Designers Guide To Low Power RF LPRF
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TI Low Power RF Designer’s Guide to LPRF TI Low-Power RF at a glance… Alarm and Security CC2.4 GHz Sub 1 GHz Remote Controls CC111x Sub 1 GHz SoC CC2530 32KB Flash, USB 2.0 0.3 uA sleep current RF4CE CC2500 2.4 GHz Transceiver +MSP430 MCU Proprietary solution IEEE 802.15.4 compliant System on Chip RemoTI SW CC1101 Sub 1 GHz Transceiver + MSP430 MCU, 500 Kbps -112dBm sensitivity Smart Metering CC2530 CC1020 ZigBee Narrowband Low-Power RF 12.5 KHz channel spacing System on Chip -118dBm sensitivity IEEE 802.15.4 compliant + CC259x Range Extenders CC8520 Wireless Audio PurePath™ Wireless Coming Soon High Quality Wireless Audio CC259x 2.4 GHz Range Extender CC2431 CC2530ZNP Network Processor Location Tracking System on Chip Solutions fully certified ZigBee Pro Software Stack Medical, Health & HID CC2540 CC251x Bluetooth Low Energy Coming Soon 2.4 GHz Radio BLE compliant SoC Complete SoC, 32 KB Flash, USB Home Automation & Lighting 2 TI Low-Power RF Technology Solutions DEFINE SELECT DESIGN TEST PRODUCE Network Topology Proprietary or Standard Products Certification Obsolescence Policy Range and Data rate Protocol SW Antenna Design Coexistence Quality Power Consumption Regulations PCB Layout Production Test Make or Buy Development Tools Design Support Define RF Design Requirements Considerations when starting an RF design: • How many members/nodes will participate the wireless network? • What is the required range between the devices? • Is there a special need for low power consumption? • Are there common standards that have to be met? Define Network Topology Star network with multiple nodes: • Host device with hub function • simple end devices Point to Point: • one way or two way communication • simple protocol using SimpliciTI or TIMAC Device 1 Device 2 Define Network Topology: ZigBee Mesh ZigBee Coordinator Starts the Network Routes packets Manages security Associates Routers and End Devices Example: Heating Central ZigBee Router Routes packets Associates Routers and End Devices Example: Light Devices are pre-programmed for their network function Coordinator can be removed ZigBee End Device Sleeps most of the time Can be battery powered Does not route Example: Light switch Define Network Topology Any Radio HW + Proprietary SW Topology Any Topology SimpliciTI Point to Point 802.15.4 TIMAC RF4CE ZigBee Star Network Star Network Mesh Star Network Code Size variable < 8 KByte <32 KByte <64 KByte >64 KByte Complexity variable Low Low Low Medium Define Range and Data rate: Range propagation • How far can TX and RX be apart from each other? • Friis’ transmission equation for free space propagation: Pr Pt Gt Gr 20 log 20 log d 4 d – – – – 4 or Pt Gt Gr 2 Pr (4 ) 2 d 2 Pt Gt Gr Pr Pt is the transmitted power, Pr is the received power Gt is the transmitter, Gr is the receiver antenna gain d is the distance between transmitter and receiver, or the range Lambda is the wavelength c Speed of light Frequency f Define Range and Data rate: “Real life” Compared to the estimated range we should get in theory here are some ”real life” rules and experiences on RF range: • 120 dB link budget at 433 MHz gives approximately 2000 meters (TI rule of thumb) • Based on the emperical results above and Friis’ equation estimates on real range can be made • Rule of Thumb: – 6 dB improvement ~ twice the distance – Double the frequency ~ half the range (433 MHz longer range than 868 MHz) Define Range and Data rate: Important factors • Antenna (gain, sensitivity to body effects etc.) • Sensitivity: Lowest input power with acceptable link quality (typically 1% PER) • Channel Selectivity: How well a chip works in an environment with interference • Output power • Environment (Line of sight, obstructions, reflections, multi-path fading) Define Range and Data rate: Estimated LOS Test Example: CC1101 with 0dBm output power, 250KBps, Johannson Balun, 915MHz, Dipole Antenna Data Rate 250kBps