Setting up an insulation isothermFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm and push the joystick.4. Select Insulation.5. Use the joystick to set the following parameters:•Inside temp.: The temperature inside the building you are inspecting.•Outside temp.: The temperature outside the building you are inspecting.•Thermal index: The accepted energy loss through the wall. Different building co-des recommend different values, but typical values are 60–80 for new buildings.Refer to your national building code for recommendations.19.4 Working with presets19.4.1 GeneralApreset is a measurement tool, or a group of measurement tools, with predefined char-acteristics. By selecting a preset you save time compared to creating each individualmeasurement tool, one at a time.19.4.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. Use the joystick to go to .3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.4. Use the joystick to go to a preset.5. Push the joystick. This will display the preset on the screen.19.5 Removing measurement tools19.5.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.3. On the Tools menu, select Adjust tools and push the joystick.4. Select the measurement tool that you wish to remove. This will display a submenu.5. On the submenu, select Remove and push the joystick.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 49
Working with measurement tools and isotherms1919.6 Moving measurement tools19.6.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.3. On the Tools menu, select Adjust tools and push the joystick.4. Select the measurement tool that you wish to move. This will display a submenu.5. On the submenu, select Move and push the joystick. This will make the center of themeasurement tool turn blue. You can now move the measurement tool using thejoystick.19.7 Resizing areas19.7.1 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.3. On the Tools menu, select Adjust tools and push the joystick.4. Select the measurement tool that you wish to resize. This will display a submenu.5. On the submenu, select Resize and push the joystick. This will create resizing han-dles for the area. You can now resize the area using the joystick.19.8 Changing object parameters19.8.1 GeneralFor accurate measurements, you must set the object parameters. This procedure de-scribes how to change the parameters.19.8.2 Types of parametersThe camera can use these object parameters:•Emissivity, which determines how much of the radiation originates from the object asopposed to being reflected by it.•Reflected apparent temperature, which is used when compensating for the radiationfrom the surroundings reflected by the object into the camera. This property of the ob-ject is called reflectivity.•Object distance, i.e. the distance between the camera and the object of interest.•Atmospheric temperature, i.e. the temperature of the air between the camera and theobject of interest.•Relative humidity, i.e. the relative humidity of the air between the camera and the objectof interest.•External optics temperature, i.e., the temperature of any protective windows etc. thatare set up between the camera and the object of interest. If no protective window orprotective shield is used, this value is irrelevant.•External optics transmission, i.e., the optical transmission of any protective windows,etc. that are set up between the camera and the object of interest.19.8.3 Recommended valuesIf you are unsure about the values, the following are recommended:#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 50
Working with measurement tools and isotherms19Emissivity 0.95Reflected apparent temperature +20°C (+69°F)Object distance 1.0 m (3.3 ft.)Atmospheric temperature +20°C (+69°F)Relative humidity 50%19.8.4 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Parameters button and push the joystick.3. On the Parameters menu, select the parameter that you want to change and push thejoystick.4. Move the joystick up/down to change the value.5. Push the joystick to confirm.NoteOf the five parameters above, emissivity and reflected apparent temperature are the two most importantto set correctly in the camera.See also:For more information about parameters, and how to correctly set emissivity and reflectedapparent temperature, see 30 Thermographic measurement techniques, page 81.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 51
Annotating images2020.1 GeneralThis section describes how to save additional information to an infrared image by usingannotations.The reason for using annotations is to make reporting and post-processing more efficientby providing essential information about the image, such as conditions, photos, sketches,where it was taken, and so on.NoteMany of the procedures in this section assume that the camera is set to preview images before savingthem. If it is not, use the joystick to go to (Mode) > Settings > (Preferences) > Save button.20.2 Adding a digital photo automatically20.2.1 GeneralWhen you save an infrared image you can automatically add a digital photo of the objectof interest. This digital photo will be associated with the infrared image, which will simplifypost-processing and reporting in, for example, Flir Reporter.20.2.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Make sure that the camera is configured to save a digital photo simultaneously:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.4. On the Preferences tab, enable Simultaneously save photo.2. To automatically add a digital photo, push the Preview/Save button fully down.20.3 Adding a digital photo manually20.3.1 GeneralWhen you save an infrared image you can manually add a digital photo of the object of in-terest. This digital photo will be associated with the infrared image, which will simplifypost-processing and reporting in, for example, Flir Reporter.20.3.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Preview/Save button fully down.2. On the toolbar at the bottom of the screen, select .3. On the menu that is displayed, select Digital camera photo and push the joystick.4. Push the Preview/Save button to save the digital photo.20.4 Creating a voice annotation20.4.1 GeneralA voice annotation is an audio recording that is stored in an infrared image file.The voice annotation is recorded using a Bluetooth headset. The recording can be playedback in the camera, and in image analysis and reporting software from Flir Systems.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 52
Annotating images2020.4.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. To preview an image, push and release the Autofocus/Save button fully down.2. Use the joystick to select .3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.4. On the submenu, select Voice. This will display a voice recording toolbar.5. Do one or more of the following, and push the joystick to confirm each choice. Somebuttons have more than one function.• To start a recording, select .• To pause/resume a recording, select .• To stop a recording, select .• To listen to a recording, select .• To pause a voice annotation that you are listening to, select .• To go to the beginning of a recording, select .• To delete a recording, move the joystick left/right or up/down and select .• To save a recording, select Save.20.5 Creating a text20.5.1 GeneralA text is grouped with an image file. Using this feature, you can annotate images by enter-ing free-form text. This text can be revised later.20.5.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.2. Use the joystick to select .3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 53
Annotating images204. On the submenu, select Text. This will display a soft keyboard where you can enterthe text you want to save.NoteTo select special characters, press and hold down the corresponding key on the soft keyboard.5. Click OK.20.6 Creating a table20.6.1 GeneralA table with textual information can be saved in an infrared image.This feature is a very efficient way of recording information when you are inspecting alarge number of similar objects. The idea behind using a table with textual information isto avoid filling out forms or inspection protocols manually.20.6.2 Definition of field and valueAtable is based on two important concepts—field and value. See below.Field (examples) Value (examples)Company Company ACompany BCompany CBuilding Workshop 1Workshop 2Workshop 3Section Room 1Room 2Room 3Equipment Tool 1Tool 2Tool 3Recommendation Recommendation 1Recommendation 2Recommendation 3#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 54
Annotating images20Figure 20.1 The table as it appears in the camera software.20.6.3 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.2. Use the joystick to select .3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.4. On the submenu, select Table. This will display the following dialog box.This is the default table annotations template that ships with the camera.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 55
Annotating images205. Do one of the following:• To edit a field, click . This will display the following dialog box.•Insert field: Select this option to insert a new field.•Duplicate field: Select this option to duplicate the currently selected field.•Rename field: Select this option to rename the currently selected field.•Keep as default value: Enable this option to keep the current value as a de-fault value. The default value will be displayed for this field the next time youcreate a table.•Store added values: Enable this option to store added values in a glossary,which make them easier to find the next time you create a table.• To edit a value, click the value. This will display the following dialog box where youcan create new values, edit existing values or delete values:6. Click OK. The table will now be added to to what is called a group, and will be groupedtogether with the infrared image in the image archive, and also when moving files fromthe camera to reporting software on the computer.20.7 Adding a sketch20.7.1 GeneralA sketch is freehand drawing that you create in a sketch work area separate from the in-frared image using a stylus pen or your index finger. You can use the sketch feature tocreate a simple drawing, write down comments, add dimensions, etc.Sketches can be added to any of the following:• A separate sketch.• A sketch on an infrared image.• A sketch on a digital photo.20.7.2 Adding a separate sketchFollow this procedure:1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.2. Use the joystick to select .3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 56
