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ARM Architecture Reference Manual Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I ARM Architecture Reference Manual Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. Release Information The following changes have been made to this document. Change History Date Issue Change February 1996 A First edition July 1997 B Updated and index added April 1998 C Updated February 2000 D Updated for ARM architecture v5 June 2000 E Updated for ARM architecture v5TE and corrections to Part B July 2004 F Updated for ARM architecture v6 (Confidential) December 2004 G Updated to incorporate corrections to errata March 2005 H Updated to incorporate corrections to errata July 2005 I Updated to incorporate corrections to pseudocode and graphics Proprietary Notice ARM, the ARM Powered logo, Thumb, and StrongARM are registered trademarks of ARM Limited. The ARM logo, AMBA, Angel, ARMulator, EmbeddedICE, ModelGen, Multi-ICE, PrimeCell, ARM7TDMI, ARM7TDMI-S, ARM9TDMI, ARM9E-S, ETM7, ETM9, TDMI, STRONG, are trademarks of ARM Limited. All other products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective owners. The product described in this document is subject to continuous developments and improvements. All particulars of the product and its use contained in this document are given by ARM in good faith. 1. Subject to the provisions set out below, ARM hereby grants to you a perpetual, non-exclusive, nontransferable, royalty free, worldwide licence to use this ARM Architecture Reference Manual for the purposes of developing; (i) software applications or operating systems which are targeted to run on microprocessor cores distributed under licence from ARM; (ii) tools which are designed to develop software programs which are targeted to run on microprocessor cores distributed under licence from ARM; (iii) or having developed integrated circuits which incorporate a microprocessor core manufactured under licence from ARM. 2. Except as expressly licensed in Clause 1 you acquire no right, title or interest in the ARM Architecture Reference Manual, or any Intellectual Property therein. In no event shall the licences granted in Clause 1, be construed as granting you expressly or by implication, estoppel or otherwise, licences to any ARM technology other than the ARM Architecture Reference Manual. The licence grant in Clause 1 expressly excludes any rights for you to use or take into use any ARM patents. No right is granted to you under the provisions of Clause 1 to; (i) use the ARM Architecture Reference Manual for the purposes of developing or having developed microprocessor cores or models thereof which are compatible in whole or part with either or both the instructions or programmer's models described in this ARM Architecture Reference ii Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Manual; or (ii) develop or have developed models of any microprocessor cores designed by or for ARM; or (iii) distribute in whole or in part this ARM Architecture Reference Manual to third parties, other than to your subcontractors for the purposes of having developed products in accordance with the licence grant in Clause 1 without the express written permission of ARM; or (iv) translate or have translated this ARM Architecture Reference Manual into any other languages. 3.THE ARM ARCHITECTURE REFERENCE MANUAL IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITH NO WARRANTIES EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY OF SATISFACTORY QUALITY, NONINFRINGEMENT OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 4. No licence, express, implied or otherwise, is granted to LICENSEE, under the provisions of Clause 1, to use the ARM tradename, in connection with the use of the ARM Architecture Reference Manual or any products based thereon. Nothing in Clause 1 shall be construed as authority for you to make any representations on behalf of ARM in respect of the ARM Architecture Reference Manual or any products based thereon. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM limited 110 Fulbourn Road Cambridge, England CB1 9NJ Restricted Rights Legend: Use, duplication or disclosure by the United States Government is subject to the restrictions set forth in DFARS 252.227-7013 (c)(1)(ii) and FAR 52.227-19 This document is Non-Confidential. The right to use, copy and disclose this document is subject to the licence set out above. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. iii iv Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Contents ARM Architecture Reference Manual Preface About this manual ................................................................................ xii Architecture versions and variants ...................................................... xiii Using this manual .............................................................................. xviii Conventions ........................................................................................ xxi Further reading .................................................................................. xxiii Feedback .......................................................................................... xxiv Part A Chapter A1 CPU Architecture Introduction to the ARM Architecture A1.1 A1.2 A1.3 Chapter A2 Programmers’ Model A2.1 A2.2 A2.3 A2.4 A2.5 ARM DDI 0100I About the ARM architecture ............................................................. A1-2 ARM instruction set .......................................................................... A1-6 Thumb instruction set ..................................................................... A1-11 Data types ........................................................................................ A2-2 Processor modes ............................................................................. A2-3 Registers .......................................................................................... A2-4 General-purpose registers ............................................................... A2-6 Program status registers ................................................................ A2-11 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. v Contents A2.6 A2.7 A2.8 A2.9 A2.10 A2.11 Chapter A3 Addressing Mode 1 - Data-processing operands ............................. A5-2 Addressing Mode 2 - Load and Store Word or Unsigned Byte ...... A5-18 Addressing Mode 3 - Miscellaneous Loads and Stores ................. A5-33 Addressing Mode 4 - Load and Store Multiple ............................... A5-41 Addressing Mode 5 - Load and Store Coprocessor ....................... A5-49 The Thumb Instruction Set A6.1 A6.2 A6.3 A6.4 A6.5 A6.6 A6.7 A6.8 vi Alphabetical list of ARM instructions ................................................ A4-2 ARM instructions and architecture versions ................................. A4-286 ARM Addressing Modes A5.1 A5.2 A5.3 A5.4 A5.5 Chapter A6 Instruction set encoding ................................................................... A3-2 The condition field ............................................................................ A3-3 Branch instructions .......................................................................... A3-5 Data-processing instructions ............................................................ A3-7 Multiply instructions ........................................................................ A3-10 Parallel addition and subtraction instructions ................................. A3-14 Extend instructions ......................................................................... A3-16 Miscellaneous arithmetic instructions ............................................ A3-17 Other miscellaneous instructions ................................................... A3-18 Status register access instructions ................................................ A3-19 Load and store instructions ............................................................ A3-21 Load and Store Multiple instructions .............................................. A3-26 Semaphore instructions ................................................................. A3-28 Exception-generating instructions .................................................. A3-29 Coprocessor instructions ............................................................... A3-30 Extending the instruction set .......................................................... A3-32 ARM Instructions A4.1 A4.2 Chapter A5 A2-16 A2-30 A2-38 A2-44 A2-53 A2-69 The ARM Instruction Set A3.1 A3.2 A3.3 A3.4 A3.5 A3.6 A3.7 A3.8 A3.9 A3.10 A3.11 A3.12 A3.13 A3.14 A3.15 A3.16 Chapter A4 Exceptions ..................................................................................... Endian support ............................................................................... Unaligned access support .............................................................. Synchronization primitives ............................................................. The Jazelle Extension .................................................................... Saturated integer arithmetic ........................................................... About the Thumb instruction set ...................................................... A6-2 Instruction set encoding ................................................................... A6-4 Branch instructions .......................................................................... A6-6 Data-processing instructions ............................................................ A6-8 Load and Store Register instructions ............................................. A6-15 Load and Store Multiple instructions .............................................. A6-18 Exception-generating instructions .................................................. A6-20 Undefined Instruction space .......................................................... A6-21 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Contents Chapter A7 Thumb Instructions A7.1 A7.2 Part B Chapter B1 Memory and System Architectures Introduction to Memory and System Architectures B1.1 B1.2 B1.3 B1.4 B1.5 B1.6 B1.7 B1.8 Chapter B2 About the VMSA .............................................................................. B4-2 Memory access sequence ............................................................... B4-4 Memory access control .................................................................... B4-8 Memory region attributes ............................................................... B4-11 Aborts ............................................................................................. B4-14 Fault Address and Fault Status registers ....................................... B4-19 Hardware page table translation .................................................... B4-23 Fine page tables and support of tiny pages ................................... B4-35 CP15 registers ............................................................................... B4-39 Protected Memory System Architecture B5.1 ARM DDI 0100I About the System Control coprocessor ............................................ B3-2 Registers .......................................................................................... B3-3 Register 0: ID codes ........................................................................ B3-7 Register 1: Control registers .......................................................... B3-12 Registers 2 to 15 ............................................................................ B3-18 Virtual Memory System Architecture B4.1 B4.2 B4.3 B4.4 B4.5 B4.6 B4.7 B4.8 B4.9 Chapter B5 About the memory order model ........................................................ B2-2 Read and write definitions ................................................................ B2-4 Memory attributes prior to ARMv6 ................................................... B2-7 ARMv6 memory attributes - introduction .......................................... B2-8 Ordering requirements for memory accesses ................................ B2-16 Memory barriers ............................................................................. B2-18 Memory coherency and access issues .......................................... B2-20 The System Control Coprocessor B3.1 B3.2 B3.3 B3.4 B3.5 Chapter B4 About the memory system ............................................................... B1-2 Memory hierarchy ............................................................................ B1-4 L1 cache .......................................................................................... B1-6 L2 cache .......................................................................................... B1-7 Write buffers ..................................................................................... B1-8 Tightly Coupled Memory .................................................................. B1-9 Asynchronous exceptions .............................................................. B1-10 Semaphores ................................................................................... B1-12 Memory Order Model B2.1 B2.2 B2.3 B2.4 B2.5 B2.6 B2.7 Chapter B3 Alphabetical list of Thumb instructions ............................................. A7-2 Thumb instructions and architecture versions .............................. A7-125 About the PMSA .............................................................................. B5-2 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. vii Contents B5.2 B5.3 B5.4 B5.5 B5.6 B5.7 Chapter B6 Caches and Write Buffers B6.1 B6.2 B6.3 B6.4 B6.5 B6.6 Chapter B7 Chapter C1 About the FCSE ............................................................................... Modified virtual addresses ............................................................... Enabling the FCSE .......................................................................... Debug and Trace ............................................................................. CP15 registers ................................................................................. B8-2 B8-3 B8-5 B8-6 B8-7 Introduction to the Vector Floating-point Architecture About the Vector Floating-point architecture .................................... C1-2 Overview of the VFP architecture .................................................... C1-4 Compliance with the IEEE 754 standard ......................................... C1-9 IEEE 754 implementation choices ................................................. C1-10 VFP Programmer’s Model C2.1 C2.2 C2.3 C2.4 C2.5 C2.6 C2.7 viii B7-2 B7-3 B7-7 B7-8 B7-9 Vector Floating-point Architecture C1.1 C1.2 C1.3 C1.4 Chapter C2 About TCM ....................................................................................... TCM configuration and control ......................................................... Accesses to TCM and cache ........................................................... Level 1 (L1) DMA model .................................................................. L1 DMA control using CP15 Register 11 ......................................... Fast Context Switch Extension B8.1 B8.2 B8.3 B8.4 B8.5 Part C About caches and write buffers ........................................................ B6-2 Cache organization .......................................................................... B6-4 Types of cache ................................................................................. B6-7 L1 cache ........................................................................................ B6-10 Considerations for additional levels of cache ................................. B6-12 CP15 registers ............................................................................... B6-13 Tightly Coupled Memory B7.1 B7.2 B7.3 B7.4 B7.5 Chapter B8 Memory access sequence ............................................................... B5-4 Memory access control .................................................................... B5-8 Memory access attributes .............................................................. B5-10 Memory aborts (PMSAv6) .............................................................. B5-13 Fault Status and Fault Address register support ............................ B5-16 CP15 registers ............................................................................... B5-18 Floating-point formats ...................................................................... C2-2 Rounding .......................................................................................... C2-9 Floating-point exceptions ............................................................... C2-10 Flush-to-zero mode ........................................................................ C2-14 Default NaN mode ......................................................................... C2-16 Floating-point general-purpose registers ....................................... C2-17 System registers ............................................................................ C2-21 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Contents C2.8 Chapter C3 VFP Instruction Set Overview C3.1 C3.2 C3.3 C3.4 Chapter C4 Chapter D1 Introduction to the Debug Architecture Introduction ...................................................................................... D1-2 Trace ................................................................................................ D1-4 Debug and ARMv6 ........................................................................... D1-5 Debug Events and Exceptions D2.1 D2.2 D2.3 D2.4 Chapter D3 Addressing Mode 1 - Single-precision vectors (non-monadic) ......... C5-2 Addressing Mode 2 - Double-precision vectors (non-monadic) ....... C5-8 Addressing Mode 3 - Single-precision vectors (monadic) .............. C5-14 Addressing Mode 4 - Double-precision vectors (monadic) ............ C5-18 Addressing Mode 5 - VFP load/store multiple ................................ C5-22 Debug Architecture D1.1 D1.2 D1.3 Chapter D2 Alphabetical list of VFP instructions ................................................. C4-2 VFP Addressing Modes C5.1 C5.2 C5.3 C5.4 C5.5 Part D Data-processing instructions ............................................................ C3-2 Load and Store instructions ........................................................... C3-14 Single register transfer instructions ................................................ C3-18 Two-register transfer instructions ................................................... C3-22 VFP Instructions C4.1 Chapter C5 Reset behavior and initialization .................................................... C2-29 Introduction ...................................................................................... D2-2 Monitor debug-mode ........................................................................ D2-5 Halting debug-mode ......................................................................... D2-8 External Debug Interface ............................................................... D2-13 Coprocessor 14, the Debug Coprocessor D3.1 D3.2 D3.3 D3.4 D3.5 Coprocessor 14 debug registers ...................................................... D3-2 Coprocessor 14 debug instructions .................................................. D3-5 Debug register reference ................................................................. D3-8 Reset values of the CP14 debug registers ..................................... D3-24 Access to CP14 debug registers from the external debug interface ......... D3-25 Glossary ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ix Contents x Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Preface This preface describes the versions of the ARM® architecture and the contents of this manual, then lists the conventions and terminology it uses. • About this manual on page xii • Architecture versions and variants on page xiii • Using this manual on page xviii • Conventions on page xxi • Further reading on page xxiii • Feedback on page xxiv. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. xi Preface About this manual The purpose of this manual is to describe the ARM instruction set architecture, including its high code density Thumb® subset, and three of its standard coprocessor extensions: • The standard System Control coprocessor (coprocessor 15), which is used to control memory system components such as caches, write buffers, Memory Management Units, and Protection Units. • The Vector Floating-point (VFP) architecture, which uses coprocessors 10 and 11 to supply a high-performance floating-point instruction set. • The debug architecture interface (coprocessor 14), formally added to the architecture in ARM v6 to provide software access to debug features in ARM cores, (for example, breakpoint and watchpoint control). The 32-bit ARM and 16-bit Thumb instruction sets are described separately in Part A. The precise effects of each instruction are described, including any restrictions on its use. This information is of primary importance to authors of compilers, assemblers, and other programs that generate ARM machine code. Assembler syntax is given for most of the instructions described in this manual, allowing instructions to be specified in textual form. However, this manual is not intended as tutorial material for ARM assembler language, nor does it describe ARM assembler language at anything other than a very basic level. To make effective use of ARM assembler language, consult the documentation supplied with the assembler being used. The memory and system architecture definition is significantly improved in ARM architecture version 6 (the latest version). Prior to this, it usually needs to be supplemented by detailed implementation-specific information from the technical reference manual of the device being used. xii Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Preface Architecture versions and variants The ARM instruction set architecture has evolved significantly since it was first developed, and will continue to be developed in the future. Six major versions of the instruction set have been defined to date, denoted by the version numbers 1 to 6. Of these, the first three versions including the original 26-bit architecture (the 32-bit architecture was introduced at ARMv3) are now OBSOLETE. All bits and encodings that were used for 26-bit features become RESERVED for future expansion by ARM Ltd. Versions can be qualified with variant letters to specify collections of additional instructions that are included as an architecture extension. Extensions are typically included in the base architecture of the next version number, ARMv5T being the notable exception. Provision is also made to exclude variants by prefixing the variant letter with x, for example the xP variant described below in the summary of version 5 features. Note The xM variant which indicates that long multiplies (32 x 32 multiplies with 64-bit results) are not supported, has been withdrawn. The valid architecture variants are as follows (variant in brackets for legacy reasons only): ARMv4, ARMv4T, ARMv5T, (ARMv5TExP), ARMv5TE, ARMv5TEJ, and ARMv6 The following architecture variants are now OBSOLETE: ARMv1, ARMv2, ARMv2a, ARMv3, ARMv3G, ARMv3M, ARMv4xM, ARMv4TxM, ARMv5, ARMv5xM, and ARMv5TxM Details on OBSOLETE versions are available on request from ARM. The ARM and Thumb instruction sets are summarized by architecture variant in ARM instructions and architecture versions on page A4-286 and Thumb instructions and architecture versions on page A7-125 respectively. The key differences introduced since ARMv4 are listed below. Version 4 and the introduction of Thumb (T variant) The Thumb instruction set is a re-encoded subset of the ARM instruction set. Thumb instructions execute in their own processor state, with the architecture defining the mechanisms required to transition between ARM and Thumb states. The key difference is that Thumb instructions are half the size of ARM instructions (16 bits compared with 32 bits). Greater code density can usually be achieved by using the Thumb instruction set in preference to the ARM instruction set. However, the Thumb instruction set does have some limitations: • Thumb code usually uses more instructions for a given task, making ARM code best for maximizing performance of time-critical code. • ARM state and some associated ARM instructions are required for exception handling. The Thumb instruction set is always used in conjunction with a version of the ARM instruction set. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. xiii Preface New features in Version 5T This version extended architecture version 4T as follows: • Improved efficiency of ARM/Thumb interworking • Count leading zeros (CLZ, ARM only) and software breakpoint (BKPT, ARM and Thumb) instructions added • Additional options for coprocessor designers (coprocessor support is ARM only) • Tighter definition of flag setting on multiplies (ARM and Thumb) • Introduction of the E variant, adding ARM instructions which enhance performance of an ARM processor on typical digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms: • — Several multiply and multiply-accumulate instructions that act on 16-bit data items. — Addition and subtraction instructions that perform saturated signed arithmetic. Saturated arithmetic produces the maximum positive or negative value instead of wrapping the result if the calculation overflows the normal integer range. — Load (LDRD), store (STRD) and coprocessor register transfer (MCRR and MRRC) instructions that act on two words of data. — A preload data instruction PLD. Introduction of the J variant, adding the BXJ instruction and the other provisions required to support the Jazelle® architecture extension. Note Some early implementations of the E variant omitted the LDRD, STRD, MCRR, MRCC and PLD instructions. These are designated as conforming to the ExP variant, and the variant is defined for legacy reasons only. xiv Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Preface New features in Version 6 The following ARM instructions are added: • CPS, SRS and RFE instructions for improved exception handling • REV, REV16 and REVSH byte reversal instructions • SETEND for a revised endian (memory) model • LDREX and STREX exclusive access instructions • SXTB, SXTH, UXTB, UXTH byte/halfword extend instructions • A set of Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) media instructions • Additional forms of multiply instructions with accumulation into a 64-bit result. The following Thumb instructions are added: • CPS, CPY (a form of MOV), REV, REV16, REVSH, SETEND, SXTB, SXTH, UXTB, UXTH Other changes to ARMv6 are as follows: • The architecture name ARMv6 implies the presence of all preceding features, that is, ARMv5TEJ compliance. • Revised Virtual and Protected Memory System Architectures. • Provision of a Tightly Coupled Memory model. • New hardware support for word and halfword unaligned accesses. • Formalized adoption of a debug architecture with external and Coprocessor 14 based interfaces. • Prior to ARMv6, the System Control coprocessor (CP15) described in Chapter B3 was a recommendation only. Support for this coprocessor is now mandated in ARMv6. • For historical reasons, the rules relating to unaligned values written to the PC are somewhat complex prior to ARMv6. These rules are made simpler and more consistent in ARMv6. • The high vectors extension prior to ARMv6 is an optional (IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED) part of the architecture. This extension becomes obligatory in ARMv6. • Prior to ARMv6, a processor may use either of two abort models. ARMv6 requires that the Base Restored Abort Model (BRAM) is used. The two abort models supported previously were: ARM DDI 0100I — The BRAM, in which the base register of any valid load/store instruction that causes a memory system abort is always restored to its pre-instruction value. — The Base Updated Abort Model (BUAM), in which the base register of any valid load/store instruction that causes a memory system abort will have been modified by the base register writeback (if any) of that instruction. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. xv Preface • The restriction that multiplication destination registers should be different from their source registers is removed in ARMv6. • In ARMv5, the LDM(2) and STM(2) ARM instructions have restrictions on the use of banked registers by the immediately following instruction. These restrictions are removed from ARMv6. • The rules determining which PSR bits are updated by an MSR instruction are clarified and extended to cover the new PSR bits defined in ARMv6. • In ARMv5, the Thumb MOV instruction behavior varies according to the registers used (see note). Two changes are made in ARMv6. — The restriction about the use of low register numbers in the MOV (3) instruction encoding is removed. — In order to make the new side-effect-free MOV instructions available to the assembler language programmer without changing the meaning of existing assembler sources, a new assembler syntax CPY Rd,Rn is introduced. This always assembles to the MOV (3) instruction regardless of whether Rd and Rn are high or low registers. Note In ARMv5, the Thumb MOV Rd,Rn instructions have the following properties: • If both Rd and Rn are low registers, the instruction is the MOV (2) instruction. This instruction sets the N and Z flags according to the value transferred, and sets the C and V flags to 0. • If either Rd or Rn is a high register, the instruction is the MOV (3) instruction. This instruction leaves the condition flags unchanged. This situation results in behavior that varies according to the registers used. The MOV(2) side-effects also limit compiler flexibility on use of pseudo-registers in a global register allocator. Naming of ARM/Thumb architecture versions To name a precise version and variant of the ARM/Thumb architecture, the following strings are concatenated: 1. The string ARMv. 2. The version number of the ARM instruction set. 3. Variant letters of the included variants. 4. In addition, the letter P is used after x to denote the exclusion of several instructions in the ARMv5TExP variant. The table Architecture versions on page xvii lists the standard names of the current (not obsolete) ARM/Thumb architecture versions described in this manual. These names provide a shorthand way of describing the precise instruction set implemented by an ARM processor. However, this manual normally uses descriptive phrases such as T variants of architecture version 4 and above to avoid the use of lists of architecture names. xvi Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Preface All architecture names prior to ARMv4 are now OBSOLETE. The term all is used throughout this manual to refer to all architecture versions from ARMv4 onwards. Architecture versions Name ARM instruction set version Thumb instruction set version Notes ARMv4 4 None - ARMv4T 4 1 - ARMv5T 5 2 - ARMv5TExP 5 2 Enhanced DSP instructions except LDRD, MCRR, MRRC, PLD, and STRD ARMv5TE 5 2 Enhanced DSP instructions ARMv5TEJ 5 2 Addition of BXJ instruction and Jazelle Extension support over ARMv5TE ARMv6 6 3 Additional instructions as listed in Table A4-2 on page A4-286 and Table A7-1 on page A7-125. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. xvii Preface Using this manual The information in this manual is organized into four parts, as described below. Part A - CPU Architectures Part A describes the ARM and Thumb instruction sets, and contains the following chapters: xviii Chapter A1 Gives a brief overview of the ARM architecture, and the ARM and Thumb instruction sets. Chapter A2 Describes the types of value that ARM instructions operate on, the general-purpose registers that contain those values, and the Program Status Registers. This chapter also describes how ARM processors handle interrupts and other exceptions, endian and unaligned support, information on + synchronization primitives, and the Jazelle® extension. Chapter A3 Gives a description of the ARM instruction set, organized by type of instruction. Chapter A4 Contains detailed reference material on each ARM instruction, arranged alphabetically by instruction mnemonic. Chapter A5 Contains detailed reference material on the addressing modes used by ARM instructions. The term addressing mode is interpreted broadly in this manual, to mean a procedure shared by many different instructions, for generating values used by the instructions. For four of the addressing modes described in this chapter, the values generated are memory addresses (which is the traditional role of an addressing mode). The remaining addressing mode generates values to be used as operands by data-processing instructions. Chapter A6 Gives a description of the Thumb instruction set, organized by type of instruction. This chapter also contains information about how to switch between the ARM and Thumb instruction sets, and how exceptions that arise during Thumb state execution are handled. Chapter A7 Contains detailed reference material on each Thumb instruction, arranged alphabetically by instruction mnemonic. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Preface Part B - Memory and System Architectures Part B describes standard memory system features that are normally implemented by the System Control coprocessor (coprocessor 15) in an ARM-based system. It contains the following chapters: Chapter B1 Gives a brief overview of this part of the manual. Chapter B2 The memory order model. Chapter B3 Gives a general description of the System Control coprocessor and its use. Chapter B4 Describes the standard ARM memory and system architecture based on the use of a Virtual Memory System Architecture (VMSA) based on a Memory Management Unit (MMU). Chapter B5 Gives a description of the simpler Protected Memory System Architecture (PMSA) based on a Memory Protection Unit (MPU). Chapter B6 Gives a description of the standard ways to control caches and write buffers in ARM memory systems. This chapter is relevant both to systems based on an MMU and to systems based on an MPU. Chapter B7 Describes the Tightly Coupled Memory (TCM) architecture option for level 1 memory. Chapter B8 Describes the Fast Context Switch Extension and Context ID support (ARMv6 only). Part C - Vector Floating-point Architecture Part C describes the Vector Floating-point (VFP) architecture. This is a coprocessor extension to the ARM architecture designed for high floating-point performance on typical graphics and DSP algorithms. Chapter C1 Gives a brief overview of the VFP architecture and information about its compliance with the IEEE 754-1985 floating-point arithmetic standard. Chapter C2 Describes the floating-point formats supported by the VFP instruction set, the floating-point general-purpose registers that hold those values, and the VFP system registers. Chapter C3 Describes the VFP coprocessor instruction set, organized by type of instruction. Chapter C4 Contains detailed reference material on the VFP coprocessor instruction set, organized alphabetically by instruction mnemonic. Chapter C5 Contains detailed reference material on the addressing modes used by VFP instructions. One of these is a traditional addressing mode, generating addresses for load/store instructions. The remainder specify how the floating-point general-purpose registers and instructions can be used to hold and perform calculations on vectors of floating-point values. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. xix Preface Part D - Debug Architecture Part D describes the debug architecture. This is a coprocessor extension to the ARM architecture designed to provide configuration, breakpoint and watchpoint support, and a Debug Communications Channel (DCC) to a debug host. xx Chapter D1 Gives a brief introduction to the debug architecture. Chapter D2 Describes the key features of the debug architecture. Chapter D3 Describes the Coprocessor Debug Register support (cp14) for the debug architecture. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Preface Conventions This manual employs typographic and other conventions intended to improve its ease of use. General typographic conventions typewriter Is used for assembler syntax descriptions, pseudo-code descriptions of instructions, and source code examples. In the cases of assembler syntax descriptions and pseudo-code descriptions, see the additional conventions below. The typewriter font is also used in the main text for instruction mnemonics and for references to other items appearing in assembler syntax descriptions, pseudo-code descriptions of instructions and source code examples. italic Highlights important notes, introduces special terminology, and denotes internal cross-references and citations. bold Is used for emphasis in descriptive lists and elsewhere, where appropriate. SMALL CAPITALS Are used for a few terms which have specific technical meanings. Their meanings can be found in the Glossary. Pseudo-code descriptions of instructions A form of pseudo-code is used to provide precise descriptions of what instructions do. This pseudo-code is written in a typewriter font, and uses the following conventions for clarity and brevity: • Indentation is used to indicate structure. For example, the range of statements that a for statement loops over, goes from the for statement to the next statement at the same or lower indentation level as the for statement (both ends exclusive). • Comments are bracketed by /* and */, as in the C language. • English text is occasionally used outside comments to describe functionality that is hard to describe otherwise. • All keywords and special functions used in the pseudo-code are described in the Glossary. • Assignment and equality tests are distinguished by using = for an assignment and == for an equality test, as in the C language. • Instruction fields are referred to by the names shown in the encoding diagram for the instruction. When an instruction field denotes a register, a reference to it means the value in that register, rather than the register number, unless the context demands otherwise. For example, a Rn == 0 test is checking whether the value in the specified register is 0, but a Rd is R15 test is checking whether the specified register is register 15. • When an instruction uses an addressing mode, the pseudo-code for that addressing mode generates one or more values that are used in the pseudo-code for the instruction. For example, the AND instruction described in AND on page A4-8 uses ARM addressing mode 1 (see Addressing Mode 1 Data-processing operands on page A5-2). The pseudo-code for the addressing mode generates two values shifter_operand and shifter_carry_out, which are used by the pseudo-code for the AND instruction. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. xxi Preface Assembler syntax descriptions This manual contains numerous syntax descriptions for assembler instructions and for components of assembler instructions. These are shown in a typewriter font, and are as follows: Any item bracketed by < and > is a short description of a type of value to be supplied by the user in that position. A longer description of the item is normally supplied by subsequent text. Such items often correspond to a similarly named field in an encoding diagram for an instruction. When the correspondence simply requires the binary encoding of an integer value or register number to be substituted into the instruction encoding, it is not described explicitly. For example, if the assembler syntax for an ARM instruction contains an itemand the instruction encoding diagram contains a 4-bit field named Rn, the number of the register specified in the assembler syntax is encoded in binary in the instruction field. < > If the correspondence between the assembler syntax item and the instruction encoding is more complex than simple binary encoding of an integer or register number, the item description indicates how it is encoded. { } Any item bracketed by { and } is optional. A description of the item and of how its presence or absence is encoded in the instruction is normally supplied by subsequent text. | This indicates an alternative character string. For example, LDM|STM is either LDM or STM. spaces Single spaces are used for clarity, to separate items. When a space is obligatory in the assembler syntax, two or more consecutive spaces are used. +/- This indicates an optional + or - sign. If neither is coded, + is assumed. * When used in a combination like * 4, this describes an immediate value which must be a specified multiple of a value taken from a numeric range. In this instance, the numeric range is 0 to 255 (the set of values that can be represented as an 8-bit immediate) and the specified multiple is 4, so the value described must be a multiple of 4 in the range 4*0 = 0 to 4*255 = 1020. All other characters must be encoded precisely as they appear in the assembler syntax. Apart from { and }, the special characters described above do not appear in the basic forms of assembler instructions documented in this manual. The { and } characters need to be encoded in a few places as part of a variable item. When this happens, the long description of the variable item indicates how they must be used. Note This manual only attempts to describe the most basic forms of assembler instruction syntax. In practice, assemblers normally recognize a much wider range of instruction syntaxes, as well as various directives to control the assembly process and additional features such as symbolic manipulation and macro expansion. All of these are beyond the scope of this manual. xxii Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Preface Further reading This section lists publications from both ARM Limited and third parties that provide additional information on the ARM family of processors. ARM periodically provides updates and corrections to its documentation. See http://www.arm.com for current errata sheets and addenda, and the ARM Frequently Asked Questions. ARM publications ARM External Debug Interface Specification. External publications The following books are referred to in this manual, or provide additional information: • IEEE Standard for Shared-Data Formats Optimized for Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) Processors, IEEE Std 1596.5-1993, ISBN 1-55937-354-7, IEEE). • The Java™ Virtual Machine Specification Second Edition, Tim Lindholm and Frank Yellin, published by Addison Wesley (ISBN: 0-201-43294-3) • JTAG Specification IEEE1149.1 ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. xxiii Preface Feedback ARM Limited welcomes feedback on its documentation. Feedback on this book If you notice any errors or omissions in this book, send email to errata@arm giving: • the document title • the document number • the page number(s) to which your comments apply • a concise explanation of the problem. General suggestions for additions and improvements are also welcome. xxiv Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Part A CPU Architecture Chapter A1 Introduction to the ARM Architecture This chapter introduces the ARM® architecture and contains the following sections: • About the ARM architecture on page A1-2 • ARM instruction set on page A1-6 • Thumb instruction set on page A1-11. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A1-1 Introduction to the ARM Architecture A1.1 About the ARM architecture The ARM architecture has evolved to a point where it supports implementations across a wide spectrum of performance points. Over two billion parts have shipped, establishing it as the dominant architecture across many market segments. The architectural simplicity of ARM processors has traditionally led to very small implementations, and small implementations allow devices with very low power consumption. Implementation size, performance, and very low power consumption remain key attributes in the development of the ARM architecture. The ARM is a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC), as it incorporates these typical RISC architecture features: • a large uniform register file • a load/store architecture, where data-processing operations only operate on register contents, not directly on memory contents • simple addressing modes, with all load/store addresses being determined from register contents and instruction fields only • uniform and fixed-length instruction fields, to simplify instruction decode. In addition, the ARM architecture provides: • control over both the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and shifter in most data-processing instructions to maximize the use of an ALU and a shifter • auto-increment and auto-decrement addressing modes to optimize program loops • Load and Store Multiple instructions to maximize data throughput • conditional execution of almost all instructions to maximize execution throughput. These enhancements to a basic RISC architecture allow ARM processors to achieve a good balance of high performance, small code size, low power consumption, and small silicon area. A1-2 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Introduction to the ARM Architecture A1.1.1 ARM registers ARM has 31 general-purpose 32-bit registers. At any one time, 16 of these registers are visible. The other registers are used to speed up exception processing. All the register specifiers in ARM instructions can address any of the 16 visible registers. The main bank of 16 registers is used by all unprivileged code. These are the User mode registers. User mode is different from all other modes as it is unprivileged, which means: • User mode can only switch to another processor mode by generating an exception. The SWI instruction provides this facility from program control. • Memory systems and coprocessors might allow User mode less access to memory and coprocessor functionality than a privileged mode. Three of the 16 visible registers have special roles: Stack pointer Software normally uses R13 as a Stack Pointer (SP). R13 is used by the PUSH and POP instructions in T variants, and by the SRS and RFE instructions from ARMv6. Link register Register 14 is the Link Register (LR). This register holds the address of the next instruction after a Branch and Link (BL or BLX) instruction, which is the instruction used to make a subroutine call. It is also used for return address information on entry to exception modes. At all other times, R14 can be used as a general-purpose register. Program counter Register 15 is the Program Counter (PC). It can be used in most instructions as a pointer to the instruction which is two instructions after the instruction being executed. In ARM state, all ARM instructions are four bytes long (one 32-bit word) and are always aligned on a word boundary. This means that the bottom two bits of the PC are always zero, and therefore the PC contains only 30 non-constant bits. Two other processor states are supported by some versions of the architecture. Thumb® state is supported on T variants, and Jazelle® state on J variants. The PC can be halfword (16-bit) and byte aligned respectively in these states. The remaining 13 registers have no special hardware purpose. Their uses are defined purely by software. For more details on registers, refer to Registers on page A2-4. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A1-3 Introduction to the ARM Architecture A1.1.2 Exceptions ARM supports seven types of exception, and a privileged processing mode for each type. The seven types of exception are: • reset • attempted execution of an Undefined instruction • software interrupt (SWI) instructions, can be used to make a call to an operating system • Prefetch Abort, an instruction fetch memory abort • Data Abort, a data access memory abort • IRQ, normal interrupt • FIQ, fast interrupt. When an exception occurs, some of the standard registers are replaced with registers specific to the exception mode. All exception modes have replacement banked registers for R13 and R14. The fast interrupt mode has additional banked registers for fast interrupt processing. When an exception handler is entered, R14 holds the return address for exception processing. This is used to return after the exception is processed and to address the instruction that caused the exception. Register 13 is banked across exception modes to provide each exception handler with a private stack pointer. The fast interrupt mode also banks registers 8 to 12 so that interrupt processing can begin without the need to save or restore these registers. There is a sixth privileged processing mode, System mode, which uses the User mode registers. This is used to run tasks that require privileged access to memory and/or coprocessors, without limitations on which exceptions can occur during the task. In addition to the above, reset shares the same privileged mode as SWIs. For more details on exceptions, refer to Exceptions on page A2-16. The exception process When an exception occurs, the ARM processor halts execution in a defined manner and begins execution at one of a number of fixed addresses in memory, known as the exception vectors. There is a separate vector location for each exception, including reset. Behavior is defined for normal running systems (see section A2.6) and debug events (see Chapter D3 Coprocessor 14, the Debug Coprocessor) An operating system installs a handler on every exception at initialization. Privileged operating system tasks are normally run in System mode to allow exceptions to occur within the operating system without state loss. A1-4 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Introduction to the ARM Architecture A1.1.3 Status registers All processor state other than the general-purpose register contents is held in status registers. The current operating processor status is in the Current Program Status Register (CPSR). The CPSR holds: • four condition code flags (Negative, Zero, Carry and oVerflow). • one sticky (Q) flag (ARMv5 and above only). This encodes whether saturation has occurred in saturated arithmetic instructions, or signed overflow in some specific multiply accumulate instructions. • four GE (Greater than or Equal) flags (ARMv6 and above only). These encode the following conditions separately for each operation in parallel instructions: — whether the results of signed operations were non-negative — whether unsigned operations produced a carry or a borrow. • two interrupt disable bits, one for each type of interrupt (two in ARMv5 and below). • one (A) bit imprecise abort mask (from ARMv6) • five bits that encode the current processor mode. • two bits that encode whether ARM instructions, Thumb instructions, or Jazelle opcodes are being executed. • one bit that controls the endianness of load and store operations (ARMv6 and above only). Each exception mode also has a Saved Program Status Register (SPSR) which holds the CPSR of the task immediately before the exception occurred. The CPSR and the SPSRs are accessed with special instructions. For more details on status registers, refer to Program status registers on page A2-11. Table A1-1 Status register summary ARM DDI 0100I Field Description Architecture NZCV Condition code flags All J Jazelle state flag 5TEJ and above GE[3:0] SIMD condition flags 6 E Endian Load/Store 6 A Imprecise Abort Mask 6 I IRQ Interrupt Mask All F FIQ Interrupt Mask All T Thumb state flag 4T and above Mode[4:0] Processor mode All Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A1-5 Introduction to the ARM Architecture A1.2 ARM instruction set The ARM instruction set can be divided into six broad classes of instruction: • Branch instructions • Data-processing instructions on page A1-7 • Status register transfer instructions on page A1-8 • Load and store instructions on page A1-8 • Coprocessor instructions on page A1-10 • Exception-generating instructions on page A1-10. Most data-processing instructions and one type of coprocessor instruction can update the four condition code flags in the CPSR (Negative, Zero, Carry and oVerflow) according to their result. Almost all ARM instructions contain a 4-bit condition field. One value of this field specifies that the instruction is executed unconditionally. Fourteen other values specify conditional execution of the instruction. If the condition code flags indicate that the corresponding condition is true when the instruction starts executing, it executes normally. Otherwise, the instruction does nothing. The 14 available conditions allow: • tests for equality and non-equality • tests for <, <=, >, and >= inequalities, in both signed and unsigned arithmetic • each condition code flag to be tested individually. The sixteenth value of the condition field encodes alternative instructions. These do not allow conditional execution. Before ARMv5 these instructions were UNPREDICTABLE. A1.2.1 Branch instructions As well as allowing many data-processing or load instructions to change control flow by writing the PC, a standard Branch instruction is provided with a 24-bit signed word offset, allowing forward and backward branches of up to 32MB. There is a Branch and Link (BL) option that also preserves the address of the instruction after the branch in R14, the LR. This provides a subroutine call which can be returned from by copying the LR into the PC. There are also branch instructions which can switch instruction set, so that execution continues at the branch target using the Thumb instruction set or Jazelle opcodes. Thumb support allows ARM code to call Thumb subroutines, and ARM subroutines to return to a Thumb caller. Similar instructions in the Thumb instruction set allow the corresponding Thumb → ARM switches. An overview of the Thumb instruction set is provided in Chapter A6 The Thumb Instruction Set. The BXJ instruction introduced with the J variant of ARMv5, and present in ARMv6, provides the architected mechanism for entry to Jazelle state, and the associated assertion of the J flag in the CPSR. A1-6 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Introduction to the ARM Architecture A1.2.2 Data-processing instructions The data-processing instructions perform calculations on the general-purpose registers. There are five types of data-processing instructions: • Arithmetic/logic instructions • Comparison instructions • Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions • Multiply instructions on page A1-8 • Miscellaneous Data Processing instructions on page A1-8. Arithmetic/logic instructions The following arithmetic/logic instructions share a common instruction format. These perform an arithmetic or logical operation on up to two source operands, and write the result to a destination register. They can also optionally update the condition code flags, based on the result. Of the two source operands: • one is always a register • the other has two basic forms: — an immediate value — a register value, optionally shifted. If the operand is a shifted register, the shift amount can be either an immediate value or the value of another register. Five types of shift can be specified. Every arithmetic/logic instruction can therefore perform an arithmetic/logic operation and a shift operation. As a result, ARM does not have dedicated shift instructions. The Program Counter (PC) is a general-purpose register, and therefore arithmetic/logic instructions can write their results directly to the PC. This allows easy implementation of a variety of jump instructions. Comparison instructions The comparison instructions use the same instruction format as the arithmetic/logic instructions. These perform an arithmetic or logical operation on two source operands, but do not write the result to a register. They always update the condition flags, based on the result. The source operands of comparison instructions take the same forms as those of arithmetic/logic instructions, including the ability to incorporate a shift operation. Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions The add and subtract instructions treat each operand as two parallel 16-bit numbers, or four parallel 8-bit numbers. They can be treated as signed or unsigned. The operations can optionally be saturating, wrap around, or the results can be halved to avoid overflow. These instructions are available in ARMv6. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A1-7 Introduction to the ARM Architecture Multiply instructions There are several classes of multiply instructions, introduced at different times into the architecture. See Multiply instructions on page A3-10 for details. Miscellaneous Data Processing instructions These include Count Leading Zeros (CLZ) and Unsigned Sum of Absolute Differences with optional Accumulate (USAD8 and USADA8). A1.2.3 Status register transfer instructions The status register transfer instructions transfer the contents of the CPSR or an SPSR to or from a general-purpose register. Writing to the CPSR can: • set the values of the condition code flags • set the values of the interrupt enable bits • set the processor mode and state • alter the endianness of Load and Store operations. A1.2.4 Load and store instructions The following load and store instructions are available: • Load and Store Register • Load and Store Multiple registers on page A1-9 • Load and Store Register Exclusive on page A1-9. There are also swap and swap byte instructions, but their use is deprecated in ARMv6. It is recommended that all software migrates to using the load and store register exclusive instructions. Load and Store Register Load Register instructions can load a 64-bit doubleword, a 32-bit word, a 16-bit halfword, or an 8-bit byte from memory into a register or registers. Byte and halfword loads can be automatically zero-extended or sign-extended as they are loaded. Store Register instructions can store a 64-bit doubleword, a 32-bit word, a 16-bit halfword, or an 8-bit byte from a register or registers to memory. From ARMv6, unaligned loads and stores of words and halfwords are supported, accessing the specified byte addresses. Prior to ARMv6, unaligned 32-bit loads rotated data, all 32-bit stores were aligned, and the other affected instructions UNPREDICTABLE. A1-8 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Introduction to the ARM Architecture Load and Store Register instructions have three primary addressing modes, all of which use a base register and an offset specified by the instruction: • In offset addressing, the memory address is formed by adding or subtracting an offset to or from the base register value. • In pre-indexed addressing, the memory address is formed in the same way as for offset addressing. As a side effect, the memory address is also written back to the base register. • In post-indexed addressing, the memory address is the base register value. As a side effect, an offset is added to or subtracted from the base register value and the result is written back to the base register. In each case, the offset can be either an immediate or the value of an index register. Register-based offsets can also be scaled with shift operations. As the PC is a general-purpose register, a 32-bit value can be loaded directly into the PC to perform a jump to any address in the 4GB memory space. Load and Store Multiple registers Load Multiple (LDM) and Store Multiple (STM) instructions perform a block transfer of any number of the general-purpose registers to or from memory. Four addressing modes are provided: • pre-increment • post-increment • pre-decrement • post-decrement. The base address is specified by a register value, which can be optionally updated after the transfer. As the subroutine return address and PC values are in general-purpose registers, very efficient subroutine entry and exit sequences can be constructed with LDM and STM: • A single STM instruction at subroutine entry can push register contents and the return address onto the stack, updating the stack pointer in the process. • A single LDM instruction at subroutine exit can restore register contents from the stack, load the PC with the return address, and update the stack pointer. LDM and STM instructions also allow very efficient code for block copies and similar data movement algorithms. Load and Store Register Exclusive These instructions support cooperative memory synchronization. They are designed to provide the atomic behavior required for semaphores without locking all system resources between the load and store phases. See LDREX on page A4-52 and STREX on page A4-202 for details. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A1-9 Introduction to the ARM Architecture A1.2.5 Coprocessor instructions There are three types of coprocessor instructions: Data-processing instructions These start a coprocessor-specific internal operation. Data transfer instructions These transfer coprocessor data to or from memory. The address of the transfer is calculated by the ARM processor. Register transfer instructions These allow a coprocessor value to be transferred to or from an ARM register, or a pair of ARM registers. A1.2.6 Exception-generating instructions Two types of instruction are designed to cause specific exceptions to occur. Software interrupt instructions SWI instructions cause a software interrupt exception to occur. These are normally used to make calls to an operating system, to request an OS-defined service. The exception entry caused by a SWI instruction also changes to a privileged processor mode. This allows an unprivileged task to gain access to privileged functions, but only in ways permitted by the OS. Software breakpoint instructions BKPT instructions cause an abort exception to occur. If suitable debugger software is installed on the abort vector, an abort exception generated in this fashion is treated as a breakpoint. If debug hardware is present in the system, it can instead treat a BKPT instruction directly as a breakpoint, preventing the abort exception from occurring. In addition to the above, the following types of instruction cause an Undefined Instruction exception to occur: • coprocessor instructions which are not recognized by any hardware coprocessor • most instruction words that have not yet been allocated a meaning as an ARM instruction. In each case, this exception is normally used either to generate a suitable error or to initiate software emulation of the instruction. A1-10 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Introduction to the ARM Architecture A1.3 Thumb instruction set The Thumb instruction set is a subset of the ARM instruction set, with each instruction encoded in 16 bits instead of 32 bits. For details see Chapter A6 The Thumb Instruction Set. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A1-11 Introduction to the ARM Architecture A1-12 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Chapter A2 Programmers’ Model This chapter introduces the ARM® Programmers’ Model. It contains the following sections: • Data types on page A2-2 • Processor modes on page A2-3 • Registers on page A2-4 • General-purpose registers on page A2-6 • Program status registers on page A2-11 • Exceptions on page A2-16 • Endian support on page A2-30 • Unaligned access support on page A2-38 • Synchronization primitives on page A2-44 • The Jazelle Extension on page A2-53 • Saturated integer arithmetic on page A2-69. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-1 Programmers’ Model A2.1 Data types ARM processors support the following data types: Byte 8 bits Halfword 16 bits Word 32 bits Note A2-2 • Support for halfwords was introduced in version 4. • ARMv6 has introduced unaligned data support for words and halfwords. See Unaligned access support on page A2-38 for more information. • When any of these types is described as unsigned, the N-bit data value represents a non-negative integer in the range 0 to +2N-1, using normal binary format. • When any of these types is described as signed, the N-bit data value represents an integer in the range -2N-1 to +2N-1-1, using two's complement format. • Most data operations, for example ADD, are performed on word quantities. Long multiplies support 64-bit results with or without accumulation. ARMv5TE introduced some halfword multiply operations. ARMv6 introduced a variety of Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions operating on two halfwords or four bytes in parallel. • Load and store operations can transfer bytes, halfwords, or words to and from memory, automatically zero-extending or sign-extending bytes or halfwords as they are loaded. Load and store operations that transfer two or more words to and from memory are also provided. • ARM instructions are exactly one word and are aligned on a four-byte boundary. Thumb® instructions are exactly one halfword and are aligned on a two-byte boundary. Jazelle® opcodes are a variable number of bytes in length and can appear at any byte alignment. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A2.2 Processor modes The ARM architecture supports the seven processor modes shown in Table A2-1. Table A2-1 ARM processor modes Processor mode Mode number Description User usr 0b10000 Normal program execution mode FIQ fiq 0b10001 Supports a high-speed data transfer or channel process IRQ irq 0b10010 Used for general-purpose interrupt handling Supervisor svc 0b10011 A protected mode for the operating system Abort abt 0b10111 Implements virtual memory and/or memory protection Undefined und 0b11011 Supports software emulation of hardware coprocessors System sys 0b11111 Runs privileged operating system tasks (ARMv4 and above) Mode changes can be made under software control, or can be caused by external interrupts or exception processing. Most application programs execute in User mode. When the processor is in User mode, the program being executed is unable to access some protected system resources or to change mode, other than by causing an exception to occur (see Exceptions on page A2-16). This allows a suitably-written operating system to control the use of system resources. The modes other than User mode are known as privileged modes. They have full access to system resources and can change mode freely. Five of them are known as exception modes: • FIQ • IRQ • Supervisor • Abort • Undefined. These are entered when specific exceptions occur. Each of them has some additional registers to avoid corrupting User mode state when the exception occurs (see Registers on page A2-4 for details). The remaining mode is System mode, which is not entered by any exception and has exactly the same registers available as User mode. However, it is a privileged mode and is therefore not subject to the User mode restrictions. It is intended for use by operating system tasks that need access to system resources, but wish to avoid using the additional registers associated with the exception modes. Avoiding such use ensures that the task state is not corrupted by the occurrence of any exception. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-3 Programmers’ Model A2.3 Registers The ARM processor has a total of 37 registers: • Thirty-one general-purpose registers, including a program counter. These registers are 32 bits wide and are described in General-purpose registers on page A2-6. • Six status registers. These registers are also 32 bits wide, but only some of the 32 bits are allocated or need to be implemented. The subset depends on the architecture variant supported. These are described in Program status registers on page A2-11. Registers are arranged in partially overlapping banks, with the current processor mode controlling which bank is available, as shown in Figure A2-1 on page A2-5. At any time, 15 general-purpose registers (R0 to R14), one or two status registers, and the program counter are visible. Each column of Figure A2-1 on page A2-5 shows which general-purpose and status registers are visible in the indicated processor mode. A2-4 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model Modes Privileged modes Exception modes User System Supervisor Abort Undefined R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R3 R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R6 R6 R6 R6 R6 R6 R6 R7 R7 R7 R7 R7 R7 R7 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8_fiq R9 R9 R9 R9 R9 R9 R9_fiq R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10_fiq R11 R11 R11 R11 R11 R11 R11_fiq R12 R12 R12 R12 R12 R12 R12_fiq R13 R13 R13_svc R13_abt R13_und R13_irq R13_fiq R14 R14 R14_svc R14_abt R14_und R14_irq R14_fiq PC PC CPSR CPSR PC PC CPSR CPSR SPSR_svc SPSR_abt PC CPSR SPSR_und Interrupt PC Fast interrupt PC CPSR CPSR SPSR_irq SPSR_fiq indicates that the normal register used by User or System mode has been replaced by an alternative register specific to the exception mode Figure A2-1 Register organization ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-5 Programmers’ Model A2.4 General-purpose registers The general-purpose registers R0 to R15 can be split into three groups. These groups differ in the way they are banked and in their special-purpose uses: • The unbanked registers, R0 to R7 • The banked registers, R8 to R14 • Register 15, the PC, is described in Register 15 and the program counter on page A2-9. A2.4.1 The unbanked registers, R0 to R7 Registers R0 to R7 are unbanked registers. This means that each of them refers to the same 32-bit physical register in all processor modes. They are completely general-purpose registers, with no special uses implied by the architecture, and can be used wherever an instruction allows a general-purpose register to be specified. A2.4.2 The banked registers, R8 to R14 Registers R8 to R14 are banked registers. The physical register referred to by each of them depends on the current processor mode. Where a particular physical register is intended, without depending on the current processor mode, a more specific name (as described below) is used. Almost all instructions allow the banked registers to be used wherever a general-purpose register is allowed. Note There are a few exceptions to this rule for processors pre-ARMv6, and they are noted in the individual instruction descriptions. Where a restriction exists on the use of banked registers, it always applies to all of R8 to R14. For example, R8 to R12 are subject to such restrictions even in systems in which FIQ mode is never used and so only one physical version of the register is ever in use. Registers R8 to R12 have two banked physical registers each. One is used in all processor modes other than FIQ mode, and the other is used in FIQ mode. Where it is necessary to be specific about which version is being referred to, the first group of physical registers are referred to as R8_usr to R12_usr and the second group as R8_fiq to R12_fiq. Registers R8 to R12 do not have any dedicated special purposes in the architecture. However, for interrupts that are simple enough to be processed using registers R8 to R14 only, the existence of separate FIQ mode versions of these registers allows very fast interrupt processing. Registers R13 and R14 have six banked physical registers each. One is used in User and System modes, and each of the remaining five is used in one of the five exception modes. Where it is necessary to be specific about which version is being referred to, you use names of the form: R13_ R14_ where is the appropriate one of usr, svc (for Supervisor mode), abt, und, irq and fiq. A2-6 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model Register R13 is normally used as a stack pointer and is also known as the SP. The SRS instruction, introduced in ARMv6, is the only ARM instruction that uses R13 in a special-case manner. There are other such instructions in the Thumb instruction set, as described in Chapter A6 The Thumb Instruction Set. Each exception mode has its own banked version of R13. Suitable uses for these banked versions of R13 depend on the architecture version: • In architecture versions earlier than ARMv6, each banked version of R13 will normally be initialized to point to a stack dedicated to that exception mode. On entry, the exception handler typically stores the values of other registers that it wants to use on this stack. By reloading these values into the register when it returns, the exception handler can ensure that it does not corrupt the state of the program that was being executed when the exception occurred. If fewer exception-handling stacks are desired in a system than this implies, it is possible instead to initialize the banked version of R13 for an exception mode to point to a small area of memory that is used for temporary storage while transferring to another exception mode and its stack. For example, suppose that there is a requirement for an IRQ handler to use the Supervisor mode stack to store SPSR_irq, R0 to R3, R12, R14_irq, and then to execute in Supervisor mode with IRQs enabled. This can be achieved by initializing R13_irq to point to a four-word temporary storage area, and using the following code sequence on entry to the handler: STMIA MRS MOV MOV MOV MRS BIC ORR MSR STMFD STR LDMIA BIC MSR STMIB • R13, (R0-R3) R0, SPSR R1, R12 R2, R13 R3, R14 R12, CPSR R12, R12, #0x1F R12, R12, #0x13 CPSR_c, R12 R13!, (R1,R3) R0, [R13,#-20]! R2, {R0-R3} R12, R12, #0x80 CPSR_c, R12 R13, {R0-R3} ; Put R0-R3 into temporary storage ; Move banked SPSR and R12-R14 into ; unbanked registers ; Use read/modify/write sequence ; on CPSR to switch to Supervisor ; mode ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Push original {R12, R14_irq}, then SPSR_irq with a gap for R0-R3 Reload R0-R3 from temporary storage Modify and write CPSR again to re-enable IRQs Store R0-R3 in the gap left on the stack for them In ARMv6 and above, it is recommended that the OS designer should decide how many exception-handling stacks are required in the system, and select a suitable processor mode in which to handle the exceptions that use each stack. For example, one exception-handling stack might be required to be locked into real memory and be used for aborts and high-priority interrupts, while another could use virtual memory and be used for SWIs, Undefined instructions and low-priority interrupts. Suitable processor modes in this example might be Abort mode and Supervisor mode respectively. The banked version of R13 for each of the selected modes is then initialized to point to the corresponding stack, and the other banked versions of R13 are normally not used. Each exception handler starts with an SRS instruction to store the exception return information to the appropriate stack, followed (if necessary) by a CPS instruction to switch to the appropriate mode and possibly ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-7 Programmers’ Model re-enable interrupts, after which other registers can be saved on that stack. So in the above example, an Undefined Instruction handler that wants to re-enable interrupts immediately would start with the following two instructions: SRSFD CPSIE #svc_mode! i, #svc_mode The handler can then operate entirely in Supervisor mode, using the virtual memory stack pointed to by R13_svc. Register R14 (also known as the Link Register or LR) has two special functions in the architecture: • In each mode, the mode's own version of R14 is used to hold subroutine return addresses. When a subroutine call is performed by a BL or BLX instruction, R14 is set to the subroutine return address. The subroutine return is performed by copying R14 back to the program counter. This is typically done in one of the two following ways: — Execute a BX LR instruction. Note An MOV PC,LR instruction will perform the same function as BX LR if the code to which it returns uses the current instruction set, but will not return correctly from an ARM subroutine called by Thumb code, or from a Thumb subroutine called by ARM code. The use of MOV PC,LR instructions for subroutine return is therefore deprecated. — On subroutine entry, store R14 to the stack with an instruction of the form: STMFD SP!,{ ,LR} and use a matching instruction to return: LDMFD SP!,{ ,PC} • When an exception occurs, the appropriate exception mode's version of R14 is set to the exception return address (offset by a small constant for some exceptions). The exception return is performed in a similar way to a subroutine return, but using slightly different instructions to ensure full restoration of the state of the program that was being executed when the exception occurred. See Exceptions on page A2-16 for more details. Register R14 can be treated as a general-purpose register at all other times. Note When nested exceptions are possible, the two special-purpose uses might conflict. For example, if an IRQ interrupt occurs when a program is being executed in User mode, none of the User mode registers are necessarily corrupted. But if an interrupt handler running in IRQ mode re-enables IRQ interrupts and a nested IRQ interrupt occurs, any value the outer interrupt handler is holding in R14_irq at the time is overwritten by the return address of the nested interrupt. System programmers need to be careful about such interactions. The usual way to deal with them is to ensure that the appropriate version of R14 does not hold anything significant at times when nested exceptions can occur. When this is hard to do in a straightforward way, it is usually best to change to another A2-8 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model processor mode during entry to the exception handler, before re-enabling interrupts or otherwise allowing nested exceptions to occur. (In ARMv4 and above, System mode is often the best mode to use for this purpose.) A2.4.3 Register 15 and the program counter Register R15 (R15) is often used in place of the other general-purpose registers to produce various special-case effects. These are instruction-specific and so are described in the individual instruction descriptions. There are also many instruction-specific restrictions on the use of R15. these are also noted in the individual instruction descriptions. Usually, the instruction is UNPREDICTABLE if R15 is used in a manner that breaks these restrictions. If an instruction description neither describes a special-case effect when R15 is used nor places restrictions on its use, R15 is used to read or write the Program Counter (PC), as described in: • Reading the program counter • Writing the program counter on page A2-10. Reading the program counter When an instruction reads the PC, the value read depends on which instruction set it comes from: • For an ARM instruction, the value read is the address of the instruction plus 8 bytes. Bits [1:0] of this value are always zero, because ARM instructions are always word-aligned. • For a Thumb instruction, the value read is the address of the instruction plus 4 bytes. Bit [0] of this value is always zero, because Thumb instructions are always halfword-aligned. This way of reading the PC is primarily used for quick, position-independent addressing of nearby instructions and data, including position-independent branching within a program. An exception to the above rule occurs when an ARM STR or STM instruction stores R15. Such instructions can store either the address of the instruction plus 8 bytes, like other instructions that read R15, or the address of the instruction plus 12 bytes. Whether the offset of 8 or the offset of 12 is used is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED. An implementation must use the same offset for all ARM STR and STM instructions that store R15. It cannot use 8 for some of them and 12 for others. Because of this exception, it is usually best to avoid the use of STR and STM instructions that store R15. If this is difficult, use a suitable instruction sequence in the program to ascertain which offset the implementation uses. For example, if R0 points to an available word of memory, then the following instructions put the offset of the implementation in R0: SUB STR LDR SUB ARM DDI 0100I R1, PC, R0, R0, PC, #4 [R0] [R0] R0, R1 ; ; ; ; R1 = address of following STR instruction Store address of STR instruction + offset, then reload it Calculate the offset as the difference Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-9 Programmers’ Model Note The rules about how R15 is read apply only to reads by instructions. In particular, they do not necessarily describe the values placed on a hardware address bus during instruction fetches. Like all other details of hardware interfaces, such values are IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED. Writing the program counter When an instruction writes the PC, the normal result is that the value written to the PC is treated as an instruction address and a branch occurs to that address. Since ARM instructions are required to be word-aligned, values they write to the PC are normally expected to have bits[1:0] == 0b00. Similarly, Thumb instructions are required to be halfword-aligned and so values they write to the PC are normally expected to have bit[0] == 0. The precise rules depend on the current instruction set state and the architecture version: • In T variants of ARMv4 and above, including all variants of ARMv6 and above, bit[0] of a value written to R15 in Thumb state is ignored unless the instruction description says otherwise. If bit[0] of the PC is implemented (which depends on whether and how the Jazelle Extension is implemented), then zero must be written to it regardless of the value written to bit[0] of R15. • In ARMv6 and above, bits[1:0] of a value written to R15 in ARM state are ignored unless the instruction description says otherwise. Bit[1] of the PC must be written as zero regardless of the value written to bit[1] of R15. If bit[0] of the PC is implemented (which depends on how the Jazelle Extension is implemented), then zero must be written to it. • In all variants of ARMv4 and ARMv5, bits[1:0] of a value written to R15 in ARM state must be 0b00. If they are not, the results are UNPREDICTABLE. Several instructions have their own rules for interpreting values written to R15. For example, BX and other instructions designed to transfer between ARM and Thumb states use bit[0] of the value to select whether to execute the code at the destination address in ARM state or Thumb state. Special rules of this type are described on the individual instruction pages, and override the general rules in this section. A2-10 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A2.5 Program status registers The Current Program Status Register (CPSR) is accessible in all processor modes. It contains condition code flags, interrupt disable bits, the current processor mode, and other status and control information. Each exception mode also has a Saved Program Status Register (SPSR), that is used to preserve the value of the CPSR when the associated exception occurs. Note User mode and System mode do not have an SPSR, because they are not exception modes. All instructions that read or write the SPSR are UNPREDICTABLE when executed in User mode or System mode. The format of the CPSR and the SPSRs is shown below. 