Range: 290m 2.4 GHz 38.4kBps 868 / 915 MHz 2.4 GHz 2.4kBps See also Design Note: Range Measurements in an Open Field Environment 868 / 915 MHz 2.4 GHz 10m 100m 1000m 868 / 915 MHz 10000m Range Note: These examples should be taken as a rough estimation as the final design is highly dependent on the antenna, frequency, output power and other parameters. Define Power Consumption Low Power characteristics and features of TI’s RF devices: – – – – – – – – – – Low sleep current Minimum MCU activity RX/TX turn around time Adaptive output power using RSSI Fast crystal start-up time Fast PLL calibration (and settling) Carrier sense recognition Low RX peak current Minimum duty cycle Wake on radio (new devices) Define Power Consumption: Application Scenarios High duty cycle applications: •Active radio current consumption •RX/TX and Calibration Crystal Oscilator Start-up Calibration RX/TX mode Long Packet Length Radio power dominating time Short Packet Length Calibration power dominating time Low duty cycle applications: •MCU sleep current •Regulator quiescent current •Average radio current consumption Low duty-cycle transmission Sleep power dominating time Define Power Consumption: Low-Power Essentials • Use the lowest possible duty cycle – Send data only when needed, do not send more data than necessary – Use the highest data rate you can (trade-off vs. range) – Watch out for protocol-related overhead • Use the lowest possible voltage – RF chips have reduced current draw at lower voltages – Low voltage degrades RF performance – Above not a problem if on-chip regulator • Use a switch-mode regulator with low quiescent current to maximize battery lifetime Define Power Consumption: Example The Challenge of Powering a LPRF System CC2500 Typicals: Vcc Range: 1.8V to 3.6V WOR Sleep Current: 900nA Idle Current: 1.5mA FSTXon Current: 7.4mA Rx Current: 15mA @ 2.4kB/s Tx Current: 21mA @ 0dB MSP430F2274 Typicals: Vcc Range: 1.8V to 3.6V Sleep Current: 0.1uA @ 3V 32kOsc Current: 0.9uA @ 3V CPU off Current: 90uA @ 3V Active Current: 390uA @ 3V Define Power Consumption Typical Power Profile of a LPRF System 7.4mA x 809us = 1.67 uA Hr ~809us ~7.5ms 15mA x 7.5us = 31.3 uA Hr ~350us ~ 0.1us 1.5mA x 0.1us = 0.04 pA Hr ~ 990ms 1uA x 990ms = 0.275 pA Hr External Oscillator Settling Frequency Synthesizer Calibration Receive or Transmit Radio In Idle Radio In Sleep Select Choose the right RF solution How to choose the perfect RF solution: • Does the application need to associate with an existing system? • What kind of software protocols fit the application best? • Are there regulations to be considered? • How much time/resources are available to get the product to market? Select Proprietary or Standard TI LPRF offers several low power RF solutions by providing the required Hardware and Software. As a result there is no need to promote any specific low power RF protocol as the solution for all applications. However, it is important to make the customer choose the best fitting protocol for the targeted application in order to get optimal performance and meet expectations. Select Proprietary or Standard ZigBee RF4CE IEEE 802.15.4 SimpliciTI Proprietary Design Freedom Design Freedom Design Freedom Design Freedom Design Freedom Solution Application Z-Stack + Simple API Remo TI Design Freedom Design Freedom Layer Design Freedom Higher Layer Protocol TI MAC TI MAC TI MAC SimpliciTI Design Freedom Lower Layer Protocol CC2530 CC2430 CC2530 CC2530ZNP CC2530 CC2430 CC111x, CC251x MSP430+CC1101 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz MSP430+CC2520 or CC2500 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz Sub 1 GHz all LPRF devices Physical Layer 2.4 GHz Sub 1 GHz RF Frequency Select Proprietary or Standard: ZigBee “The ZigBee Alliance is an association of companies working together to enable reliable, cost-effective, low-power, wirelessly networked monitoring and control products based on an open global standard” Source: ZigBee Alliance homepage Promoters of