GENIUS TOY 7447-W85-A Remote-Control Machines Farm Vehicle-Remote control Unit User Manual RCM Farm Manual Cover REVIEW
GENIUS TOY TAIWAN CO., LTD Remote-Control Machines Farm Vehicle-Remote control Unit RCM Farm Manual Cover REVIEW
Users Manual
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| Document Description | Users Manual |
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| Date Submitted | 2018-05-29 00:00:00 |
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Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Pfizerstr. 5-7, 70184 Stuttgart, Germany | +49 (0) 711 2191-0 | www.kosmos.de Thames & Kosmos, 301 Friendship St., Providence, RI, 02903, USA | 1-800-587-2872 | www.thamesandkosmos.com Thames & Kosmos UK LP, 20 Stone Street, Cranbrook, Kent, TN17 3HE , UK | 01580 713000 | www.thamesandkosmos.co.uk E X PE R I M E NT M A N UA L Please contact your local authorities for the appropriate disposal location. The electronic components of this product are recyclable. For the sake of the environment, do not throw them into the household trash at the end of their lifespan. They must be delivered to a collection location for electronic waste, as indicated by the following symbol: Notes on Disposal of Electrical and Electronic Components As all of the experiments use ba eries, have an adult check the experiments or models before use to make sure they are assembled properly. Always operate the motorized models under adult supervision. After you are done experimenting, remove the ba eries from the ba ery compartments. Note the safety information accompanying the individual experiments or models! âşâşâş Avoid deforming the ba eries. âşâşâş Be sure not to bring ba eries into contact with coins, keys, or other metal objects. âşâşâş Dispose of used ba eries in accordance with environmental provisions, not in the household trash. âşâşâş Exhausted ba eries are to be removed from the toy. âşâşâş Rechargeable ba eries are to be removed from the toy before being charged. âşâşâş Rechargeable ba eries are only to be charged under adult supervision. âşâşâş Non-rechargeable ba eries are not to be recharged. They could explode! âşâşâş Always close ba ery compartments with the lid. âşâşâş Ba eries are to be inserted with the correct polarity. Press them gently into the ba ery compartments. See page 2. âşâşâş Do not mix alkaline, standard (carbon-zinc), or rechargeable (nickelcadmium) ba eries. âşâşâş Do not mix old and new ba eries. âşâşâş DiďŹerent types of ba eries or new and used ba eries are not to be mixed. âşâşâş The supply terminals are not to be short-circuited. A short circuit can cause the wires to overheat and the ba eries to explode. âşâşâş To operate the models, you will need eight AA ba eries (1.5-volt, type AA/LR6), which could not be included in the kit due to their limited shelf life. âşâşâş The wires are not to be inserted into socket-outlets. Never perform experiments using household current! The high voltage can be extremely dangerous or fatal! Safety for Experiments with Batteries Keep packaging and instructions as they contain important information. The models are intended for indoor use. Do not use your models in a sandbox. Warning! Not suitable for children under 3 years. Choking hazard â small parts may be swallowed or inhaled. Store the experiment material and assembled models out of the reach of small children. Safety Information âş âş âş SAFETY INFORMATION Cet ĂŠquipement est conforme avec lâexposition aux radiations ISED dĂŠfinies pour un environnement non contrĂ´lĂŠ. Cet ĂŠquipement doit ĂŞtre installĂŠ et utilisĂŠ Ă une distance minimum de 20 cm entre le radiateur et votre corps. Cet ĂŠmetteur ne doit pas ĂŞtre co-localisĂŠes ou opĂŠrant en conjonction avec une autre antenne ou transmetteur. This device complies with the ISED radiation exposure limit set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This device should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the radiator and your body. This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. Son fonctionnement est soumis aux deux conditions suivantes: (1) Cet appareil ne peut pas provoquer dâinterfĂŠrences et (2) Cet appareil doit accepter toute interfĂŠrence, y compris les interfĂŠrences qui peuvent causer un mauvais fonctionnement du dispositif. This device complies with Industry Canadaâs license-exempt RSSs. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause interference; and (2) This device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device. IC Statement Note for hand-held RC unit: This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment and meets the FCC radio frequency (RF) Exposure Guidelines. This equipment has very low levels of RF energy that are deemed to comply without testing of specific absorption ratio (SAR). Note for RC car with receiver: This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment and meets the FCC radio frequency (RF) Exposure Guidelines. This equipment has very low levels of RF energy that it deemed to comply without maximum permissive exposure evaluation (MPE). But it is desirable that it should be installed and operated keeping the radiator at least 20cm or more away from personâs body. FCC warning: Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the userâs authority to operate the equipment. This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. FCC Part 15 Statement Before starting the experiments, read through the instruction manual together with your child and discuss the safety information. Check to make sure the models have been assembled correctly, and assist your child with the experiments. We hope you and your child have a lot of fun with the experiments! Dear Parents and Supervising Adults, Printed in Taiwan / ImprimĂŠ en Taiwan We reserve the right to make technical changes. Distributed in United Kingdom by Thames & Kosmos UK LP. Cranbrook, Kent TN17 3HE Phone: 01580 713000; Web: www.thamesandkosmos.co.uk Distributed in North America by Thames & Kosmos, LLC. Providence, RI 02903 Phone: 800-587-2872; Web: www.thamesandkosmos.com The publisher has made every effort to locate the holders of image rights for all of the photos used. If in any individual cases any holders of image rights have not been acknowledged, they are asked to provide evidence to the publisher of their image rights so that they may be paid an image fee in line with the industry standard. Manual photos: askaja (all paper clips); Jamie Duplass (all tape strips); picsfive (all push pins); p. 15 (compass) Titelio: (all previous Š fotolia.com); p. 4 (top left), p. 14 (top right), p. 64 (top right) (red tractor) vrstudio, p. 4 (top right), p. 18 (middle left) (disk harrow) dechevm, p. 4 (bottom left), p. 50 (middle right) (combine with tractor) Wolfgang Jargstroff, p. (bottom right), p. (top) (hay rake on back of tractor) Poulsons Photography, p. 14 (bottom) (engine cut in half) Stephen Sweet, page 14 (bottom left) (axe cutting wood) sergzsv, p. (bottom right) (plow) strannik9211, p. 14 (tractor with cultivator) zorandim75, p. 26 (bottom) (fertilizer) Davizro Photography, p. 31 (middle) (gears stock photo) Alexandr Mitiuc, p. 50 (middle left) (combine with red header) stefan1179, p. 50 (top) (GPS) âAâ, p. 50 (bottom) (drone) ekkasit919, p. 64 (top right) (blue old tractor) Jenny Thompson, p. 64 (middle) (driverless tractor) ekkasit919, p.64 (bottom) (drone) Alexander Kolomietz, p. 14 (top, right-middle) (Carnot heat engine) Eric Gaba (Public Domain), p. 14 (left middle) (steam tractor) Bill Whittaker (CC BY-SA 3.0), p. 22 (middle) (three point hitch) bdk (CC BY-SA 3.0), p. 22 (bottom) (power takeoff shaft) bdk (CC BY-SA 3.0), p. 26 (seeder) Mahlum (Public Domain), p. 31 (windrows) Daniel Plazanet (Daplaza) (CC BY-SA 2.5), p. 31 (insect) Fritz Geller-Grimm (CC BY-SA 2.5), p. 31 (bottom) (insect gear SEM image) University of Cambridge (profs. Malcolm Burrows & Gregory Sutton) (CC BY-SA 3.0), p. 50 (top) (grain and chaff image) National Plant Germplasm System (USDA/ARS) (Public Domain), (all previous: Wikipedia); p. 50 (archimedesâ screw) Friedrich Werth; All remaining