Cisco Systems 2305-BTS2-R1 Base Station Transmitter User Manual Ripwave Base Station I C Guide
Cisco Systems, Inc Base Station Transmitter Ripwave Base Station I C Guide
Contents
Manual part 2
Navini Networks, Inc. Ripwave Base Station I&C Guide
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Glossary of Terms & Abbreviations
Term Stands For.... Meaning
802.11 802.11 Standard An IEEE LAN standard for wireless Ethernet replacement
technology in the ISM band. Runs at up to 10 Mbps.
ACC Access Channel or
Access Code Channel AKA, Paging Channel. The signal path that tells a mobile to
prepare for an incoming call.
ACK Acknowledge Positive message sent by a protocol to acknowledge reception
of a transmitted packet
AP Access Point Wireless LAN transceiver that acts as a center point of an all-
wireless network or as a connection point between wireless and
wired networks.
AMI Alternate Mark Inversion Old method for encoding data on a 64 kbps channel, which
requires 8 kbps to maintain synchronization, leaving only 56
kbps available to transmit data
ARP Address Resolution Protocol The function of the ARP is to match higher-level network IP
addresses with the physical hardware address of a piece of
equipment.
ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest A protocol for error control in data transmission that
automatically requests the transmitter to resend a packet when
the receiver detects an error in the packet.
ASYNCH Asynchronous
N
ot occurring at regular intervals, as in data piped over a
network
AWG American Wire Gauge A measure of thickness of copper, aluminum or other wiring in
the U.S.
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Transporting a broad range of user data at irregular intervals
over network facilities
B8ZS Biploar 8-Zero Substitution An encoding method used on T1 circuits that inserts two
successive ones of the same voltage - referred to as a bipolar
violation - into a signal whenever eight consecutive zeros are
transmitted.
BB Broadband RF system with constant data rate of 1.5 Mbps or higher.
BBU Battery Backup Unit Equipment used to keep a BTS operating in the event of a
power outage
BCC Broadcast Code (or Control)
Channel A channel of data transmitted by one entity and received by
many devices.
BoM Bill of Materials List of the actual equipment to be manufactured and shipped to
the installation site.
BS Base Station
N
etwork Access equipment and software that transmits and
receives, as well as processes, voice or data calls from mobile
units to network connections. A Ripwave Base Station consists
of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Radio
Frequency Subsystem (RFS), or antenna, plus a Global
Positioning System (GPS) antenna for timing.
BTS Base Transceiver Station The Ripwave BTS is a two-shelf rack that holds the RF
modules and digital circuit cards that interpret radio signals
into computer language and sends messages to and from the
local or wide area network. It functions between the RFS and
the EMS to handle the signaling.
BW Bandwidth Frequency spectrum usable for data transfers. It describes the
maximum data rate that a signal can attain on the medium
without encountering significant loss of power. Usually
expressed in bits per second (digital) or Hertz (analog).
BYTE Byte 8 bits
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Term Stands For.... Meaning
CAM 1Configuration & Alarm Manager or
2Content Addressable Memory
1An EMS functionality that is handled through a Graphical
User Interface for purposes of configuring elements in the
system and handling other OAM requirements. 2Module of the
BTS software used to provide mappings of users to channels.
CBR Constant Bit Rate One of the two service categories available for the
Management PVC in the ATM/T1 BTS configuration (the
other one is UBR)
CC 1Communications Controller or
2Cross-check
1A type of circuit card that resides in the Digital shelf of the
Ripwave BTS. It handles all interfaces between BTS and
network. 2An EMS functionality that allows the system to
perform an automated sanity check of the datafill.
CD 1Compact Disk or 2Change Directory1An optical disk capable of storing large amounts of data (700x
floppy disk). It can be inserted into most PCs and “read” to
load files onto a computer 2A software programming term in
“C” language that tells the computer to go to a different
location in the computer’s memory.
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access Digital cellular technology that uses a spread-spectrum
technique where individual conversations are encoded with a
random digital sequence. Increases capacity and speed of
communications messages between mobile units over other
types of wireless networks.
CD-ROM Compact Disk - Read Only Memory See “CD.” If a CD is not Read Only, computers can write data
to it with that capability.
CDVT Cell Delay Variation Tolerance Delay variation parameter required by UBR and CBR.
CHP Channel Processor Card A card in the digital shelf of the BTS that performs the first
stage of signal processing for up to 4 antennae. One Navini 2.4
GHz BTS has 8 antennae. The card performs digital-to-analog
conversion (DAC) and analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) for
up to 10 carriers.