the ZigBee alliance are: Select Proprietary or Standard: ZigBee Select Proprietary or Standard: RF4CE • Founding Members • Invited Contributors The RF4CE industry consortium has been formed to develop a new protocol that will further the adoption of radio frequency remote controls for audio visual devices. The consortium will create a standardized specification for radio frequency-based remote controls that deliver richer communication, increased reliability and more flexible use. Visit www.rf4ce.org for more information on the RF4CE consortium Visit www.ti.com/rf4ce for more information on TI’s RF4CE solution Select Protocol Software • Z-Stack - ZigBee Protocol Stack from TI – – – – • TIMAC – – – • A standardized wireless protocol for battery-powered and/or mains powered nodes Suitable for applications with low data-rate requirements LPRF Protocol SW Support for IEEE 802.15.4-2003/2006 SimpliciTI Network Protocol – RF Made Easy – – • Mesh networking Golden Unit certification for ZigBee-2006, ZigBee-2007 and ZigBee PRO Supports multiple platforms including the CC2530ZNP, CC2530 and CC2520+MSP430 platforms ZigBee 2007/PRO available on MSP430 platform A simple low-power RF network protocol aimed at small RF networks Typical for networks with battery operated devices that require long battery life, low data rate and low duty cycle RemoTI Remote control – RF4CE is built on the well-tested, reliable software, the TIMAC, which is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack and runs in millions of devices worldwide All software solutions can be downloaded free from TI web Point-to-point &Star network Mesh network topology IEEE802.15.4 TIMAC SimpliciTI Remo TI ZigBee Z-Stack Select Protocol Software: ZigBee™ Z-Stack • • • • Key Benefits: • • • • • Self healing (Mesh networks) Low node cost Easy to deploy (low installation cost) • Application ZigBee™ Stack – Network functionality IEEE 802.15.4 – Physical layer/Radio – Standardized point to point link ZigBee™ devices from TI – CC2480 (network processor) – CC243x System on Chip – CC253x System on Chip Supports large networks (hundreds of nodes) Intended for monitoring & control applications Standardized protocol (interoperability) Select Protocol Software: SimpliciTI • Low Power: a TI proprietary low-power RF network protocol Supported LPRF devices: • Low Cost: uses < 8K FLASH, 1K RAM depending on configuration MSP430+CC1101/CC2500 /CC2520, • Flexible: simple star w/ extendor and/or p2p communication CC1110/CC1111, • Simple: Utilizes a very basic core API • CC2510/CC2511, CC2430, CC2530 Low Power: Supports sleeping devices Ping Application Link Join Freq Port 0x01 Port 0x02 Port 0x03 Port 0x05 Network NWK Data Link/ PHY MRFI Minimal RF interface Customer App Port 0x20 Port 0x21 Customer App Select Protocol Software: RemoTI The RemoTI protocol: - Based on IEEE 802.15.4 - Includes a thin NWK layer - Command Set Interface RemoTI (RF4CE) Standard Includes: - Frequency agility for multi-channel operation to avoid interference - A mechanism for secure transactions - A power save mechanism for power efficient implementations - A simple and intuitive pairing mechanism Select Regulations: ISM/SRD frequency bands Select Regulations: 2.4 GHz ISM band The 2400–2483.5 MHz band is available for license-free operation in most countries • 2.4 GHz Pros – Same solution for all markets without SW/HW alterations – Large bandwidth available, allows many separate channels and high datarates – 100% duty cycle is possible – More compact antenna solution than below 1 GHz • 2.4 GHz Cons – Shorter range than a sub 1 GHz solution (with the same current consumption) – Many possible interferers are present in the band Select Regulations: Sub 1GHz ISM bands The ISM bands under 1 GHz are not world-wide. Limitations vary a lot from region to region and getting a full overview is not an easy task • Sub 1GHz Pros – Better range than 2.4 GHz with the same output power and current consumption – Lower frequencies have