Annotating images204. Use the joystick to select Sketch.5. Push the joystick to display a sketchboard.6. On this sketchboard you can:• Draw a sketch, using the stylus pen.• Change the color of the lines.• Erase lines and start again.• Erase the entire sketch.The sketch will now be added to what is called a group, and will be grouped togetherwith the infrared image in the image archive, and also when moving files from thecamera to reporting software on the computer.20.7.3 Adding a sketch to an infrared imageFollow this procedure:1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.2. On the bottom toolbar, select the infrared image and push the joystick.3. On the left toolbar, select the Sketch toolbar button and push the joystick.4. Do one or more of the following:• Draw a sketch, using the stylus pen.• Change the color of the lines.• Erase lines and start again.• Erase the entire sketch.20.7.4 Adding a sketch to a digital photoFollow this procedure:1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.2. On the bottom toolbar, select the digital photo and push the joystick.3. On the left toolbar, select the Sketch toolbar button and push the joystick.4. Do one or more of the following:• Draw a sketch, using the stylus pen.• Change the color of the lines.• Erase lines and start again.• Erase the entire sketch.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 57
Programming the camera2121.1 GeneralYou can program the camera to save images periodically.21.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button or tap the screen to display the menu system.2. Use the joystick to go to (Mode). This will display the Mode submenu.3. One the Mode submenu, select Program and push the joystick. This will display theProgram dialog box.4. Select Duration between images and push the joystick. This will display a dialog boxwhere you can set the time interval between each saved image.5. Set the stop condition. You can choose between three different stop conditions:•Manually: Select this option to manually stop the periodic saving by pushing thePreview/Save button.•Number of images: Select this option to stop the periodic saving after a set num-ber of images has been saved. When you select this option a dialog box appears.•Total time duration: Select this option to stop the periodic saving after a definedperiod of time. When you select this option a dialog box appears.6. When you are finished, push the Menu/Back button.7. Start the periodic saving by pushing the Autofocus/Save button.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 58
Changing settings2222.1 Changing camera settings22.1.1 GeneralOn this tab you can change the following:• Temperature range, i.e. the temperature range used for measuring objects. You mustchange the temperature range according to the expected temperature of the objectyou are inspecting.• Add-on lens.• Display intensity.• Auto power off.• Digital camera lamp.• Calibrate touchscreen.• Calibrate compass.• Reset to default settings.22.1.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.4. On the Camera tab, go to the setting that you want to change.5. Push the joystick.6. Move the joystick up/down to select a new value.7. Push the joystick to confirm.22.2 Changing preferences22.2.1 GeneralOn this tab you can change the following:• Save button.• Simultaneously save photo.• Same field of view.• Programmable button.• Visibility of overlay graphics.22.2.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.4. On the Preferences tab, go to the setting that you want to change.5. Push the joystick.6. Move the joystick up/down to select a new value.7. Push the joystick to confirm.22.3 Changing connectivity22.3.1 GeneralOn this tab you can change the following:• Wi-Fi.• Bluetooth.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 59
Changing settings2222.3.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.4. On the Connectivity tab, go to the setting that you want to change.5. Push the joystick.6. Move the joystick up/down to select a new value.7. Push the joystick to confirm.22.4 Changing regional settings22.4.1 GeneralOn this tab you can change the following:• Language.• Time zone.• Set date and time.• Date format.• Time format.• Temperature unit.• Distance unit.• Video format.22.4.2 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Push the Menu/Back button.2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.4. On the Regional tab, go to the setting that you want to change.5. Push the joystick.6. Move the joystick up/down to select a new value.7. Push the joystick to confirm.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 60
Cleaning the camera2323.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items23.1.1 LiquidsUse one of these liquids:• Warm water• A weak detergent solution23.1.2 EquipmentA soft cloth23.1.3 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Soak the cloth in the liquid.2. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid.3. Clean the part with the cloth.CAUTIONDo not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This can causedamage.23.2 Infrared lens23.2.1 LiquidsUse one of these liquids:• A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30% isopropyl alcohol.• 96% ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH).• DEE (= ‘ether’ = diethylether, C4H10O).• 50% acetone (= dimethylketone, (CH3)2CO)) + 50% ethyl alcohol (by volume). Thisliquid prevents drying marks on the lens.23.2.2 EquipmentCotton wool23.2.3 ProcedureFollow this procedure:1. Soak the cotton wool in the liquid.2. Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid.3. Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool.WARNINGMake sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labels on con-tainers before you use a liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.CAUTION• Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective coating.• Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective coating.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 61
Technical data24For technical data on this product, refer to the product catalog and/or technical data-sheets on the User Documentation CD-ROM that comes with the product.The product catalog and the datasheets are also available at http://support.flir.com.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 62
Pin configurations2525.1 Pin configuration for USB Mini-B connector1. +5 V (out)2. USB –3. USB +4. N/C5. Ground25.2 Pin configuration for video connector1. Audio right2. Ground3. Video out4. Audio left#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 63
Pin configurations2525.3 Pin configuration for USB-A connector1. +5 V (in)2. USB –3. USB +4. Ground25.4 Pin configuration for power connector1. +12 V2. GND3. GND#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 64
Dimensions2626.1 Camera26.1.1 Camera dimensions26.1.1.1 Figure26.1.2 Camera dimensions, continued26.1.2.1 Figure#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 65
Dimensions2626.1.3 Camera dimensions, continued26.1.3.1 Figure26.1.4 Camera dimensions, continued (with 30 mm/15° lens)26.1.4.1 Figure26.1.5 Camera dimensions, continued (with 10 mm/45° lens)26.1.5.1 Figure#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 66
Dimensions2626.2 Battery26.2.1 FigureNoteUse a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 67
Dimensions2626.3 Stand-alone battery charger26.3.1 FigureNoteUse a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 68
Dimensions2626.4 Stand-alone battery charger with the battery26.4.1 FigureNoteUse a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.26.5 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°)26.5.1 Figure#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 69
Dimensions2626.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°)26.6.1 Figure#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 70
Application examples2727.1 Moisture & water damage27.1.1 GeneralIt is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infraredcamera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction prop-erty and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surround-ing material.NoteMany factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image.For example, heating and cooling of these parts takes place at different rates depending on the materialand the time of day. For this reason, it is important that other methods are used as well to check formoisture or water damage.27.1.2 FigureThe image below shows extensive water damage on an external wall where the water haspenetrated the outer facing because of an incorrectly installed window ledge.27.2 Faulty contact in socket27.2.1 GeneralDepending on the type of connection a socket has, an improperly connected wire can re-sult in local temperature increase. This temperature increase is caused by the reducedcontact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the socket , and canresult in an electrical fire.NoteA socket’s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another. For this reason, differ-ent faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image.Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between wire and socket, or from dif-ference in load.27.2.2 FigureThe image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact inthe connection has resulted in local temperature increase.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 71
Application examples2727.3 Oxidized socket27.3.1 GeneralDepending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, ox-ides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally in-creased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image aslocal temperature increase.NoteA socket’s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another. For this reason, differ-ent faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image.Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket, or fromdifference in load.27.3.2 FigureThe image below shows a series of fuses where one fuse has a raised temperature onthe contact surfaces against the fuse holder. Because of the fuse holder’s blank metal,the temperature increase is not visible there, while it is visible on the fuse’s ceramicmaterial.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 72