CLEC Competitive Local Exchange Carrier A telephone company that competes with an incumbent Local
Exchange Carrier (LEC).
CLI Command Line Interface A text-based programming language through which a user
communicates with an operating system or an application.
CORBA Common Object Request Broker
Agent A standard for Network Management Systems that allows
integration with NMS regardless of programming language or
Operating System.
CPE Customer Premise Equipment Communications equipment (Modem) that resides at the
customer’s location.
D4 D4 A framing standard for traditional time-division multiplexing,
which standard describes user channels multiplexed onto a
trunk that has been segmented (framed) into 24 bytes of 8 bits
each. (See also ESF.)
dB Decibel A logarithmic expression of the ratio between two signal
power, voltage, or current levels. A decibel is one-tenth of a
Bel, a seldom-used unit named for Alexander Graham Bell,
inventor of the telephone.
dBd Decibel/Dipole A ratio, measured in decibels, of the effective gain of an
antenna compared to a dipole antenna (2 horizontal rods in line
with each other). The greater the dBd value the higher the gain
and therefore the more acute the angle of coverage.
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Term Stands For.... Meaning
dBi Decibel/Isotropic A ratio, measured in decibels, of the effective gain of an
antenna compared to an isotropic antenna (measured along
axes in all directions). The greater the dBi value the higher the
gain and therefore the more acute the angle of coverage.
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol A protocol for dynamically assigning IP addresses to devices
on a network.
DiffServ Differentiated Service Different Quality of Service (QoS) descriptions for different
types of traffic, i.e., voice, video, email. The DiffServ table is
where each level of QoS is defined. Equivalent to Class of
Service (COS) in POTS.
DIR Directory A special kind of file used to organize other files into a
hierarchical structure.
DL DownLink In this case, data messages transmitted from the BTS to the
Modem.
DNS Domain Name Server TCP/IP networking term that is a protocol for matching objects
to network (IP) addresses.
DS-1 Digital Signal - 1 Also “T1” or “E1”. Digital transmission equipment that can
handle up to 1.544 Mbps.
DSL Digital Subscriber Line A type of service whereby users gain access to the Internet
through high-speed data networks.
DSP Digital Signal Processing/Processor Compressing or manipulating analog signals to digital signals
and vice-versa.
EID Equipment Identifier Field in EMS for assigning IP address or name to individual
pieces of equipment for purposes of configuring the system.
EMS Element Management System An application that allows the user to define and manipulate
managed objects as a system within an overall network.
enet Ethernet The most widely-installed local area network (LAN)
technology. Ethernet is specified in the IEEE 802.3 standard
and typically uses coaxial cable or special grade of twisted pair
wires.
ERP Effective Radiated Power The actual power in Watts radiated from a transmitter’s
antenna.
ESF Extended Superframe In T-carrier, a synchronization frame that delineates 24 DS1
frames Note: ESF requires less frequent synchronization than
the T-carrier D4 superframe format. (See also D4.)
FCC Federal Communications
Commission United States government regulatory agency that supervises,
licenses and otherwise controls electronic and electromagnetic
transmission standards.
FE Far End A relative term that refers to the receiving element in a
network, as opposed to the near-end element that is
transmitting data.
FEC 1Forward Error Correction or
2Fast Ethernet Controller
1A system of error control for data transmission wherein the
receiving device has the capability to detect and correct any
character or code block that contains fewer than a
predetermined number of symbols in error. 2A process created
and attached during BTS booting for the 10/100 Ethernet ports
on the BTS.
FTP File Transfer Protocol A TCP/IP method consisting of a client and server and used to
transfer files between two or more sites or elements in a
network.
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Term Stands For.... Meaning
Gain Gain Ratio of the output amplitude of a signal to the input amplitude
of a signal, expressed in decibels (dB).
Gb Gigabit One billion (1,000,000,000) bits.
GB Gigabyte One billion (1,000,000,000) bytes.
GHz Gigahertz One billion (1,000,000,000) hertz - cycles per second. Ultra
high frequency (UHF) signals, including microwave signals.
GPS Global Positioning System A constellation of 24 well-spaced satellites that orbit the earth
and enable users with GPS antennas to pinpoint their exact
geographical position.
GUI Graphical User Interface A graphic rather than purely text based user interface to a
computer or computing system.
HW Hardware Physical, tangible equipment
Hz Hertz 1 cycle per second.
I&C Installation & Commissioning Term used to describe the procedures of physically installing
technical equipment then powering up the equipment to make
sure it will operate (to put it “into commission”).
IEC Inter-exchange Carrier Also IXC. Public switching network service provider (carrier)
that connects across and between local exchange carriers
(LEC).