better penetration through concrete and steel (buildings and office environments) compared to 2.4 GHz • Sub 1GHz Cons – No worldwide solution possible. Since different bands are used in different regions a custom solution has to be designed for each area – Duty cycle restrictions in some regions Select Regulations: Sub 1GHz ISM bands 902-928 MHz is the main frequency band in the US • The 260-470 MHz range is also available, but with more limitations The 902-928 MHz band is covered by FCC CFR 47, part 15 Sharing of the bandwidth is done in the same way as for 2.4 GHz: • • • Higher output power is allowed if you spread your transmitted power and don’t occupy one channel all the timeFCC CFR 47 part 15.247 covers wideband modulation Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) with ≥50 channels are allowed up to 1 W, FHSS with 25-49 channels up to 0.25 W Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and other digital modulation formats with bandwidth above 500 kHz are allowed up to 1W FCC CFR 47 part 15.249 • ”Single channel systems” can only transmit with ~0.75 mW output power Select Regulations: Unlicensed ISM/SRD bands USA/Canada: – 260 – 470 MHz – 902 – 928 MHz – 2400 – 2483.5 MHz (FCC Part 15.231; 15.205) (FCC Part 15.247; 15.249) (FCC Part 15.247; 15.249) Europe: – 433.050 – 434.790 MHz – 863.0 – 870.0 MHz – 2400 – 2483.5 MHz (ETSI EN 300 220) (ETSI EN 300 220) (ETSI EN 300 440 or ETSI EN 300 328) Japan: – – – – 315 MHz 426-430, 449, 469 MHz 2400 – 2483.5 MHz 2471 – 2497 MHz (Ultra low power applications) (ARIB STD-T67) (ARIB STD-T66) (ARIB RCR STD-33) ISM = Industrial, Scientific and Medical SRD = Short Range Devices Select Make or Buy Self development based on a chipset or buy a module? Costs per unit Chip based $100 $10 Module $1 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M quantity Select Make or Buy Benefits of a module based solution compared to a self development: – – – – – Shortest time to market Focus on core competence 100% RF yield FCC/CE re-use Field proven technology: Temperature, antenna loads,... Design Build your Application Design your application using TI technology: • Low Power RF IC documentation • Design notes supporting your RF Antenna design • PCB reference designs help to accelerate your hardware layout • Powerful and easy to use development tools • Worldwide TI support organization Design LPRF Product Portfolio Sub 1 GHz Narrowband 2.4 GHz ZigBee/ RF4CE/ 15.4/ BLE Proprietary Proprietary RF4CE Software ZigBee SimpliciTI TIMAC preview BLE CC2530ZNP CC2480 Protocol Processor CC430 System on Chip CC1111 CC1110 Transceiver CC1020 Transmitter CC1070 RF Front End CC1100E preview preview CC2531 CC2540 CC2530 preview CC2533 CC243x CC1101 CC2520 CC1150 CC1190 NEW SimpliciTI preview CC8520 CC2511 CC2510 CC2500 CC2550 CC2591 CC2590 35 Design Block diagram of LPRF application example Antenna LPRF System on Chip CC111x / CC251x / CC243x / CC253x / CC430 MCU MSP430 SPI CC1101, C1020, CC2500, CC2480*, CC2520 Minimum BOM: • Antenna (PCB) & RF matching components • Battery or power supply PA \ LNA CC2590 CC2591 Additional components: • LPRF System on Chip or MSP430 MCU + RF transceiver RF Transceiver Power Supply TPS76933 • CC259x range extender • Whip or chip antenna to improve RF performance *ZigBee network processor Design Antenna Design The antenna is a key component for the successful design of a wireless communication system Low Power RF Transmit / Receive System The purpose of an antenna is to provide two way transmission of data electromagnetically in free space • • Transform electrical signals into RF electromagnetic waves, propagating into free space (transmit mode) Transform RF electromagnetic waves into electrical signals (receive mode) d 2h TX Transmit mode RX Receive mode Design Antenna Design An Isotropic Antenna is a theoretical antenna that radiates a signal equally in all directions. A Dipole Antenna is commonly used in wireless systems and can be modeled similarly to a doughnut The