Application examples2727.4 Insulation deficiencies27.4.1 GeneralInsulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of timeand thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall.An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they eitherhave a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation,and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.NoteWhen you are inspecting a building, the temperature difference between the inside and outside shouldbe at least 10°C (18°F). Studs, water pipes, concrete columns, and similar components may resemblean insulation deficiency in an infrared image. Minor differences may also occur naturally.27.4.2 FigureIn the image below, insulation in the roof framing is lacking. Due to the absence of insula-tion, air has forced its way into the roof structure, which thus takes on a different charac-teristic appearance in the infrared image.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 73
Application examples2727.5 Draft27.5.1 GeneralDraft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceil-ing trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler air-stream cools down the surrounding surface.NoteWhen you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.Close all doors, windows, and ventilation ducts, and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before youtake the infrared images.An infrared image of draft often shows a typical stream pattern. You can see this stream pattern clearlyin the picture below.Also keep in mind that drafts can be concealed by heat from floor heating circuits.27.5.2 FigureThe image below shows a ceiling hatch where faulty installation has resulted in a strongdraft.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 74
About Flir Systems28Flir Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance in-frared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and market-ing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, andgovernment applications. Today, Flir Systems embraces five major companies with out-standing achievements in infrared technology since 1958—the Swedish AGEMA InfraredSystems (formerly AGA Infrared Systems), the three United States companies Indigo Sys-tems, FSI, and Inframetrics, and the French company Cedip. In November 2007, ExtechInstruments was acquired by Flir Systems.Figure 28.1 Patent documents from the early 1960sThe company has sold more than 221,000 infrared cameras worldwide for applicationssuch as predictive maintenance, R & D, non-destructive testing, process control and auto-mation, and machine vision, among many others.Flir Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States (Portland, OR, Boston,MA, Santa Barbara, CA) and one in Sweden (Stockholm). Since 2007 there is also a man-ufacturing plant in Tallinn, Estonia. Direct sales offices in Belgium, Brazil, China, France,Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Korea, Sweden, and the USA—togetherwith a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our international customerbase.Flir Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We anticipatemarket demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones.The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the intro-duction of the first battery-operated portable camera for industrial inspections, and thefirst uncooled infrared camera, to mention just two innovations.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 75
About Flir Systems28Figure 28.2 LEFT: Thermovision Model 661 from 1969. The camera weighed approximately 25 kg (55 lb.),the oscilloscope 20 kg (44 lb.), and the tripod 15 kg (33 lb.). The operator also needed a 220 VAC generatorset, and a 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment(6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: Flir i7 from 2012. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.Flir Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camerasystems itself. From detector design and manufacturing, to lenses and system elec-tronics, to final testing and calibration, all production steps are carried out and supervisedby our own engineers. The in-depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the ac-curacy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera.28.1 More than just an infrared cameraAt Flir Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infraredcamera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systemsto work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera–softwarecombination. Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance, R & D, and processmonitoring is developed in-house. Most software is available in a wide variety oflanguages.We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt yourequipment to the most demanding infrared applications.28.2 Sharing our knowledgeAlthough our cameras are designed to be very user-friendly, there is a lot more to ther-mography than just knowing how to handle a camera. Therefore, Flir Systems hasfounded the Infrared Training Center (ITC), a separate business unit, that provides certi-fied training courses. Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands-onlearning experience.The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you mayneed in putting infrared theory into practice.28.3 Supporting our customersFlir Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at alltimes. If you discover a problem with your camera, local service centers have all theequipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time. Therefore, there isno need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone whodoes not speak your language.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 76
About Flir Systems2828.4 A few images from our facilitiesFigure 28.3 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detectorFigure 28.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishingFigure 28.5 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for cameratesting and calibration#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 77
Glossary29absorption (ab-sorption factor)The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re-ceived radiation. A number between 0 and 1.atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, nor-mally air.autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction.autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displayingcold objects as well as hot ones at the same time.blackbody Totally non-reflective object. All its radiation is due to its owntemperature.blackbodyradiatorAn IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to cali-brate IR cameras.calculated at-mospherictransmissionA transmission value computed from the temperature, the relative hu-midity of air and the distance to the object.cavity radiator A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside, viewed throughthe bottleneck.colortemperatureThe temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specif-ic color.conduction The process that makes heat diffuse into a material.continuousadjustA function that adjusts the image. The function works all the time,continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the im-age content.convection Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into mo-tion, either by gravity or another force, thereby transferring heat fromone place to another.dual isotherm An isotherm with two color bands, instead of one.emissivity(emissivityfactor)The amount of radiation coming from an object, compared to that ofa blackbody. A number between 0 and 1.emittance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area(W/m2)environment Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object beingmeasured.estimated at-mospherictransmissionA transmission value, supplied by a user, replacing a calculated oneexternal optics Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be put between thecamera and the object being measured.filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 78
Glossary29FOV Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IRlens.FPA Focal plane array: A type of IR detector.graybody An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of ablackbody for each wavelength.IFOV Instantaneous field of view: A measure of the geometrical resolutionof an IR camera.image correc-tion (internal orexternal)A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts oflive images and also of stabilizing the camera.infrared Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from about 2–13 μm.IR infraredisotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, belowor between one or more temperature intervals.isothermalcavityA bottle-shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed throughthe bottleneck.Laser LocatIR An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laserradiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of theobject in front of the camera.laser pointer An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laserradiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of theobject in front of the camera.level The center value of the temperature scale, usually expressed as asignal value.manual adjust A way to adjust the image by manually changing certain parameters.NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference. A measure of the imagenoise level of an IR camera.noise Undesired small disturbance in the infrared imageobjectparametersA set of values describing the circumstances under which the meas-urement of an object was made, and the object itself (such as emis-sivity, reflected apparent temperature, distance etc.)object signal A non-calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received bythe camera from the object.palette The set of colors used to display an IR image.pixel Stands for picture element. One single spot in an image.radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area andangle (W/m2/sr)radiant power Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time (W)#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 79