IF Interface Card Card on the digital shelf of the Ripwave BTS that takes the
analog signal from the Channel Processor card (CHP) and
converts it to a baseband signal before sending it on to the RF
modules for transmission (forward link), and vice-versa
(reverse link).
IMA Inverse Multiplexing over ATM A method of building dynamic routes of 2 or more T1s to
increase bandwidth so that PVCs can share the IMA resources,
as needed, for data transmissions.
inet Internet A worldwide system of computer networks in which users at
any one computer can, if they have permission, get information
from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users
at other computers.)
IP Internet Protocol A TCP/IP protocol used to route data from its source to its
destination.
ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical Unlicensed band around 2.4 MHz
ISP Internet Service Provider A company that provides access to the Internet.
Kb Kilobit 1,024 bits
KB Kilobyte 1,024 bytes
KHz Kilohertz 1,000 hertz.
L1 Layer 1 Physical Layer. Part of the OSI rules and standards for network
management. L1 describes the physical layer, or electrical and
mechanical port-to-port connections, in the network.
L2 Layer 2 Data Link Layer. Part of the OSI rules and standards for
network management. L2 describes the data link layer where
data is set up and torn down in a specific format (frames),
through the overall network. Also responsible for detecting and
correcting errors by requesting retransmission.
L3 Layer 3
N
etwork Layer. Pa
r
t of the OSI rules and standards for
network management. L3 describes the network addressing
that gets data to its destination within the network, i.e., IP
addressing.
LAN Local Area Network A data network of interconnected computers, servers, printers,
and other peripherals that communicate at high speeds over
short distances, usually within the same building. Also allows
for sharing of resources.
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Term Stands For.... Meaning
LCP Link Control Protocol Basis of the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) scheme for negotiating
and establishing connections.
LED Light-emitting Diode An electronic device that lights up when electricity passes
through it. Often used to indicate equipment or system state.
LLC Logical Link Controller A protocol that governs the transition of frames between data
stations regardless of how the medium is shared. It’s the upper
sub-layer that further defines the Media Access Control (MAC)
protocol. It provides the basis for an unacknowledged
connectionless service on a LAN - i.e., error correction,
multiplexing, broadcasting.
LOS Line-of-sight Describes laser, microwave, RF, and infrared transmission
systems that require no obstruction in a direct path between the
transmitter and the receiver.
MAC Media Access Control Protocol that governs access to a network in order to transmit
data between nodes. In a wireless LAN, the MAC is the radio
controller protocol (L2).
Mb Megabit One million (1,000,000) bits.
MB Megabyte One million bytes. Literally - 1,048,576 bytes.
Mbps Megabits Per Second Transmission speed at rate of one million bytes per second.
MCBS Multi-Carrier Beam Forming
Synchronized Multiple Access technology used by Navini Ripwave systems
MDM Modem Card A card in the Navini BTS that converts digital signals into analog
so the signals can be transmitted over telephone lines, and vice-
versa. Modem stands for modulator/demodulator.
MHz Megahertz One million (1,000,000) hertz - cycles per second. Normally used
to refer to how fast a microprocessor can execute instructions.
MIB Management Information Base A collection of managed objects used in SNMP-based networks.
MIBs carry information in a standard format so external tools can
analyze network management and performance.
MMDS Multipoint Multi-channel
Distribution Service Fixed wireless, high-speed local service that operates at 2.1 - 2.7
GHz. Speed 10 Mbps. Originally conceived for cable TV service.
NE 1Near-end or 2Network Element 1The transmitting end, versus the receiving end, of a signal
transmission. 2 A router, switch, or hub in an ISDN network.
NEC
N
ational Electrical Code Official rules and regulations that apply to the installation of
electrical equipment in the U.S.
NIC
N
etwork Interface Card A computer circuit board or card that is installed in a computer
so that it can be connected to a network. Network interface cards
provide a dedicated, full-time connection to a network.
NLOS
N
on Line-of-site Describes laser, microwave, RF, and infrared transmission
systems that can penetrate obstructions in the path between the
transmitter and the receiver.
NMS
N
etwork Management Syste
m
A product that helps manage a network generally hosted on a
well-equipped computer such as an engineering workstation. The
system tracks network statistics and resources.
NOC
N
etwork Operations Center A centralized point, much like a traffic control tower, where
technicians or engineers can monitor network activity, alarms,
and statistics, as well as make network configuration and other
changes dynamically. For Internet, the NOC is often a hub for
ISP services.
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Term Stands For.... Meaning
OAM Operation, Administration,
Maintenance A set of network management functions. Also describes the
human-machine interface tasks - i.e., to operate the system, to
administer the system, and to maintain the system.