Dipole represents a directional antenna with a further reach in the X&Y Plane (at the cost of a smaller reach in the Z plane) to the Isotropic. Power measurements are referenced to isotropic antenna (dBi) as a theoretical model for comparison with all other antennas Power Measurements of a Dipole Antenna (dBd) = 2.14 dBi. Design Antenna Design: Types Two fundamental connection types for low power RF systems Single-ended antenna connection – – – – Usually matched to 50 ohm Requires a balun if the Chipcon-chip has a differential output Easy to measure the impedance with a network analyzer Easy to achieve high performance Differential antenna connection – – – – – Can be matched directly to the impedance at the RF pins Can be used to reduce the number of external components Complicated to make good design, might need to use a simulation Difficult to measure the impedance Possible to achieve equivalent performance of single-ended Design Antenna Design: Types PCB antennas • • • • • No extra cost development Requires more board area Size impacts at low frequencies and certain applications Good to high range Requires skilled resources and software Whip antennas • • • Cost from (starting~ $1) Best for matching theoretical range Size not limiting application Chip antennas • • Less expensive (below $1) Lower range Design Antenna Design: Frequency vs. Size Lower frequency increases the antenna range • Reducing the frequency by a factor of two doubles the range Lower frequency requires a larger antenna • • • λ/4 at 433 MHz is 17.3 cm (6.81 in) λ/4 at 915 MHz is 8.2 cm (3.23 in) λ/4 at 2.4 GHz is 3.1 cm (1.22 in) A meandered structure can be used to reduce the size • λ/4 at 2.4 GHz Design Antenna Design: TI Resources General Antennas • • AN003: SRD Antennas (SWRA088) Application Report ISM-Band and Short Range Device Antennas (SWRA046A) 2.4 GHz • • • • • • • AN040: Folded Dipole for CC24xx (SWRA093) AN043: PCB antenna for USB dongle (SWRA0117d) DN001: Antenna measurement with network analyzer (SWRA096) DN004: Folded Dipole Antenna for CC25xx (SWRA118) DN0007: Inverted F Antenna for 2.4 GHz (SWRU120b) AN058: Antenna Selection Guide (SWRA161) AN048: Chip Antenna (SWRA092b) 868/915 MHz • • • DN008: 868 and 915 MHz PCB antenna (SWRU121) DN016: 915 MHz Antenna Design (SWRA160) DN023: 868 MHz and 915 MHz PCB inverted-F antenna (SWRA228) Design PCB Layout: Rules of thumb for RF Layout • • • Keep via inductance as low as possible. Usually means larger holes or multiple parallel holes) Keep top ground continuous as possible. Similarly for bottom ground. Make the number of return paths equal for both digital and RF – Current flow is always through least impedance path. Therefore digital signals should not find a lower impedance path through the RF sections. • Compact RF paths are better, but observe good RF isolation between pads and or traces. Design PCB Layout: Do’s and Don’ts of RF Layout • Keep copper layer continuous for grounds. Keep connections to supply layers short • Use SMT 402 packages which have higher self-resonance and lower package parasitic components. • Use the chips star point ground return • Avoid ground loops at the component level and or signal trace. • Use vias to move the PCB self resonance higher than signal frequencies • Keep trace and components spacing nothing less than 12 mils • Keep via holes large at least 14.5 mils • Separate high speed signals (e.g. clock signals) from low speed signals, digital from analog. Placement is critical to keep return paths free of mixed signals. • Route digital signals traces so antenna field lines are not in parallel to lines of magnetic fields. • Keep traces length runs under a ¼ wavelength when possible. Design PCB Layout: Do’s and Don’ts of RF Layout • Avoid discontinuities in ground layers • Keep vias spacing to mimimize E fields that acts as current barriers, good rule to follow keep spacing greater than 5.2 x greater than hole diameter for separations. • Don’t use sharp right angle bends • Do