Glossary29radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy, is emitted by an ob-ject or a gas.radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment.range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IRcamera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two black-body temperatures that limit the current calibration.referencetemperatureA temperature which the ordinary measured values can be com-pared with.reflection The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the receivedradiation. A number between 0 and 1.relativehumidityRelative humidity represents the ratio between the current water va-pour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in saturationconditions.saturationcolorThe areas that contain temperatures outside the present level/spansettings are colored with the saturation colors. The saturation colorscontain an ‘overflow’ color and an ‘underflow’ color. There is also athird red saturation color that marks everything saturated by the de-tector indicating that the range should probably be changed.span The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signalvalue.spectral (radi-ant) emittanceAmount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area andwavelength (W/m2/μm)temperaturedifference, ordifference oftemperature.A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperaturevalues.temperaturerangeThe current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IRcamera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two black-body temperatures that limit the current calibration.temperaturescaleThe way in which an IR image currently is displayed. Expressed astwo temperature values limiting the colors.thermogram infrared imagetransmission(or transmit-tance) factorGases and materials can be more or less transparent. Transmissionis the amount of IR radiation passing through them. A number be-tween 0 and 1.transparentisothermAn isotherm showing a linear spread of colors, instead of coveringthe highlighted parts of the image.visual Refers to the video mode of a IR camera, as opposed to the normal,thermographic mode. When a camera is in video mode it captures or-dinary video images, while thermographic images are captured whenthe camera is in IR mode.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 80
Thermographic measurementtechniques3030.1 IntroductionAn infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object.The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for thecamera to calculate and display this temperature.However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera-ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from thesurroundings and is reflected in the object. The radiation from the object and the reflectedradiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere.To measure temperature accurately, it is therefore necessary to compensate for the ef-fects of a number of different radiation sources. This is done on-line automatically by thecamera. The following object parameters must, however, be supplied for the camera:• The emissivity of the object• The reflected apparent temperature• The distance between the object and the camera• The relative humidity• Temperature of the atmosphere30.2 EmissivityThe most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which, in short, is ameasure of how much radiation is emitted from the object, compared to that from a per-fect blackbody of the same temperature.Normally, object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approxi-mately 0.1 to 0.95. A highly polished (mirror) surface falls below 0.1, while an oxidized orpainted surface has a higher emissivity. Oil-based paint, regardless of color in the visiblespectrum, has an emissivity over 0.9 in the infrared. Human skin exhibits an emissivity0.97 to 0.98.Non-oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity,which does not vary greatly with wavelength. Consequently, the emissivity of metals is low– only increasing with temperature. For non-metals, emissivity tends to be high, and de-creases with temperature.30.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample30.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperatureUse one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature:#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 81
Thermographic measurement techniques3030.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct methodFollow this procedure:1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflectionangle (a = b).1 = Reflection source2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using apiece if cardboard.1 = Reflection source#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 82
Thermographic measurement techniques303. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting sourceusing the following settings:• Emissivity: 1.0• Dobj: 0You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods:1 = Reflection sourceNoteUsing a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two impor-tant reasons:• A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity• A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface, usually by gluing and coveringthe sensor by a thermal isolator.30.2.1.1.2 Method 2: Reflector methodFollow this procedure:1. Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil.2. Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size.3. Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure. Make sure thatthe side with aluminum foil points to the camera.4. Set the emissivity to 1.0.5. Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down.Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 83
Thermographic measurement techniques3030.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivityFollow this procedure:1. Select a place to put the sample.2. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previousprocedure.3. Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample.4. Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature. Heating must be reasonablyeven.5. Focus and auto-adjust the camera, and freeze the image.6. Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast.7. Set emissivity to that of the tape (usually 0.97).8. Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurementfunctions:•Isotherm (helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you haveheated the sample)•Spot (simpler)•Box Avg (good for surfaces with varying emissivity).9. Write down the temperature.10. Move your measurement function to the sample surface.11. Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previousmeasurement.12. Write down the emissivity.Note• Avoid forced convection• Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections• Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent, and has a high emissivity you are certain of• This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same. If theyare not, your emissivity measurement will be wrong.30.3 Reflected apparent temperatureThis parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object. If the emis-sivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be im-portant to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly.30.4 DistanceThe distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera. This pa-rameter is used to compensate for the following two facts:• That radiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object andthe camera.• That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera.30.5 Relative humidityThe camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent onthe relative humidity of the atmosphere. To do this set the relative humidity to the correctvalue. For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be leftat a default value of 50%.30.6 Other parametersIn addition, some cameras and analysis programs from Flir Systems allow you to com-pensate for the following parameters:• Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam-era and the target• External optics temperature – i.e. the temperature of any external lenses or windowsused in front of the camera#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 84
Thermographic measurement techniques30• External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windowsused in front of the camera#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 85
History of infrared technology31Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec-trum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious todaythan it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.Figure 31.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822)The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material. Sir Wil-liam Herschel – Royal Astronomer to King George III of England, and already famous forhis discovery of the planet Uranus – was searching for an optical filter material to reducethe brightness of the sun’s image in telescopes during solar observations. While testingdifferent samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was in-trigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun’s heat, while otherspassed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds’ observation.Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment, withthe objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in bright-ness as well as the maximum reduction in heat. He began the experiment by actually re-peating Newton’s prism experiment, but looking for the heating effect rather than thevisual distribution of intensity in the spectrum. He first blackened the bulb of a sensitivemercury-in-glass thermometer with ink, and with this as his radiation detector he pro-ceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the topof a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism. Other thermometers, placed outsidethe sun’s rays, served as controls.As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum, thetemperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end. Thiswas not entirely unexpected, since the Italian researcher, Landriani, in a similar experi-ment in 1777 had observed much the same effect. It was Herschel, however, who was thefirst to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum,and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate thispoint.Figure 31.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815)Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum, Her-schel confirmed that the heating continued to increase. The maximum point, when hefound it, lay well beyond the red end – in what is known today as the ‘infraredwavelengths’.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 86