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 N Z C V Q Res A2.5.1 J 20 19 RESERVED 16 15 GE[3:0] 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 RESERVED E A I F T 0 M[4:0] Types of PSR bits PSR bits fall into four categories, depending on the way in which they can be updated: Reserved bits Reserved for future expansion. Implementations must read these bits as 0 and ignore writes to them. For maximum compatibility with future extensions to the architecture, they must be written with values read from the same bits. User-writable bits Can be written from any mode. The N, Z, C, V, Q, GE[3:0], and E bits are user-writable. Privileged bits Can be written from any privileged mode. Writes to privileged bits in User mode are ignored. The A, I, F, and M[4:0] bits are privileged. Execution state bits Can be written from any privileged mode. Writes to execution state bits in User mode are ignored. The J and T bits are execution state bits, and are always zero in ARM state. Privileged MSR instructions that write to the CPSR execution state bits must write zeros to them, in order to avoid changing them. If ones are written to either or both of them, the resulting behavior is UNPREDICTABLE. This restriction applies only to the CPSR execution state bits, not the SPSR execution state bits. A2.5.2 The condition code flags The N, Z, C, and V (Negative, Zero, Carry and oVerflow) bits are collectively known as the condition code flags, often referred to as flags. The condition code flags in the CPSR can be tested by most instructions to determine whether the instruction is to be executed. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-11 Programmers’ Model The condition code flags are usually modified by: • Execution of a comparison instruction (CMN, CMP, TEQ or TST). • Execution of some other arithmetic, logical or move instruction, where the destination register of the instruction is not R15. Most of these instructions have both a flag-preserving and a flag-setting variant, with the latter being selected by adding an S qualifier to the instruction mnemonic. Some of these instructions only have a flag-preserving version. This is noted in the individual instruction descriptions. In either case, the new condition code flags (after the instruction has been executed) usually mean: N Is set to bit 31 of the result of the instruction. If this result is regarded as a two's complement signed integer, then N = 1 if the result is negative and N = 0 if it is positive or zero. Z Is set to 1 if the result of the instruction is zero (this often indicates an equal result from a comparison), and to 0 otherwise. C Is set in one of four ways: V • For an addition, including the comparison instruction CMN, C is set to 1 if the addition produced a carry (that is, an unsigned overflow), and to 0 otherwise. • For a subtraction, including the comparison instruction CMP, C is set to 0 if the subtraction produced a borrow (that is, an unsigned underflow), and to 1 otherwise. • For non-addition/subtractions that incorporate a shift operation, C is set to the last bit shifted out of the value by the shifter. • For other non-addition/subtractions, C is normally left unchanged (but see the individual instruction descriptions for any special cases). Is set in one of two ways: • For an addition or subtraction, V is set to 1 if signed overflow occurred, regarding the operands and result as two's complement signed integers. • For non-addition/subtractions, V is normally left unchanged (but see the individual instruction descriptions for any special cases). The flags can be modified in these additional ways: A2-12 • Execution of an MSR instruction, as part of its function of writing a new value to the CPSR or SPSR. • Execution of MRC instructions with destination register R15. The purpose of such instructions is to transfer coprocessor-generated condition code flag values to the ARM processor. • Execution of some variants of the LDM instruction. These variants copy the SPSR to the CPSR, and their main intended use is for returning from exceptions. • Execution of an RFE instruction in a privileged mode that loads a new value into the CPSR from memory. • Execution of flag-setting variants of arithmetic and logical instructions whose destination register is R15. These also copy the SPSR to the CPSR, and are intended for returning from exceptions. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A2.5.3 The Q flag In E variants of ARMv5 and above, bit[27] of the CPSR is known as the Q flag and is used to indicate whether overflow and/or saturation has occurred in some DSP-oriented instructions. Similarly, bit[27] of each SPSR is a Q flag, and is used to preserve and restore the CPSR Q flag if an exception occurs. See Saturated integer arithmetic on page A2-69 for more information. In architecture versions prior to ARMv5, and in non-E variants of ARMv5, bit[27] of the CPSR and SPSRs must be treated as a reserved bit, as described in Types of PSR bits on page A2-11. A2.5.4 The GE[3:0] bits In ARMv6, the SIMD instructions use bits[19:16] as Greater than or Equal (GE) flags for individual bytes or halfwords of the result. You can use these flags to control a later SEL instruction, see SEL on page A4-127 for more details. Instructions that operate on halfwords: • set or clear GE[3:2] together, based on the result of the top halfword calculation • set or clear GE[1:0] together, based on the result of the bottom halfword calculation. Instructions that operate on bytes: • set or clear GE[3] according to the result of the top byte calculation • set or clear GE[2] according to the result of the second byte calculation • set or clear GE[1] according to the result of the third byte calculation • set or clear GE[0] according to the result of the bottom byte calculation. Each bit is set (otherwise cleared) if the results of the corresponding calculation are as follows: • for unsigned byte addition, if the result is greater than or equal to 28 • • • for unsigned halfword addition, if the result is greater than or equal to 216 for unsigned subtraction, if the result is greater than or equal to zero for signed arithmetic, if the result is greater than or equal to zero. In architecture versions prior to ARMv6, bits[19:16] of the CPSR and SPSRs must be treated as a reserved bit, as described in Types of PSR bits on page A2-11. A2.5.5 The E bit From ARMv6, bit[9] controls load and store endianness for data handling. See Instructions to change CPSR E bit on page A2-36. This bit is ignored by instruction fetches. In architecture versions prior to ARMv6, bit[9] of the CPSR and SPSRs must be treated as a reserved bit, as described in Types of PSR bits on page A2-11. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-13 Programmers’ Model A2.5.6 The interrupt disable bits A, I, and F are the interrupt disable bits: A2.5.7 A bit Disables imprecise data aborts when it is set. This is available only in ARMv6 and above. In earlier versions, bit[8] of CPSR and SPSRs must be treated as a reserved bit, as described in Types of PSR bits on page A2-11. I bit Disables IRQ interrupts when it is set. F bit Disables FIQ interrupts when it is set. The mode bits M[4:0] are the mode bits. These determine the mode in which the processor operates. Their interpretation is shown in Table A2-2. Table A2-2 The mode bits M[4:0] Mode Accessible registers 0b10000 User PC, R14 to R0, CPSR 0b10001 FIQ PC, R14_fiq to R8_fiq, R7 to R0, CPSR, SPSR_fiq 0b10010 IRQ PC, R14_irq, R13_irq, R12 to R0, CPSR, SPSR_irq 0b10011 Supervisor PC, R14_svc, R13_svc, R12 to R0, CPSR, SPSR_svc 0b10111 Abort PC, R14_abt, R13_abt, R12 to R0, CPSR, SPSR_abt 0b11011 Undefined PC, R14_und, R13_und, R12 to R0, CPSR, SPSR_und 0b11111 System PC, R14 to R0, CPSR (ARMv4 and above) Not all combinations of the mode bits define a valid processor mode. Only those combinations explicitly described can be used. If any other value is programmed into the mode bits M[4:0], the result is UNPREDICTABLE. A2-14 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A2.5.8 The T and J bits The T and J bits select the current instruction set, as shown in Table A2-3. Table A2-3 The T and J bits J T Instruction set 0 0 ARM 0 1 Thumb 1 0 Jazelle 1 1 RESERVED The T bit exists on t variants of ARMv4, and on all variants of ARMv5 and above. on non-T variants of ARMv4, the T bit must be treated as a reserved bit, as described in Types of PSR bits on page A2-11. The Thumb instruction set is implemented on T variants of ARMv4 and ARMv5, and on all variants of ARMv6 and above. instructions that switch between ARM and Thumb state execution can be used freely on implementation of these architectures. The Thumb instruction set is not implemented on non-T variants of ARMv5. If the Thumb instruction set is selected by setting T ==1 on these architecture variants, the next instruction executed will cause an Undefined Instruction exception (see Undefined Instruction exception on page A2-19). Instructions that switch between ARM and Thumb state execution can be used on implementation of these architecture variants, but only function correctly as long as the program remains in ARM state. If the program attempts to switch to Thumb state, the first instruction executed after that switch causes an Undefined Instruction exception. Entry into that exception then switches back to ARM state. The exception handler can detect that this was the cause of the exception from the fact that the T bit of SPSR_und is set. The J bit exists on ARMv5TEJ and on all variants of ARMv6 and above. On variants of ARMv4 and ARMv5, other than ARMv5TEJ, the J bit must be treated as a reserved bit, as described in Types of PSR bits on page A2-11. Hardware acceleration for Jazelle opcode execution can be implemented on ARMv5TEJ and on ARMv6 and above. On these architecture variants, the BXJ instruction is used to switch from ARM state into Jazelle state when the hardware accelerator is present and enabled. If the hardware accelerator is disabled, or not present, the BXJ instruction behaves as a BX instruction, and the J bit remains clear. For more details, see The Jazelle Extension on page A2-53. A2.5.9 Other bits Other bits in the program status registers are reserved for future expansion. In general, programmers must take care to write code in such a way that these bits are never modified. Failure to do this might result in code that has unexpected side effects on future versions of the architecture. See Types of PSR bits on page A2-11, and the usage notes for the MSR instruction on page A4-76 for more details. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-15 Programmers’ Model A2.6 Exceptions Exceptions are generated by internal and external sources to cause the processor to handle an event, such as an externally generated interrupt or an attempt to execute an Undefined instruction. The processor state just before handling the exception is normally preserved so that the original program can be resumed when the exception routine has completed. More than one exception can arise at the same time. The ARM architecture supports seven types of exception. Table A2-4 lists the types of exception and the processor mode that is used to process each type. When an exception occurs, execution is forced from a fixed memory address corresponding to the type of exception. These fixed addresses are called the exception vectors. Note The normal vector at address 0x00000014 and the high vector at address 0xFFFF0014 are reserved for future expansion. Table A2-4 Exception processing modes Normal address High vector address Supervisor 0x00000000 0xFFFF0000 Undefined instructions Undefined 0x00000004 0xFFFF0004 Software interrupt (SWI) Supervisor 0x00000008 0xFFFF0008 Prefetch Abort (instruction fetch memory abort) Abort 0x0000000C 0xFFFF000C Data Abort (data access memory abort) Abort 0x00000010 0xFFFF0010 IRQ (interrupt) IRQ 0 0x00000018 0xFFFF0018 1 IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED 0 0x0000001C 1 IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED Exception type Mode Reset FIQ (fast interrupt) FIQ VEa 0xFFFF001C a. VE = vectored interrupt enable (CP15 control); RAZ when not implemented. A2-16 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model When an exception occurs, the banked versions of R14 and the SPSR for the exception mode are used to save state as follows: R14_ = return link SPSR_ = CPSR CPSR[4:0] = exception mode number CPSR[5] = 0 /* if == Reset or FIQ then CPSR[6] = 1 /* /* else CPSR[6] is unchanged */ CPSR[7] = 1 /* if != UNDEF or SWI then CPSR[8] = 1 /* /* else CPSR[8] is unchanged */ CPSR[9] = CP15_reg1_EEbit /* PC = exception vector address Execute in ARM state */ Disable fast interrupts */ Disable normal interrupts */ Disable imprecise aborts (v6 only) */ Endianness on exception entry */ To return after handling the exception, the SPSR is moved into the CPSR, and R14 is moved to the PC. This can be done atomically in two ways: • using a data-processing instruction with the S bit set, and the PC as the destination • using the Load Multiple with Restore CPSR instruction, as described in LDM (3) on page A4-40. In addition, in ARMv6, the RFE instruction (see RFE on page A4-113) can be used to load the CPSR and PC from memory, so atomically returning from an exception to a PC and CPSR that was previously saved in memory. Collectively these mechanisms define all of the mechanisms which perform a return from exception. The following sections show what happens automatically when the exception occurs, and also show the recommended data-processing instruction to use to return from each exception. This instruction is always a MOVS or SUBS instruction with the PC as its destination. Note When the recommended data-processing instruction is a SUBS and a Load Multiple with Restore CPSR instruction is used to return from the exception handler, the subtraction must still be performed. This is usually done at the start of the exception handler, before the return link is stored to memory. For example, an interrupt handler that wishes to store its return link on the stack might use instructions of the following form at its entry point: SUB STMFD R14, R14, #4 SP!, { , R14} and return using the instruction: LDMFD ARM DDI 0100I SP!, { , PC}^ Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-17 Programmers’ Model A2.6.1 ARMv6 extensions to the exception model In ARMv6 and above, the exception model is extended as follows: A2.6.2 • An imprecise data abort mechanism that allows some types of data abort to be treated asynchronously. The resulting exceptions behave like interrupts, except that they use Abort mode and its banked registers. This mechanism includes a mask bit (the A bit) in the PSRs, in order to ensure that imprecise data aborts do not occur while another abort is being handled. The mechanism is described in Imprecise data aborts on page A2-23. • Support for vectored interrupts controlled by the VE bit in the system control coprocessor (see Vectored interrupt support on page A2-26). It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether support for this mechanism is included in earlier versions of the architecture. • Support for a low interrupt latency configuration controlled by the FI bit in the system control coprocessor (see Low interrupt latency configuration on page A2-27). It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether support for this mechanism is included in earlier versions of the architecture. • Three new instructions (CPS, SRS, RFE) to improve nested stack handling of different exceptions in a common mode. CPS can also be used to efficiently enable or disable the interrupt and imprecise abort masks, either within a mode, or while transitioning from a privileged mode to any other mode. See New instructions to improve exception handling on page A2-28 for a brief description. Reset When the Reset input is asserted on the processor, the ARM processor immediately stops execution of the current instruction. When Reset is de-asserted, the following actions are performed: R14_svc = UNPREDICTABLE value SPSR_svc = UNPREDICTABLE value CPSR[4:0] = 0b10011 CPSR[5] = 0 CPSR[6] = 1 CPSR[7] = 1 CPSR[8] = 1 CPSR[9] = CP15_reg1_EEbit if high vectors configured then PC = 0xFFFF0000 else PC = 0x00000000 /* /* /* /* /* /* Enter Supervisor mode */ Execute in ARM state */ Disable fast interrupts */ Disable normal interrupts */ Disable Imprecise Aborts (v6 only) */ Endianness on exception entry */ After Reset, the ARM processor begins execution at address 0x00000000 or 0xFFFF0000 in Supervisor mode with interrupts disabled. Note There is no architecturally defined way of returning from a Reset. A2-18 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A2.6.3 Undefined Instruction exception If the ARM processor executes a coprocessor instruction, it waits for any external coprocessor to acknowledge that it can execute the instruction. If no coprocessor responds, an Undefined Instruction exception occurs. If an attempt is made to execute an instruction that is UNDEFINED, an Undefined Instruction exception occurs (see Extending the instruction set on page A3-32). The Undefined Instruction exception can be used for software emulation of a coprocessor in a system that does not have the physical coprocessor (hardware), or for general-purpose instruction set extension by software emulation. When an Undefined Instruction exception occurs, the following actions are performed: R14_und SPSR_und CPSR[4:0] CPSR[5] = = = = address of next instruction after the Undefined instruction CPSR 0b11011 /* Enter Undefined Instruction mode */ 0 /* Execute in ARM state */ /* CPSR[6] is unchanged */ CPSR[7] = 1 /* Disable normal interrupts */ /* CPSR[8] is unchanged */ CPSR[9] = CP15_reg1_EEbit /* Endianness on exception entry */ if high vectors configured then PC = 0xFFFF0004 else PC = 0x00000004 To return after emulating the Undefined instruction use: MOVS PC,R14 This restores the PC (from R14_und) and CPSR (from SPSR_und) and returns to the instruction following the Undefined instruction. In some coprocessor designs, an internal exceptional condition caused by one coprocessor instruction is signaled imprecisely by refusing to respond to a later coprocessor instruction. In these circumstances, the Undefined Instruction handler takes whatever action is necessary to clear the exceptional condition, then returns to the second coprocessor instruction. To do this use: SUBS PC,R14,#4 ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-19 Programmers’ Model A2.6.4 Software Interrupt exception The Software Interrupt instruction (SWI) enters Supervisor mode to request a particular supervisor (operating system) function. When a SWI is executed, the following actions are performed: R14_svc SPSR_svc CPSR[4:0] CPSR[5] = = = = address of next instruction after the SWI instruction CPSR 0b10011 /* Enter Supervisor mode */ 0 /* Execute in ARM state */ /* CPSR[6] is unchanged */ CPSR[7] = 1 /* Disable normal interrupts */ /* CPSR[8] is unchanged */ CPSR[9] = CP15_reg1_EEbit /* Endianness on exception entry */ if high vectors configured then PC = 0xFFFF0008 else PC = 0x00000008 To return after performing the SWI operation, use the following instruction to restore the PC (from R14_svc) and CPSR (from SPSR_svc) and return to the instruction following the SWI: MOVS PC,R14 A2.6.5 Prefetch Abort (instruction fetch memory abort) A memory abort is signaled by the memory system. Activating an abort in response to an instruction fetch marks the fetched instruction as invalid. A Prefetch Abort exception is generated if the processor tries to execute the invalid instruction. If the instruction is not executed (for example, as a result of a branch being taken while it is in the pipeline), no Prefetch Abort occurs. In ARMv5 and above, a Prefetch Abort exception can also be generated as the result of executing a BKPT instruction. For details, see BKPT on page A4-14 (ARM instruction) and BKPT on page A7-24 (Thumb instruction). When an attempt is made to execute an aborted instruction, the following actions are performed: A2-20 R14_abt SPSR_abt CPSR[4:0] CPSR[5] = = = = address of the aborted instruction + 4 CPSR 0b10111 /* Enter Abort mode */ 0 /* Execute in ARM state */ /* CPSR[6] is unchanged */ = 1 /* Disable normal interrupts */ = 1 /* Disable Imprecise Data Aborts (v6 only) */ = CP15_reg1_EEbit /* Endianness on exception entry */ vectors configured then = 0xFFFF000C CPSR[7] CPSR[8] CPSR[9] if high PC else PC = 0x0000000C Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model To return after fixing the reason for the abort, use: SUBS PC,R14,#4 This restores both the PC (from R14_abt) and CPSR (from SPSR_abt), and returns to the aborted instruction. A2.6.6 Data Abort (data access memory abort) A memory abort is signaled by the memory system. Activating an abort in response to a data access (load or store) marks the data as invalid. A Data Abort exception occurs before any following instructions or exceptions have altered the state of the CPU. The following actions are performed: R14_abt SPSR_abt CPSR[4:0] CPSR[5] = = = = address of the aborted instruction + 8 CPSR 0b10111 /* Enter Abort mode */ 0 /* Execute in ARM state */ /* CPSR[6] is unchanged */ = 1 /* Disable normal interrupts */ = 1 /* Disable Imprecise Data Aborts (v6 only) */ = CP15_reg1_EEbit /* Endianness on exception entry */ vectors configured then = 0xFFFF0010 CPSR[7] CPSR[8] CPSR[9] if high PC else PC = 0x00000010 To return after fixing the reason for the abort use: SUBS PC,R14,#8 This restores both the PC (from R14_abt) and CPSR (from SPSR_abt), and returns to re-execute the aborted instruction. If the aborted instruction does not need to be re-executed use: SUBS PC,R14,#4 Effects of data-aborted instructions Instructions that access data memory can modify memory by storing one or more values. If a Data Abort occurs in such an instruction, the value of each memory location that the instruction stores to is: • unchanged if the memory system does not permit write access to the memory location UNPREDICTABLE otherwise. • ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-21 Programmers’ Model Instructions that access data memory can modify registers in the following ways: • By loading values into one or more of the general-purpose registers, that can include the PC. • By specifying base register write-back, in which the base register used in the address calculation has a modified value written to it. All instructions that allow this to be specified have UNPREDICTABLE results if base register write-back is specified and the base register is the PC, so only general-purpose registers other than the PC can legitimately be modified in this way. • By loading values into coprocessor registers. • By modifying the CPSR. If a Data Abort occurs, the values left in these registers are determined by the following rules: 1. The PC value on entry to the Data Abort handler is 0x00000010 or 0xFFFF0010, and the R14_abt value is determined from the address of the aborted instruction. Neither is affected in any way by the results of any PC load specified by the instruction. 2. If base register write-back is not specified, the base register value is unchanged. This applies even if the instruction loaded its own base register and the memory access to load the base register occurred earlier than the aborting access. For example, suppose the instruction is: LDMIA R0,{R0,R1,R2} and the implementation loads the new R0 value, then the new R1 value and finally the new R2 value. If a Data Abort occurs on any of the accesses, the value in the base register R0 of the instruction is unchanged. This applies even if it was the load of R1 or R2 that aborted, rather than the load of R0. A2-22 3. If base register write-back is specified, the value left in the base register is determined by the abort model of the implementation, as described in Abort models on page A2-23. 4. If the instruction only loads one general-purpose register, the value in that register is unchanged. 5. If the instruction loads more than one general-purpose register, UNPREDICTABLE values are left in destination registers that are neither the PC nor the base register of the instruction. 6. If the instruction loads coprocessor registers, UNPREDICTABLE values are left in the destination coprocessor registers, unless otherwise specified in the instruction set description of the specific coprocessor. 7. CPSR bits not defined as updated on exception entry maintain their current value. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model Abort models The abort model used by an ARM implementation is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED, and is one of the following: Base Restored Abort Model If a precise Data Abort occurs in an instruction that specifies base register write-back, the value in the base register is unchanged. This is the only abort model permitted in ARMv6 and above. Base Updated Abort Model If a precise Data Abort occurs in an instruction that specifies base register write-back, the base register write-back still occurs. This model is prohibited in ARMv6 and above. In either case, the abort model applies uniformly across all instructions. An implementation does not use the Base Restored Abort Model for some instructions and the Base Updated Abort Model for others. A2.6.7 Imprecise data aborts An imprecise data abort, caused, for example, by an external error on a write that has been held in a Write Buffer, is asynchronous to the execution of the causing instruction and might in reality occur many cycles after the instruction that caused the memory access has retired. For this reason, the imprecise data abort might occur at a time that the processor is in abort mode because of a precise abort, or might have live state in abort mode, but be handling an interrupt. To avoid the loss of the Abort mode state (R14 and SPSR_abt) in these cases, that would lead to the processor entering an unrecoverable state, the existence of a pending imprecise data abort must be held by the system until such time as the abort mode can safely be entered. From ARMv6, a mask is added into the CPSR (CPSR[8]) to control when an imprecise abort cannot be accepted. This bit is referred to as the A bit. The imprecise data abort causes a Data Abort to be taken when imprecise data aborts are not masked. When imprecise data aborts are masked, the implementation is responsible for holding the presence of a pending imprecise abort until the mask is cleared and the abort is taken. It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether more than one imprecise abort can be pended. The A bit is set automatically on taking a Prefetch Abort, a Data Abort, an IRQ or FIQ interrupt, and on reset. The A bit can only be changed from a privileged mode. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-23 Programmers’ Model A2.6.8 Interrupt request (IRQ) exception The IRQ exception is generated externally by asserting the IRQ input on the processor. It has a lower priority than FIQ (see Table A2-1 on page A2-25), and is masked out when an FIQ sequence is entered. Interrupts are disabled when the I bit in the CPSR is set. If the I bit is clear, ARM checks for an IRQ at instruction boundaries. Note The I bit can only be changed from a privileged mode. When an IRQ is detected, the following actions are performed: R14_irq SPSR_irq CPSR[4:0] CPSR[5] = = = = address of next instruction to be executed + 4 CPSR 0b10010 /* Enter IRQ mode */ 0 /* Execute in ARM state */ /* CPSR[6] is unchanged */ CPSR[7] = 1 /* Disable normal interrupts */ CPSR[8] = 1 /* Disable Imprecise Data Aborts (v6 only) */ CPSR[9] = CP15_reg1_EEbit /* Endianness on exception entry */ if VE==0 then if high vectors configured then PC = 0xFFFF0018 else PC = 0x00000018 else PC = IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED /* see page A2-26 */ To return after servicing the interrupt, use: SUBS PC,R14,#4 This restores both the PC (from R14_irq) and CPSR (from SPSR_irq), and resumes execution of the interrupted code. A2.6.9 Fast interrupt request (FIQ) exception The FIQ exception is generated externally by asserting the FIQ input on the processor. FIQ is designed to support a data transfer or channel process, and has sufficient private registers to remove the need for register saving in such applications, therefore minimizing the overhead of context switching. Fast interrupts are disabled when the F bit in the CPSR is set. If the F bit is clear, ARM checks for an FIQ at instruction boundaries. Note The F bit can only be changed from a privileged mode. When an FIQ is detected, the following actions are performed: A2-24 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model R14_fiq = address of next instruction to be executed + 4 SPSR_fiq = CPSR CPSR[4:0] = 0b10001 /* Enter FIQ mode */ CPSR[5] = 0 /* Execute in ARM state */ CPSR[6] = 1 /* Disable fast interrupts */ CPSR[7] = 1 /* Disable normal interrupts */ CPSR[8] = 1 /* Disable Imprecise Data Aborts (v6 only) */ CPSR[9] = CP15_reg1_EEbit /* Endianness on exception entry */ if VE==0 then if high vectors configured then PC = 0xFFFF001C else PC = 0x0000001C else PC = IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED /* see page A2-26 */ To return after servicing the interrupt, use: SUBS PC, R14,#4 This restores both the PC (from R14_fiq) and CPSR (from SPSR_fiq), and resumes execution of the interrupted code. The FIQ vector is deliberately the last vector to allow the FIQ exception-handler software to be placed directly at address 0x0000001C or 0xFFFF001C, without requiring a branch instruction from the vector. A2.6.10 Exception priorities Table A2-1 shows the exception priorities: Table A2-1 Exception priorities Priority Highest Lowest ARM DDI 0100I Exception 1 Reset 2 Data Abort (including data TLB miss) 3 FIQ 4 IRQ 5 Imprecise Abort (external abort) - ARMv6 6 Prefetch Abort (including prefetch TLB miss) 7 Undefined instruction SWI Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-25 Programmers’ Model Undefined instruction and software interrupt cannot occur at the same time, because they each correspond to particular (non-overlapping) decodings of the current instruction. Both must be lower priority than Prefetch Abort, because a Prefetch Abort indicates that no valid instruction was fetched. The priority of a Data Abort exception is higher than FIQ, which ensures that the Data Abort handler is entered before the FIQ handler is entered (so that the Data Abort is resolved after the FIQ handler has completed). A2.6.11 High vectors High vectors were introduced into some implementations of ARMv4 and are required in ARMv6 implementations. High vectors allow the exception vector locations to be moved from their normal address range 0x00000000-0x0000001C at the bottom of the 32-bit address space, to an alternative address range 0xFFFF0000-0xFFFF001C near the top of the address space. These alternative locations are known as the high vectors. Prior to ARMv6, it is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether the high vectors are supported. When they are, a hardware configuration input selects whether the normal vectors or the high vectors are to be used from reset. The ARM instruction set does not contain any instructions that can directly change whether normal or high vectors are configured. However, if the standard System Control coprocessor is attached to an ARM processor that supports the high vectors, bit[13] of coprocessor 15 register 1 can be used to switch between using the normal vectors and the high vectors (see Register 1: Control registers on page B3-12). A2.6.12 Vectored interrupt support Historically, the IRQ and FIQ exception vectors are affected by whether high vectors are enabled, and are otherwise fixed. The result is that interrupt handlers typically have to start with an instruction sequence to determine the cause of the interrupt and branch to a routine to handle it. Support of vectored interrupts allows an interrupt controller to prioritize interrupts, and provide the required interrupt handler address directly to the core. The vectored interrupt behavior is explicitly enabled by the setting of a bit, the VE bit, in the system coprocessor CP15 register 1. See Register 1: Control registers on page B3-12. For backwards compatibility, the vectored interrupt mechanism is disabled on reset. The details of the hardware to support vectored interrupts is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED. A vectored interrupt controller (VIC) can reduce effective interrupt latency considerably, by eliminating the need for an interrupt handler to identify the source of an interrupt and acknowledge it before re-enabling the interrupts. Furthermore, if the VIC and core implement an appropriate handshake as the interrupt handler routine is entered, the VIC can automatically mask out the interrupt source associated with that handler and any lower priority sources. This allows the interrupts concerned to be re-enabled by the processor core as soon as their return information (that is, R14 and SPSR values) have been saved, reducing the period during which higher priority interrupts are disabled. A2-26 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A2.6.13 Low interrupt latency configuration The FI bit (bit[21]) in the system control register (CP15 register 1) enables the interrupt latency configuration logic in an implementation. See Register 1: Control registers on page B3-12. The purpose of this configuration is to reduce the interrupt latency of the processor. The exact mechanisms that are used to perform this are IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED. In order to ensure that a change between normal and low interrupt latency configurations is synchronized correctly, the FI bit must only be changed in IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED circumstances. It is recommended that software systems should only change the FI bit shortly after reset, while interrupts are disabled. When interrupt latency is reduced, this may result in reduced performance overall. Examples of the mechanisms which may be used are disabling Hit-Under-Miss functionality within a core, and the abandoning of restartable external accesses, allowing the core to react to a pending interrupt faster than would otherwise be the case. Low interrupt latency configuration may have IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED effects in the memory system or elsewhere outside the processor core. It is legal for the interrupt to be seen as being taken before a store to a restartable memory location, but for the memory to have been updated when in low interrupt latency configuration. In low interrupt latency configuration, software must only use multi-word load/store instructions in ways that are fully restartable. This allows (but does not require) implementations to make multi-word instructions interruptible when in low interrupt latency configuration. The multi-access instructions to which this rule currently applies are: ARM LDC, all forms of LDM, LDRD, STC, all forms of STM, STRD Thumb LDMIA, PUSH, POP, STMIA Note If the instruction is interrupted before it is complete, the result may be that one or more of the words are accessed twice. Idempotent memory (multiple reads or writes of the same information exhibit identical system results) is a requirement of system correctness. In ARMv6, memory with the normal attribute is guaranteed to behave this way, however, memory marked as Device or Strongly Ordered is not (for example, a FIFO). It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether multi-word accesses are supported for Device and Strongly Ordered memory types in the low interrupt latency configuration. A similar situation exists with regard to multi-word load/store instructions that access memory locations that can abort in a recoverable way, since an abort on one of the words accessed may cause a previously-accessed word to be accessed twice – once before the abort, and a second time after the abort handler has returned. The requirement in this case is either that all side-effects are idempotent, or that the abort must either occur on the first word accessed or not at all. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-27 Programmers’ Model A2.6.14 New instructions to improve exception handling ARMv6 adds an instruction to simplify changes of processor mode and the disabling and enabling of interrupts. New instructions are also added to reduce the processing cost of handling exceptions in a different mode to the exception entry mode, by removing any need to use the original mode’s stack. Two examples are: • IRQ routines may wish to execute in System or Supervisor mode, so that they can both re-enable IRQs and use BL instructions. This is not possible in IRQ mode, because a nested IRQ could corrupt the BL’s return link at any time. Using the new instructions, the system can store the return state (R14 link register and SPSR_irq) to the System/User or Supervisor mode stack, switch to System or Supervisor mode and re-enable IRQs efficiently, without making any use of R13_irq or the IRQ stack. • FIQ mode is designed for efficient use by a single owner, using R8_fiq – R13_fiq as global variables. In addition, unlike IRQs, FIQs are not disabled by other exceptions (apart from reset), making them the preferred type for real time interrupts, when other exceptions are being used routinely, such as virtual memory or instruction emulation. IRQs may be disabled for unacceptably long periods of time while these needs are being serviced. However, if more than one real-time interrupt source is required, there is a conflict of interest. The new mechanism allows multiple FIQ sources and minimizes the period with FIQs disabled, greatly reducing the interrupt latency penalty. The FIQ mode registers can be allocated to the highest priority FIQ as a single owner. SRS – Store Return State This instruction stores R14_ and SPSR_ to sequential addresses, using the banked version of R13 for a specified mode to supply the base address (and to be written back to if base register writeback is specified). This allows an exception handler to store its return state on a stack other than the one automatically selected by its exception entry sequence. The addressing mode used is a version of ARM addressing mode 4 (see Addressing Mode 4 - Load and Store Multiple on page A5-41), modified so as to assume a {R14,SPSR} register list rather than using a list specified by a bit mask in the instruction. This allows the SRS instruction to access stacks in a manner compatible with the normal use of STM instructions for stack accesses. See SRS on page A4-174 for the instruction details. RFE – Return From Exception This instruction loads the PC and CPSR from sequential addresses. This is used to return from an exception which has had its return state saved using the SRS instruction, and again uses a version of ARM addressing mode 4, modified this time to assume a {PC,CPSR} register list. See RFE on page A4-113 for the instruction details. A2-28 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model CPS – Change Processor State This instruction provides new values for the CPSR interrupt masks, mode bits, or both, and is designed to shorten and speed up the read/modify/write instruction sequence used in earlier architecture variants to perform such tasks. Together with the SRS instruction, it allows an exception handler to save its return information on the stack of another mode and then switch to that other mode, without modifying the stack belonging to the original mode or any registers other than the stack pointer of the new mode. The instruction also streamlines interrupt mask handling and mode switches in other code, and in particular allows short, efficient, atomic code sequences in a uniprocessor system by disabling interrupts at their start and re-enabling interrupts at their end. See CPS on page A4-29 for the instruction details. A CPS Thumb instruction that allows mask updates within the current mode is also provided, see section CPS on page A7-39. Note The Thumb instruction cannot change the mode due to instruction space usage constraints. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-29 Programmers’ Model A2.7 Endian support This section discusses memory and memory-mapped I/O, with regard to the assumptions ARM processor implementations make about endianness. ARMv6 introduces several architectural extensions to support mixed-endian access in hardware: A2.7.1 • Byte reverse instructions that operate on general-purpose register contents to support word, and signed and unsigned halfword data quantities. • Separate instruction and data endianness, with instructions fixed as little-endian format, naturally aligned, but with legacy support for 32-bit word-invariant binary images/ROM. • A PSR Endian control flag, the E bit, which dictates the byte order used for the entire load and store instruction space when data is loaded into, and stored back out of the register file. In previous architectures this PSR bit was specified as 0 and is never set in legacy code written to conform to architectures prior to ARMv6. • ARM and Thumb instructions to set and clear the E bit explicitly. • A byte-invariant addressing scheme to support fine-grain big-endian and little-endian shared data structures, to conform to the IEEE Standard for Shared-Data Formats Optimized for Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) Processors, IEEE Std 1596.5-1993 (ISBN 1-55937-354-7, IEEE). • Bus interface endianness is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED. However, it must support byte lane controls for unaligned word and halfword data access. Address space The ARM architecture uses a single, flat address space of 232 8-bit bytes. Byte addresses are treated as unsigned numbers, running from 0 to 232 - 1. This address space is regarded as consisting of 230 32-bit words, each of whose addresses is word-aligned, which means that the address is divisible by 4. The word whose word-aligned address is A consists of the four bytes with addresses A, A+1, A+2 and A+3. In ARMv4 and above, the address space is also regarded as consisting of 231 16-bit halfwords, each of whose addresses is halfword-aligned (divisible by 2). The halfword whose halfword-aligned address is A consists of the two bytes with addresses A and A+1. In ARMv5E and above, the address space supports 64-bit doubleword operations. Doubleword operations can be considered as two-word load/store operations, each word addressed as follows: • A, A+1, A+2, and A+3 for the first word • A+4, A+5, A+6, and A+7 for the second word. Prior to ARMv6, word-aligned doubleword operations are UNPREDICTABLE with doubleword-aligned addresses always supported. ARMv6 mandates support of both modulo4 and modulo8 alignment of doublewords, and introduces support for unaligned word and halfword data accesses, all controlled through the standard System Control coprocessor. A2-30 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model Jazelle state (see The T and J bits on page A2-15) introduced with ARM architecture variant v5J supports byte addressing. Address calculations are normally performed using ordinary integer instructions. This means that they normally wrap around if they overflow or underflow the address space. This means that the result of the calculation is reduced modulo 232. Normal sequential execution of instructions effectively calculates: (address_of_current_instruction) + 4 after each instruction to determine which instruction to execute next. If this calculation overflows the top of the address space, the result is UNPREDICTABLE. In other words, programs should not rely on sequential execution of the instruction at address 0x00000000 after the instruction at address 0xFFFFFFFC. The above only applies to instructions that are executed, including those which fail their condition code check. Most ARM implementations prefetch instructions ahead of the currently-executing instruction. If this prefetching overflows the top of the address space, it does not cause the implementation's behavior to become UNPREDICTABLE until and unless the prefetched instructions are actually executed. LDC, LDM, LDRD, POP, PUSH, STC, STRD, and STM instructions access a sequence of words at increasing memory addresses, effectively incrementing a memory address by 4 for each load or store. If this calculation overflows the top of the address space, the result is UNPREDICTABLE. In other words, programs should not use these instructions in such a way that they access the word at address 0x00000000 sequentially after the word at address 0xFFFFFFFC. Any unaligned load or store whose calculated address is such that it would access the byte at 0xFFFFFFFF and the byte at address 0x00000000 as part of the instruction is UNPREDICTABLE. A2.7.2 Endianness - an overview The rules in Address space on page A2-30 require that for a word-aligned address A: • the word at address A consists of the bytes at addresses A, A+1, A+2 and A+3 • the halfword at address A consists of the bytes at addresses A and A+1 • the halfword at address A+2 consists of the bytes at addresses A+2 and A+3. • the word at address A therefore consists of the halfwords at addresses A and A+2. However, this does not totally specify the mappings between words, halfwords, and bytes. A memory system uses one of the two following mapping schemes. This choice is known as the endianness of the memory system. In a little-endian memory system: • a byte or halfword at a word-aligned address is the least significant byte or halfword within the word at that address • a byte at a halfword-aligned address is the least significant byte within the halfword at that address. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-31 Programmers’ Model In a big-endian memory system: • a byte or halfword at a word-aligned address is the most significant byte or halfword within the word at that address • a byte at a halfword-aligned address is the most significant byte within the halfword at that address. For a word-aligned address A, Table A2-2 and Table A2-3 show how the word at address A, the halfwords at addresses A and A+2, and the bytes at addresses A, A+1, A+2 and A+3 map on to each other for each endianness. Table A2-2 Big-endian memory system 31 24 23 16 15 8 7 0 Word at Address A Halfword at Address A Byte at Address A Halfword at Address A+2 Byte at Address A+1 Byte at Address A+2 Byte at Address A+3 Table A2-3 Little-endian memory system 31 24 23 16 15 8 7 0 Word at Address A Halfword at Address A+2 Byte at Address A+3 Halfword at Address A Byte at Address A+2 Byte at Address A+1 Byte at Address A On memory systems wider than 32 bits, the ARM architecture has traditionally supported a word-invariant memory model, meaning that a word aligned address will fetch the same data in both big endian and little endian systems. This is illustrated for a 64-bit data path in Table A2-4 and Table A2-5 on page A2-33. Table A2-4 Big-endian word invariant case 63 32 Word at Address A+4 Halfword at Address A+4 A2-32 Halfword at Address A+6 31 0 Word at Address A Halfword at Address A Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. Halfword at Address A+2 ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model Table A2-5 Little-endian word invariant case 63 32 31 0 Word at Address A+4 Halfword at Address A+6 Halfword at Address A+4 Word at Address A Halfword at Address A+2 Halfword at Address A New provisions in ARMv6 ARMv6 has introduced new configurations known as mixed endian support. These use a byte-invariant address model, affecting the order that bytes are transferred to and from ARM registers. Byte invariance means that the address of a byte in memory is the same irrespective of whether that byte is being accessed in a big endian or little endian manner. Byte, halfword, and word accesses access the same one, two or four bytes in memory for both big and little endian configuration. Double word and multiple word accesses in the ARM architecture are treated as a series of word accesses from incrementing word addresses, and hence each word also returns the same bytes of information in these cases too. Note When an implementation is configured in mixed endian mode, this only affects data accesses and how they are loaded/stored to/from the register file. Instruction fetches always assume a little endian byte order model. • When configured for big endian load/store, the lowest address provides the most significant byte of the requested word or halfword. For LDRD/STRD this is the most significant byte of the first word accessed. • When configured for little endian load/store, the lowest address provides the least significant byte of the requested word or halfword. For LDRD/STRD this is the least significant byte of the first word accessed. The convention adopted in this book is to identify the different endian models as follows: • the word invariant big endian model is known as BE-32 • the byte invariant big endian model is referred to as BE-8 • little endian data is identical in both models and referred to as LE. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-33 Programmers’ Model A2.7.3 Endian configuration and control Prior to ARMv6, a single bit (B bit) provides endian control. It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether implementations of ARMv5 and below support little-endian memory systems, big-endian memory systems, or both. If a standard System Control coprocessor is attached to an ARM implementation supporting the B bit, this configuration input can be changed by writing to bit[7] of register 1 of the System Control coprocessor (see Register 1: Control registers on page B3-12). An implementation may preset the B bit on reset. If an ARM processor configures for little-endian operation on reset, and it is attached to a big-endian memory system, one of the first things the reset handler must do is switch the configured endianness to big-endian, using an instruction sequence like: MRC ORR MCR p15, 0, r0, c1, c0 r0, r0, #0x80 p15, 0, r0, c1, c0 ; r0 := CP15 register 1 ; Set bit[7] in r0 ; CP15 register 1 := r0 This must be done before there is any possibility of a byte or halfword data access occurring, or instruction execution in Thumb or Jazelle state. ARMv6 supports big-endian, little-endian, and byte-invariant hybrid systems. LE and BE-8 formats must be supported. Support of BE-32 is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED. Features are provided in the System Control coprocessor and CPSR/SPSR to support hybrid operation. The System Control Coprocessor register (CP15 register 1) and CPSR bits used are: • Bit[1] - A bit - used to enable alignment checking. Always reset to zero (alignment checking OFF). • Bit[7] - B bit - OPTIONAL, retained for backwards compatibility • Bit[22] - the U bit - enables ARMv6 unaligned data support, and used with Bit[1] - the A bit - to determine alignment checking behavior. • Bit [25] - the EE bit - Exception Endian bit. • CPSR/SPSR[9] - the E bit - load/store endian control. The behavior of the memory system with respect to the U and A bits is summarized in Table A2-6. Table A2-6 A2-34 U A Description 0 0 Legacy (32-bit word invariant only) 0 1 Modulo 8 alignment checking: LDRD/STRD (8 and 32-bit invariant memory models) 1 0 Unaligned access support (8-bit byte invariant data accesses only) 1 1 Modulo 4 alignment checking: LDRD/STRD (8-bit and 32-bit invariant memory models) Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model The EE-bit value is used to overwrite the CPSR_E bit on exception entry and for page table lookups. These are asynchronous events with respect to normal control of the CPSR E bit. A 2-bit configuration (CFGEND[1:0]) replaces the BigEndinit configuration pin to provide hardware system configuration on reset. CFGEND[1] maps to the U bit, while CFGEND[0] sets either the B bit or EE bit and CPSR_E on reset. Table A2-7 defines the CFGEND[1:0] encoding and associated configurations. Table A2-7 CFGEND[1:0] Coprocessor 15 System Control Register (register 1) CPSR/SPSR EE bit[25] U bit[22] A bit[1] B bit[7] E bit 00 0 0 0 0 0 01a 0 0 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 0 0 11 1 1 0 0 1 a. This configuration is RESERVED in implementations which do not support BE-32. In this case, the B bit must read as zero (RAZ). Where an implementation does not include configuration pins, the U bit and A bit shall clear on reset. The usage model for the U bit and A bit with respect to the B bit and E bit is summarized in Table A2-8. Where BE-32 is not supported, the B bit must read as zero, and all entries indicated by B==1 are RESERVED. Interaction of these control bits with data alignment is discussed in Unaligned access support on page A2-38. Table A2-8 Endian and Alignment Control Bit Usage Summary U A B E Instruction Endianness Data Endianness Unaligned Behavior 0 0 0 0 LE LE Rotated LDR 0 0 0 1 - - - 0 0 1 0 BE-32 BE-32 Rotated LDR 0 0 1 1 - - - 0 1 0 0 LE LE ARM DDI 0100I Data Abort Description Legacy LE / programmed BE configuration RESERVED (no E bit in legacy code) Legacy BE (32-bit word-invariant) RESERVED (no E bit in legacy code) modulo 8 LDRD/STRD doubleword alignment checking. LE Data Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-35 Programmers’ Model Table A2-8 Endian and Alignment Control Bit Usage Summary (continued) U A B E Instruction Endianness Data Endianness Unaligned Behavior 0 1 0 1 LE BE-8 Data Abort modulo 8 LDRD/STRD doubleword alignment checking. BE Data 0 1 1 0 BE-32 BE-32 Data Abort modulo 8 LDRD/STRD doubleword alignment checking, legacy BE 0 1 1 1 - - 1 0 0 0 LE LE Unaligned LE instructions, LE mixed-endian data, unaligned access permitted 1 0 0 1 LE BE-8 Unaligned LE instructions, BE mixed-endian data, unaligned access permitted 1 0 1 x - - 1 1 0 0 LE LE Data Abort modulo 4 alignment checking, LE Data 1 1 0 1 LE BE-8 Data Abort modulo 4 alignment checking, BE data 1 1 1 0 BE-32 BE-32 Data Abort modulo 4 alignment checking, legacy BE 1 1 1 1 - - - - - Description RESERVED RESERVED RESERVED BE-32 and BE-8 are as defined in Endianness - an overview on page A2-31. Data aborts cause an alignment error to be reported in the Fault Status Register in the system coprocessor. Note The U, A and B bits are System Control Coprocessor bits, while the E bit is a CPSR/SPSR flag. The behavior of SETEND instructions (or any other instruction that modifies the CPSR) is UNPREDICTABLE when setting the E bit would result in a RESERVED state. A2.7.4 Instructions to change CPSR E bit ARM and Thumb instructions are provided to set and clear the E bit efficiently: SETEND BE Set the CPSR E bit. SETEND LE Reset the CPSR E bit. These are unconditional instructions. See ARM SETEND on page A4-129 and Thumb SETEND on page A7-95. A2-36 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A2.7.5 Instructions to reverse bytes in a general-purpose register When an application or device driver has to interface to memory-mapped peripheral registers or shared-memory DMA structures that are not the same endianness as that of the internal data structures, or the endianness of the Operating System, an efficient way of being able to explicitly transform the endianness of the data is required. ARMv6 ARM and Thumb instruction sets provide this functionality: • Reverse word (four bytes) register, for transforming big and little-endian 32-bit representations. See ARM REV on page A4-109 and Thumb REV on page A7-88. • Reverse halfword and sign-extend, for transforming signed 16-bit representations. See ARM REVSH on page A4-111 and Thumb REVSH on page A7-90. • Reverse packed halfwords in a register for transforming big- and little-endian 16-bit representations. See ARM REV16 on page A4-110 and Thumb REV16 on page A7-89. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-37 Programmers’ Model A2.8 Unaligned access support The ARM architecture traditionally expects all memory accesses to be suitably aligned. In particular, the address used for a halfword access should normally be halfword-aligned, the address used for a word access should normally be word-aligned. Prior to ARMv6, doubleword (LDRD/STRD) accesses to memory, where the address is not doubleword-aligned, are UNPREDICTABLE. Also, data accesses to non-aligned word and halfword data are treated as aligned from the memory interface perspective. That is: • the address is treated as truncated, with address bits[1:0] treated as zero for word accesses, and address bit[0] treated as zero for halfword accesses. • load single word ARM instructions are architecturally defined to rotate right the word-aligned data transferred by a non word-aligned address one, two or three bytes depending on the value of the two least significant address bits. • alignment checking is defined for implementations supporting a System Control coprocessor using the A bit in CP15 register 1. When this bit is set, a Data Abort indicating an alignment fault is reported for unaligned accesses. ARMv6 introduces unaligned word and halfword load and store data access support. When this is enabled, the processor uses one or more memory accesses to generate the required transfer of adjacent bytes transparently to the programmer, apart from a potential access time penalty where the transaction crosses an IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED cache-line, bus-width or page boundary condition. Doubleword accesses must be word-aligned in this configuration. A2.8.1 Unaligned instruction fetches All instruction fetches must be aligned. Specifically they must be: • word aligned in ARM state • halfword aligned in Thumb state. Writing an unaligned address to R15 is UNPREDICTABLE, except in the specific cases where the instructions are associated with a Thumb to ARM state transition, bit[1] providing a valid address bit on transition to Thumb state, and bit[0] indicating whether a transition needs to occur. The BX instruction in ARM state (see BX on page A4-20) and POP instruction in Thumb state (see POP on page A7-82) are examples of instructions providing state transition support. The general rules for reading and writing the program counter are defined in Register 15 and the program counter on page A2-9. A2-38 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A2.8.2 Unaligned data access in ARMv6 systems ARMv6 uses the U bit (CP15 register 1 bit[22]) and A bit (CP15 register 1 bit[1]), to provide a configuration supporting the following unaligned memory accesses: • Unaligned halfword accesses for LDRH, LDRSH and STRH. • Unaligned word accesses for LDR, LDRT, STR and STRT. The U bit and A bit are also used to configure endian support as described in Endian configuration and control on page A2-34. All other multi-byte load and store accesses shall be word aligned. Instructions must always be aligned (and in little endian format): • ARM instructions must be word-aligned • Thumb instructions must be halfword-aligned. In addition, an ARMv6 system shall reset to the CFGEND[1:0] condition as described in Table A2-7 on page A2-35. For ARMv6, Table A2-10 on page A2-40 defines when an alignment fault must occur for an access, and when the behavior of an access is architecturally UNPREDICTABLE. It also gives details of precisely which memory locations are returned for valid accesses. The access type descriptions used in this section are determined from the load/store instructions as described in Table A2-9: Table A2-9 Access Type ARM instructions Thumb instructions Byte LDRB LDRBT LDRSB STRB STRBT SWPB (either access) LDRB LDRSB STRB Halfword LDRH LDRSH STRH LDRH LDRSH STRH WLoad LDR LDRT SWP (load access, if U == 0) LDR WStore STR STRT SWP (store access, if U == 0) STR WSync LDREX STREX SWP (either access, if U == 1) - Two-word LDRD STRD - Multi-word LDC LDM RFE SRS STC STM LDMIA POP PUSH STMIA The following terminology is used to describe the memory locations accessed: Byte[X] ARM DDI 0100I Means the byte whose address is X in the current endianness model. The correspondence between the endianness models is that Byte[A] in the LE endianness model, Byte[A] in the BE-8 endianness model, and Byte[A EOR 3] in the BE-32 endianness model are the same actual byte of memory. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-39 Programmers’ Model Halfword[X] Means the halfword consisting of the bytes whose addresses are X and X+1 in the current endianness model, combined to form a halfword in little-endian order in the LE endianness model or in big-endian order in the BE-8 or BE-32 endianness model. Word[X] Means the word consisting of the bytes whose addresses are X, X+1, X+2, and X+3 in the current endianness model, combined to form a word in little-endian order in the LE endianness model or in big-endian order in the BE-8 or BE-32 endianness model. Note It is a consequence of these definitions that if X is word-aligned, Word[X] consists of the same four bytes of actual memory in the same order in the LE and BE-32 endianness models. Align[X] Means (X AND 0xFFFFFFFC) - that is, X with its least significant two bits forced to zero to make it word-aligned. Note There is no difference between Addr and Align(Addr) on lines for which Addr[1:0] == 0b00 anyway. This can be exploited by implementations to simplify the control of when the least significant bits are forced to zero. For the Two-word and Multi-word access types, the Memory accessed column only specifies the lowest word accessed. Subsequent words have addresses constructed by successively incrementing the address of the lowest word by 4, and are constructed using the same endianness model as the lowest word. Table A2-10 Data Access Behavior in ARMv6 Systems Behavior Memory accessed A 0 0 0 0 xxx Byte Normal Byte[Addr] - 0 0 xx0 Halfword Normal Halfword[Addr] - 0 0 xx1 Halfword UNPREDICTABLE - - 0 0 xxx WLoad Normal Word[Align(Addr)] Loaded data rotated right by 8 * Addr[1:0] bits 0 0 xxx WStore Normal Word[Align(Addr)] Operation unaffected by Addr[1:0] 0 0 x00 WSync Normal Word[Addr] - A2-40 Addr[2:0] Access Types U Notes LEGACY, NO ALIGNMENT FAULTING Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model Table A2-10 Data Access Behavior in ARMv6 Systems (continued) U A Addr[2:0] Access Types Behavior Memory accessed Notes 0 0 xx1, x1x WSync UNPREDICTABLE - - 0 0 xxx Multi-word Normal Word[Align(Addr)] Operation unaffected by Addr[1:0] 0 0 000 Two-word Normal Word[Addr] - 0 0 xx1, x1x, 1xx Two-word UNPREDICTABLE - - 1 0 1 0 xxx Byte Normal Byte[Addr] - 1 0 xxx Halfword Normal Halfword[Addr] - 1 0 xxx WLoad WStore Normal Word[Addr] - 1 0 x00 WSync Multi-word Two-word Normal Word[Addr] - 1 0 xx1, x1x WSync Multi-word Two-word Alignment Fault - - x 1 x 1 xxx Byte Normal Byte[Addr] - x 1 xx0 Halfword Normal Halfword[Addr] - x 1 xx1 Halfword Alignment Fault - - x 1 x00 WLoad WStore WSync Multi-word Normal Word[Addr] - x 1 xx1, x1x WLoad WStore WSync Multi-word Alignment Fault - - NEW ARMv6 UNALIGNED SUPPORT FULL ALIGNMENT FAULTING ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-41 Programmers’ Model Table A2-10 Data Access Behavior in ARMv6 Systems (continued) U A Addr[2:0] Access Types Behavior Memory accessed Notes x 1 000 Two-word Normal Word[Addr] - 0 1 100 Two-word Alignment Fault - - 1 1 100 Two-word Normal Word[Addr] - x 1 xx1, x1x Two-word Alignment Fault - - Other reasons for unaligned accesses to be UNPREDICTABLE The following exceptions to the behavior described in Table A2-10 on page A2-40 apply, causing the resultant unaligned accesses to be UNPREDICTABLE: • An LDR instruction that loads the PC, has Addr[1:0] != 0b00, and is specified in the table as having Normal behavior instead has UNPREDICTABLE behavior. Note The reason this applies only to LDR is that most other load instructions are UNPREDICTABLE regardless of alignment if the PC is specified as their destination register. The exceptions are LDM, RFE and Thumb POP. If Addr[1:0] != 0b00 for these instructions, the effective address of the transfer has its two least significant bits forced to 0 if A == 0 and U ==0, and otherwise the behavior specified in the table is either UNPREDICTABLE or Alignment Fault regardless of the destination register. • Any WLoad, WStore, WSync, Two-word or Multi-word instruction that accesses memory with the Strongly Ordered or Device memory attribute, has Addr[1:0] != 0b00, and is specified in the table as having Normal behavior instead has UNPREDICTABLE behavior. • Any Halfword instruction that accesses memory with the Strongly Ordered or Device memory attribute, has Addr[0] != 0, and is specified in the table as having Normal behavior instead has UNPREDICTABLE behavior. If any of these reasons applies, it overrides the behavior specified in the table. Note These reasons never cause Alignment Fault behavior to be overridden. ARM implementations are not required to ensure that the low-order address bits that make an access unaligned are cleared from the address they send to memory. They can instead send the address as calculated by the load/store instruction unchanged to memory, and require the memory system to ignore address[0] for a halfword access and address[1:0] for a word access. A2-42 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model When an instruction ignores the low-order address bits that make an access unaligned, the pseudo-code in the instruction description does not mask them out explicitly. Instead, the Memory[, ] function used in the pseudo-code masks them out implicitly. ARMv6 unaligned data access restrictions ARMv6 has the following restrictions on unaligned data accesses: • Accesses are not guaranteed atomic. They can be synthesized out of a series of aligned operations in a shared memory system without guaranteeing locked transaction cycles. • Accesses typically take a number of cycles to complete compared to a naturally aligned transfer. The real-time implications must be carefully analyzed and key data structures might need to have their alignment adjusted for optimum performance. • Accesses can abort on either or both halves of an access where this occurs over a page boundary. The Data Abort handler must handle restartable aborts carefully after an Alignment Fault Status Code is signaled. Therefore shared memory schemes should not rely on seeing monotonic updates of non-aligned data of loads, stores, and swaps for data items greater than byte width. Unaligned access operations should not be used for accessing Device memory-mapped registers. They must also be used with care in shared memory structures that are protected by aligned semaphores or synchronization variables. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-43 Programmers’ Model A2.9 Synchronization primitives Historically, support for shared memory synchronization has been with the read-locked-write operations that swap register contents with memory; the SWP and SWPB instructions described in SWP on page A4-212 and SWPB on page A4-214. These support basic busy/free semaphore mechanisms, but not mechanisms that require calculation to be performed on the semaphore between the read and write phases. ARMv6 provides a new mechanism to support more comprehensive non-blocking shared-memory synchronization primitives that scale for multiple-processor system designs. Note The swap and swap byte instructions are deprecated in ARMv6. It is recommended that all software migrates to using the new synchronization primitives. Two instructions are introduced to the ARM instruction set: • Load-Exclusive described in LDREX on page A4-52 • Store-Exclusive described in STREX on page A4-202. The instructions operate in concert with an address monitor, which provides the state machine and associated system control for memory accesses. Two different monitor models exist, depending on whether the memory has the sharable or non-sharable memory attribute. See Shared attribute on page B2-12. Uniprocessor systems are only required to support the non-shared memory model, allowing them to support synchronization primitives with the minimum amount of hardware overhead. An example minimal system is illustrated in Figure A2-2. L2 RAM L2 Cache Bridge to L3 Routing matrix Monitor CPU 1 Figure A2-2 Example uniprocessor (non-shared) monitor Multi-processor systems are required to implement an address monitor for each processor. It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED where the monitors reside in the memory system hierarchy, whether they are implemented as a single entity for each processor visible to all shared accesses, or as a distributed entity. Figure A2-3 on page A2-45 illustrates a single entity approach in which the monitor supports state machines for both the shared and non-shared cases. Only the shared attribute case needs to snoop. A2-44 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model L2 RAM L2 Cache Bridge to L3 Routing matrix Monitor Monitor CPU 1 CPU 2 Figure A2-3 Write snoop monitor approach Figure A2-4 illustrates a distributed model with local monitors residing in the processor blocks, and global monitors distributed across the targets of interest. Shared L2 RAM Nonshared L2 RAM L2 Cache Bridge to L3 Mon 2 Mon 2 Mon 2 Mon 1 Mon 1 Mon 1 Routing matrix Local Monitor CPU 1 Local Monitor CPU 2 Figure A2-4 Monitor-at-target approach A2.9.1 Exclusive access instructions: non-shared memory For memory regions that do not have the Shared TLB attribute, the exclusive-access instructions rely on the ability to tag the fact that an exclusive load has been executed. Any non-aborted attempt by the processor that executed the exclusive load to modify any address using an exclusive store is guaranteed to clear this tag. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-45 Programmers’ Model Note In non-shared memory, it is UNPREDICTABLE whether a store to a tagged physical address will cause a tag to be cleared when that store is by a processor other than the one that caused the physical address to be tagged. Load-Exclusive performs a load from memory, and causes the executing processor to tag the fact that it has an outstanding tagged physical address to non-sharable memory; the monitor transitions state to Exclusive Access. Store-Exclusive performs a conditional store to memory, the store only taking place if the local monitor of the executing processor is in the Exclusive Access state. A status value of 0b0 is returned to a register, and the executing processor's monitor transitions to the Open Access state. If the store is prevented, a value of 0b1 is returned in the instruction defined register. A write to a physical address not covered by the local monitor by that processor using any instruction other than a Store-Exclusive will not affect the state of the local monitor. It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether a write (other than with a Store-Exclusive) to the physical address which is covered by the monitor will affect the state of the local monitor. If a processor performs a Store-Exclusive to any address in non-shared memory other than the last one from which it has performed a Load-Exclusive, and the monitor is in the exclusive state, it is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether the store will succeed in this case. This mechanism is used on a context switch (see section Context switch support on page A2-48). It should be treated as a software programming error in all other cases. The state machine for the associated data monitor is illustrated in Figure A2-5. STREX(x), STR(x) Rm <= 1b1; Do not update memory Tagged_address <= x[31:a] Tagged_address <= x[31:a] LDREX(x) LDREX(x) Open Access Rm <= 1b0; update memory Exclusive Access STREX(Tagged_address) STREX(!Tagged_address) (Rm <= 1b0 AND update memory) OR STR(Tagged_address) (Rm <= 1b1 AND do not update memory) STR(!Tagged_address) STR(Tagged_address) The arcs in italics show allowable alternative (IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED) options. The Tagged_address value of a is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED to a value between 2 and 7 inclusive. Figure A2-5 State diagram - local monitor A2-46 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model Note The IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED options for the local monitor are consistent with the local monitor being constructed in a manner that it does not hold any physical address, but instead treats all accesses as matching the address of the previous LDREX. The behavior illustrated is for the local address monitor associated with the processor issuing the LDREX, STREX and STR instructions. The transition from Exclusive Access to Open Access is UNPREDICTABLE when the STR or STREX is from a different processor. Transactions from other processors need not be visible to this monitor. A2.9.2 Exclusive access instructions: shared memory For memory regions that have the Shared TLB attribute, the exclusive-access instructions rely on the ability of a global monitor to tag a physical address as exclusive-access for a particular processor. This tag will later be used to determine whether an exclusive store to that address should occur. Any non-aborted attempt to modify that address by any processor is guaranteed to clear this tag. A global monitor can reside in a processor block as illustrated in Figure A2-3 on page A2-45, or as a secondary monitor at the memory interface, as shown in Figure A2-4 on page A2-45. The functionality of the global and local monitors can be combined into a single monitor in implementations. Load-Exclusive from shared memory performs a load from memory, and causes the physical address of the access to be tagged as exclusive-access for the requesting processor. This also causes any other physical address that has been tagged by the requesting processor to no longer be tagged as exclusive access; only a single outstanding exclusive access to sharable memory per processor is supported. Store-Exclusive performs a conditional store to memory. The store is only guaranteed to take place if the physical address is tagged as exclusive-access for the requesting processor. If no address is tagged as exclusive-access, the store will not succeed. If a different physical address is tagged as exclusive-access for the requesting processor, it is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether the store will succeed or not. A status value of 0b0 is returned to a register to acknowledge a successful store, otherwise a value of 0b1 is returned. In the case where the physical address is tagged as exclusive-access for the requesting processor, the state of the exclusive monitor transitions to the Open Access state, and if the monitor was originally in the Open Access state, it remains in this state. Otherwise, it is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether the monitor remains in the Exclusive Access state or transitions to the Open Access state. Every processor (or independent DMA agent) in a shared memory system requires its own address monitor. The state machine for the global address monitor associated with a processor (n) in a multiprocessing environment interacts with all the memory accesses visible to it: • transactions generated by the associated processor (n) • transactions associated with other processors in the shared memory system (!n). The behavior is illustrated in Figure A2-6 on page A2-48. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-47 Programmers’ Model Rm <= 1b1; Do not update memory STREX(x,n), STR(x,n) LDREX(x,!n), STREX(x,!n), STR(x,!n) Tagged_address <= x[31:a] Tagged_address <= x[31:a] (Rm <= 1b1 AND do not update memory) OR Exclusive Open Access (Rm <= 1b0 Access AND update memory) STR(!Tagged_address,n), (Rm <= 1b0 AND update memory) STREX(Tagged_address,!n)*, STR(Tagged_address,n), STR(Tagged_address,!n) STREX(!Tagged_address,n), STREX(Tagged_address,n), STREX(Tagged_address,n), (Rm <= 1b1 AND do not update memory) STREX(!Tagged_address,n), STR(!Tagged_address,!n), OR STR(Tagged_address,n) STREX(!Tagged_address,!n) (Rm <= 1b0 AND update memory) (Rm <= 1b0 AND * STREX(Tagged_Address,!n) only clears monitor if the STREX updates memory update memory) LDREX(x,n) LDREX(x,n) The arcs in italics show allowable alternative (IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED) options. The Tagged_address value of a is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED to a value between 2 and 7 inclusive. Figure A2-6 State diagram - global monitor Note Whether a STREX successfully updates memory or not is dependent on a tag address match with its associated global monitor, hence the (!n) entries are only shown with respect to how they influence state transitions of the state machine. Similarly, an LDREX can only update the tag of its associated global monitor. A2.9.3 Context switch support On a context switch, it is necessary to ensure that the local monitor is in the Open Access state after a context switch. This requires execution of a dummy STREX to an address in memory allocated for this purpose. For reasons of performance, it is recommended that the store-exclusive instruction be within a few instructions of the load-exclusive instruction. This minimizes the opportunity for context switch overhead or multiprocessor access conflicts causing an exclusive store to fail, and requiring the load/store sequence to be replayed. A2-48 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A2.9.4 Summary of operation The following pseudo-functions can be used to describe the exclusive access operations: • TLB( ) • Shared( ) • ExecutingProcessor() • MarkExclusiveGlobal( , , ) • MarkExclusiveLocal( , ,size>) • IsExclusiveGlobal( , , ) • IsExclusiveLocal( , , ) • ClearExclusiveByAddress( , , ) • ClearExclusiveLocal( ). 1. If CP15 register 1 bit[0] (Mbit) is set, TLB( ) returns the physical address corresponding to the virtual address in Rm for the executing processor's current process ID and TLB entries. If Mbit is not set, or the system does not implement a virtual to physical translation, it returns the value in Rm. 2. If CP15 register 1 bit[0] (Mbit) is set, Shared( ) returns the value of the shared memory region attribute corresponding to the virtual address in Rm for the executing processor's current process ID and TLB entries for the VMSA, or the PMSA region descriptors. If Mbit is not set, the value returned is a function of the memory system behavior (see Chapter B4 Virtual Memory System Architecture and Chapter B5 Protected Memory System Architecture). 3. ExecutingProcessor() returns a value distinct amongst all processors in a given system, corresponding to the processor executing the operation. 4. MarkExclusiveGlobal( , , ) records the fact that processor has requested exclusive access covering at least bytes from address . The size of region marked as exclusive is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED, up to a limit of 128 bytes, and no smaller than , and aligned in the address space to the size of the region. It is UNPREDICTABLE whether this causes any previous request for exclusive access to any other address by the same processor to be cleared. 5. MarkExclusiveLocal( , , ) records in a local record the fact that processor has requested exclusive access to an address covering at least bytes from address . The size of the region marked as exclusive is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED, and can at its largest cover the whole of memory, but is no smaller than , and is aligned in the address space to the size of the region. It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether this also performs a MarkExclusiveGlobal( , , ). 6. IsExclusiveGlobal( , , ) returns TRUE if the processor has marked in a global record an address range as exclusive access requested which covers at least the bytes from address . It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether it returns TRUE or FALSE if a global record has marked a different address as exclusive access requested. If no address is marked in a global record as exclusive access, IsExclusiveGlobal( , , ) will return FALSE. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-49 Programmers’ Model 7. IsExclusiveLocal( , , ) returns TRUE if the processor has marked an address range as exclusive access requested which covers at least the bytes from address . It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether this function returns TRUE or FALSE if the address marked as exclusive access requested does not cover all of the bytes from address . If no address is marked as exclusive access requested, then this function returns FALSE. It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether this result is ANDed with the result of an IsExclusiveGlobal( , , ). 8. ClearExclusiveByAddress( , , ) clears the global records of all processors, other than , that an address region including any of the bytes between and ( + -1) has had a request for an exclusive access. It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether the equivalent global record of the processor is also cleared if any of the bytes between and ( + -1) have had a request for an exclusive access, or if any other address has had a request for an exclusive access. 9. ClearExclusiveLocal( ) clears the local record of processor that an address has had a request for an exclusive access. It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether this operation also clears the global record of processor that an address has had a request for an exclusive access. For the purpose of this definition, a processor is defined as a system component, including virtual system components, which is capable of generating memory transactions. The processor_id is defined as a unique identifier for a processor. Effects on other store operations All executed store operations gain the following functional behavior to their pseudo-code operation: processor_id = ExecutingProcessor() if Shared(address) then /* from ARMv6 */ physical_address = TLB(address) ClearExclusiveByAddress(physical_address,processor_id,size) Load and store operation The exclusive accesses can be described in terms of their register file usage: A2-50 • Rd: the destination register, for data on loads, status on stores • Rm: the source data register for stores • Rn: the memory address register for loads and stores. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A pseudo-code representation is as follows. LDREX operation: if ConditionPassed (cond) then processor_id = ExecutingProcessor() Rd = Memory[Rn,4] physical_address = TLB(Rn) if Shared(Rn) == 1 then MarkExclusiveGlobal(physical_address,processor_id,4) MarkExclusiveLocal(physical_address,processor_id,4) STREX operation: if ConditionPassed(cond) then processor_id = ExecutingProcessor() physical_address = TLB(Rn) if IsExclusiveLocal(physical_address,processor_id,4) then if Shared(Rn) == 1 then if IsExclusiveGlobal(physical_address,processor_id,4) then Memory[Rn,4] = Rm Rd = 0 ClearExclusiveByAddress(physical_address,processor_id,4) else Rd = 1 else Memory[Rn,4] =Rm Rd = 0 else Rd = 1 ClearExclusiveLocal(processor_id) Note The behavior of STREX in regions of shared memory that do not support exclusives (for example, have no exclusives monitor implemented) is UNPREDICTABLE. For a complete definition of the instruction behavior see LDREX on page A4-52 and STREX on page A4-202. Usage restrictions The LDREX and STREX instructions are designed to work in tandem. In order to support a number of different implementations of these functions, the following notes and restrictions must be followed: 1. ARM DDI 0100I The exclusives are designed to support a single outstanding exclusive access for each processor thread that is executed. The architecture makes use of this by not mandating an address or size check as part of the IsExclusiveLocal() function. If the target address of an STREX is different from the preceding LDREX within the same execution thread, it can lead to UNPREDICTABLE behavior. As a result, an LDREX/STREX pair can only be relied upon to eventually succeed if they are executed with the same address. Where a context switch or exception might result in a change of execution thread, a Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-51 Programmers’ Model dummy STREX instruction, as described in Context switch support on page A2-48 should be executed to avoid unwanted effects. This is the only occasion where an STREX is expected to be programmed with a different address from the previously executed LDREX. 2. An explicit store to memory can cause the clearing of exclusive monitors associated with other processors, therefore, performing a store between the LDREX and the STREX can result in livelock situations. As a result, code should avoid placing an explicit store between an LDREX and an STREX within a single code sequence. 3. Two STREX instructions executed without an intervening LDREX will also result in the second STREX returning FALSE. As a result, it is expected that each STREX should have a preceding LDREX associated with it within a given thread of execution, but it is not necessary that each LDREX must have a subsequent STREX. 4. Implementations can cause apparently spurious clearing of the exclusive monitor between the LDREX and the STREX, as a result of, for example, cache evictions. Code designed to run on such implementations should avoid having any explicit memory transactions or cache maintenance operations between the LDREX and STREX instructions. 5. Implementations can benefit from keeping the LDREX and STREX operations close together in a single code sequence. This reduces the likelihood of spurious clearing of the exclusive monitor state occurring, and as a result, a limit of 128 bytes between LDREX and STREX instructions in a single code sequence is strongly recommended for best performance. 6. Implementations which implement coherent protocols, or have only a single master, may combine the local and global monitors for a given processor. The IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED and UNPREDICTABLE parts of the definitions in Summary of operation on page A2-49. are designed to cover this behavior. 7. The architecture sets an upper limit of 128 bytes on the regions that may be marked as exclusive. Therefore, for performance reasons, software is recommended to separate objects that will be accessed by exclusive accesses by at least 128 bytes. This is a performance guideline rather than a functional requirement 8. LDREX and STREX operations shall only be performed on memory supporting the Normal memory attribute. 9. A2-52 The effect of data aborts are UNPREDICTABLE on the state of monitors. It is recommended that abort handling code performs a dummy STREX instruction to clear down the monitor state. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A2.10 The Jazelle Extension The Jazelle Extension was first introduced in ARMv5TEJ, a variant of ARMv5, and is a mandated feature in ARMv6. The Jazelle Extension enables architectural support for hardware acceleration of opcode execution by Java Virtual Machines (JVMs). It is designed in such a way that JVMs can be written to automatically take advantage of any accelerated opcode execution supplied by the processor, without relying upon it being present. In the simplest implementations, the processor does not accelerate the execution of any opcodes, and all opcodes are executed by software routines. This is known as a trivial implementation of the Jazelle Extension, and has minimal costs compared with not implementing the Jazelle Extension at all. Non-trivial implementations of the Jazelle Extension will typically implement a subset of the opcodes in hardware, choosing opcodes that can have simple hardware implementations and that account for a large percentage of Jazelle execution time. The required features of a non-trivial implementation are: • provision of an additional state bit (the J bit) in the CPSR and each SPSR • a new instruction to enter Jazelle state (BXJ) • extension of the PC to support full 32-bit byte addressing • changes to the exception model • mechanisms to allow a JVM to configure the Jazelle Extension hardware to its specific needs • mechanisms to allow OSes to regulate use of the Jazelle Extension hardware. The required features of a trivial implementation are: • Only ARM and Thumb execution states shall exist. The J bit may always read and write as zero. Should the J bit update to one, execution of the following instruction is UNDEFINED. • The BXJ instruction shall behave as a BX instruction. • Configuration support that maintains the interface as permanently disabled. A JVM that has been written to automatically take advantage of hardware-accelerated opcode execution is known as an Enabled JVM (EJVM). A2.10.1 Subarchitectures ARM implementations that include the Jazelle Extension expect the ARM processor’s general-purpose registers and other resources to obey a calling convention when Jazelle state execution is entered and exited. For example, a specific general-purpose register may be reserved for use as the pointer to the current opcode. In order for an EJVM or associated debug support to function correctly, it must be written to comply with the calling convention expected by the acceleration hardware at Jazelle state execution entry and exit points. The calling convention is relied upon by an EJVM, but not in general by other system software. This limits the cost of changing the convention to the point that it can be considered worthwhile to change it if a sufficient technical advantage is obtained by doing so, such as a significant performance improvement in opcode execution. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-53 Programmers’ Model Multiple conventions are known collectively as the subarchitecture of the implementation. They are not described in this document, and must only be relied upon by EJVM implementations and debug/similar software as described above. All other software must only rely upon the general architectural definition of the Jazelle Extension described in this section. A particular subarchitecture is identified by reading the Jazelle ID register described in Jazelle ID register on page A2-62. A2.10.2 Jazelle state The Jazelle Extension makes use of an extra state bit (J) in the processor status registers (the CPSR and the banked SPSRs). This is bit[24] of the registers concerned: 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 N Z C V Q Rsrvd J 20 19 RESERVED 16 15 GE[3:0] 10 9 8 RESERVED 7 6 5 4 E A I F T 0 Mode The other bit fields are described in Program status registers on page A2-11. Note The placement of the J bit in the flags byte was to avoid any usage of the status or extension bytes in code run on ARMv5TE or earlier processors. This ensures that OS code written using the deprecated CPSR, SPSR, CPSR_all or, SPSR_all syntax for the destination of an MSR instruction only ceases to work when features introduced in ARMv6 are used, namely the E, A and GE bit fields. In addition, J is always 0 at times that an MSR instruction is executed. This ensures there are no unexpected side-effects of existing instructions such as MSR CPSR_f,#0xF0000000, that are used to put the flags into a known state. The J bit is used in conjunction with the T bit to determine the execution state of the processor, as shown in Table A2-11. Table A2-11 J T Execution state 0 0 ARM state, executing 32-bit ARM instructions 0 1 Thumb state, executing 16-bit Thumb instructions 1 0 Jazelle state, executing variable-length Jazelle opcodes 1 1 UNDEFINED, and reserved for future expansion The J bit is treated similarly to the T bit in the following respects: • A2-54 On exception entry, both bits are copied from the CPSR to the exception mode’s SPSR, and then cleared in the CPSR to put the processor into the ARM state. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model • Data processing instructions with Rd = R15 and the S bit set cause these bits to be copied from the SPSR to the CPSR and execution to resume in the resulting state. This ensures that these instructions have their normal exception return functionality. Such exception returns are expected to use the SPSR and R14 values generated by a processor exception entry and to use the appropriate return instruction for the exception concerned, as described in Exceptions on page A2-16. If return values are used with J == 1 and T == 0 in the SPSR value, then the results are SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED. • Similarly, LDM instructions with the PC in the register list and ^ specified (that is, LDM (3) instructions, as described in LDM (3) on page A4-40) cause both bits to be copied from the SPSR to the CPSR and execution to resume in the resulting state. These instructions are also used for exception returns, and the considerations in the previous bullet point also apply to them. • In privileged modes, execution of an MSR instruction that attempts to set the J or T bit of the CPSR to 1 has UNPREDICTABLE results. • In unprivileged (User) mode, execution of an MSR instruction that attempts to set the J or T bit of the CPSR to 1 will not modify the bit. • Setting J == 1 and T == 1 causes similar effects to setting T == 1 on a non Thumb-aware processor. That is, the next instruction executed will cause entry to the Undefined Instruction exception. Entry to the exception handler will cause the processor to re-enter ARM state, and the handler can detect that this was the cause of the exception because J and T are both set in SPSR_und. While in Jazelle state, the processor executes opcode programs. An opcode program is defined to be an executable object comprising one or more class files, as defined in Lindholm and Yellin, The Java Virtual Machine Specification 2nd Edition, or derived from and functionally equivalent to one or more class files. While in Jazelle state, the PC acts as a program counter which identifies the next JVM opcode to be executed, where JVM opcodes are the opcodes defined in Lindholm and Yellin, or a functionally equivalent transformed version of them. Native methods, as described in Lindholm and Yellin, for the Jazelle Extension must use only the ARM and/or Thumb instruction sets to specify their functionality. An implementation of the Jazelle Extension must not be documented or promoted as performing any task while it is in Jazelle state other than the acceleration of opcode programs in accordance with this section and Lindholm and Yellin. Extension of the PC to 32 bits In order to allow the PC to point to an arbitrary opcode, all 32 bits of the PC are defined in non-trivial implementations. Bit[0] of the PC always reads as zero when in ARM or Thumb state. Bit[1] reflects the word-alignment, or halfword-alignment of ARM and Thumb instructions respectively. The existence of bit[0] in the PC is only visible in ARM or Thumb state due to an exception occurring in Jazelle state, and the exception return address is odd-byte aligned. The main architectural implication of this is that exception handlers must ensure that they restore all 32 bits of R15. The recommended ways to handle exception returns behave correctly. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-55 Programmers’ Model A2.10.3 New Jazelle state entry instruction (BXJ) An ARM instruction similar to BX is added. The BXJ instruction has a single register operand that specifies a target execution state (ARM or Thumb) and branch target address for use if entry to Jazelle state is not available. See BXJ on page A4-21 for more details. Compliant Java execution involves the EJVM using the BXJ instruction, the usage model of the standard ARM registers, and the Jazelle Extension Control and Configuration registers described in Configuration and control on page A2-62. Executing BXJ with Jazelle Extension enabled Executing a BXJ instruction when the JE bit is 1 gives the Jazelle Extension hardware an opportunity to enter Jazelle state and start executing opcodes directly. The circumstances in which Jazelle state execution is entered are IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED. If Jazelle state execution is not entered, the instruction is executed in the same way as a BX instruction to a SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED register usage model. This is required to ensure the Jazelle Extension hardware and the EJVM software communicate effectively with each other. Similarly, various registers will contain SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED values when Jazelle state execution is terminated and ARM or Thumb state execution is resumed. The precise set of registers affected by these requirements is a SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED subset of the process registers, which are defined to be: • the ARM general-purpose registers R0-R14 • the PC • the CPSR • the VFP general-purpose registers S0-S31 and D0-D15, subject to the VFP architecture’s restrictions on their use and subject to the VFP architecture being present • the FPSCR, subject to the VFP architecture being present. All processor state that can be modified by Jazelle state execution must be kept in process registers, in order to ensure that it is preserved and restored correctly when processor exceptions and process swaps occur. Configuration state (that is, state that affects Jazelle state execution but is not modified by it) can be kept either in process registers or in configuration registers. EJVM implementations should only set JE == 1 after determining that the processor’s Jazelle Extension subarchitecture is compatible with their usage of the process registers. Otherwise, they should leave JE == 0 and execute without hardware acceleration. Executing BXJ with Jazelle Extension disabled If a BXJ instruction is executed when the JE bit is 0, it is executed identically to a BX instruction with the same register operand. BXJ instructions can therefore be freely executed when the JE bit is 0. In particular, if an EJVM determines that it is executing on a processor whose Jazelle Extension implementation is trivial or uses an incompatible subarchitecture, it can set JE == 0 and execute correctly, without the benefit of any Jazelle hardware acceleration that may be present. A2-56 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model Jazelle state exit The processor exits Jazelle state in IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED circumstances. This is typically due to attempted execution of an opcode that the implementation cannot handle in hardware, or that generates a Jazelle exception (such as a Null-Pointer exception). When this occurs, various processor registers will contain SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED values, allowing the EJVM to resume software execution of the opcode program correctly. The processor also exits Jazelle state when a processor exception occurs. The CPSR is copied to the exception mode’s banked SPSR as normal, so the banked SPSR contains J == 1 and T == 0, and Jazelle state is restored on return from the exception when the SPSR is copied back into the CPSR. Coupled with the restriction that only process registers can be modified by Jazelle state execution, this ensures that all registers are correctly preserved and restored by processor exception handlers. Configuration and control registers may be modified in the exception handler itself as described in Configuration and control on page A2-62. Considerations specific to execution of opcodes apply to processor exceptions. For details of these, see Jazelle Extension exception handling on page A2-58. It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether Jazelle Extension hardware contains state that is modified during Jazelle state execution, and is held outside the process registers during Jazelle state execution. If such state exists, the implementation shall: • Initialize the state from one or more of the process registers whenever Jazelle state is entered, either as a result of execution of a BXJ instruction or of returning from a processor exception. • Write the state into one or more of the process registers whenever Jazelle state is exited, either as a result of taking a processor exception or of IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED circumstances. • Ensure that the ways in which it is written into process registers on taking a processor exception, and initialized from process registers on returning from that exception, result in it being correctly preserved and restored over the exception. Additional Jazelle state restrictions The Jazelle Extension hardware shall obey the following restrictions: • It must not change processor mode other than by taking one of the standard ARM processor exceptions. • It must not access banked versions of registers other than the ones belonging to the processor mode in which it is entered. • It must not do anything that is illegal for an UNPREDICTABLE instruction. That is, it must not generate a security loophole, nor halt or hang the processor or any other part of the system. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-57 Programmers’ Model As a result of these requirements, Jazelle state can be entered from User mode without risking a breach of OS security. In addition: • Entering Jazelle state from FIQ mode has UNPREDICTABLE results. • Jazelle Extension subarchitectures and implementations must not make use of otherwise-unallocated CPSR and SPSR bits. All such bits are reserved for future expansion of the ARM and Thumb architectures. A2.10.4 Jazelle Extension exception handling All exceptions copy the J bit from the CPSR to the SPSR, and all instructions that have the side-effect of copying the SPSR to the CPSR must copy the J bit along with all the other bits. When an exception occurs in Jazelle state, the R14 register for the exception mode is calculated as follows: IRQ/FIQ Address of opcode to be executed on return from interrupt + 4. Prefetch Abort Address of the opcode causing the abort + 4. Data Abort Address of the opcode causing the abort + 8. Undefined instruction Must not occur. See Undefined Instruction exceptions on page A2-60. SWI Must not occur. See SWI exceptions on page A2-60. Interrupts (IRQ and FIQ) In order for the standard mechanism for handling interrupts to work correctly, Jazelle Exception hardware implementations must take care that whenever an interrupt is allowed to occur during Jazelle state execution, one of the following occurs: A2-58 • Execution has reached an opcode instruction boundary. That is, all operations required to implement one opcode have completed, and none of the operations required to implement the next opcode have completed. The R14 value on entry to the interrupt handler must be the address of the next opcode, plus 4. • The sequence of operations performed from the start of the current opcode’s execution up to any point where an interrupt can occur is idempotent: that is, it can be repeated from its start without changing the overall result of executing the opcode. The R14 value on entry to the interrupt handler must be the address of the current opcode, plus 4. • If an interrupt does occur during an opcode’s execution, corrective action is taken either directly by the Jazelle Extension hardware or indirectly by it calling a SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED handler in the EJVM, and that corrective action re-creates a situation in which the opcode can be re-executed from its start. The R14 value on entry to the interrupt handler must be the address of the opcode, plus 4. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model Data aborts The value saved in R14_abt on a data abort shall ensure that a virtual memory data abort handler can read the system coprocessor (CP15) Fault Status and Fault Address registers, fix the reason for the abort and return using SUBS PC,R14,#8 or its equivalent, without looking at the instruction that caused the abort or which state it was executed in. Note This assumes that the intention is to return to and retry the opcode that caused the data abort. If the intention is instead to return to the opcode after the one that caused the abort, then the return address will need to be modified by the length of the opcode that caused the abort. In order for the standard mechanism for handling data aborts to work correctly, Jazelle Exception hardware implementations must ensure that one of the following applies where an opcode might generate a data abort: • The sequence of operations performed from the start of the opcode’s execution up to the point where the data abort occurs is idempotent. That is, it can be repeated from its start without changing the overall result of executing the opcode. • If the data abort occurs during opcode execution, corrective action is taken either directly by the Jazelle Extension hardware or indirectly by it calling a SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED handler in the EJVM, and that corrective action re-creates a situation in which the opcode can be re-executed from its start. Note In ARMv6, the Base Updated Abort Model is no longer allowed (see Abort models on page A2-23). This removes one potential obstacle to the first of these solutions. Prefetch aborts The value saved in R14_abt on a prefetch abort shall ensure that a virtual memory prefetch abort handler can locate the start of the instruction that caused the abort simply and without looking at the state in which its execution was attempted. It is always at address (R14_abt – 4). However, a multi-byte opcode may cross a page boundary, in which case the ARM processor’s prefetch abort handler cannot determine directly which of the two pages caused the abort. It is SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED how this situation is handled, subject to the requirement that if it is handled by calling the ARM processor’s prefetch abort handler, (R14_abt – 4) must point to the first byte of the opcode concerned. In order to ensure subarchitecture-independence, OS designers should write prefetch abort handlers in such a way that they can handle a prefetch abort generated in either of the two pages spanned by such a opcode. A suggested simple technique is: ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-59 Programmers’ Model IF the page pointed to by (R14_abt – 4) is not mapped THEN map the page ELSE map the page following the page including (R14_abt – 4) ENDIF retry the instruction SWI exceptions SWI exceptions must not occur during Jazelle state execution, for the following reasons: • ARM and Thumb state SWIs are supported in the ARM architecture. Opcode SWIs are not supported, due to the additional complexity they would introduce in the SWI usage model. • Jazelle Extension subarchitectures and implementations need to have a mechanism to return to ARM or Thumb state handlers in order to execute the more complex opcode. If a opcode needs to make an OS call, it can make use of this mechanism to cause an ARM or Thumb SWI instruction to be executed, with a small overhead in percentage terms compared with the cost of the OS call itself. • SWI calling conventions are highly OS-dependent, and would potentially require the subarchitecture to be OS aware. Undefined Instruction exceptions Undefined Instruction exceptions must not occur during Jazelle state execution. When the Jazelle Extension hardware synthesizes a coprocessor instruction and passes it to a hardware coprocessor (most likely, a VFP coprocessor), and the coprocessor rejects the instruction, there are considerable complications involved if this was allowed to result in the ARM processor’s Undefined Instruction trap. These include: • The coprocessor instruction is not available to be loaded from memory (something that is relied upon by most Undefined Instruction handlers). • The coprocessor instruction cannot typically be determined from the opcode that is loadable from memory without considerable knowledge of implementation and subarchitecture details of the Jazelle Extension hardware. • The coprocessor-generated Undefined Instruction exceptions (and VFP-generated ones in particular) can typically be either precise (that is, caused by the instruction at (R14_und – 4)) or imprecise (that is, caused by a pending exceptional condition generated by some earlier instruction and nothing to do with the instruction at (R14_und – 4)). Precise Undefined Instruction exceptions typically must be handled by emulating the instruction at (R14_und – 4), followed by returning to the instruction that follows it. Imprecise Undefined Instruction exceptions typically need to be handled by getting details of the exceptional condition and/or the earlier instruction from the coprocessor, fixing things up in some way, and then returning to the instruction at (R14_und – 4). This means that there are two different possible return addresses, not necessarily at a fixed offset from each other as they are when dealing with coprocessor instructions in memory, making it difficult to define the value R14_und should have on entry to the Undefined Instruction handler. A2-60 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model • The return address for the Undefined Instruction handler places idempotency requirements and/or completion requirements (that is, that once the coprocessor operation has been completed, everything necessary for execution of the opcode has been done) on the sequences of operations performed by the Jazelle Extension hardware. The restrictions require cooperation and limit the design freedom for both the Jazelle acceleration and coprocessor designers. To avoid the need for undefined exceptions, the following coprocessor interworking model for Jazelle Extension hardware applies. Coprocessor Interworking If while executing in Jazelle state, the Jazelle Extension hardware synthesizes a coprocessor instruction and passes it to a hardware coprocessor for execution, then it must be prepared for the coprocessor to reject the instruction. If a coprocessor rejects an instruction issued by Jazelle Extension hardware, the Jazelle Extension hardware and coprocessor must cooperate to: • Prevent the Undefined Instruction exception that would occur if the coprocessor had rejected a coprocessor instruction in ARM state from occurring. • Take suitable SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED corrective action, probably involving exiting Jazelle state, and executing a suitable ARM code handler that contains further coprocessor instructions. To ensure that this is a practical technique and does not result in inadequate or excessive handling of coprocessor instruction rejections, coprocessors designed for use with the Jazelle Extension must: • When there is an exceptional condition generated by an earlier instruction, the coprocessor shall keep track of that exceptional condition and keep trying to cause an imprecise Undefined Instruction exception whenever an attempt is made to execute one of its coprocessor instructions until the exceptional condition is cleared by its Undefined Instruction handler. • When it tries to cause a precise Undefined Instruction exception, for reasons to do with the coprocessor instruction it is currently being asked to execute, the coprocessor shall act in a memoryless way. That is, if it is subsequently asked to execute a different coprocessor instruction, it must ignore the instruction it first tried to reject precisely and instead determine whether the new instruction needs to be rejected precisely. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-61 Programmers’ Model A2.10.5 Configuration and control All registers associated with the Jazelle Extension are implemented in coprocessor space as part of coprocessor fourteen (CP14). The registers are accessed using the MCR (MCR on page A4-62) and MRC (MRC on page A4-70) instructions. The general instruction formats for Jazelle Extension control and configuration are as follows: MCR{ } p14, 7, , CRn, CRm{, MRC{ } p14, 7, , CRn, CRm{, opcode_2}* opcode_2}* *opcode_2 can be omitted if opcode_2 == 0 The following rules apply to the Jazelle Extension control and configuration registers: • All SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED configuration registers are accessed by coprocessor 14 MRC and MCR instructions with set to 7. • The values contained by configuration registers are only changed by the execution of MCR instructions, and in particular are not changed by Jazelle state execution of opcodes. • The access policy for the required registers is fully defined in their descriptions. All MCR accesses to the Jazelle ID register, and MRC or MCR accesses which are restricted to privileged modes only are UNDEFINED if executed in User mode. The access policy of other configuration registers is SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED. • When a configuration register is readable, the result of reading it will be the last value written to it, with no side-effects. When a configuration register is not readable, the result of attempting to read it is UNPREDICTABLE. • When a configuration register can be written, the effect must be idempotent. That is, the overall effect of writing the value more than once must not differ from the effect of writing it once. A minimum of three registers are required in a non-trivial implementation. Additional registers may be provided and are SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED. Jazelle ID register The Jazelle Identity register allows EJVMs to determine the architecture and subarchitecture under which they are running. This is a coprocessor 14 read-only register, accessed by the MRC instruction: MRC{ } p14, 7, , c0, c0 {, 0} ; := Jazelle Identity register The Jazelle ID register is normally accessible from both privileged and User modes. See Operating System (OS) control register on page A2-64 for User mode access restrictions. A2-62 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model The format of the Jazelle Identity register is: 31 28 27 Architecture 20 19 Implementor 12 11 Subarchitecture 0 SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED Bits[31:28] Contain an architecture code. This uses the same architecture code that appears in the Main ID register in coprocessor 15 Bits[27:20] Contain the implementor code of the designer of the subarchitecture. This uses the same implementor code that appears in the Main ID register in coprocessor 15, as documented in Main ID register on page B3-7. As a special case, if the trivial implementation of the Jazelle Extension is used, this implementor code is 0x00. Bits[19:12] Contain the subarchitecture code. The following subarchitecture code is defined: 0x00 = Jazelle V1 subarchitecture, or trivial implementation of Jazelle Extension if implementor code is 0x00. Bits[11:0] Contain further SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED information. Main configuration register A Main Configuration register is added to control the Jazelle Extension. This is a coprocessor 14 register, accessed by MRC and MCR instructions as follows: MRC{ } p14, 7, , c2, c0 {, 0} MCR{ } p14, 7, , c2, c0 {, 0} ; ; ; ; := Main Configuration register Main Configuration register := This register is normally write-only from User mode. See Operating System (OS) control register on page A2-64 for additional User mode access restrictions. The format of the Main Configuration register is: 31 1 0 SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED Bit[31:1] SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED Bit[0] The Jazelle Enable (JE) bit, which is cleared to 0 on reset. JE information. When the JE bit is 0, the Jazelle Extension is disabled and the BXJ instruction does not cause Jazelle state execution – instead, BXJ behaves exactly as a BX instruction. See BXJ on page A4-21. When the JE bit is 1, the Jazelle Extension is enabled. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-63 Programmers’ Model Operating System (OS) control register The Jazelle OS Control register provides the operating system with process usage control of the Jazelle Extension. This is a coprocessor 14 register, accessed by MRC and MCR instructions as follows: MRC{ } p14, 7, , c1, c0 {, 0} MCR{ } p14, 7, , c1, c0 {, 0} ; ; ; ; := Jazelle OS Control register Jazelle OS Control register := This register can only be accessed from privileged modes; these instructions are UNDEFINED when executed in User mode. EJVMs will normally never access the Jazelle OS Control register, and EJVMs that are intended to run in User mode cannot do so. The purpose of the Jazelle OS Control register is primarily to allow operating systems to control access to the Jazelle Extension hardware in a subarchitecture-independent fashion. It is expected to be used in conjunction with the JE bit of the Main Configuration register. The format of the Jazelle OS Control register is: 31 2 RESERVED (RAZ) 1 0 C C V D Bits[31:2] Reserved for future expansion. Prior to such expansion, they must read as zero. To maximize future compatibility, software should preserve their contents, using a read modify write method to update the other control bits. CV Bit[1] The Configuration Valid bit, which can be used by an operating system to signal to an EJVM that it needs to re-write its configuration to the configuration registers. When CV == 0, re-writing of the configuration registers is required before an opcode is next executed. When CV == 1, no re-writing of the configuration registers is required, other than re-writing that is certain to occur before an opcode is next executed. CD Bit[0] The Configuration Disabled bit, which can be used by an operating system to monitor and/or control User mode access to the configuration registers and the Jazelle Identity register. When CD == 0, MCR instructions that write to configuration registers and MRC instructions that read the Jazelle Identity register execute normally. When CD == 1, all of these instructions only behave normally when executed in a privileged mode, and are UNDEFINED when executed in User mode. When the JE bit of the Main Configuration register is 0, the Jazelle OS Control register has no effect on how BXJ instructions are executed. They always execute as a BX instruction. When the JE bit of the Main Configuration register is 1, the CV bit affects BXJ instructions as follows: • A2-64 If CV == 1, the Jazelle Extension hardware configuration is considered enabled and valid, allowing the processor to enter Jazelle state and execute opcodes as described in Executing BXJ with Jazelle Extension enabled on page A2-56. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model • If CV == 0, then in all of the IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED circumstances in which the Jazelle Extension hardware would have entered Jazelle state if CV had been 1, it instead enters a configuration invalid handler and sets CV to 1. A configuration invalid handler is a sequence of ARM instructions that includes MCR instructions to write the configuration required by the EJVM, ending with a BXJ instruction to re-attempt execution of the opcode concerned. The method by which the configuration invalid handler’s address is determined and its entry and exit conditions are all SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED. In circumstances in which the Jazelle Extension hardware would not have entered Jazelle state if CV had been 1, it is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether the configuration invalid handler is entered as described in the last paragraph, or the BXJ instruction is treated as a BX instruction with possible SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED restrictions. The intended use of the CV bit is that when a process swap occurs, the operating system sets CV to 0. The result is that before the new process can execute an opcode in the Jazelle Extension hardware, it must execute its configuration invalid handler. This ensures that the Jazelle Extension hardware’s configuration registers are correctly for the EJVM concerned. The CV bit is set to 1 on entry to the configuration invalid handler, allowing the opcode to be executed in hardware when the invalid configuration handler re-attempts its execution. Note It may seem counterintuitive that the CV bit is set to 1 on entry to the configuration invalid handler, rather than after it has completed writing the configuration registers. This is correct, otherwise, the configuration invalid handler may partially configure the hardware before a process swap occurs, causing another EJVM-using process to write its configuration to the hardware. When the original process is resumed, CV will have been cleared (CV == 0) by the operating system. If the handler writes its configuration to the hardware and then sets CV to 1 in this example, the opcode will be executed with the hardware configured for a hybrid of the two configurations. By setting CV to 1 on entry to the configuration invalid handler, this means that CV is 0 when execution of the opcode is re-attempted, and the configuration invalid handler will execute again (and if necessary, recursively) until it finally completes execution without a process swap occurring. The CD bit has multiple possible uses for monitoring and controlling User mode access to the Jazelle Extension hardware. Among them are: • By setting CD == 1 and JE == 0, an OS can prevent all User mode access to the Jazelle Extension hardware: any attempt to use the BXJ instruction will produce the same result as a BX instruction, and any attempt to configure the hardware (including setting the JE bit) will result in an Undefined Instruction exception. • To provide User mode access to the Jazelle Extension hardware in a simple manner, while protecting EJVMs from conflicting use of the hardware by other processes, the OS should set CD == 0 and should preserve and restore the Main Configuration register on process swaps, initializing its value to 0 for new processes. In addition, it should set the CV bit to 0 on every process swap, to ensure that EJVMs reconfigure the Jazelle Extension hardware to match their requirements when necessary. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-65 Programmers’ Model • The technique described in the previous bullet point may result in large numbers of unnecessary reconfigurations of the Jazelle Extension hardware if only a few processes are using the hardware. This can be improved by the OS keeping track of which User mode processes are known to be using an EJVM. The OS should set CD == 1 and JE == 0 for any new processes or on a context switch to an existing process that is not using an EJVM. Any User mode instruction that attempts to access a configuration register will take an UNDEFINED exception. The Undefined Instruction handler can then identify the EJVM need, mark the process as using an EJVM, then return to retry the instruction with CD == 0. A further refinement is to clear the CV bit to 0 only if the context switch is to an EJVM-using process that is different from the last EVJM-using process which ran. This avoids redundant reconfiguration of the hardware. That is, the operating system maintains a “process currently owning the Jazelle Extension hardware” variable, that gets updated with a process_ID when swapping to an EJVM-using process. The context switch software sets CV to 0 if the process_ID update results in a change to the saved variable. Context switch software implementing the CV-bit scheme should also save and restore the Main Configuration register (in its entirety) on a process swap where the EJVM-using process changes. This ensures that the restored EJVM can use the JE bit reliably for its own purpose. Note This technique will not identify privileged EJVM-using processes. However, it is assumed that operating systems are aware of the needs of their privileged processes. • The OS can impose a single Jazelle Extension configuration on all User mode code by writing that configuration to the hardware, then setting CD == 1 and JE == 1. The CV and CD bits are both set to 0 on reset. This ensures that subject to some conditions, an EJVM can operate correctly under an OS that does not support the Jazelle Extension. The main such condition is that a process swap never swaps between two EJVM-using processes that require different settings of the configuration registers. This would occur in either of the following two cases, for example: A2-66 • if there is only ever one EJVM-using process in the system. • if all of the EJVM-using processes in the system use the same static settings of the configuration registers. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A2.10.6 EJVM operation This section summarizes how EJVMs should operate in order to meet the architecture requirements. Initialization During initialization, the EJVM should first check which subarchitecture is present, using the implementor and subarchitecture codes in the value read from the Jazelle Identity register. If the EJVM is incompatible with the subarchitecture, it should either write a value with JE == 0 to the Main Configuration register, or (if unaccelerated opcode execution is unacceptable) generate an error. If the EJVM is compatible with the subarchitecture, it should write its desired configuration to the Main Configuration register and any other configuration registers. The EJVM should not skip this step on the assumption that the CV bit of the Jazelle OS Control register will be 0; an assumption that CV == 0 triggering the configuration invalid handler before any opcode is executed by the Jazelle Extension hardware should not be relied on. Opcode execution The EJVM should contain a handler for each opcode and for each exception condition specified by the subarchitecture it is designed for (the exception conditions always include configuration invalid). It should initiate opcode execution by executing a BXJ instruction with the register operand specifying the target address of the opcode handler for the first opcode of the program, and the process registers set up in accordance with the SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED register usage model. The opcode handler performs the data-processing operations required by the opcode concerned, determines the address of the next opcode to be executed, determines the address of the handler for that opcode, and performs a BXJ to that handler address with the registers again set up to the SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED register usage model. The register usage model on entry to exception condition handlers are SUBARCHITECTURE DEFINED, and may differ from the register usage model defined for BXJ instruction execution. The handlers then resolve the exception condition. For example, in the case of the configuration invalid handler, the handler rewrites the desired configuration to the Main Configuration register and any other configuration registers). Further considerations To ensure application execution and correct interaction with an operating system, EJVMs should only perform operations that are allowed in User mode. In particular, they should only ever read the Jazelle ID register, write to the configuration registers, and should not attempt to access the Jazelle OS Control register. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-67 Programmers’ Model A2.10.7 Trivial implementations This section summarizes what needs to be implemented in trivial implementations of the Jazelle Extension. • Implement the Jazelle Identity register with the implementor and subarchitecture fields set to zero; the whole register may RAZ (read as zero). • Implement the Main Configuration register to read as zero and ignore writes. • Implement the Jazelle OS control register such that it can be read and written, but its effects are ignored. The register may be implemented as RAZ/DNM - read as zero, do not modify on writes. This allows operating systems supporting an EJVM to execute correctly. • Implement the BXJ instruction to behave identically to the BX instruction in all circumstances, as implied by the fact that the JE bit is always zero. In particular, this means that Jazelle state will never be entered normally on a trivial implementation. • In ARMv6, a trivial implementation can implement the J bit in the CPSR/SPSRs as RAZ/DNM; read as zero, do not modify on writes. This is allowed because there is no legitimate way to set the J bit and enter Jazelle state, hence any return routine that tries to do so is issuing an UNPREDICTABLE instruction. Otherwise, implement J bits in the CPSR and each SPSR, and ensure that they are read, written and copied correctly when exceptions are entered and when MSR, MRS and exception return instructions are executed. • In all cases when J == 1 in the CPSR it is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED whether the next instruction is fetched and, could result in a prefetch abort, or it is assumed to be UNDEFINED. Note The PC does not need to be extended to 32 bits in the trivial implementation, since the only way that bit[0] of the PC is visible in ARM or Thumb state is as a result of a processor exception occurring during Jazelle state execution, and Jazelle state execution does not occur on a trivial implementation. A2-68 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Programmers’ Model A2.11 Saturated integer arithmetic When viewed as a signed number, the value of a general-purpose register lies in the range from –231 (or 0x80000000) to +231 – 1 (or 0x7FFFFFFF). If an addition or subtraction is performed on such numbers and the correct mathematical result lies outside this range, it would require more than 32 bits to represent. In these circumstances, the surplus bits are normally discarded, which has the effect that the result obtained is equal to the correct mathematical result reduced modulo 232. For example, 0x60000000 could be used to represent +3 × 229 as a signed integer. If you add this number to itself, you get +3 × 230, which lies outside the representable range, but could be represented as the 33-bit signed number 0x0C0000000. The actual result obtained will be the right-most 32 bits of this, which are 0xC0000000. This represents –230, which is smaller than the correct mathematical result by 232, and does not even have the same sign as the correct result. This kind of inaccuracy is unacceptable in many DSP applications. For example, if it occurred while processing an audio signal, the abrupt change of sign would be likely to result in a loud click. To avoid this sort of effect, many DSP algorithms use saturated signed arithmetic. This modifies the way normal integer arithmetic behaves as follows: • If the correct mathematical result lies within the available range from –231 to +231 – 1, the result of the operation is equal to the correct mathematical result. • If the correct mathematical result is greater than +231 – 1 and so overflows the upper end of the representable range, the result of the operation is equal to +231 – 1. • If the correct mathematical result is less than –231 and so overflows the lower end of the representable range, the result of the operation is equal to –231. Put another way, the result of a saturated arithmetic operation is the closest representable number to the correct mathematical result of the operation. Instructions that support saturated signed 32-bit integer additions and subtractions (Q prefix), use the QADD and QSUB instructions. Variants of these instructions (QDADD and QDSUB) perform a saturated doubling of one of the operands before the saturated addition or subtraction. Saturated integer multiplications are not supported, because the product of two values of widths A and B bits never overflows an (A+B)-bit destination. A2.11.1 Saturated Q15 and Q31 arithmetic A 32-bit signed value can be treated as having a binary point immediately after its sign bit. This is equivalent to dividing its signed integer value by 231, so that it can now represent numbers from –1 to +1 – 2–31. When a 32-bit value is used to represent a fractional number in this fashion, it is known as a Q31 number. Saturated additions, subtractions, and doublings can be performed on Q31 numbers using the same instructions as are used for saturated integer arithmetic, since everything is simply scaled down by a factor of 2–31. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A2-69 Programmers’ Model Similarly, a 16-bit value can be treated as having a binary point immediately after its sign bit, which effectively divides its signed integer value by 215. When a 16-bit value is used in this fashion, it can represent numbers from –1 to +1 – 2–15 and is known as a Q15 number. If two Q15 numbers are multiplied together as integers, the resulting integer needs to be scaled down by a factor of 2–15 × 2–15 == 2–30. For example, multiplying the Q15 number 0x8000 (representing –1) by itself using an integer multiplication instruction yields the value 0x40000000, which is 230 times the desired result of +1. This means that the result of the integer multiplication instruction is not quite in Q31 form. To get it into Q31 form, it must be doubled, so that the required scaling factor becomes 2–31. Furthermore, it is possible that the doubling will cause integer overflow, so the result should in fact be doubled with saturation. In particular, the result 0x40000000 from the multiplication of 0x8000 by itself should be doubled with saturation to produce 0x7FFFFFFF (the closest possible Q31 number to the correct mathematical result of –1 × –1 == +1). If it were doubled without saturation, it would instead produce 0x80000000, which is the Q31 representation of –1. To implement a saturated Q15 × Q15 → Q31 multiplication, therefore, an integer multiply instruction should be followed by a saturated integer doubling. The latter can be performed by a QADD instruction adding the multiply result to itself. Similarly, a saturated Q15 × Q15 + Q31 → Q31 multiply-accumulate can be performed using an integer multiply instruction followed by the use of a QDADD instruction. Some other examples of arithmetic on Q15 and Q31 numbers are described in the Usage sections for the individual instructions. A2-70 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Chapter A3 The ARM Instruction Set This chapter describes the ARM® instruction set and contains the following sections: • Instruction set encoding on page A3-2 • The condition field on page A3-3 • Branch instructions on page A3-5 • Data-processing instructions on page A3-7 • Multiply instructions on page A3-10 • Parallel addition and subtraction instructions on page A3-14 • Extend instructions on page A3-16 • Miscellaneous arithmetic instructions on page A3-17 • Other miscellaneous instructions on page A3-18 • Status register access instructions on page A3-19 • Load and store instructions on page A3-21 • Load and Store Multiple instructions on page A3-26 • Semaphore instructions on page A3-28 • Exception-generating instructions on page A3-29 • Coprocessor instructions on page A3-30 • Extending the instruction set on page A3-32. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-1 The ARM Instruction Set A3.1 Instruction set encoding Figure A3-1 shows the ARM instruction set encoding. All other bit patterns are UNPREDICTABLE or UNDEFINED. See Extending the instruction set on page A3-32 for a description of the cases where instructions are UNDEFINED. An entry in square brackets, for example [1], indicates that more information is given after the figure. 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 2. 3. 4. A3-2 5 4 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 x x 0 Data processing register shift [2] cond [1] 0 0 0 Miscellaneous instructions: See Figure A3-4 cond [1] 0 0 0 1 0 x x 0 x x x x x x x x x x x x 0 x x 1 x x x x Multiplies: See Figure A3-3 Extra load/stores: See Figure A3-5 cond [1] 0 0 0 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1 x x 1 x x x x Data processing immediate [2] cond [1] 0 0 1 Undefined instruction cond [1] 0 0 1 1 0 x 0 0 Move immediate to status register cond [1] 0 0 1 1 0 R 1 0 Mask Load/store immediate offset cond [1] 0 1 0 P U B W L Rn Rd Load/store register offset cond [1] 0 1 1 P U B W L Rn Rd Media instructions [4]: See Figure A3-2 cond [1] 0 1 1 x x Architecturally undefined cond [1] 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Load/store multiple cond [1] 1 0 0 P U S W L opcode S x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0 Rn Rn Rd Rs Rd 0 shift rotate 1 x x x x Rm immediate x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x SBO Rm rotate x x x x immediate immediate shift amount shift 0 Rm x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1 x x x x Branch and branch with link cond [1] 1 0 1 L Coprocessor load/store and double register transfers cond [3] 1 1 0 P U N W L Coprocessor data processing cond [3] 1 1 1 0 Coprocessor register transfers cond [3] 1 1 1 0 opcode1 L Software interrupt cond [1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x x x shift amount 6 cond [1] x x x Rd shift Miscellaneous instructions: See Figure A3-4 S Rn 7 0 0 0 opcode S 8 cond [1] Unconditional instructions: See Figure A3-6 1. opcode 9 Data processing immediate shift x x x x x x x x x x x x 1 1 1 1 x x x x register list Rn 24-bit offset opcode1 Rn CRd cp_num CRn CRd cp_num opcode2 0 CRm CRn Rd cp_num opcode2 1 CRm 8-bit offset swi number x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Figure A3-1 ARM instruction set summary The cond field is not allowed to be 1111 in this line. Other lines deal with the cases where bits[31:28] of the instruction are 1111. If the opcode field is of the form 10xx and the S field is 0, one of the following lines applies instead. If the cond field is 1111, this instruction is UNPREDICTABLE prior to ARMv5. The architecturally Undefined instruction uses a small number of these instruction encodings. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.2 The condition field Most ARM instructions can be conditionally executed, which means that they only have their normal effect on the programmers’ model state, memory and coprocessors if the N, Z, C and V flags in the CPSR satisfy a condition specified in the instruction. If the flags do not satisfy this condition, the instruction acts as a NOP: that is, execution advances to the next instruction as normal, including any relevant checks for interrupts and Prefetch Aborts, but has no other effect. Prior to ARMv5, all ARM instructions could be conditionally executed. A few instructions have been introduced subsequently which can only be executed unconditionally. See Unconditional instruction extension space on page A3-41 for details. Every instruction contains a 4-bit condition code field in bits 31 to 28: 31 28 27 0 cond This field contains one of the 16 values described in Table A3-1 on page A3-4. Most instruction mnemonics can be extended with the letters defined in the mnemonic extension field. If the always (AL) condition is specified, the instruction is executed irrespective of the value of the condition code flags. The absence of a condition code on an instruction mnemonic implies the AL condition code. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-3 The ARM Instruction Set A3.2.1 Condition code 0b1111 If the condition field is 0b1111, the behavior depends on the architecture version: • In ARMv4, any instruction with a condition field of 0b1111 is UNPREDICTABLE. • In ARMv5 and above, a condition field of 0b1111 is used to encode various additional instructions which can only be executed unconditionally (see Unconditional instruction extension space on page A3-41). All instruction encoding diagrams which show bits[31:28] as cond only match instructions in which these bits are not equal to 0b1111. Table A3-1 Condition codes Opcode [31:28] Mnemonic extension Meaning Condition flag state 0000 EQ Equal Z set 0001 NE Not equal Z clear 0010 CS/HS Carry set/unsigned higher or same C set 0011 CC/LO Carry clear/unsigned lower C clear 0100 MI Minus/negative N set 0101 PL Plus/positive or zero N clear 0110 VS Overflow V set 0111 VC No overflow V clear 1000 HI Unsigned higher C set and Z clear 1001 LS Unsigned lower or same C clear or Z set 1010 GE Signed greater than or equal N set and V set, or N clear and V clear (N == V) 1011 LT Signed less than N set and V clear, or N clear and V set (N != V) 1100 GT Signed greater than Z clear, and either N set and V set, or N clear and V clear (Z == 0,N == V) 1101 LE Signed less than or equal Z set, or N set and V clear, or N clear and V set (Z == 1 or N != V) 1110 AL Always (unconditional) - 1111 - See Condition code 0b1111 - A3-4 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.3 Branch instructions All ARM processors support a branch instruction that allows a conditional branch forwards or backwards up to 32MB. As the PC is one of the general-purpose registers (R15), a branch or jump can also be generated by writing a value to R15. A subroutine call can be performed by a variant of the standard branch instruction. As well as allowing a branch forward or backward up to 32MB, the Branch with Link (BL) instruction preserves the address of the instruction after the branch (the return address) in the LR (R14). In T variants of ARMv4 and above, the Branch and Exchange (BX) instruction copies the contents of a general-purpose register Rm to the PC (like a MOV PC,Rm instruction), with the additional functionality that if bit[0] of the transferred value is 1, the processor shifts to Thumb® state. Together with the corresponding Thumb instructions, this allows interworking branches between ARM and Thumb code. Interworking subroutine calls can be generated by combining BX with an instruction to write a suitable return address to the LR, such as an immediately preceding MOV LR,PC instruction. In ARMv5 and above, there are also two types of Branch with Link and Exchange (BLX) instruction: • One type takes a register operand Rm, like a BX instruction. This instruction behaves like a BX instruction, and additionally writes the address of the next instruction into the LR. This provides a more efficient interworking subroutine call than a sequence of MOV LR,PC followed by BX Rm. • The other type behaves like a BL instruction, branching backwards or forwards by up to 32MB and writing a return link to the LR, but shifts to Thumb state rather than staying in ARM state as BL does. This provides a more efficient alternative to loading the subroutine address into Rm followed by a BLX Rm instruction when it is known that a Thumb subroutine is being called and that the subroutine lies within the 32MB range. A load instruction provides a way to branch anywhere in the 4GB address space (known as a long branch). A 32-bit value is loaded directly from memory into the PC, causing a branch. A long branch can be preceded by MOV LR,PC or another instruction that writes the LR to generate a long subroutine call. In ARMv5 and above, bit[0] of the value loaded by a long branch controls whether the subroutine is executed in ARM state or Thumb state, just like bit[0] of the value moved to the PC by a BX instruction. Prior to ARMv5, bits[1:0] of the value loaded into the PC are ignored, and a load into the PC can only be used to call a subroutine in ARM state. In non-T variants of ARMv5, the instructions described above can cause an entry into Thumb state despite the fact that the Thumb instruction set is not present. This causes the instruction at the branch target to enter the Undefined Instruction exception. See The interrupt disable bits on page A2-14 for more details. In ARMv6 and above, and in J variants of ARMv5, there is an additional Branch and Exchange Jazelle® instruction, see BXJ on page A4-21. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-5 The ARM Instruction Set A3.3.1 Examples B label ; branch unconditionally to label BCC label ; branch to label if carry flag is clear BEQ label ; branch to label if zero flag is set MOV PC, #0 ; R15 = 0, branch to location zero BL func ; subroutine call to function PC, LR LR, PC ; ; ; ; func . . MOV MOV LDR A3.3.2 A3-6 PC, =func R15=R14, return to instruction after the BL store the address of the instruction after the next one into R14 ready to return load a 32-bit value into the program counter List of branch instructions B, BL Branch, and Branch with Link. See B, BL on page A4-10. BLX Branch with Link and Exchange. See BLX (1) on page A4-16 and BLX (2) on page A4-18. BX Branch and Exchange Instruction Set. See BX on page A4-20. BXJ Branch and change to Jazelle state. See BXJ on page A4-21. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.4 Data-processing instructions ARM has 16 data-processing instructions, shown in Table A3-2. Table A3-2 Data-processing instructions Opcode Mnemonic Operation Action 0000 AND Logical AND Rd := Rn AND shifter_operand 0001 EOR Logical Exclusive OR Rd := Rn EOR shifter_operand 0010 SUB Subtract Rd := Rn - shifter_operand 0011 RSB Reverse Subtract Rd := shifter_operand - Rn 0100 ADD Add Rd := Rn + shifter_operand 0101 ADC Add with Carry Rd := Rn + shifter_operand + Carry Flag 0110 SBC Subtract with Carry Rd := Rn - shifter_operand - NOT(Carry Flag) 0111 RSC Reverse Subtract with Carry Rd := shifter_operand - Rn - NOT(Carry Flag) 1000 TST Test Update flags after Rn AND shifter_operand 1001 TEQ Test Equivalence Update flags after Rn EOR shifter_operand 1010 CMP Compare Update flags after Rn - shifter_operand 1011 CMN Compare Negated Update flags after Rn + shifter_operand 1100 ORR Logical (inclusive) OR Rd := Rn OR shifter_operand 1101 MOV Move Rd := shifter_operand (no first operand) 1110 BIC Bit Clear Rd := Rn AND NOT(shifter_operand) 1111 MVN Move Not Rd := NOT shifter_operand (no first operand) Most data-processing instructions take two source operands, though Move and Move Not take only one. The compare and test instructions only update the condition flags. Other data-processing instructions store a result to a register and optionally update the condition flags as well. Of the two source operands, one is always a register. The other is called a shifter operand and is either an immediate value or a register. If the second operand is a register value, it can have a shift applied to it. CMP, CMN, TST and TEQ always update the condition code flags. The assembler automatically sets the S bit in the instruction for them, and the corresponding instruction with the S bit clear is not a data-processing instruction, but instead lies in one of the instruction extension spaces (see Extending the instruction set on page A3-32). The remaining instructions update the flags if an S is appended to the instruction mnemonic (which sets the S bit in the instruction). See The condition code flags on page A2-11 for more details. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-7 The ARM Instruction Set A3.4.1 Instruction encoding { }{S} , := MOV | MVN { } , := CMP | CMN | TST | TEQ { }{S} , , := ADD | SUB | RSB | ADC | SBC | RSC | AND | BIC | EOR | ORR 31 28 27 26 25 24 cond A3-8 0 0 I 21 20 19 opcode S 16 15 Rn 12 11 Rd 0 shifter_operand I bit Distinguishes between the immediate and register forms of . S bit Signifies that the instruction updates the condition codes. Rn Specifies the first source operand register. Rd Specifies the destination register. shifter_operand Specifies the second source operand. See Addressing Mode 1 - Data-processing operands on page A5-2 for details of the shifter operands. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.4.2 List of data-processing instructions ADC Add with Carry. See ADC on page A4-4. ADD Add. See ADD on page A4-6. AND Logical AND. See AND on page A4-8. BIC Logical Bit Clear. See BIC on page A4-12. CMN Compare Negative. See CMN on page A4-26. CMP Compare. See CMP on page A4-28. EOR Logical EOR. See EOR on page A4-32. MOV Move. See MOV on page A4-68. MVN Move Not. See MVN on page A4-82. ORR Logical OR. See ORR on page A4-84. RSB Reverse Subtract. See RSB on page A4-115. RSC Reverse Subtract with Carry. See RSC on page A4-117. SBC Subtract with Carry. See SBC on page A4-125. SUB Subtract. See SUB on page A4-208. TEQ Test Equivalence. See TEQ on page A4-228. TST Test. See TST on page A4-230. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-9 The ARM Instruction Set A3.5 Multiply instructions ARM has several classes of Multiply instruction: Normal 32-bit x 32-bit, bottom 32-bit result Long 32-bit x 32-bit, 64-bit result Halfword 16-bit x 16-bit, 32-bit result Word ∞ halfword 32-bit x 16-bit, top 32-bit result Most significant word 32-bit x 32-bit, top 32-bit result Dual halfword dual 16-bit x 16-bit, 32-bit result. All Multiply instructions take two register operands as the input to the multiplier. The ARM processor does not directly support a multiply-by-constant instruction because of the efficiency of shift and add, or shift and reverse subtract instructions. A3.5.1 Normal multiply There are two 32-bit x 32-bit Multiply instructions that produce bottom 32-bit results: MUL Multiplies the values of two registers together, truncates the result to 32 bits, and stores the result in a third register. MLA Multiplies the values of two registers together, adds the value of a third register, truncates the result to 32 bits, and stores the result in a fourth register. This can be used to perform multiply-accumulate operations. Both Normal Multiply instructions can optionally set the N (Negative) and Z (Zero) condition code flags. No distinction is made between signed and unsigned variants. Only the least significant 32 bits of the result are stored in the destination register, and the sign of the operands does not affect this value. A3.5.2 Long multiply There are five 32-bit x 32-bit Multiply instructions that produce 64-bit results. Two of the variants multiply the values of two registers together and store the 64-bit result in third and fourth registers. There are signed (SMULL) and unsigned (UMULL) variants. The signed variants produce a different result in the most significant 32 bits if either or both of the source operands is negative. Two variants multiply the values of two registers together, add the 64-bit value from the third and fourth registers, and store the 64-bit result back into those registers (third and fourth). There are signed (SMLAL) and unsigned (UMLAL) variants. These instructions perform a long multiply and accumulate. UMAAL multiplies the unsigned values of two registers together, adds the two unsigned 32-bit values from the third and fourth registers, and stores the 64-bit unsigned result back into those registers (third and fourth). A3-10 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set All the Long Multiply instructions except UMAAL can optionally set the N (Negative) and Z (Zero) condition code flags. UMAAL does not affect any flags. UMAAL is available in ARMv6 and above. A3.5.3 Halfword multiply There are three signed 16-bit x 16-bit Multiply instructions that produce 32-bit results: SMULxy Multiplies the 16-bit values of two half-registers together, and stores the signed 32-bit result in a third register. SMLAxy Multiplies the 16-bit values of two half-registers together, adds the 32-bit value from a third register, and stores the signed 32-bit result in a fourth register. SMLALxy Multiplies the 16-bit values of two half-registers together, adds the 64-bit value from a third and fourth register, and stores the 64-bit result back into those registers (third and fourth). SMULxy and SMLALxy do not affect any flags. SMLAxy can set the Q flag if overflow occurs in the multiplication. The x and y designators indicate whether the top (T) or bottom (B) bits of the register is used as the operand. They are available in ARMv5TE and above. A3.5.4 Word × halfword multiply There are two signed Multiply instructions that produce top 32-bit results: SMULWy Multiplies the 32-bit value of one register with the 16-bit value of either halfword of a second register, and stores the top 32 bits of the signed 48-bit result in a third register. SMLAWy Multiplies the 32-bit value of one register with the 16-bit value of either halfword of a second register, extracts the top 32 bits, adds the 32-bit value from a third register, and stores the signed 32-bit result in a fourth register. SMLAWy sets the Q flag if overflow occurs in the multiplication. SMULWy does not affect any flags. These instructions are available in ARMv5TE and above. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-11 The ARM Instruction Set A3.5.5 Most significant word multiply There are three signed 32-bit x 32-bit Multiply instructions that produce top 32-bit results: SMMUL Multiplies the 32-bit values of two registers together, and stores the top 32 bits of the signed 64-bit result in a third register. SMMLA Multiplies the 32-bit values of two registers together, extracts the top 32 bits, adds the 32-bit value from a third register, and stores the signed 32-bit result in a fourth register. SMMLS Multiplies the 32-bit value of two registers together, extracts the top 32 bits, subtracts this from a 32-bit value from a third register, and stores the signed 32-bit result in a fourth register. These instructions do not affect any flags. They are available in ARMv6 and above. A3.5.6 Dual halfword multiply There are six dual, signed 16-bit x 16-bit Multiply instructions: SMUAD Multiplies the values of the top halfwords of two registers together, multiplies the values of the bottom halfwords of the same two registers together, adds the products, and stores the 32-bit result in a third register. SMUSD Multiplies the values of the top halfwords of two registers together, multiplies the values of the bottom halfwords of the same two registers together, subtracts one product from the other, and stores the 32-bit result in a third register. SMLAD Multiplies the 32-bit value of two registers together, extracts the top 32 bits, subtracts this from a 32-bit value from a third register, and stores the signed 32-bit result in a fourth register. SMLSD Multiplies the 32-bit values of two registers together, extracts the top 32 bits, adds the 32-bit value from a third register, and stores the signed 32-bit result in a fourth register. SMLALD Multiplies the 32-bit value of two registers together, extracts the top 32 bits, subtracts this from a 32-bit value from a third register, and stores the signed 32-bit result in a fourth register. SMLSLD Multiplies the 32-bit value of two registers together, extracts the top 32 bits, subtracts this from a 32-bit value from a third register, and stores the signed 32-bit result in a fourth register. SMUAD, SMLAD, and SMLSLD can set the Q flag if overflow occurs in the operation. All other instructions do not affect any flags. They are available in ARMv6 and above. A3-12 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.5.7 A3.5.8 Examples MUL MULS MLA SMULL R4, R4, R7, R4, R2, R2, R8, R8, R1 R1 R9, R3 R2, R3 UMULL UMLAL R6, R8, R0, R1 R5, R8, R0, R1 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Set R4 to value of R2 multiplied by R1 R4 = R2 x R1, set N and Z flags R7 = R8 x R9 + R3 R4 = bits 0 to 31 of R2 x R3 R8 = bits 32 to 63 of R2 x R3 R8, R6 = R0 x R1 R8, R5 = R0 x R1 + R8, R5 List of multiply instructions Multiply Accumulate. See MLA on page A4-66. Multiply. See MUL on page A4-80. MLA MUL SMLA Signed halfword Multiply Accumulate. See SMLA on page A4-141. Signed halfword Multiply Accumulate, Dual. See SMLAD on page A4-144. Signed Multiply Accumulate Long. See SMLAL on page A4-146. SMLAD SMLAL SMLAL Signed halfword Multiply Accumulate Long. See SMLAL on page A4-148. Signed halfword Multiply Accumulate Long, Dual. See SMLALD on page A4-150. Signed halfword by word Multiply Accumulate. See SMLAW on page A4-152. Signed halfword Multiply Subtract, Dual. See SMLAD on page A4-144. Signed halfword Multiply Subtract Long Dual. See SMLALD on page A4-150. Signed Most significant word Multiply Accumulate. See SMMLA on page A4-158. Signed Most significant word Multiply Subtract. See SMMLA on page A4-158. Signed Most significant word Multiply. See SMMUL on page A4-162. Signed halfword Multiply, Add, Dual. See SMUAD on page A4-164. SMLALD SMLAW SMLSD SMLSLD SMMLA SMMLS SMMUL SMUAD SMUL SMULL SMULW SMUSD UMAAL UMLAL UMULL ARM DDI 0100I Signed halfword Multiply. See SMUL on page A4-166. Signed Multiply Long. See SMULL on page A4-168. Signed halfword by word Multiply. See SMULW on page A4-170. Signed halfword Multiply, Subtract, Dual. See SMUSD on page A4-172. Unsigned Multiply Accumulate significant Long. See UMAAL on page A4-247. Unsigned Multiply Accumulate Long. See UMLAL on page A4-249. Unsigned Multiply Long. See UMULL on page A4-251. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-13 The ARM Instruction Set A3.6 Parallel addition and subtraction instructions In addition to the normal data-processing and multiply instructions, ARMv6 introduces a set of parallel addition and subtraction instructions. There are six basic instructions: ADD16 Adds the top halfwords of two registers to form the top halfword of the result. Adds the bottom halfwords of the same two registers to form the bottom halfword of the result. ADDSUBX Does the following: 1. Exchanges halfwords of the second operand register. 2. Adds top halfwords and subtracts bottom halfwords. SUBADDX Does the following: 1. Exchanges halfwords of the second operand register. 2. Subtracts top halfwords and adds bottom halfwords. SUB16 Subtracts the top halfword of the first operand register from the top halfword of the second operand register to form the top halfword of the result. Subtracts the bottom halfword of the second operand registers from the bottom halfword of the first operand register to form the bottom halfword of the result. ADD8 Adds each byte of the second operand register to the corresponding byte of the first operand register to form the corresponding byte of the result. SUB8 Subtracts each byte of the second operand register from the corresponding byte of the first operand register to form the corresponding byte of the result. Each of the six instructions is available in the following variations, indicated by the prefixes shown: A3-14 S Signed arithmetic modulo 28 or 216. Sets the CPSR GE bits (see The GE[3:0] bits on page A2-13). Q Signed saturating arithmetic. SH Signed arithmetic, halving the results to avoid overflow. U Unsigned arithmetic modulo 28 or 216. Sets the CPSR GE bits (see The GE[3:0] bits on page A2-13). UQ Unsigned saturating arithmetic. UH Unsigned arithmetic, halving the results to avoid overflow. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.6.1 List of parallel arithmetic instructions QADD16 QADD8 QADDSUBX QSUB16 QSUB8 QSUBADDX SADD16 SADD8 SADDSUBX SSUB16 SSUB8 SSUBADDX SHADD16 SHADD8 SHADDSUBX SHSUB16 SHSUB8 SHSUBADDX UADD16 UADD8 UADDSUBX USUB16 USUB8 USUBADDX UHADD16 UHADD8 UHADDSUBX UHSUB16 UHSUB8 UHSUBADDX UQADD16 UQADD8 UQADDSUBX UQSUB16 UQSUB8 UQSUBADDX ARM DDI 0100I Dual 16-bit signed saturating addition. See QADD16 on page A4-94. Quad 8-bit signed saturating addition. See QADD8 on page A4-95. 16-bit exchange, signed saturating addition, subtraction. See QADDSUBX on page A4-97. Dual 16-bit signed saturating subtraction. See QSUB16 on page A4-104. Quad 8-bit signed saturating subtraction. See QSUB8 on page A4-105. 16-bit exchange, signed saturating subtraction, addition. See QSUBADDX on page A4-107. Dual 16-bit signed addition. See SADD16 on page A4-119. Quad 8-bit signed addition. See SADD8 on page A4-121. 16-bit exchange, signed addition, subtraction. See SADDSUBX on page A4-123. Dual 16-bit signed subtraction. See SSUB16 on page A4-180. Quad 8-bit signed subtraction. See SSUB8 on page A4-182. 16-bit exchange, signed subtraction, addition. See SSUBADDX on page A4-184. Dual 16-bit signed half addition. See SHADD16 on page A4-130. Quad 8-bit signed half addition. See SHADD8 on page A4-131. 16-bit exchange, signed half addition, subtraction. See SHADDSUBX on page A4-133. Dual 16-bit signed half subtraction. See SHSUB16 on page A4-135. Quad 8-bit signed half subtraction. See SHSUB8 on page A4-137. 16-bit exchange, signed half subtraction, addition. See SHSUBADDX on page A4-139. Dual 16-bit unsigned addition. See UADD16 on page A4-232. Quad 8-bit unsigned addition. See UADD8 on page A4-233. 16-bit exchange, unsigned addition, subtraction. See UADDSUBX on page A4-235. Dual 16-bit unsigned subtraction. See USUB16 on page A4-269. Quad 8-bit unsigned subtraction. See USUB8 on page A4-270. 16-bit exchange, unsigned subtraction, addition. See USUBADDX on page A4-272. Dual 16-bit unsigned half addition. See UHADD16 on page A4-237. Quad 8-bit unsigned half addition. See UHADD8 on page A4-238. 16-bit exchange, unsigned half addition, subtraction. See UHADDSUBX on page A4-240. Dual 16-bit unsigned half subtraction. See UHSUB16 on page A4-242. Quad 8-bit unsigned half subtraction. See UHSUB16 on page A4-242. 16-bit exchange, unsigned half subtraction, addition. See UHSUBADDX on page A4-245. Dual 16-bit unsigned saturating addition. See UQADD16 on page A4-253. Quad 8-bit unsigned saturating addition. See UQADD8 on page A4-254. 16-bit exchange, unsigned saturating addition, subtraction. See UQADDSUBX on page A4-255. Dual 16-bit unsigned saturating subtraction. See UQSUB16 on page A4-257. Quad 8-bit unsigned saturating subtraction. See UQSUB8 on page A4-258. 16-bit exchange, unsigned saturating subtraction, addition. See UQSUBADDX on page A4-259. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-15 The ARM Instruction Set A3.7 Extend instructions ARMv6 and above provide several instructions for unpacking data by sign or zero extending bytes to halfwords or words, and halfwords to words. You can optionally add the result to the contents of another register. You can rotate the operand register by any multiple of 8 bits before extending. There are six basic instructions: XTAB16 Extend bits[23:16] and bits[7:0] of one register to 16 bits, and add corresponding halfwords to the values in another register. XTAB Extend bits[7:0] of one register to 32 bits, and add to the value in another register. XTAH Extend bits[15:0] of one register to 32 bits, and add to the value in another register. XTB16 Extend bits[23:16] and bits[7:0] to 16 bits each. XTB Extend bits[7:0] to 32 bits. XTH Extend bits[15:0] to 32 bits. Each of the six instructions is available in the following variations, indicated by the prefixes shown: A3.7.1 A3-16 S Sign extension, with or without addition modulo 216 or 232. U Zero (unsigned) extension, with or without addition modulo 216 or 232. List of sign/zero extend and add instructions SXTAB16 Sign extend bytes to halfwords, add halfwords. See SXTAB16 on page A4-218. SXTAB Sign extend byte to word, add. See SXTAB on page A4-216. SXTAH Sign extend halfword to word, add. See SXTAH on page A4-220. SXTB16 Sign extend bytes to halfwords. See SXTB16 on page A4-224. SXTB Sign extend byte to word. See SXTB on page A4-222. SXTH Sign extend halfword to word. See SXTH on page A4-226. UXTAB16 Zero extend bytes to halfwords, add halfwords. See UXTAB16 on page A4-276. UXTAB Zero extend byte to word, add. See UXTAB on page A4-274. UXTAH Zero extend halfword to word, add. See UXTAH on page A4-278. UXTB16 Zero extend bytes to halfwords. See UXTB16 on page A4-282. UXTB Zero extend byte to word. See UXTB on page A4-280. UXTH Zero extend halfword to word. See UXTH on page A4-284. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.8 Miscellaneous arithmetic instructions ARMv5 and above include several miscellaneous arithmetic instructions. A3.8.1 Count leading zeros ARMv5 and above include a Count Leading Zeros (CLZ) instruction. This instruction returns the number of 0 bits at the most significant end of its operand before the first 1 bit is encountered (or 32 if its operand is 0). Two typical applications for this are: • To determine how many bits the operand should be shifted left to normalize it, so that its most significant bit is 1. (This can be used in integer division routines.) • To locate the highest priority bit in a bit mask. For details see CLZ on page A4-25. A3.8.2 Unsigned sum of absolute differences ARMv6 introduces an Unsigned Sum of Absolute Differences (USAD8) instruction, and an Unsigned Sum of Absolute Differences and Accumulate (USADA8) instruction. These instructions do the following: 1. Take corresponding bytes from two registers. 2. Find the absolute differences between the unsigned values of each pair of bytes. 3. Sum the four absolute values. 4. Optionally, accumulate the sum of the absolute differences with the value in a third register. For details see USAD8 on page A4-261 and USADA8 on page A4-263. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-17 The ARM Instruction Set A3.9 Other miscellaneous instructions ARMv6 and above provide several other miscellaneous instructions: PKHBT (Pack Halfword Bottom Top) combines the bottom, least significant, halfword of its first operand with the top (most significant) halfword of its shifted second operand. The shift is a left shift, by any amount from 0 to 31. See PKHBT on page A4-86. PKHTB (Pack Halfword Top Bottom) combines the top, most significant, halfword of its first operand with the bottom (least significant) halfword of its shifted second operand. The shift is an arithmetic right shift, by any amount from 1 to 32. See PKHTB on page A4-88. REV (Byte-Reverse Word) reverses the byte order in a 32-bit register. See REV on page A4-109. REV16 (Byte-Reverse Packed Halfword) reverses the byte order in each 16-bit halfword of a 32-bit register. See REV16 on page A4-110. REVSH (Byte-Reverse Signed Halfword) reverses the byte order in the lower 16-bit halfword of a 32-bit register, and sign extends the result to 32-bits. See REVSH on page A4-111. SEL (Select) selects each byte of its result from either its first operand or its second operand, according to the values of the GE flags. The GE flags record the results of parallel additions or subtractions, see Parallel addition and subtraction instructions on page A3-14. See SEL on page A4-127. SSAT (Signed Saturate) saturates a signed value to a signed range. You can choose the bit position at which saturation occurs. You can apply a shift to the value before the saturation occurs. See SSAT on page A4-176. SSAT16 Saturates two 16-bit signed values to a signed range. You can choose the bit position at which saturation occurs. See SSAT16 on page A4-178. USAT (Unsigned Saturate) saturates a signed value to an unsigned range. You can choose the bit position at which saturation occurs. You can apply a shift to the value before the saturation occurs. See USAT on page A4-265. USAT16 Saturates two signed 16-bit values to an unsigned range. You can choose the bit position at which saturation occurs. See USAT16 on page A4-267. A3-18 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.10 Status register access instructions There are two instructions for moving the contents of a program status register to or from a general-purpose register. Both the CPSR and SPSR can be accessed. In addition, in ARMv6, there are several instructions that can write directly to specific bits, or groups of bits, in the CPSR. Each status register is traditionally split into four 8-bit fields that can be individually written: Bits[31:24] The flags field. Bits[23:16] The status field. Bits[15:8] The extension field. Bits[7:0] The control field. From ARMv6, the ARM architecture uses the status and extension fields. The usage model of the bit fields no longer reflects the byte-wide definitions. The revised categories are defined in Types of PSR bits on page A2-11. A3.10.1 CPSR value Altering the value of the CPSR has five uses: • sets the value of the condition code flags (and of the Q flag when it exists) to a known value • enables or disable interrupts • changes processor mode (for instance, to initialize stack pointers) • changes the endianness of load and store operations • changes the processor state (J and T bits). Note The T and J bits must not be changed directly by writing to the CPSR, but only via the BX, BLX, or BXJ instructions, and in the implicit SPSR to CPSR moves in instructions designed for exception return. Attempts to enter or leave Thumb or Jazelle state by directly altering the T or J bits have UNPREDICTABLE consequences. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-19 The ARM Instruction Set A3.10.2 Examples These examples assume that the ARM processor is already in a privileged mode. If the ARM processor starts in User mode, only the flag update has any effect. MRS BIC MSR R0, CPSR R0, R0, #0xF0000000 CPSR_f, R0 ; ; ; ; Read the CPSR Clear the N, Z, C and V bits Update the flag bits in the CPSR N, Z, C and V flags now all clear MRS ORR MSR R0, CPSR R0, R0, #0x80 CPSR_c, R0 ; ; ; ; Read the CPSR Set the interrupt disable bit Update the control bits in the CPSR interrupts (IRQ) now disabled MRS BIC ORR MSR R0, CPSR R0, R0, #0x1F R0, R0, #0x11 CPSR_c, R0 ; ; ; ; ; Read the CPSR Clear the mode bits Set the mode bits to FIQ mode Update the control bits in the CPSR now in FIQ mode A3.10.3 List of status register access instructions MRS Move PSR to General-purpose Register. See MRS on page A4-74. MSR Move General-purpose Register to PSR. See MSR on page A4-76. CPS Change Processor State. Changes one or more of the processor mode and interrupt enable bits of the CPSR, without changing the other CPSR bits. See CPS on page A4-29. SETEND Modifies the CPSR endianness, E, bit, without changing any other bits in the CPSR. See SETEND on page A4-129. The processor state bits can also be updated by a variety of branch, load and return instructions which update the PC. Changes occur when they are used for Jazelle state entry/exit and Thumb interworking. A3-20 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.11 Load and store instructions The ARM architecture supports two broad types of instruction which load or store the value of a single register, or a pair of registers, from or to memory: • The first type can load or store a 32-bit word or an 8-bit unsigned byte. • The second type can load or store a 16-bit unsigned halfword, and can load and sign extend a 16-bit halfword or an 8-bit byte. In ARMv5TE and above, it can also load or store a pair of 32-bit words. A3.11.1 Addressing modes In both types of instruction, the addressing mode is formed from two parts: • the base register • the offset. The base register can be any one of the general-purpose registers (including the PC, which allows PC-relative addressing for position-independent code). The offset takes one of three formats: Immediate The offset is an unsigned number that can be added to or subtracted from the base register. Immediate offset addressing is useful for accessing data elements that are a fixed distance from the start of the data object, such as structure fields, stack offsets and input/output registers. For the word and unsigned byte instructions, the immediate offset is a 12-bit number. For the halfword and signed byte instructions, it is an 8-bit number. Register The offset is a general-purpose register (not the PC), that can be added to or subtracted from the base register. Register offsets are useful for accessing arrays or blocks of data. Scaled register The offset is a general-purpose register (not the PC) shifted by an immediate value, then added to or subtracted from the base register. The same shift operations used for data-processing instructions can be used (Logical Shift Left, Logical Shift Right, Arithmetic Shift Right and Rotate Right), but Logical Shift Left is the most useful as it allows an array indexed to be scaled by the size of each array element. Scaled register offsets are only available for the word and unsigned byte instructions. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-21 The ARM Instruction Set As well as the three types of offset, the offset and base register are used in three different ways to form the memory address. The addressing modes are described as follows: Offset The base register and offset are added or subtracted to form the memory address. Pre-indexed The base register and offset are added or subtracted to form the memory address. The base register is then updated with this new address, to allow automatic indexing through an array or memory block. Post-indexed The value of the base register alone is used as the memory address. The base register and offset are added or subtracted and this value is stored back in the base register, to allow automatic indexing through an array or memory block. A3.11.2 Load and store word or unsigned byte instructions Load instructions load a single value from memory and write it to a general-purpose register. Store instructions read a value from a general-purpose register and store it to memory. These instructions have a single instruction format: LDR|STR{ }{B}{T} Rd, 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond A3-22 0 1 I P U B W L 16 15 Rn 12 11 Rd 0 addressing_mode_specific I, P, U, W Are bits that distinguish between different types of . See Addressing Mode 2 - Load and Store Word or Unsigned Byte on page A5-18 L bit Distinguishes between a Load (L==1) and a Store instruction (L==0). B bit Distinguishes between an unsigned byte (B==1) and a word (B==0) access. Rn Specifies the base register used by . Rd Specifies the register whose contents are to be loaded or stored. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.11.3 Load and store halfword or doubleword, and load signed byte instructions Load instructions load a single value from memory and write it to a general-purpose register, or to a pair of general-purpose registers. Store instructions read a value from a general-purpose register, or from a pair of general-purpose registers, and store it to memory. These instructions have a single instruction format: LDR|STR{ }D|H|SH|SB 31 Rd, 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond 0 0 0 P U I W L 16 15 Rn 12 11 Rd 8 7 6 5 4 3 0 addr_mode 1 S H 1 addr_mode addr_mode Are addressing-mode-specific bits. I, P, U, W Are bits that specify the type of addressing mode (see Addressing Mode 3 - Miscellaneous Loads and Stores on page A5-33). L, S, H These bits combine to specify signed or unsigned loads or stores, and doubleword, halfword, or byte accesses. See Addressing Mode 3 - Miscellaneous Loads and Stores on page A5-33 for details. Rn Specifies the base register used by the addressing mode. Rd Specifies the register whose contents are to be loaded or stored. A3.11.4 Examples ARM DDI 0100I LDR LDR LDR STR R1, [R0] R8, [R3, #4] R12, [R13, #-4] R2, [R1, #0x100] ; ; ; ; Load R1 from the address in R0 Load R8 from the address in R3 + 4 Load R12 from R13 - 4 Store R2 to the address in R1 + 0x100 LDRB R5, [R9] LDRB R3, [R8, #3] STRB R4, [R10, #0x200] ; Load byte into R5 from R9 ; (zero top 3 bytes) ; Load byte to R3 from R8 + 3 ; (zero top 3 bytes) ; Store byte from R4 to R10 + 0x200 LDR STRB R11, [R1, R2] R10, [R7, -R4] ; Load R11 from the address in R1 + R2 ; Store byte from R10 to addr in R7 - R4 LDR LDR STRB R11, [R3, R5, LSL #2] R1, [R0, #4]! R7, [R6, #-1]! ; Load R11 from R3 + (R5 x 4) ; Load R1 from R0 + 4, then R0 = R0 + 4 ; Store byte from R7 to R6 - 1, ; then R6 = R6 - 1 LDR STR R3, [R9], #4 R2, [R5], #8 ; Load R3 from R9, then R9 = R9 + 4 ; Store R2 to R5, then R5 = R5 + 8 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-23 The ARM Instruction Set A3-24 LDR R0, [PC, #40] ; Load R0 from PC + 0x40 (= address of ; the LDR instruction + 8 + 0x40) ; Load R0 from R1, then R1 = R1 + R2 LDR R0, [R1], R2 LDRH R1, [R0] LDRH LDRH STRH R8, [R3, #2] R12, [R13, #-6] R2, [R1, #0x80] ; ; ; ; ; LDRSH LDRSB LDRSB R5, [R9] R3, [R8, #3] R4, [R10, #0xC1] ; Load signed halfword to R5 from R9 ; Load signed byte to R3 from R8 + 3 ; Load signed byte to R4 from R10 + 0xC1 LDRH R11, [R1, R2] STRH R10, [R7, -R4] ; Load halfword into R11 from address ; in R1 + R2 ; Store halfword from R10 to R7 - R4 LDRSH R1, [R0, #2]! ; Load signed halfword R1 from R0 + 2, ; then R0 = R0 + 2 LDRSB R7, [R6, #-1]! LDRH R3, [R9], #2 STRH R2, [R5], #8 LDRD R4, [R9] STRD R8, [R2, #0x2C] ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Load halfword to R1 from R0 (zero top 2 bytes) Load halfword into R8 from R3 + 2 Load halfword into R12 from R13 - 6 Store halfword from R2 to R1 + 0x80 Load signed byte to R7 from R6 - 1, then R6 = R6 - 1 Load halfword to R3 from R9, then R9 = R9 + 2 Store halfword from R2 to R5, then R5 = R5 + 8 Load word into R4 from the address in R9 Load word into R5 from the address in R9 + 4 Store R8 at the address in R2 + 0x2C Store R9 at the address in R2 + 0x2C+4 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.11.5 List of load and store instructions LDR Load Word. See LDR on page A4-43. LDRB Load Byte. See LDRB on page A4-46. LDRBT Load Byte with User Mode Privilege. See LDRBT on page A4-48. LDRD Load Doubleword. See LDRD on page A4-50. LDREX Load Exclusive. See LDREX on page A4-52. LDRH Load Unsigned Halfword. See LDRH on page A4-54. LDRSB Load Signed Byte. See LDRSB on page A4-56. LDRSH Load Signed Halfword. See LDRSH on page A4-58. LDRT Load Word with User Mode Privilege. See LDRT on page A4-60. STR Store Word. See STR on page A4-193. STRB Store Byte. See STRB on page A4-195. STRBT Store Byte with User Mode Privilege. See STRBT on page A4-197. STRD Store Doubleword. See STRD on page A4-199. STREX Store Exclusive. See STREX on page A4-202. STRH Store Halfword. See STRH on page A4-204. STRT Store Word with User Mode Privilege. See STRT on page A4-206. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-25 The ARM Instruction Set A3.12 Load and Store Multiple instructions Load Multiple instructions load a subset, or possibly all, of the general-purpose registers from memory. Store Multiple instructions store a subset, or possibly all, of the general-purpose registers to memory. Load and Store Multiple instructions have a single instruction format: LDM{ } STM{ } Rn{!}, {^} Rn{!}, {^} where: = IA | IB | DA | DB | FD | FA | ED | EA 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond 1 0 0 P U S W L register list 16 15 Rn 0 register list The list of has one bit for each general-purpose register. Bit 0 is for R0, and bit 15 is for R15 (the PC). The register syntax list is an opening bracket, followed by a comma-separated list of registers, followed by a closing bracket. A sequence of consecutive registers can be specified by separating the first and last registers in the range with a minus sign. P, U, and W bits These distinguish between the different types of addressing mode (see Addressing Mode 4 - Load and Store Multiple on page A5-41). S bit For LDMs that load the PC, the S bit indicates that the CPSR is loaded from the SPSR after all the registers have been loaded. For all STMs, and LDMs that do not load the PC, it indicates that when the processor is in a privileged mode, the User mode banked registers are transferred and not the registers of the current mode. L bit This distinguishes between a Load (L==1) and a Store (L==0) instruction. Rn This specifies the base register used by the addressing mode. A3.12.1 Examples STMFD LDMFD LDMIA STMDA A3-26 R13!, {R0 R13!, {R0 R0, {R5 R1!, {R2, - R12, LR} - R12, PC} R8} R5, R7 - R9, R11} Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.12.2 List of Load and Store Multiple instructions LDM Load Multiple. See LDM (1) on page A4-36. LDM User Registers Load Multiple. See LDM (2) on page A4-38. LDM Load Multiple with Restore CPSR. See LDM (3) on page A4-40. STM Store Multiple. See STM (1) on page A4-189. STM User Registers Store Multiple. See STM (2) on page A4-191. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-27 The ARM Instruction Set A3.13 Semaphore instructions The ARM instruction set has two semaphore instructions: • Swap (SWP) • Swap Byte (SWPB). These instructions are provided for process synchronization. Both instructions generate an atomic load and store operation, allowing a memory semaphore to be loaded and altered without interruption. SWP and SWPB have a single addressing mode, whose address is the contents of a register. Separate registers are used to specify the value to store and the destination of the load. If the same register is specified for both of these, SWP exchanges the value in the register and the value in memory. The semaphore instructions do not provide a compare and conditional write facility. If wanted, this must be done explicitly. Note The swap and swap byte instructions are deprecated in ARMv6. It is recommended that all software migrates to using the new LDREX and STREX synchronization primitives listed in List of load and store instructions on page A3-25. A3.13.1 Examples SWP R12, R10, [R9] ; load R12 from address R9 and ; store R10 to address R9 SWPB R3, R4, [R8] ; load byte to R3 from address R8 and ; store byte from R4 to address R8 SWP R1, R1, [R2] ; Exchange value in R1 and address in R2 A3.13.2 List of semaphore instructions A3-28 SWP Swap. See SWP on page A4-212. SWPB Swap Byte. See SWPB on page A4-214. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.14 Exception-generating instructions The ARM instruction set provides two types of instruction whose main purpose is to cause a processor exception to occur: • The Software Interrupt (SWI) instruction is used to cause a SWI exception to occur (see Software Interrupt exception on page A2-20). This is the main mechanism in the ARM instruction set by which User mode code can make calls to privileged Operating System code. • The Breakpoint (BKPT) instruction is used for software breakpoints in ARMv5 and above. Its default behavior is to cause a Prefetch Abort exception to occur (see Prefetch Abort (instruction fetch memory abort) on page A2-20). A debug monitor program which has previously been installed on the Prefetch Abort vector can handle this exception. If debug hardware is present in the system, it is allowed to override this default behavior. Details of whether and how this happens are IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED. A3.14.1 Instruction encodings SWI{ } 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 cond BKPT 31 0 1 1 1 1 immed_24 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 8 7 immed 4 0 1 1 1 3 0 immed In both SWI and BKPT, the immediate fields of the instruction are ignored by the ARM processor. The SWI or Prefetch Abort handler can optionally be written to load the instruction that caused the exception and extract these fields. This allows them to be used to communicate extra information about the Operating System call or breakpoint to the handler. A3.14.2 List of exception-generating instructions BKPT Breakpoint. See BKPT on page A4-14. SWI Software Interrupt. See SWI on page A4-210. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-29 The ARM Instruction Set A3.15 Coprocessor instructions The ARM instruction set provides three types of instruction for communicating with coprocessors. These allow: • the ARM processor to initiate a coprocessor data processing operation • ARM registers to be transferred to and from coprocessor registers • the ARM processor to generate addresses for the coprocessor Load and Store instructions. The instruction set distinguishes up to 16 coprocessors with a 4-bit field in each coprocessor instruction, so each coprocessor is assigned a particular number. Note One coprocessor can use more than one of the 16 numbers if a large coprocessor instruction set is required. Coprocessors execute the same instruction stream as ARM, ignoring ARM instructions and coprocessor instructions for other coprocessors. Coprocessor instructions that cannot be executed by coprocessor hardware cause an Undefined Instruction exception, allowing software emulation of coprocessor hardware. A coprocessor can partially execute an instruction and then cause an exception. This is useful for handling run-time-generated exceptions, like divide-by-zero or overflow. However, the partial execution is internal to the coprocessor and is not visible to the ARM processor. As far as the ARM processor is concerned, the instruction is held at the start of its execution and completes without exception if allowed to begin execution. Any decision on whether to execute the instruction or cause an exception is taken within the coprocessor before the ARM processor is allowed to start executing the instruction. Not all fields in coprocessor instructions are used by the ARM processor. Coprocessor register specifiers and opcodes are defined by individual coprocessors. Therefore, only generic instruction mnemonics are provided for coprocessor instructions. Assembler macros can be used to transform custom coprocessor mnemonics into these generic mnemonics, or to regenerate the opcodes manually. A3.15.1 Examples A3-30 CDP p5, 2, c12, c10, c3, 4 ; ; ; ; Coproc 5 data operation opcode 1 = 2, opcode 2 = 4 destination register is 12 source registers are 10 and 3 MRC p15, 5, R4, c0, c2, 3 ; ; ; ; Coproc 15 transfer to ARM register opcode 1 = 5, opcode 2 = 3 ARM destination register = R4 coproc source registers are 0 and 2 MCR p14, 1, R7, c7, c12, 6 ; ; ; ; ARM register transfer to Coproc 14 opcode 1 = 1, opcode 2 = 6 ARM source register = R7 coproc dest registers are 7 and 12 LDC p6, CR1, [R4] ; Load from memory to coprocessor 6 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set ; ARM register 4 contains the address ; Load to CP reg 1 LDC p6, CR4, [R2, #4] ; Load from memory to coprocessor 6 ; ARM register R2 + 4 is the address ; Load to CP reg 4 STC p8, CR8, [R2, #4]! ; ; ; ; Store from coprocessor 8 to memory ARM register R2 + 4 is the address after the transfer R2 = R2 + 4 Store from CP reg 8 STC p8, CR9, [R2], #-16 ; ; ; ; Store from coprocessor 8 to memory ARM register R2 holds the address after the transfer R2 = R2 - 16 Store from CP reg 9 A3.15.2 List of coprocessor instructions CDP Coprocessor Data Operations. See CDP on page A4-23. LDC Load Coprocessor Register. See LDC on page A4-34. MCR Move to Coprocessor from ARM Register. See MCR on page A4-62. MCRR Move to Coprocessor from two ARM Registers. See MCRR on page A4-64. MRC Move to ARM Register from Coprocessor. See MRC on page A4-70. MRRC Move to two ARM Registers from Coprocessor. See MRRC on page A4-72. STC Store Coprocessor Register. See STC on page A4-186. Note MCRR and MRRC are only available in ARMv5TE and above. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-31 The ARM Instruction Set A3.16 Extending the instruction set Successive versions of the ARM architecture have extended the instruction set in a number of areas. This section describes the six areas where extensions have occurred, and where further extensions can occur in the future: • Media instruction space on page A3-33 • Multiply instruction extension space on page A3-35 • Control and DSP instruction extension space on page A3-36 • Load/store instruction extension space on page A3-38 • Architecturally Undefined Instruction space on page A3-39 • Coprocessor instruction extension space on page A3-40 • Unconditional instruction extension space on page A3-41. Instructions in these areas which have not yet been allocated a meaning are either UNDEFINED or To determine which, use the following rules: UNPREDICTABLE. 1. The decode bits of an instruction are defined to be bits[27:20] and bits[7:4]. In ARMv5 and above, the result of ANDing bits[31:28] together is also a decode bit. This bit determines whether the condition field is 0b1111, which is used in ARMv5 and above to encode various instructions which can only be executed unconditionally. See Condition code 0b1111 on page A3-4 and Unconditional instruction extension space on page A3-41 for more information. 2. If the decode bits of an instruction are equal to those of a defined instruction, but the whole instruction is not a defined instruction, then the instruction is UNPREDICTABLE. For example, suppose an instruction has: • bits[31:28] not equal to 0b1111 • bits[27:20] equal to 0b00010000 • bits[7:4] equal to 0b0000 but where: • bit[11] of the instruction is 1. Here, the instruction is in the control instruction extension space and has the same decode bits as an MRS instruction, but is not a valid MRS instruction because bit[11] of an MRS instruction should be zero. Using the above rule, this instruction is UNPREDICTABLE. 3. If the decode bits of an instruction are not equal to those of any defined instruction, then the instruction is UNDEFINED. Rules 2 and 3 above apply separately to each ARM architecture version. As a result, the status of an instruction might differ between architecture versions. Usually, this happens because an instruction which was UNPREDICTABLE or UNDEFINED in an earlier architecture version becomes a defined instruction in a later version. For the purposes of this section, all coprocessor instructions described in Chapter A4 ARM Instructions as appearing in a version of the architecture have been allocated. The definitions of any coprocessors using the coprocessor instructions determine the function of the instructions. Such coprocessors can define UNPREDICTABLE and UNDEFINED behaviours. A3-32 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.16.1 Media instruction space Instructions with the following opcodes are defined as residing in the media instruction space: opcode[27:25] = 0b011 opcode[4] = 1 31 28 27 26 25 24 cond 0 1 1 op 5 4 3 0 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1 x x x x The meaning of unallocated instructions in the media instruction space is UNDEFINED on all versions of the ARM architecture. Table A3-3 summarizes the instructions that have already been allocated in this area. Table A3-3 Media instruction space Instructions Architecture versions Parallel additions, subtractions, and addition with subtractions. See Parallel addition and subtraction instructions on page A3-14. ARMv6 and above PKH, SSAT, SSAT16, USAT, USAT16, SEL ARMv6 and above Also sign/zero extend and add instructions. See Extend instructions on page A3-16. SMLAD, SMLSD, SMLALD, SMUAD, SMUSD ARMv6 and above USAD8, USADA8 ARMv6 and above REV, REV16, REVSH ARMv6 and above Figure A3-2 on page A3-34 provides details of these instructions. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-33 The ARM Instruction Set 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Parallel add/subtract cond 0 1 1 0 0 opc1 Halfword pack cond 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Word saturate cond 0 1 1 0 1 U 1 Parallel halfword saturate cond 0 1 1 0 1 U 1 0 Byte reverse word cond Byte reverse packed halfword Rn Rd Rn Rd 9 8 6 opc2 5 4 3 2 1 1 Rm shift_imm op 0 1 Rm Rd shift_imm sh 0 1 Rm sat_imm Rd SBO 0 0 1 1 Rm 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 SBO Rd SBO 0 0 1 1 Rm cond 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 SBO Rd SBO 1 0 1 1 Rm Byte reverse signed halfword cond 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 SBO Rd SBO 1 0 1 1 Rm Select bytes cond 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Rn Rd SBO 1 0 1 1 Rm Sign/zero extend (add) cond 0 1 1 0 1 op Rn Rd rotate SBZ 0 1 1 1 Rm Multiplies (type 3) cond 0 1 1 1 0 opc1 Rd/RdHi Rn/RdLo Rs Unsigned sum of absolute differences cond 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Rd Rn* Unsigned sum of absolute differences, acc cond 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Rd 1 1 1 1 sat_imm SBO 7 opc2 1 Rm Rs 0 0 0 1 Rm Rs 0 0 0 1 Rm 0 Figure A3-2 Media instructions Rn* A3-34 Rn != R15. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.16.2 Multiply instruction extension space Instructions with the following opcodes are the multiply instruction extension space: opcode[27:24] opcode[7:4] opcode[31:28] == 0b0000 == 0b1001 != 0b1111 /* Only required for version 5 and above */ The field names given are guidelines suggested to simplify implementation. 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 cond 0 0 0 0 20 19 op1 16 15 Rn 12 11 Rd 8 7 6 5 4 Rs 3 0 1 0 0 1 Rm Table A3-4 summarizes the instructions that have already been allocated in this area. Table A3-4 Multiply instruction extension space Instructions Architecture versions MUL, MULS, MLA, MLAS All UMULL, UMULLS, UMLAL, UMLALS, SMULL, SMULLS, SMLAL, SMLALS All UMAAL ARMv6 and above Figure A3-3 provides details of these instructions. 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 Multiply (acc) 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 A S Rd Rn Unsigned multiply acc acc long cond 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 RdHi RdLo Rs 1 0 0 1 Rm Multiply (acc) long cond 0 0 0 0 1 Un A S RdHi RdLo Rs 1 0 0 1 Rm Rs 1 0 0 4 cond 0 Rm Figure A3-3 Multiply instructions A Un S ARM DDI 0100I Accumulate 1 = Unsigned, 0 = Signed Status register update (SPSR => CPSR) Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-35 The ARM Instruction Set A3.16.3 Control and DSP instruction extension space Instructions with the following opcodes are the control instruction space. opcode[27:26] opcode[24:23] opcode[20] opcode[31:28] == == == != 0b00 0b10 0 0b1111 /* Only required for version 5 and above */ and not: opcode[25] == 0 opcode[7] == 1 opcode[4] == 1 The field names given are guidelines suggested to simplify implementation. 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 16 15 12 11 8 cond 0 0 0 1 0 op1 0 Rn Rd Rs cond 0 0 0 1 0 op1 0 Rn Rd Rs cond 0 0 1 1 0 R 1 0 Rn Rd rotate_imm 7 6 5 4 3 op2 0 0 Rm 0 op2 1 Rm immed_8 Table A3-5 summarizes the instructions that have already been allocated in this area. Table A3-5 Control and DSP extension space instructions A3-36 Instruction Architecture versions MRS All MSR (register form) All BX ARMv5 and above, plus T variants of ARMv4 CLZ ARMv5 and above BXJ ARMv5EJ and above BLX (register form) ARMv5 and above QADD E variants of ARMv5 and above QSUB E variants of ARMv5 and above QDADD E variants of ARMv5 and above Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set Table A3-5 Control and DSP extension space instructions (continued) Instruction Architecture versions QDSUB E variants of ARMv5 and above BKPT ARMv5 and above SMLA E variants of ARMv5 and above SMLAW E variants of ARMv5 and above SMULW E variants of ARMv5 and above SMLAL E variants of ARMv5 and above SMUL E variants of ARMv5 and above MSR (immediate form) All Figure A3-4 provides details of these instructions. 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Move status register to register cond 0 0 0 1 0 R 0 0 SBO Rd SBZ 0 0 0 0 SBZ Move register to status register cond 0 0 0 1 0 R 1 0 mask SBO SBZ 0 0 0 0 Rm Move immediate to status register cond 0 0 1 1 0 R 1 0 mask SBO rot_imm Branch/exchange instruction set Thumb cond 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 SBO SBO SBO 0 0 0 1 Rm Branch/exchange instruction set Java cond 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 SBO SBO SBO 0 0 1 0 Rm Count leading zeros cond 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 SBO Rd SBO 0 0 0 1 Rm Branch and link/exchange instruction set Thumb cond 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 SBO SBO SBO 0 0 1 1 Rm Saturating add/subtract cond 0 0 0 1 0 Rn Rd SBZ 0 1 0 1 Rm Software breakpoint cond 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 immed Signed multiplies (type 2) cond 0 0 0 1 0 1 y x 0 Rm op op 0 0 immed Rd Rn Rs 0 immed Figure A3-4 Miscellaneous instructions ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-37 The ARM Instruction Set A3.16.4 Load/store instruction extension space Instructions with the following opcodes are the load/store instruction extension space: opcode[27:25] opcode[7] opcode[4] opcode[31:28] == == == != 0b000 1 1 0b1111 /* Only required for version 5 and above */ and not: opcode[24] == 0 opcode[6:5] == 0 The field names given are guidelines suggested to simplify implementation. 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond 0 0 0 P U B W L 16 15 Rn 12 11 Rd 8 Rs 7 6 5 4 3 1 op1 1 0 Rm Table A3-6 summarizes the instructions that have already been allocated in this area. Table A3-6 Load/store instructions Instruction Architecture versions SWP/SWPB All (deprecated in ARMv6) LDREX ARMv6 and above STREX ARMv6 and above STRH All LDRD E variants of ARMv5 and above, except ARMv5TExP STRD E variants of ARMv5 and above, except ARMv5TExP LDRH All LDRSB All LDRSH All Figure A3-5 on page A3-39 provides details of these extra load/store instructions. A3-38 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Swap/swap byte cond 0 0 0 1 0 B 0 0 Rn Rd SBZ 1 0 0 1 Rm Load/store register exclusive cond 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 L Rn Rd SBO 1 0 0 1 SBO Load/store halfword register offset cond 0 0 0 P U 0 W L Rn Rd SBZ 1 0 1 1 Rm Load/store halfword immediate offset cond 0 0 0 P U 1 W L Rn Rd HiOffset 1 0 1 1 LoOffset Load signed halfword/byte immediate offset cond 0 0 0 P U 1 W 1 Rn Rd HiOffset 1 1 H 1 LoOffset Load signed halfword/byte register offset cond 0 0 0 P U 0 W 1 Rn Rd SBZ 1 1 H 1 Rm Load/store doubleword register offset cond 0 0 0 P U 0 W 0 Rn Rd SBZ 1 1 St 1 Rm Load/store doubleword immediate offset cond 0 0 0 P U 1 W 0 Rn Rd HiOffset 1 1 St 1 LoOffset B P, U, I, W L H St 0 Figure A3-5 Extra Load/store instructions 1 = Byte, 0 = Word Pre/post indexing or offset, Up/down, Immediate/register offset, and address Write-back fields for the address mode. See Chapter A5 ARM Addressing Modes for more details. 1 = Load, 0 = Store 1= Halfword, 0 = Byte 1 = Store, 0 = Load A3.16.5 Architecturally Undefined Instruction space In general, Undefined instructions might be used to extend the ARM instruction set in the future. However, it is intended that instructions with the following encoding will not be used for this: 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x 1 1 1 1 x x x x If a programmer wants to use an Undefined instruction for software purposes, with minimal risk that future hardware will treat it as a defined instruction, one of the instructions with this encoding must be used. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-39 The ARM Instruction Set A3.16.6 Coprocessor instruction extension space Instructions with the following opcodes are the coprocessor instruction extension space: opcode[27:23] opcode[21] == 0b11000 == 0 The field names given are guidelines suggested to simplify implementation. 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond 1 1 0 0 0 x 0 x 16 15 Rn 12 11 CRd 8 7 cp_num 0 offset In all variants of ARMv4, and in non-E variants of ARMv5, all instructions in the coprocessor instruction extension space are UNDEFINED. It is IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED how an ARM processor achieves this. The options are: • The ARM processor might take the Undefined Instruction exception directly. • The ARM processor might require attached coprocessors not to respond to such instructions. This causes the Undefined Instruction exception to be taken (see Undefined Instruction exception on page A2-19). From E variants of ARMv5, instructions in the coprocessor instruction extension space are treated as follows: A3-40 • Instructions with bit[22] == 0 are UNDEFINED and are handled in precisely the same way as described above for non-E variants. • Instructions with bit[22] ==1 are the MCRR and MRRC instructions, see MCRR on page A4-64 and MRRC on page A4-72. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I The ARM Instruction Set A3.16.7 Unconditional instruction extension space In ARMv5 and above, instructions with the following opcode are the unconditional instruction space: opcode[31:28] == 0b1111 31 30 29 28 27 1 1 1 1 20 19 opcode1 8 7 x x x x x x x x x x x x 4 opcode2 3 0 x x x x Table A3-7 summarizes the instructions that have already been allocated in this area. Table A3-7 Unconditional instruction extension space Instruction Architecture versions CPS/SETEND ARMv6 and above PLD E variants of ARMv5 and above, except ARMv5TExP RFE ARMv6 SRS ARMv6 BLX (address form) ARMv5 and above MCRR2 ARMv6 and above MRRC2 ARMv6 and above STC2 ARMv5 and above LDC2 ARMv5 and above CDP2 ARMv5 and above MCR2 ARMv5 and above MRC2 ARMv5 and above Figure A3-6 on page A3-42 provides details of the unconditional instructions. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A3-41 The ARM Instruction Set 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Change Processor State Set Endianness 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 imod M 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 5 4 SBZ S E B 0 0 0 0 Z Save Return State 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 P U 1 W 0 1 1 0 1 SBZ 0 1 0 1 Return From Exception 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 P U 0 W 1 Rn SBZ 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 0 mode SBZ addr_mode SBZ mode SBZ 24-bit offset Additional coprocessor double register transfer 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 L Additional coprocessor register transfer 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Undefined instruction 6 A I F 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 X 1 U 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 H 7 SBZ Cache Preload Branch with Link and change to Thumb Rn 9 opc1 L Rn Rd cp_num opcode CRn Rd cp_num opc2 CRm 1 CRm 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Figure A3-6 Unconditional instructions A3-42 M mmod X In addressing mode 2, X=0 implies an immediate offset/index, and X=1 a register based offset/index. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I Chapter A4 ARM Instructions This chapter describes the syntax and usage of every ARM® instruction, in the sections: • Alphabetical list of ARM instructions on page A4-2 • ARM instructions and architecture versions on page A4-286. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A4-1 ARM Instructions A4.1 Alphabetical list of ARM instructions Every ARM instruction is listed on the following pages. Each instruction description shows: • the instruction encoding • the instruction syntax • the version of the ARM architecture where the instruction is valid • any exceptions that apply • an example in pseudo-code of how the instruction operates • notes on usage and special cases. A4.1.1 General notes These notes explain the types of information and abbreviations used on the instruction pages. Addressing modes Many instructions refer to one of the addressing modes described in Chapter A5 ARM Addressing Modes. The description of the referenced addressing mode should be considered an intrinsic part of the instruction description. In particular: • The addressing mode’s encoding diagram and assembler syntax provide additional details over and above the instruction’s encoding diagram and assembler syntax. • The addressing mode’s Operation pseudo-code calculates values used in the instruction’s pseudo-code, and in some cases specify additional effects of the instruction. • All usage notes, operand restrictions, and other notes about the addressing mode apply to the instruction. Syntax abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in the instruction pages: immed_n This is an immediate value, where n is the number of bits. For example, an 8-bit immediate value is represented by: immed_8 offset_n This is an offset value, where n is the number of bits. For example, an 8-bit offset value is represented by: offset_8 The same construction is used for signed offsets. For example, an 8-bit signed offset is represented by: signed_offset_8 A4-2 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I ARM Instructions Encoding diagram and assembler syntax For the conventions used, see Assembler syntax descriptions on page xxii. Architecture versions This gives details of architecture versions where the instruction is valid. For further information on architecture versions, see Architecture versions and variants on page xiii. Exceptions This gives details of which exceptions can occur during the execution of the instruction. Prefetch Abort is not listed in general, both because it can occur for any instruction and because if an abort occurred during instruction fetch, the instruction bit pattern is not known. (Prefetch Abort is however listed for BKPT, since it can generate a Prefetch Abort exception without these considerations applying.) Operation This gives a pseudo-code description of what the instruction does. For details of conventions used in this pseudo-code, see Pseudo-code descriptions of instructions on page xxi. Information on usage Usage sections are included where appropriate to supply suggestions and other information about how to use the instruction effectively. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A4-3 ARM Instructions A4.1.2 ADC 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond 0 0 I 0 1 0 1 S 16 15 Rn 12 11 Rd 0 shifter_operand ADC (Add with Carry) adds two values and the Carry flag. The first value comes from a register. The second value can be either an immediate value or a value from a register, and can be shifted before the addition. ADC can optionally update the condition code flags, based on the result. Syntax ADC{ }{S} , , where: Is the condition under which the instruction is executed. The conditions are defined in The condition field on page A3-3. If is omitted, the AL (always) condition is used. S Causes the S bit (bit[20]) in the instruction to be set to 1 and specifies that the instruction updates the CPSR. If S is omitted, the S bit is set to 0 and the CPSR is not changed by the instruction. Two types of CPSR update can occur when S is specified: • If is not R15, the N and Z flags are set according to the result of the addition, and the C and V flags are set according to whether the addition generated a carry (unsigned overflow) and a signed overflow, respectively. The rest of the CPSR is unchanged. • If is R15, the SPSR of the current mode is copied to the CPSR. This form of the instruction is UNPREDICTABLE if executed in User mode or System mode, because these modes do not have an SPSR. Specifies the destination register. Specifies the register that contains the first operand. Specifies the second operand. The options for this operand are described in Addressing Mode 1 - Data-processing operands on page A5-2, including how each option causes the I bit (bit[25]) and the shifter_operand bits (bits[11:0]) to be set in the instruction. If the I bit is 0 and both bit[7] and bit[4] of shifter_operand are 1, the instruction is not ADC. Instead, see Extending the instruction set on page A3-32 to determine which instruction it is. Architecture version All. A4-4 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I ARM Instructions Exceptions None. Operation if ConditionPassed(cond) then Rd = Rn + shifter_operand + C Flag if S == 1 and Rd == R15 then if CurrentModeHasSPSR() then CPSR = SPSR else UNPREDICTABLE else if S == 1 then N Flag = Rd[31] Z Flag = if Rd == 0 then 1 else 0 C Flag = CarryFrom(Rn + shifter_operand + C Flag) V Flag = OverflowFrom(Rn + shifter_operand + C Flag) Usage Use ADC to synthesize multi-word addition. If register pairs R0, R1 and R2, R3 hold 64-bit values (where R0 and R2 hold the least significant words) the following instructions leave the 64-bit sum in R4, R5: ADDS R4,R0,R2 ADC R5,R1,R3 If the second instruction is changed from: ADC R5,R1,R3 to: ADCS R5,R1,R3 the resulting values of the flags indicate: N The 64-bit addition produced a negative result. C An unsigned overflow occurred. V A signed overflow occurred. Z The most significant 32 bits are all zero. The following instruction produces a single-bit Rotate Left with Extend operation (33-bit rotate through the Carry flag) on R0: ADCS R0,R0,R0 See Data-processing operands - Rotate right with extend on page A5-17 for information on how to perform a similar rotation to the right. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A4-5 ARM Instructions A4.1.3 ADD 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond 0 0 I 0 1 0 0 S 16 15 Rn 12 11 Rd 0 shifter operand ADD adds two values. The first value comes from a register. The second value can be either an immediate value or a value from a register, and can be shifted before the addition. ADD can optionally update the condition code flags, based on the result. Syntax ADD{ }{S} , , where: Is the condition under which the instruction is executed. The condition field on page A3-3. If is omitted, the AL (always) condition is used. S Causes the S bit (bit[20]) in the instruction to be set to 1 and specifies that the instruction updates the CPSR. If S is omitted, the S bit is set to 0 and the CPSR is not changed by the instruction. Two types of CPSR update can occur when S is specified: • If is not R15, the N and Z flags are set according to the result of the addition, and the C and V flags are set according to whether the addition generated a carry (unsigned overflow) and a signed overflow, respectively. The rest of the CPSR is unchanged. • If is R15, the SPSR of the current mode is copied to the CPSR. This form of the instruction is UNPREDICTABLE if executed in User mode or System mode, because these modes do not have an SPSR. Specifies the destination register. Specifies the register that contains the first operand. Specifies the second operand. The options for this operand are described in Addressing Mode 1 - Data-processing operands on page A5-2, including how each option causes the I bit (bit[25]) and the shifter_operand bits (bits[11:0]) to be set in the instruction. If the I bit is 0 and both bit[7] and bit[4] of shifter_operand are 1, the instruction is not ADD. Instead, see Extending the instruction set on page A3-32 to determine which instruction it is. Architecture version All. A4-6 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I ARM Instructions Exceptions None. Operation if ConditionPassed(cond) then Rd = Rn + shifter_operand if S == 1 and Rd == R15 then if CurrentModeHasSPSR() then CPSR = SPSR else UNPREDICTABLE else if S == 1 then N Flag = Rd[31] Z Flag = if Rd == 0 then 1 else 0 C Flag = CarryFrom(Rn + shifter_operand) V Flag = OverflowFrom(Rn + shifter_operand) Usage Use ADD to add two values together. To increment a register value in Rx use: ADD Rx, Rx, #1 You can perform constant multiplication of Rx by 2n+1 into Rd with: ADD Rd, Rx, Rx, LSL #n To form a PC-relative address use: ADD Rd, PC, #offset where the offset must be the difference between the required address and the address held in the PC, where the PC is the address of the ADD instruction itself plus 8 bytes. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A4-7 ARM Instructions A4.1.4 AND 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 S 16 15 Rn 12 11 Rd 0 shifter_operand AND performs a bitwise AND of two values. The first value comes from a register. The second value can be either an immediate value or a value from a register, and can be shifted before the AND operation. AND can optionally update the condition code flags, based on the result. Syntax AND{ }{S} , , where: Is the condition under which the instruction is executed. The conditions are defined in The condition field on page A3-3. If is omitted, the AL (always) condition is used. S Causes the S bit (bit[20]) in the instruction to be set to 1 and specifies that the instruction updates the CPSR. If S is omitted, the S bit is set to 0 and the CPSR is not changed by the instruction. Two types of CPSR update can occur when S is specified: • If is not R15, the N and Z flags are set according to the result of the operation, and the C flag is set to the carry output bit generated by the shifter (see Addressing Mode 1 - Data-processing operands on page A5-2). The V flag and the rest of the CPSR are unaffected. • If is R15, the SPSR of the current mode is copied to the CPSR. This form of the instruction is UNPREDICTABLE if executed in User mode or System mode, because these modes do not have an SPSR. Specifies the destination register. Specifies the register that contains the first operand. Specifies the second operand. The options for this operand are described in Addressing Mode 1 - Data-processing operands on page A5-2, including how each option causes the I bit (bit[25]) and the shifter_operand bits (bits[11:0]) to be set in the instruction. If the I bit is 0 and both bit[7] and bit[4] of shifter_operand are 1, the instruction is not AND. Instead, see Extending the instruction set on page A3-32 to determine which instruction it is. Architecture version All. A4-8 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I ARM Instructions Exceptions None. Operation if ConditionPassed(cond) then Rd = Rn AND shifter_operand if S == 1 and Rd == R15 then if CurrentModeHasSPSR() then CPSR = SPSR else UNPREDICTABLE else if S == 1 then N Flag = Rd[31] Z Flag = if Rd == 0 then 1 else 0 C Flag = shifter_carry_out V Flag = unaffected Usage AND is most useful for extracting a field from a register, by ANDing the register with a mask value that has 1s in the field to be extracted, and 0s elsewhere. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A4-9 ARM Instructions A4.1.5 B, BL 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 cond 1 0 1 L 0 signed_immed_24 B (Branch) and BL (Branch and Link) cause a branch to a target address, and provide both conditional and unconditional changes to program flow. BL also stores a return address in the link register, R14 (also known as LR). Syntax B{L}{ } where: L Causes the L bit (bit 24) in the instruction to be set to 1. The resulting instruction stores a return address in the link register (R14). If L is omitted, the L bit is 0 and the instruction simply branches without storing a return address. Is the condition under which the instruction is executed. The conditions are defined in The condition field on page A3-3. If is omitted, the AL (always) condition is used. Specifies the address to branch to. The branch target address is calculated by: 1. Sign-extending the 24-bit signed (two's complement) immediate to 30 bits. 2. Shifting the result left two bits to form a 32-bit value. 3. Adding this to the contents of the PC, which contains the address of the branch instruction plus 8 bytes. The instruction can therefore specify a branch of approximately ±32MB (see Usage on page A4-11 for precise range). Architecture version All. Exceptions None. A4-10 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I ARM Instructions Operation if ConditionPassed(cond) then if L == 1 then LR = address of the instruction after the branch instruction PC = PC + (SignExtend_30(signed_immed_24) << 2) Usage Use BL to perform a subroutine call. The return from subroutine is achieved by copying R14 to the PC. Typically, this is done by one of the following methods: • Executing a BX R14 instruction, on architecture versions that support that instruction. • Executing a MOV PC,R14 instruction. • Storing a group of registers and R14 to the stack on subroutine entry, using an instruction of the form: STMFD R13!,{ ,R14} and then restoring the register values and returning with an instruction of the form: LDMFD R13!,{ ,PC} To calculate the correct value of signed_immed_24, the assembler (or other toolkit component) must: 1. Form the base address for this branch instruction. This is the address of the instruction, plus 8. In other words, this base address is equal to the PC value used by the instruction. 2. Subtract the base address from the target address to form a byte offset. This offset is always a multiple of four, because all ARM instructions are word-aligned. 3. If the byte offset is outside the range −33554432 to +33554428, use an alternative code-generation strategy or produce an error as appropriate. 4. Otherwise, set the signed_immed_24 field of the instruction to bits{25:2] of the byte offset. Notes Memory bounds ARM DDI 0100I Branching backwards past location zero and forwards over the end of the 32-bit address space is UNPREDICTABLE. Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A4-11 ARM Instructions A4.1.6 BIC 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond 0 0 I 1 1 1 0 S 16 15 Rn 12 11 Rd 0 shifter_operand BIC (Bit Clear) performs a bitwise AND of one value with the complement of a second value. The first value comes from a register. The second value can be either an immediate value or a value from a register, and can be shifted before the BIC operation. BIC can optionally update the condition code flags, based on the result. Syntax BIC{ }{S} , , where: Is the condition under which the instruction is executed. The conditions are defined in The condition field on page A3-3. If is omitted, the AL (always) condition is used. S Causes the S bit, bit[20], in the instruction to be set to 1 and specifies that the instruction updates the CPSR. If S is omitted, the S bit is set to 0 and the CPSR is not changed by the instruction. Two types of CPSR update can occur when S is specified: • If is not R15, the N and Z flags are set according to the result of the operation, and the C flag is set to the carry output bit generated by the shifter (see Addressing Mode 1 - Data-processing operands on page A5-2). The V flag and the rest of the CPSR are unaffected. • If is R15, the SPSR of the current mode is copied to the CPSR. This form of the instruction is UNPREDICTABLE if executed in User mode or System mode, because these modes do not have an SPSR. Specifies the destination register. Specifies the register that contains the first operand. Specifies the second operand. The options for this operand are described in Addressing Mode 1 - Data-processing operands on page A5-2, including how each option causes the I bit (bit[25]) and the shifter_operand bits (bits[11:0]) to be set in the instruction. If the I bit is 0 and both bit[7] and bit[4] of shifter_operand are 1, the instruction is not BIC. Instead, see Extending the instruction set on page A3-32 to determine which instruction it is. Architecture version All. A4-12 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I ARM Instructions Exceptions None. Operation if ConditionPassed(cond) then Rd = Rn AND NOT shifter_operand if S == 1 and Rd == R15 then if CurrentModeHasSPSR() then CPSR = SPSR else UNPREDICTABLE else if S == 1 then N Flag = Rd[31] Z Flag = if Rd == 0 then 1 else 0 C Flag = shifter_carry_out V Flag = unaffected Usage Use BIC to clear selected bits in a register. For each bit, BIC with 1 clears the bit, and BIC with 0 leaves it unchanged. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A4-13 ARM Instructions A4.1.7 BKPT 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 8 immed 7 4 3 0 1 1 1 0 immed BKPT (Breakpoint) causes a software breakpoint to occur. This breakpoint can be handled by an exception handler installed on the Prefetch Abort vector. In implementations that also include debug hardware, the hardware can optionally override this behavior and handle the breakpoint itself. When this occurs, the Prefetch Abort exception context is presented to the debugger. Syntax BKPT where: Is a 16-bit immediate value. The top 12 bits of are placed in bits[19:8] of the instruction, and the bottom 4 bits are placed in bits[3:0] of the instruction. This value is ignored by the ARM hardware, but can be used by a debugger to store additional information about the breakpoint. Architecture version Version 5 and above. Exceptions Prefetch Abort. Operation if (not overridden by debug hardware) R14_abt = address of BKPT instruction + 4 SPSR_abt = CPSR CPSR[4:0] = 0b10111 /* Enter Abort mode */ CPSR[5] = 0 /* Execute in ARM state */ /* CPSR[6] is unchanged */ CPSR[7] = 1 /* Disable normal interrupts */ CPSR[8] = 1 /* Disable imprecise aborts - v6 only */ CPSR[9] = CP15_reg1_EEbit if high vectors configured then PC = 0xFFFF000C else PC = 0x0000000C A4-14 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I ARM Instructions Usage The exact usage of BKPT depends on the debug system being used. A debug system can use the BKPT instruction in two ways: • Monitor debug-mode. Debug hardware, (optional prior to ARMv6), does not override the normal behavior of the BKPT instruction, and so the Prefetch Abort vector is entered. The IFSR is updated to indicate a debug event, allowing software to distinguish debug events due to BKPT instruction execution from other system Prefetch Aborts. When used in this manner, the BKPT instruction must be avoided within abort handlers, as it corrupts R14_abt and SPSR_abt. For the same reason, it must also be avoided within FIQ handlers, since an FIQ interrupt can occur within an abort handler. • Halting debug-mode. Debug hardware does override the normal behavior of the BKPT instruction and handles the software breakpoint itself. When finished, it typically either resumes execution at the instruction following the BKPT, or replaces the BKPT in memory with another instruction and resumes execution at that instruction. When BKPT is used in this manner, R14_abt and SPSR_abt are not corrupted, and so the above restrictions about its use in abort and FIQ handlers do not apply. Notes Condition field BKPT is unconditional. If bits[31:28] of the instruction encode a valid condition other than the AL (always) condition, the instruction is UNPREDICTABLE. Hardware override Debug hardware in an implementation is specifically permitted to override the normal behavior of the BKPT instruction. Because of this, software must not use this instruction for purposes other than those documented by the debug system being used (if any). In particular, software cannot rely on the Prefetch Abort exception occurring, unless either there is guaranteed to be no debug hardware in the system or the debug system specifies that it occurs. For more information, consult the documentation for the debug system being used. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A4-15 ARM Instructions A4.1.8 BLX (1) 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 H 0 signed_immed_24 BLX (1) (Branch with Link and Exchange) calls a Thumb® subroutine from the ARM instruction set at an address specified in the instruction. This form of BLX is unconditional (always causing a change in program flow) and preserves the address of the instruction following the branch in the link register (R14). Execution of Thumb instructions begins at the target address. Syntax BLX where: Specifies the address of the Thumb instruction to branch to. The branch target address is calculated by: 1. Sign-extending the 24-bit signed (two's complement) immediate to 30 bits 2. Shifting the result left two bits to form a 32-bit value 3. Setting bit[1] of the result of step 2 to the H bit 4. Adding the result of step 3 to the contents of the PC, which contains the address of the branch instruction plus 8. The instruction can therefore specify a branch of approximately ±32MB (see Usage on page A4-17 for precise range). Architecture version Version 5 and above. See The T and J bits on page A2-15 for further details of operation on non-T variants. Exceptions None. Operation LR = address of the instruction after the BLX instruction CPSR T bit = 1 PC = PC + (SignExtend(signed_immed_24) << 2) + (H << 1) A4-16 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I ARM Instructions Usage To return from a Thumb subroutine called via BLX to the ARM caller, use the Thumb instruction: BX R14 as described in BX on page A7-32, or use this instruction on subroutine entry: PUSH { ,R14} and this instruction to return: POP { ,PC} To calculate the correct value of signed_immed_24, the assembler (or other toolkit component) must: 1. Form the base address for this branch instruction. This is the address of the instruction, plus 8. In other words, this base address is equal to the PC value used by the instruction. 2. Subtract the base address from the target address to form a byte offset. This offset is always even, because all ARM instructions are word-aligned and all Thumb instructions are halfword-aligned. 3. If the byte offset is outside the range −33554432 to +33554430, use an alternative code-generation strategy or produce an error as appropriate. 4. Otherwise, set the signed_immed_24 field of the instruction to bits[25:2] of the byte offset, and the H bit of the instruction to bit[1] of the byte offset. Notes Condition Unlike most other ARM instructions, this instruction cannot be executed conditionally. Bit[24] This bit is used as bit[1] of the target address. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A4-17 ARM Instructions A4.1.9 BLX (2) 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 16 15 SBO 12 11 SBO 8 SBO 7 6 5 4 3 0 0 1 1 0 Rm BLX (2) calls an ARM or Thumb subroutine from the ARM instruction set, at an address specified in a register. It sets the CPSR T bit to bit[0] of Rm. This selects the instruction set to be used in the subroutine. The branch target address is the value of register Rm, with its bit[0] forced to zero. It sets R14 to a return address. To return from the subroutine, use a BX R14 instruction, or store R14 on the stack and reload the stored value into the PC. Syntax BLX{ } where: Is the condition under which the instruction is executed. The conditions are defined in The condition field on page A3-3. If is omitted, the AL (always) condition is used. Is the register containing the address of the target instruction. Bit[0] of Rm is 0 to select a target ARM instruction, or 1 to select a target Thumb instruction. If R15 is specified for , the results are UNPREDICTABLE. Architecture version Version 5 and above. See The T and J bits on page A2-15 for further details of operation on non-T variants. Exceptions None. Operation if ConditionPassed(cond) then target = Rm LR = address of instruction after the BLX instruction CPSR T bit = target[0] PC = target AND 0xFFFFFFFE A4-18 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I ARM Instructions Notes ARM/Thumb state transfers If Rm[1:0] == 0b10, the result is UNPREDICTABLE, as branches to non word-aligned addresses are impossible in ARM state. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A4-19 ARM Instructions A4.1.10 BX 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 16 15 SBO 12 11 SBO 8 SBO 7 6 5 4 3 0 0 0 1 0 Rm BX (Branch and Exchange) branches to an address, with an optional switch to Thumb state. Syntax BX{ } where: Is the condition under which the instruction is executed. The conditions are defined in The condition field on page A3-3. If is omitted, the AL (always) condition is used. Holds the value of the branch target address. Bit[0] of Rm is 0 to select a target ARM instruction, or 1 to select a target Thumb instruction. Architecture version Version 5 and above, and T variants of version 4. See The T and J bits on page A2-15 for further details of operation on non-T variants of version 5. Exceptions None. Operation if ConditionPassed(cond) then CPSR T bit = Rm[0] PC = Rm AND 0xFFFFFFFE Notes ARM/Thumb state transfers If Rm[1:0] == 0b10, the result is UNPREDICTABLE, as branches to non word-aligned addresses are impossible in ARM state. Use of R15 Register 15 can be specified for , but doing so is discouraged. In a BX R15 instruction, R15 is read as normal for ARM code, that is, it is the address of the BX instruction itself plus 8. The result is to branch to the second following word, executing in ARM state. This is precisely the same effect that would have been obtained if a B instruction with an offset field of 0 had been executed, or an ADD PC,PC,#0 or MOV PC,PC instruction. In new code, use these instructions in preference to the more complex BX PC instruction. A4-20 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I ARM Instructions A4.1.11 BXJ 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 cond 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 16 15 SBO 12 11 SBO 8 7 6 5 4 SBO 0 0 1 0 3 0 Rm BXJ (Branch and change to Jazelle® state) enters Jazelle state if Jazelle is available and enabled. Otherwise BXJ behaves exactly as BX (see BX on page A4-20). Syntax BXJ{ } where: Is the condition under which the instruction is executed. The conditions are defined in The condition field on page A3-3. If is omitted, the AL (always) condition is used. Holds the value of the branch target address for use if Jazelle state is not available. Bit[0] of Rm is 0 to select a target ARM instruction, or 1 to select a target Thumb instruction. Architecture version Version 6 and above, plus ARMv5TEJ. Exceptions None. ARM DDI 0100I Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. A4-21 ARM Instructions Operation if ConditionPassed(cond) then if (JE bit of Main Configuration register) == 0 then T Flag = Rm[0] PC = Rm AND 0xFFFFFFFE else jpc = SUB-ARCHITECTURE DEFINED value invalidhandler = SUB-ARCHITECTURE DEFINED value if (Jazelle Extension accepts opcode at jpc) then if (CV bit of Jazelle OS Control register) == 0 then PC = invalidhandler else J Flag = 1 Start opcode execution at jpc else if ((CV bit of Jazelle OS Control register) == 0) AND (IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED CONDITION) then PC = invalidhandler else /* Subject to SUB-ARCHITECTURE DEFINED restrictions on Rm: */ T Flag = Rm[0] PC = Rm AND 0xFFFFFFFE Usage This instruction must only be used if one of the following conditions is true: • The JE bit of the Main Configuration Register is 0. • The Enabled Java Virtual Machine in use conforms to all the SUB-ARCHITECTURE DEFINED restrictions of the Jazelle Extension hardware being used. Notes ARM/Thumb state transfers IF (JE bit of Main Configuration register) == 0 AND Rm[1:0] == 0b10, the result is UNPREDICTABLE, as branches to non word-aligned addresses are impossible in ARM state. Use of R15 If register 15 is specified for , the result is UNPREDICTABLE. Jazelle opcode address The Jazelle opcode address is determined in a SUB-ARCHITECTURE DEFINED manner, typically from the contents of a specific general-purpose register, the Jazelle Program Counter (jpc). A4-22 Copyright © 1996-1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. ARM DDI 0100I ARM Instructions A4.1.12 CDP 31 28 27 26 25 24 23 cond 1 1 1 0 20 19 opcode_1 16 15 CRn 12 11 CRd cp_num 8 7 5 4 opcode_2 0 3 0 CRm CDP (Coprocessor Data Processing) tells the coprocessor whose number is cp_num to perform an operation that is independent of ARM registers and memory. If no coprocessors indicate that they can execute the instruction, an Undefined Instruction exception is generated. Syntax CDP{ } CDP2 , , , , , , ,