not have vias between bypass caps Poor Bypassing Good Bypassing Design PCB Layout: Example Copy (for example) the CC1100EM reference design! – Use the exact same values and placement on decoupling capacitors and matching components. – Place vias close to decoupling capacitors. – Ensure 50 ohm trace from balun to antenna. – Remember vias on the ground pad under the chip. – Use the same distance between the balun on layer 1 and the ground layer beneath. – Implement a solid ground layer under the RF circuitry. – Ensure that useful test pins are available on the PCB. – Connect ground on layer 1 to the ground plane beneath with several vias. – Note: different designs for 315/433 MHz and 868/915 MHz Layout: CC1100EM 868/915MHz reference design Design PCB Layout: RF Licensing Design guidelines to meet the RF regulation requirements: • • • • • • • • Place Decoupling capacitors close to the DC supply lines of the IC Design a solid ground plane and avoid cutouts or slots in that area Use a low-pass or band-pass filter in the transmit path to suppress the harmonics sufficiently Choose the transmit frequency such that the harmonics do not fall into restricted bands In case of shielding may be necessary filter all lines leaving the shielded case with decoupling capacitors to reduce spurious emissions. Chose values of decoupling capacitors in series resonance with their parasitic inductance at the RF frequency that needs to be filtered out Design the PLL loop filter carefully according to the data rate requirements In case of a battery driven equipment, use a brownout detector to switch off the transmitter before the PLL looses lock due to a low battery voltage Design PCB Layout: RF Licensing Documentation on LPRF frequency bands and licensing: ISM-Band and Short Range Device Regulations Using CC1100/CC1150 in European 433/868 MHz bands SRD regulations for license free transceiver operation Design Development Tools: SmartRF® Studio • SmartRF® Studio is a PC application to be used together with TI’s development kits for ALL CCxxxx RF-ICs. • Converts user input to associated chip register values – RF frequency – Data rate – Output power • Allows remote control/ configuration of the RF chip when connected to a DK • Supports quick and simple performance testing – Simple RX/TX – Packet RX/TX – Packet Error Rate (PER) Design Development Tools: Packet Sniffer Packet sniffer captures packets going over the air Protocols: • • • • SimpliciTI TIMAC ZigBee RemoTI Design Development Tools: IAR Embedded Workbench • IDE for software development and debugging • Supports – All LPRF SoCs – All MSP430s www.IAR.com • 30 day full-feature evaluation version – Extended evaluation time when buying a SoC DK or ZDK • Free code-size limited version Design Development Tools: Kits Overview Part Number Short Description Development Kit Evaluation Modules CC1020 CC1070 Narrowband RF Transceiver Narrowband RF Transmitter CC1020-CC1070DK433 CC1020-CC1070DK868 CC1020EMK433 / CC1020EMK868 CC1070EMK433 / CC1070EMK868 CC1101 <1 GHz Transceiver CC1101DK433 / CC1101DK868 CC1101EMK433 / CC1101EMK868 CC1110 CC1111 8051 MCU + <1 GHz Radio 8051 MCU + <1 GHz Radio + USB CC1110-CC1111DK CC1110DK-MINI-868 CC1110EMK433 / CC1110EMK868 CC1111EMK868 CC2500 2.4 GHz Transceiver CC2500-CC2550DK CC2500EMK CC2510 CC2511 8051 MCU + 2.4 GHz Radio 8051 MCU + 2.4 GHz Radio + USB CC2510-CC2511DK CC2510DK-MINI CC2510EMK CC2511EMK CC2520 IEEE 802.15.4 compliant Transceiver CC2520DK CC2520EMK CC2530 CC2531 8051 MCU + IEEE 802.15.4 8051 MCU + IEEE 802.15.4 + USB CC2530DK CC2530ZDK RemoTI-CC2530DK CC2530EMK CC2531EMK CC1190 PA/LNA RF frontend CC1190EMK-915 CC2591 PA/LNA RF frontend CC2591EMK, CC2430-CC2591EMK CC2520-CC2591EMK, CC2530-CC2591EMK CC2590 PA/LNA RF frontend CC2590EMK, CC2430-CC2590EMK Design Support Large selection of support collatoral: • Development tools • Application & Design Notes • Customer support • LPRF Developer Network • LPRF Community Test Get your products ready for the market Important