History of infrared technology31When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag-netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes re-ferred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popularopinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only began to ap-pear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who should receive credit as theoriginator.Herschel’s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controver-sies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths. Dif-ferent investigators, in attempting to confirm his work, used various types of glassindiscriminately, having different transparencies in the infrared. Through his later experi-ments, Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly-discoveredthermal radiation, and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would prob-ably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively (i.e. plane and curved mir-rors). Fortunately, this proved to be true only until 1830, when the Italian investigator,Melloni, made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt (NaCl) – which wasavailable in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms – is remark-ably transparent to the infrared. The result was that rock salt became the principal infraredoptical material, and remained so for the next hundred years, until the art of syntheticcrystal growing was mastered in the 1930’s.Figure 31.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854)Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobiliinvented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C(0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a break-through occurred; Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the firstthermopile. The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer ofthe day for detecting heat radiation – capable of detecting the heat from a person standingthree meters away.The first so-called ‘heat-picture’ became possible in 1840, the result of work by Sir JohnHerschel, son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right.Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat patternfocused upon it, the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interferenceeffects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye. Sir John also managed to obtain aprimitive record of the thermal image on paper, which he called a ‘thermograph’.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 87
History of infrared technology31Figure 31.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906)The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break-through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of athin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit uponwhich the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re-sponded. This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a dis-tance of 400 meters.An English scientist, Sir James Dewar, first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cool-ing agents (such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of -196 °C (-320.8 °F)) in low tem-perature research. In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it ispossible to store liquefied gases for entire days. The common ‘thermos bottle’, used forstoring hot and cold drinks, is based upon his invention.Between the years 1900 and 1920, the inventors of the world ‘discovered’ the infrared.Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel, artillery, aircraft, ships – andeven icebergs. The first operating systems, in the modern sense, began to be developedduring the 1914–18 war, when both sides had research programs devoted to the militaryexploitation of the infrared. These programs included experimental systems for enemy in-trusion/detection, remote temperature sensing, secure communications, and ‘flying torpe-do’ guidance. An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect anapproaching airplane at a distance of 1.5 km (0.94 miles), or a person more than 300 me-ters (984 ft.) away.The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolome-ter idea, but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionarynew infrared detectors: the image converter and the photon detector. At first, the imageconverter received the greatest attention by the military, because it enabled an observerfor the first time in history to literally ‘see in the dark’. However, the sensitivity of the imageconverter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths, and the most interesting militarytargets (i.e. enemy soldiers) had to be illuminated by infrared search beams. Since this in-volved the risk of giving away the observer’s position to a similarly-equipped enemy ob-server, it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded.The tactical military disadvantages of so-called 'active’ (i.e. search beam-equipped) ther-mal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939–45 war for extensive secretmilitary infrared-research programs into the possibilities of developing ‘passive’ (nosearch beam) systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector. During this peri-od, military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared-imaging technology. This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950’s, andfrom that time adequate thermal-imaging devices finally began to be available to civilianscience and industry.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 88
Theory of thermography3232.1 IntroductionThe subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still newto many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermographywill be given.32.2 The electromagnetic spectrumThe electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions,called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electro-magnetic spectrum. They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences arethose due to differences in wavelength.Figure 32.1 The electromagnetic spectrum. 1: X-ray; 2: UV; 3: Visible; 4: IR; 5: Microwaves; 6:Radiowaves.Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band. At the short-wavelength end theboundary lies at the limit of visual perception, in the deep red. At the long-wavelength endit merges with the microwave radio wavelengths, in the millimeter range.The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands, the boundaries ofwhich are also arbitrarily chosen. They include: the near infrared (0.75–3 μm), the middleinfrared (3–6 μm), the far infrared (6–15 μm) and the extreme infrared (15–100 μm).Although the wavelengths are given in μm (micrometers), other units are often still used tomeasure wavelength in this spectral region, e.g. nanometer (nm) and Ångström (Å).The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is:32.3 Blackbody radiationA blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at anywavelength. The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radiation is ex-plained by Kirchhoff’s Law (after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, 1824–1887), which states thata body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in theemission of radiation.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 89
Theory of thermography32Figure 32.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation charac-teristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material repre-sents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principleto the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight ex-cept for an aperture in one of the sides. Any radiation which then enters the hole is scat-tered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinitesimal fraction can possiblyescape. The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbodyand almost perfect for all wavelengths.By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed acavity radiator. An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature generates blackbodyradiation, the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of thecavity. Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperaturereference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as aFlir Systems camera for example.If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), thesource begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipi-ent red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as thetemperature increases further. In fact, the definition of the so-called color temperature ofan object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have thesame appearance.Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody.32.3.1 Planck’s lawFigure 32.3 Max Planck (1858–1947)Max Planck (1858–1947) was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiationfrom a blackbody by means of the following formula:where:#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 90
Theory of thermography32Wλb Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ.cVelocity of light = 3 × 108m/sh Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10-34 Joule sec.k Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10-23 Joule/K.T Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody.λ Wavelength (μm).NoteThe factor 10-6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m2, μm.Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family ofcurves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ = 0, thenincreases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength λmax and after passing it approacheszero again at very long wavelengths. The higher the temperature, the shorter the wave-length at which maximum occurs.Figure 32.4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck’s law, plotted for various absolutetemperatures. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2× 103(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm)32.3.2 Wien’s displacement lawBy differentiating Planck’s formula with respect to λ, and finding the maximum, we have:This is Wien’s formula (after Wilhelm Wien, 1864–1928), which expresses mathematicallythe common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperatureof a thermal radiator increases. The wavelength of the color is the same as the wave-length calculated for λmax. A good approximation of the value of λmax for a given blackbodytemperature is obtained by applying the rule-of-thumb 3 000/T μm. Thus, a very hot starsuch as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral ra-diant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wavelength 0.27 μm.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 91