OS Operating System A software program that manages the basic operation of a
computer. Most Operating Systems are either based on
OSI Open Systems Interconnection An ISO model for worldwide communications that defines 7
layers of network protocol: L1 Physical Layer; L2 Data Link
Layer; L3 Network Layer; L4 Transport Layer; L5 Session
Layer; L6 Presentation Layer; L7 Application Layer.
OTA Over-the-Air A standard for the transmission and reception of application-
related information in a wireless communications system.
PC Personal Computer Any IBM-compatible computer, so named because IBMs first
commercial end user computer was called a PC.
PCB Printed Circuit Board A hardware module that holds electronic circuitry and usually
fits into a larger frame where the various PCBs are
interconnected electronically.
PDU Packet Data Unit or Protocol Data
Unit A data packet. Refers to that which is exchanged between peer-
layer entities. Contains header, data, and trailer information.
Ping Ping Generalized term from sonar science, where a short sound burst
is sent out and an echo or “ping” is received. Used to determine
if signals or packets have been dropped, duplicated, or reordered.
PPPoE Point-to-point Protocol Over
Ethernet A protocol that allows dial-up Internet connections. Includes the
Link Control Protocol as well as Network Control Protocols.
Propagation Propagation To spread out and affect a greater area; travel through space, as
in radio waves.
PSK Phase Shift Keying Digital transmission term that means an angle modulation where
the phase of the carrier varies in relation to a reference or former
phase. An encoded shift. Each change of phase carries one bit of
information, where the bit rate equals the modulation rate.
PSN Packet Switched Network A network in which data is transferred in units called packets.
Packets can be routed individually and reassembled to form a
complete message at the definition.
PSTN Public Switched Telephone
N
etwor
k
Typically used in the same context as POTS. Analogous to a
network of major highways originally built by a single
organization but added to and expanded by multiple
organizations. AKA, backbone networks.
PVC Private Virtual Circuit A software-defined logical connection between end points in a
network.
QAM Quadrature Amplitude ModulationA bandwidth conservation process routinely used in modems.
Creates higher throughput but decreased coverage area.
QoS Quality of Service A guaranteed throughput for critical network applications, such
as Voice over IP. Term primarily used in an ATM environment.
Five classes of service: Class 1 Video; Class 2 Audio; Class 3
Data Connection.
RAM 1Random Access Memory or
2Responsibility Assign Matrix
1Computer memory that can be accessed randomly. 2A document
created during the BTS installation and Commissioning, defining
who is responsible for performing each task.
RBW Resolution Band Width A parameter set on the spectrum analyzer during insertion loss
measurements
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Term Stands For.... Meaning
RF Radio Frequency A portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the frequency
range between audio and infrared: 100 KHz to 20 GHz. RF
measurements are expressed in Hz (unit for measuring
frequency); MHz = 1 Million Hz; GHz = 1 Billion Hz.
RFS Radio Frequency Subsystem A term for the antenna portion of the base station.
RH Relative Humidity The amount of water vapor in the air, given as the percent of
saturation humidity, generally calculated in relation to saturated
vapor density.
RMS Root mean Square The most common mathematical method of defining the effective
voltage or current of an AC wave
RS Reed-Solomon Reed-Solomon codes are block-
b
ased error correcting codes with
a wide range of applications in digital communications.
RSSI Receiver Signal Strength Indicator A term that describes the measure of the signal strength in
kilohertz or gigahertz between the transmission and the receiving
end.
Rx Receive An abbreviated way of expressing the term, receive, as in to
receive a transmission.
S-CDMA Synchronous Code Division
Multiple Access Wireless technology based on data being transferred at a fixed
rate using Code Division Multiple Access algorithms.
SELV Safety Extra Low Voltage A secondary circuit which is designed and protected in such a
way that, under normal operative conditions or under a single
fault condition, its voltage does not exceed a safe value.
SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol A TCP/IP protocol used for communication between two
machines that are previously configured for communication with
each other.
SMDS Switched Multi-megabit Data
Service Connectionless service for MAN/WAN based on 53-
b
yte packets
that target the interconnection of different LANs into a public
switched network at speeds higher than T1.
SMS 1Short Message Service or
2Systems Management Server
1A protocol that allows mobile users to send text-
b
ased messages
from one device to another. The text appears on a device’s screen
and may be a maximum 160 characters in length. 2A Windows
N
T process that allows a network administrator to inventory all
hardware and software on the network, then perform software
distribution over the LAN.