points before market release: • Test the product on meeting certification standards • Check Co-existence with other wireless networks • Solutions to test products in production line Test Certification Perform in-house product characterization on key regulatory parameters to reveal any potential issues early on. Pre-testing at an accredited test house can shave off considerable time in the Development cycle. Test Coexistence Coexistence of RF systems: • How well does the radio operate in environments with interferers • Selectivity and saturation important factors • The protocol also plays an important part – Frequency hopping or frequency agility improves coexisting with stationary sources like WLAN – Listen Before Talk used to avoid causing collisions • GOOD COEXISTENCE = RELIABILITY Test Coexistence Due to the world-wide availability the 2.4GHz ISM band it is getting more crowded day by day. Devices such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, cordless phones, microwave ovens, wireless game pads, toys, PC peripherals, wireless audio devices and many more occupy the 2.4 GHz frequency band. Power CH11 CH15 CH20 CH25 CH26 2.4 GHz CH1 CH6 CH11 WLAN vs ZigBee vs Bluetooth Frequency Test Coexistence: Selectivity / Channel rejection How good is the receiver at handling interferers at same frequency and close by frequencies? Desired signal / Interferer Power Adjacent channel rejection [dB] Alternate channel rejection [dB] Co-channel rejection [dB] Channel separation Channel separation Desired channel Frequency Test Production Test Good quality depends highly on a good Production Line Test. Therefore a Strategy tailored to the application should be put in place. Here are some recommandations for RF testing: • • • • • • Send / receive test Signal strength Output power Interface test Current consumption (especially in RX mode) Frequency accuracy Produce Production support from TI • TI obsolescence policy • TI product change notification • Huge Sales & Applications teams ready to help solving quality problems Produce TI Obsolescence Policy TI will not obsolete a product for “convenience” (JESD48B Policy) In the event that TI can no longer build a part, we offer one of the most generous policies providing the following information: – Detailed Description – PCN Tracking Number – TI Contact Information – Last Order Date (12 months after notification) – Last Delivery Date (+6 month after order period ends) – Product Identification (affected products) – Identification of Replacement product, if applicable TI will review each case individually to ensure a smooth transition Produce TI Product Change Notification TI complies with JESD46C Policy and will provide the following information a minimum of 90 days before the implementation of any notifiable change: • Detailed Description • Change Reason • PCN Tracking Number • Product Identification (affected products) • TI Contact Information • Anticipated (positive/negative) impact on Fit, Form, Function, Quality & Reliability • Qualification Plan & Results (Qual, Schedule if results are not available) • Sample Availability Date • Proposed Date of Production Shipment Produce Quality: TI Quality System Manual (QSM) • TIs Semiconductor Group Quality System is among the finest and most comprehensive in the world. 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File Type : PDF File Type Extension : pdf MIME Type : application/pdf PDF Version : 1.3 Linearized : Yes Subject : Marketing Selection Guide Keywords : SLYA020, SLYA020A, SLYA020 Create Date : 2010:03:30 15:51:54-05:00 Modify Date : 2010:03:30 15:51:54-05:00 Has XFA : No Page Count : 64 Page Mode : UseOutlines Creation Date : 2010:03:30 15:51:54-05:00 Author : Texas Instruments, Incorporated [SLYA020,A] Producer : iText 2.1.7 by 1T3XT Mod Date : 2010:03:30 15:51:54-05:00 Description : Marketing Selection Guide Title : Designers Guide to Low-Power RF Creator : Texas Instruments, Incorporated [SLYA020,A]EXIF Metadata provided by EXIF.tools