Theory of thermography32Figure 32.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928)The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of thevisible light spectrum.At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra-red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignifi-cant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.Figure 32.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dotted line representsthe locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1:Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm).32.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's lawBy integrating Planck’s formula from λ = 0 to λ = ∞, we obtain the total radiant emittance(Wb) of a blackbody:This is the Stefan-Boltzmann formula (after Josef Stefan, 1835–1893, and Ludwig Boltz-mann, 1844–1906), which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is propor-tional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Graphically, Wbrepresents the areabelow the Planck curve for a particular temperature. It can be shown that the radiant emit-tance in the interval λ = 0 to λmax is only 25% of the total, which represents about theamount of the sun’s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 92
Theory of thermography32Figure 32.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906)Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body,at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m2, we obtain 1 kW.This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption ofradiation from surrounding surfaces, at room temperatures which do not vary too drasti-cally from the temperature of the body – or, of course, the addition of clothing.32.3.4 Non-blackbody emittersSo far, only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed. However,real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wavelength region –although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals. For ex-ample, a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spec-trum, but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 μm, and beyond 3 μm it is almost black.There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like ablackbody: a fraction of the incident radiation α may be absorbed, a fraction ρ may be re-flected, and a fraction τ may be transmitted. Since all of these factors are more or lesswavelength dependent, the subscript λ is used to imply the spectral dependence of theirdefinitions. Thus:• The spectral absorptance αλ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by anobject to that incident upon it.• The spectral reflectance ρλ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an ob-ject to that incident upon it.• The spectral transmittance τλ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmittedthrough an object to that incident upon it.The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength, so wehave the relation:For opaque materials τλ= 0 and the relation simplifies to:Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiantemittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we havethe definition:The spectral emissivity ελ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to thatfrom a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength.Expressed mathematically, this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of theobject to that of a blackbody as follows:Generally speaking, there are three types of radiation source, distinguished by the waysin which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength.• A blackbody, for which ελ= ε = 1• A graybody, for which ελ= ε = constant less than 1#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 93
Theory of thermography32• A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelengthAccording to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp-tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is:From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ+ ρλ= 1):For highly polished materials ελapproaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting material(i.e. a perfect mirror) we have:For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes:This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at thesame temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε from the graybody.Figure 32.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wave-length; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 94
Theory of thermography32Figure 32.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Black-body; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator.32.4 Infrared semi-transparent materialsConsider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flatplate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volumemust work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially ab-sorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected back into the interi-or. The back-reflected radiation is again partially absorbed, but some of it arrives at theother surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again.Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be addedup when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical seriesis summed, the effective emissivity of a semi-transparent plate is obtained as:When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:This last relation is a particularly convenient one, because it is often easier to measure re-flectance than to measure emissivity directly.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 95
The measurement formula33As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not onlyfrom the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob-ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by theatmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution fromthe atmosphere itself.This description of the measurement situation, as illustrated in the figure below, is so far afairly true description of the real conditions. What has been neglected could for instancebe sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense radiation sourcesoutside the field of view. Such disturbances are difficult to quantify, however, in mostcases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected. In case they are not negligible,the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious,at least to a trained operator. It is then his responsibility to modify the measurement situa-tion to avoid the disturbance e.g. by changing the viewing direction, shielding off intenseradiation sources etc.Accepting the description above, we can use the figure below to derive a formula for thecalculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output.Figure 33.1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation.1: Surround-ings; 2: Object; 3: Atmosphere; 4: CameraAssume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperatureTsource on short distance generates a camera output signal Usource that is proportional tothe power input (power linear camera). We can then write (Equation 1):or, with simplified notation:where C is a constant.Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would conse-quently be εWsource.We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms:1. Emission from the object = ετWobj, where ε is the emittance of the object and τ is thetransmittance of the atmosphere. The object temperature is Tobj.#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 96
The measurement formula332. Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τWrefl, where (1 – ε) is the reflec-tance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature Trefl.It has here been assumed that the temperature Trefl is the same for all emitting surfa-ces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of coursesometimes a simplification of the true situation. It is, however, a necessary simplifica-tion in order to derive a workable formula, and Trefl can – at least theoretically – be giv-en a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding.Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings = 1. This iscorrect in accordance with Kirchhoff’s law: All radiation impinging on the surroundingsurfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces. Thus the emittance = 1.(Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the ob-ject to be considered.)3. Emission from the atmosphere = (1 – τ)τWatm, where (1 – τ) is the emittance of the at-mosphere. The temperature of the atmosphere is Tatm.The total received radiation power can now be written (Equation 2):We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products bythe corresponding U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3):Solve Equation 3 for Uobj (Equation 4):This is the general measurement formula used in all the Flir Systems thermographicequipment. The voltages of the formula are:Table 33.1 VoltagesUobj Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperatureTobj i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requestedobject temperature.Utot Measured camera output voltage for the actual case.Urefl Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperatureTrefl according to the calibration.Uatm Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperatureTatm according to the calibration.The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation:• the object emittance ε,• the relative humidity,• Tatm• object distance (Dobj)• the (effective) temperature of the object surroundings, or the reflected ambient temper-ature Trefl, and• the temperature of the atmosphere TatmThis task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normallyno easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for theactual case. The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surround-ings do not contain large and intense radiation sources.A natural question in this connection is: How important is it to know the right values ofthese parameters? It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem alreadyhere by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 97