SNMP Simple Network Management
Protocol Standard management request-reply protocol for managing
TCP/IP networks. A device is said to be SNMP compatible if it
can be monitored or controlled using SNMP messages.
SNR Signal-to-noise Ratio Related to RSSI, a measurement of the intended signal being
transmitted against the other entities that can interfere with the
signal.
SO/HO Small Office/Home Office Small, remote office with a MAN or WAN connection back to a
larger corporate network and/or the Internet.
SoW Statement of Work A document outlining the general activities that must be
conducted in order to complete the installation and
commissioning tasks for a Ripwave Base Station
SSI Signal Strength Indicator See “RSSI”.
SW Software Computer instructions or data.
SYN Synthesizer Card A circuit card in the Navini BTS digital shelf that provides a
local oscillator and system clock with a single calibration
transceiver. The card is used to calibrate the Base Station so that
no external spectrum analyzer or signal generator is required.
SYNCH Synchronous Digital packets or signals that are sent at the same, precisely
clocked fixed rate of speed.
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Term Stands For.... Meaning
TCC 1Traffic Channel or 2Transmission
Control Code
1A portion of a radio channel used to enable transmission of one
direction of a digitized voice conversation (as opposed to the
Voice Channel). 2A way of segregating traffic in order to define
controlled communities of interest among subscribers.
TCP Transport Control Protocol A standardized transport protocol between IP-based network
nodes that allows two hosts to establish a connection and
exchange streams of data. TCP operates on top of Internet
Protocols and handles the multiplexing of sessions, error
recovery, reliability and flow; it guarantees packets are delivered
in the same order in which they were sent.
TCP/IP Transport Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol A set of protocols that allows cooperating computers to share
resources across the network. TCP provides the reliability in the
transmission, while IP provides connectionless packet service.
TDD Time Division Duplex A digital transmission method that combines signals from
multiple sources and allows a single channel to alternately carry
data in each direction of a link.
TFFS True Flash File System Memory in a computing device that does not lose its information
when powered off. Available as a SIMM or PCMCIA card, it
usually stores router Operating System (OS) software. Can be
easily updated.
TTL Time-to-live A field in the Internet Protocol that specifies how many more
hops a packet can travel before being discarded or returned.
Tx Transmit To send by wire or other medium electronically or through air
via electromagnetic waves to a receiving communications device.
UBR Unspecified Bit Rate One of the two service categories available for the Management
PVC in the ATM/T1 BTS configuration (the other one is CBR)
UDP User Datagram Protocol A communications protocol that offers a limited amount of
service when messages are exchanged between computers in a
network that uses the Internet Protocol (IP). UDP is an
alternative to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP.)
UL UpLink Describes the direction of signal flow being sent from a
subscriber to a network system, as in from a mobile device
(Modem) to a base station.
USB Universal Serial Bus An external bus standard for plug-and-play interfaces between a
computer and add-on devices, such as a mouse, modem,
keyboard, etc. One USB port can connect up to 127 devices.
VCC Virtual Channel Circuit AKA, Virtual Channel Connection or Virtual Circuit Connection.
A logical circuit made up of Virtual Channel Links, which carry
data between two end points in an ATM network.
VCI Virtual Channel Identifier A 16-bit value in the ATM cell header that provides a unique
identifier for the Virtual Channel that carries that particular cell.
VCL Virtual Channel Link A connection between two ATM devices.
Vector Vector A quantity representative of both magnitude and direction
(energy + orientation in space)
VPC Virtual Private Channel AKA, Virtual Path Connection. A grouping of Virtual Channel
Connectors, which share one or more contiguous VPLs.
VP Virtual Path A set of Virtual Channels grouped together between cross-points
(i.e., switches).
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Term Stands For.... Meaning
VPI Virtual Path Identifier An 8-bit value in the cell header that identifies the VP as well as
the VC to which the cell belongs. The VPI + VCI identify the
next destination of a cell as it passes through a series of ATM
switches.
VPL Virtual Path Link A group of unidirectional VCLs with the same end points in a
Virtual Path. Grouping VCLs into VPLs reduces the number of
connections to be managed. One or more VPLs makes up a VPC.
WAN 1Wide Area Network or
2Wireless Access Network
1A communications network that spans geographically separate
areas and which provide long-haul services. Examples of inter-
networked connections are frame relay, SMDS, and X.25
protocols. 2 General term for any product primarily used to gain
access to the Internet, as opposed to being part of the actual
Internet devices or software.
WCS Wireless Communication Service Licensed band around 2.3 GHz
WEC WAN Ethernet Controller Process created during BTS booting and attached to the stack to
perform RFC1483 Ethernet bridging onto the ATM interface.