The measurement formula33magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is impor-tant to use correct values of which parameters.The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributionsfor three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW andLW. Remaining parameters have the following fixed values:• τ = 0.88• Trefl = +20°C (+68°F)• Tatm = +20°C (+68°F)It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measur-ing high temperatures since the ‘disturbing’ radiation sources are relatively much strongerin the first case. Should also the object emittance be low, the situation would be still moredifficult.We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use thecalibration curve above the highest calibration point, what we call extrapolation. Imaginethat we in a certain case measure Utot = 4.5 volts. The highest calibration point for thecamera was in the order of 4.1 volts, a value unknown to the operator. Thus, even if theobject happened to be a blackbody, i.e. Uobj = Utot, we are actually performing extrapola-tion of the calibration curve when converting 4.5 volts into temperature.Let us now assume that the object is not black, it has an emittance of 0.75, and the trans-mittance is 0.92. We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0.5volts together. Computation of Uobj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uobj = 4.5 / 0.75/ 0.92 – 0.5 = 6.0. This is a rather extreme extrapolation, particularly when consideringthat the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts! Note, though, that the applicationof the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no electronic or other limitationsexist. We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera, and if it had beencalibrated far beyond 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same asour real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algorithm is basedon radiation physics, like the Flir Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit tosuch extrapolations.Figure 33.2 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW cam-era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphereradiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20°C (+68°F); Tatm = 20°C (+68°F).#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 98
The measurement formula33Figure 33.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW cam-era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphereradiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20°C (+68°F); Tatm = 20°C (+68°F).#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 99
Emissivity tables34This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature andmeasurements made by Flir Systems.34.1 References1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press,N.Y.2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research,Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.3. Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems. Madison, Wisconsin: Uni-versity of Wisconsin – Extension, Department of Engineering and Applied Science.4. William L. Wolfe: Handbook of Military Infrared Technology, Office of Naval Research,Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.5. Jones, Smith, Probert: External thermography of buildings..., Proc. of the Society ofPhoto-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, vol.110, Industrial and Civil Applications ofInfrared Technology, June 1977 London.6. Paljak, Pettersson: Thermography of Buildings, Swedish Building Research Institute,Stockholm 1972.7. Vlcek, J: Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivitiesat λ = 5 µm. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.8. Kern: Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weathersatellites, Defence Documentation Center, AD 617 417.9. Öhman, Claes: Emittansmätningar med AGEMA E-Box. Teknisk rapport, AGEMA1999. (Emittance measurements using AGEMA E-Box. Technical report, AGEMA1999.)10. Matteï, S., Tang-Kwor, E: Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811-21between –36°C AND 82°C.11. Lohrengel & Todtenhaupt (1996)12. ITC Technical publication 32.13. ITC Technical publication 29.NoteThe emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave (SW) camera. The valuesshould be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution.34.2 TablesTable 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference1 2 3 4 6 63M type 35 Vinyl electricaltape (severalcolors)< 80 LW Ca. 0.96 133M type 88 Black vinyl electri-cal tape< 105 LW Ca. 0.96 133M type 88 Black vinyl electri-cal tape< 105 MW < 0.96 133M type Super 33+Black vinyl electri-cal tape< 80 LW Ca. 0.96 13Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0.55 2Aluminum anodized, black,dull70 SW 0.67 9Aluminum anodized, black,dull70 LW 0.95 9Aluminum anodized, lightgray, dull70 SW 0.61 9Aluminum anodized, lightgray, dull70 LW 0.97 9#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 100
Emissivity tables34Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)1 2 3 4 6 6Aluminum as received, plate 100 T 0.09 4Aluminum as received,sheet100 T 0.09 2Aluminum cast, blastcleaned70 SW 0.47 9Aluminum cast, blastcleaned70 LW 0.46 9Aluminum dipped in HNO3,plate100 T 0.05 4Aluminum foil 27 10 µm 0.04 3Aluminum foil 27 3 µm 0.09 3Aluminum oxidized, strongly 50–500 T 0.2–0.3 1Aluminum polished 50–100 T 0.04–0.06 1Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0.05 4Aluminum polished, sheet 100 T 0.05 2Aluminum rough surface 20–50 T 0.06–0.07 1Aluminum roughened 27 10 µm 0.18 3Aluminum roughened 27 3 µm 0.28 3Aluminum sheet, 4 samplesdifferentlyscratched70 SW 0.05–0.08 9Aluminum sheet, 4 samplesdifferentlyscratched70 LW 0.03–0.06 9Aluminum vacuumdeposited20 T 0.04 2Aluminum weathered,heavily17 SW 0.83–0.94 5Aluminum bronze 20 T 0.60 1Aluminumhydroxidepowder T 0.28 1Aluminum oxide activated, powder T 0.46 1Aluminum oxide pure, powder(alumina)T 0.16 1Asbestos board 20 T 0.96 1Asbestos fabric T 0.78 1Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0.94 7Asbestos paper 40–400 T 0.93–0.95 1Asbestos powder T 0.40–0.60 1Asbestos slate 20 T 0.96 1Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0.967 8Brass dull, tarnished 20–350 T 0.22 1Brass oxidized 100 T 0.61 2Brass oxidized 70 SW 0.04–0.09 9Brass oxidized 70 LW 0.03–0.07 9Brass oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.59–0.61 1Brass polished 200 T 0.03 1Brass polished, highly 100 T 0.03 2#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 101
Emissivity tables34Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)1 2 3 4 6 6Brass rubbed with 80-grit emery20 T 0.20 2Brass sheet, rolled 20 T 0.06 1Brass sheet, workedwith emery20 T 0.2 1Brick alumina 17 SW 0.68 5Brick common 17 SW 0.86–0.81 5Brick Dinas silica,glazed, rough1100 T 0.85 1Brick Dinas silica,refractory1000 T 0.66 1Brick Dinas silica, un-glazed, rough1000 T 0.80 1Brick firebrick 17 SW 0.68 5Brick fireclay 1000 T 0.75 1Brick fireclay 1200 T 0.59 1Brick fireclay 20 T 0.85 1Brick masonry 35 SW 0.94 7Brick masonry,plastered20 T 0.94 1Brick red, common 20 T 0.93 2Brick red, rough 20 T 0.88–0.93 1Brick refractory,corundum1000 T 0.46 1Brick refractory,magnesite1000–1300 T 0.38 1Brick refractory,strongly radiating500–1000 T 0.8–0.9 1Brick refractory, weaklyradiating500–1000 T 0.65–0.75 1Brick silica, 95% SiO21230 T 0.66 1Brick sillimanite, 33%SiO2, 64% Al2O31500 T 0.29 1Brick waterproof 17 SW 0.87 5Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0.08 9Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0.06 9Bronze polished 50 T 0.1 1Bronze porous, rough 50–150 T 0.55 1Bronze powder T 0.76–0.80 1Carbon candle soot 20 T 0.95 2Carbon charcoal powder T 0.96 1Carbon graphite powder T 0.97 1Carbon graphite, filedsurface20 T 0.98 2Carbon lampblack 20–400 T 0.95–0.97 1Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0.90 6Chromium polished 50 T 0.10 1#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 102
Emissivity tables34Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)1 2 3 4 6 6Chromium polished 500–1000 T 0.28–0.38 1Clay fired 70 T 0.91 1Cloth black 20 T 0.98 1Concrete 20 T 0.92 2Concrete dry 36 SW 0.95 7Concrete rough 17 SW 0.97 5Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0.974 8Copper commercial,burnished20 T 0.07 1Copper electrolytic, care-fully polished80 T 0.018 1Copper electrolytic,polished–34 T 0.006 4Copper molten 1100–1300 T 0.13–0.15 1Copper oxidized 50 T 0.6–0.7 1Copper oxidized toblacknessT 0.88 1Copper oxidized, black 27 T 0.78 4Copper oxidized, heavily 20 T 0.78 2Copper polished 50–100 T 0.02 1Copper polished 100 T 0.03 2Copper polished,commercial27 T 0.03 4Copper polished,mechanical22 T 0.015 4Copper pure, carefullyprepared surface22 T 0.008 4Copper scraped 27 T 0.07 4Copper dioxide powder T 0.84 1Copper oxide red, powder T 0.70 1Ebonite T 0.89 1Emery coarse 80 T 0.85 1Enamel 20 T 0.9 1Enamel lacquer 20 T 0.85–0.95 1Fiber board hard, untreated 20 SW 0.85 6Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0.75 9Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0.88 9Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0.77 9Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0.89 9Fiber board porous, untreated 20 SW 0.85 6Gold polished 130 T 0.018 1Gold polished, carefully 200–600 T 0.02–0.03 1Gold polished, highly 100 T 0.02 2Granite polished 20 LLW 0.849 8Granite rough 21 LLW 0.879 8#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 103
Emissivity tables34Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)1 2 3 4 6 6Granite rough, 4 differentsamples70 SW 0.95–0.97 9Granite rough, 4 differentsamples70 LW 0.77–0.87 9Gypsum 20 T 0.8–0.9 1Ice: See WaterIron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0.20 9Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0.09 9Iron and steel covered with redrust20 T 0.61–0.85 1Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0.05 4Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0.05 4Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0.07 4Iron and steel electrolytic, care-fully polished175–225 T 0.05–0.06 1Iron and steel freshly workedwith emery20 T 0.24 1Iron and steel ground sheet 950–1100 T 0.55–0.61 1Iron and steel heavily rustedsheet20 T 0.69 2Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0.60 1Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0.77 1Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0.74 4Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0.74 1Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0.89 4Iron and steel oxidized 125–525 T 0.78–0.82 1Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0.79 2Iron and steel oxidized 200–600 T 0.80 1Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0.88 1Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0.98 1Iron and steel polished 100 T 0.07 2Iron and steel polished 400–1000 T 0.14–0.38 1Iron and steel polished sheet 750–1050 T 0.52–0.56 1Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0.56 1Iron and steel rolled, freshly 20 T 0.24 1Iron and steel rough, planesurface50 T 0.95–0.98 1Iron and steel rusted red, sheet 22 T 0.69 4Iron and steel rusted, heavily 17 SW 0.96 5Iron and steel rusty, red 20 T 0.69 1Iron and steel shiny oxide layer,sheet,20 T 0.82 1Iron and steel shiny, etched 150 T 0.16 1Iron and steel wrought, carefullypolished40–250 T 0.28 1Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0.64 9Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0.85 9#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 104
Emissivity tables34Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)1 2 3 4 6 6Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0.07 4Iron galvanized sheet, burnished 30 T 0.23 1Iron galvanized sheet, oxidized 20 T 0.28 1Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0.064 4Iron, cast casting 50 T 0.81 1Iron, cast ingots 1000 T 0.95 1Iron, cast liquid 1300 T 0.28 1Iron, cast machined 800–1000 T 0.60–0.70 1Iron, cast oxidized 100 T 0.64 2Iron, cast oxidized 260 T 0.66 4Iron, cast oxidized 38 T 0.63 4Iron, cast oxidized 538 T 0.76 4Iron, cast oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.64–0.78 1Iron, cast polished 200 T 0.21 1Iron, cast polished 38 T 0.21 4Iron, cast polished 40 T 0.21 2Iron, cast unworked 900–1100 T 0.87–0.95 1Krylon Ultra-flatblack 1602Flat black Room tempera-ture up to 175LW Ca. 0.96 12Krylon Ultra-flatblack 1602Flat black Room tempera-ture up to 175MW Ca. 0.97 12Lacquer 3 colors sprayedon Aluminum70 SW 0.50–0.53 9Lacquer 3 colors sprayedon Aluminum70 LW 0.92–0.94 9Lacquer Aluminum onrough surface20 T 0.4 1Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0.83 1Lacquer black, dull 40–100 T 0.96–0.98 1Lacquer black, matte 100 T 0.97 2Lacquer black, shiny,sprayed on iron20 T 0.87 1Lacquer heat–resistant 100 T 0.92 1Lacquer white 100 T 0.92 2Lacquer white 40–100 T 0.8–0.95 1Lead oxidized at 200°C 200 T 0.63 1Lead oxidized, gray 20 T 0.28 1Lead oxidized, gray 22 T 0.28 4Lead shiny 250 T 0.08 1Lead unoxidized,polished100 T 0.05 4Lead red 100 T 0.93 4Lead red, powder 100 T 0.93 1Leather tanned T 0.75–0.80 1Lime T 0.3–0.4 1#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 105
Emissivity tables34Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)1 2 3 4 6 6Magnesium 22 T 0.07 4Magnesium 260 T 0.13 4Magnesium 538 T 0.18 4Magnesium polished 20 T 0.07 2MagnesiumpowderT 0.86 1Molybdenum 1500–2200 T 0.19–0.26 1Molybdenum 600–1000 T 0.08–0.13 1Molybdenum filament 700–2500 T 0.1–0.3 1Mortar 17 SW 0.87 5Mortar dry 36 SW 0.94 7Nextel Velvet 811-21 BlackFlat black –60–150 LW > 0.97 10 and11Nichrome rolled 700 T 0.25 1Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0.70 1Nichrome wire, clean 50 T 0.65 1Nichrome wire, clean 500–1000 T 0.71–0.79 1Nichrome wire, oxidized 50–500 T 0.95–0.98 1Nickel bright matte 122 T 0.041 4Nickel commerciallypure, polished100 T 0.045 1Nickel commerciallypure, polished200–400 T 0.07–0.09 1Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0.04 4Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0.07 4Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0.06 4Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0.10 4Nickel electroplated oniron, polished22 T 0.045 4Nickel electroplated oniron, unpolished20 T 0.11–0.40 1Nickel electroplated oniron, unpolished22 T 0.11 4Nickel electroplated,polished20 T 0.05 2Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0.85 4Nickel oxidized 200 T 0.37 2Nickel oxidized 227 T 0.37 4Nickel oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.37–0.48 1Nickel polished 122 T 0.045 4Nickel wire 200–1000 T 0.1–0.2 1Nickel oxide 1000–1250 T 0.75–0.86 1Nickel oxide 500–650 T 0.52–0.59 1Oil, lubricating 0.025 mm film 20 T 0.27 2Oil, lubricating 0.050 mm film 20 T 0.46 2Oil, lubricating 0.125 mm film 20 T 0.72 2#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 106
Emissivity tables34Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)1 2 3 4 6 6Oil, lubricating film on Ni base: Nibase only20 T 0.05 2Oil, lubricating thick coating 20 T 0.82 2Paint 8 different colorsand qualities70 SW 0.88–0.96 9Paint 8 different colorsand qualities70 LW 0.92–0.94 9Paint Aluminum, vari-ous ages50–100 T 0.27–0.67 1Paint cadmium yellow T 0.28–0.33 1Paint chrome green T 0.65–0.70 1Paint cobalt blue T 0.7–0.8 1Paint oil 17 SW 0.87 5Paint oil based, averageof 16 colors100 T 0.94 2Paint oil, black flat 20 SW 0.94 6Paint oil, black gloss 20 SW 0.92 6Paint oil, gray flat 20 SW 0.97 6Paint oil, gray gloss 20 SW 0.96 6Paint oil, various colors 100 T 0.92–0.96 1Paint plastic, black 20 SW 0.95 6Paint plastic, white 20 SW 0.84 6Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0.68–0.74 9Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0.92–0.94 9Paper black T 0.90 1Paper black, dull T 0.94 1Paper black, dull 70 SW 0.86 9Paper black, dull 70 LW 0.89 9Paper blue, dark T 0.84 1Paper coated with blacklacquerT 0.93 1Paper green T 0.85 1Paper red T 0.76 1Paper white 20 T 0.7–0.9 1Paper white bond 20 T 0.93 2Paper white, 3 differentglosses70 SW 0.76–0.78 9Paper white, 3 differentglosses70 LW 0.88–0.90 9Paper yellow T 0.72 1Plaster 17 SW 0.86 5Plaster plasterboard,untreated20 SW 0.90 6Plaster rough coat 20 T 0.91 2#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 107
Emissivity tables34Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)1 2 3 4 6 6Plastic glass fibre lami-nate (printed circ.board)70 SW 0.94 9Plastic glass fibre lami-nate (printed circ.board)70 LW 0.91 9Plastic polyurethane iso-lation board70 LW 0.55 9Plastic polyurethane iso-lation board70 SW 0.29 9Plastic PVC, plastic floor,dull, structured70 SW 0.94 9Plastic PVC, plastic floor,dull, structured70 LW 0.93 9Platinum 100 T 0.05 4Platinum 1000–1500 T 0.14–0.18 1Platinum 1094 T 0.18 4Platinum 17 T 0.016 4Platinum 22 T 0.03 4Platinum 260 T 0.06 4Platinum 538 T 0.10 4Platinum pure, polished 200–600 T 0.05–0.10 1Platinum ribbon 900–1100 T 0.12–0.17 1Platinum wire 1400 T 0.18 1Platinum wire 500–1000 T 0.10–0.16 1Platinum wire 50–200 T 0.06–0.07 1Porcelain glazed 20 T 0.92 1Porcelain white, shiny T 0.70–0.75 1Rubber hard 20 T 0.95 1Rubber soft, gray, rough 20 T 0.95 1Sand T 0.60 1Sand 20 T 0.90 2Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0.909 8Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0.935 8Silver polished 100 T 0.03 2Silver pure, polished 200–600 T 0.02–0.03 1Skin human 32 T 0.98 2Slag boiler 0–100 T 0.97–0.93 1Slag boiler 1400–1800 T 0.69–0.67 1Slag boiler 200–500 T 0.89–0.78 1Slag boiler 600–1200 T 0.76–0.70 1Snow: See WaterSoil dry 20 T 0.92 2Soil saturated withwater20 T 0.95 2Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18%Cr500 T 0.35 1Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0.45 1#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 108
Emissivity tables34Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)1 2 3 4 6 6Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0.70 1Stainless steel sheet, polished 70 SW 0.18 9Stainless steel sheet, polished 70 LW 0.14 9Stainless steel sheet, untreated,somewhatscratched70 SW 0.30 9Stainless steel sheet, untreated,somewhatscratched70 LW 0.28 9Stainless steel type 18-8, buffed 20 T 0.16 2Stainless steel type 18-8, oxi-dized at 800°C60 T 0.85 2Stucco rough, lime 10–90 T 0.91 1Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0.60 7Tar T 0.79–0.84 1Tar paper 20 T 0.91–0.93 1Tile glazed 17 SW 0.94 5Tin burnished 20–50 T 0.04–0.06 1Tin tin–plated sheetiron100 T 0.07 2Titanium oxidized at 540°C 1000 T 0.60 1Titanium oxidized at 540°C 200 T 0.40 1Titanium oxidized at 540°C 500 T 0.50 1Titanium polished 1000 T 0.36 1Titanium polished 200 T 0.15 1Titanium polished 500 T 0.20 1Tungsten 1500–2200 T 0.24–0.31 1Tungsten 200 T 0.05 1Tungsten 600–1000 T 0.1–0.16 1Tungsten filament 3300 T 0.39 1Varnish flat 20 SW 0.93 6Varnish on oak parquetfloor70 SW 0.90 9Varnish on oak parquetfloor70 LW 0.90–0.93 9Wallpaper slight pattern, lightgray20 SW 0.85 6Wallpaper slight pattern, red 20 SW 0.90 6Water distilled 20 T 0.96 2Water frost crystals –10 T 0.98 2Water ice, covered withheavy frost0 T 0.98 1Water ice, smooth 0 T 0.97 1Water ice, smooth –10 T 0.96 2Water layer >0.1 mmthick0–100 T 0.95–0.98 1Water snow T 0.8 1Water snow –10 T 0.85 2#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 109
Emissivity tables34Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)1 2 3 4 6 6Wood 17 SW 0.98 5Wood 19 LLW 0.962 8Wood ground T 0.5–0.7 1Wood pine, 4 differentsamples70 SW 0.67–0.75 9Wood pine, 4 differentsamples70 LW 0.81–0.89 9Wood planed 20 T 0.8–0.9 1Wood planed oak 20 T 0.90 2Wood planed oak 70 SW 0.77 9Wood planed oak 70 LW 0.88 9Wood plywood, smooth,dry36 SW 0.82 7Wood plywood,untreated20 SW 0.83 6Wood white, damp 20 T 0.7–0.8 1Zinc oxidized at 400°C 400 T 0.11 1Zinc oxidized surface 1000–1200 T 0.50–0.60 1Zinc polished 200–300 T 0.04–0.05 1Zinc sheet 50 T 0.20 1#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 110
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last pagePubl. No.: T559772Commit: 5948Head: 5948Language: en-USModified: 2012-10-30Formatted: 2012-10-30Corporate HeadquartersFlir System, Inc.27700 SW Parkway Ave.Wilsonville, OR 97070USATelephone: +1-503-498-3547Websitehttp://www.flir.comCustomer supporthttp://support.flir.com

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