images: Thames & Kosmos, Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, and Genius Toy Taiwan Co., Ltd. Manual design concept: Atelier Bea Klenk, Berlin Manual illustrations: Genius Toy Taiwan Co., Ltd., Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Thames & Kosmos Technical product development: Genius Toy Taiwan Co., Ltd., Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. Author: Camille Duhamel Manual Layout: Camille Duhamel and Mark Geary Editing: Ted McGuire Additional Graphics and Packaging: Dan Freitas This work, including all its parts, is copyright protected. Any use outside the specific limits of the copyright law without the consent of the publisher is prohibited and punishable by law. This applies specifically to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic systems and networks. We do not guarantee that all material in this work is free from copyright or other protection. 1st Edition 2018 Thames & Kosmos, LLC, Providence, RI, USA Thames & KosmosÂŽ is a registered trademark of Thames & Kosmos, LLC. More than one hundred years of expertise in publishing science experiment kits stand behind every product that bears the Kosmos name. Kosmos experiment kits are designed by an experienced team of specialists and tested with the utmost care during development and production. With regard to product safety, these experiment kits follow European and US safety standards, as well as our own refined proprietary safety guidelines. By working closely with our manufacturing partners and safety testing labs, we are able to control all stages of production. While the majority of our products are made in Germany, all of our products, regardless of origin, follow the same rigid quality standards. Kosmos Quality and Safety Race Cars are missing any s & Kosmos me Tha tac parts, please con customer ser vice. sandkosmos.com US: techsupport@thame sandkosmos.co.uk me tha rt@ UK : techsuppo âş âş âş KIT CONTENTS GOOD TO KNOW! If you Whatâs inside your experiment kit: 14 15 28 16 17 29 37 30 38 50 18 39 51 19 20 31 40 52 41 53 21 22 32 42 54 23 24 33 44 56 57 45 46 58 Qty. Item No. No. Description 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Body plate left, green Body plate right, green Large body plate Large body plate B Flat body plate Small body plate C, right Small body plate C, left U-shaped body plate Gripper Button pin Anchor pin, red Short anchor pin, blue Shaft plug Joint pin Axle rod connector Two-to-one converter 90-degree converter X, black 90-degree converter Y, black 1-hole connector Curved rod 3-hole rod 3-hole cross rod 3-hole dual rod 5-hole rod 5-hole cross rod 5-hole dual rod C, black 5-hole dual rod B, black 3-hole wide rounded rod 7-hole wide rounded rod 7-hole flat rounded rod 10 100 21 29 7392-W10-L1 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 9-hole rod 11-hole rod 15-hole dual rod 3x13 dual frame Rounded short frame 3-hole bolt rod, black 5-hole L rod Worm gear 35-mm axle 620381-02-xxxx18 7407-W10-D1 7407-W10-D2 7407-W10-D3 7396-W10-I1B 7411-W10-G1D 7061-W10-W1TY 7061-W10-C1R 7344-W10-C2B 7026-W10-H1R 1156-W10-A1R 7410-W10-C1S 7061-W10-G1D 7061-W10-X1D 7061-W10-Y1D 7430-W10-B1D 7061-W10-V1D 7026-W10-Q2D 7026-W10-X1D 7413-W10-Y1D 7413-W10-K2D 7413-W10-R1D 7413-W10-X1D 7413-W10-W1D 7404-W10-C1D 7404-W10-C2D 7404-W10-C3D 47 12 13 27 35 Description 7398-W10-C2 26 25 No. 7398-W10-C1 11 36 48 59 49 60 You will also need: LR6), and a small 8 x AA batteries (1.5-volt, type AA/ battery compartment the open to iver wdr scre ead Phillips-h Checklist: Find â Inspect â Check oďŹ 7392-W10-L2 10 34 43 55 60-mm axle 70-mm axle 100-mm axle 150-mm axle Axle lock Small gear, gray Medium gear, gray Medium gear, green Pulley wheel, small Rubber O-ring 70-mm tube Tube bolt Tube bolt cap Flange Washer Anchor pin lever Wheel Tire 4-channel remote control unit RC Receiver Motor (35x Motor) Qty. Item No. 12 7407-W10-C1D 7413-W10-P1D 7413-W10-Z1D 7406-W10-A1D 7411-W10-E1 ( ) 7406-W10-B1D 7406-W10-B2D 7344-W10-A1D 7413-W10-O1D 7413-W10-M1D 7061-W10-Q1D 7413-W10-L2D 7026-W10-P1D 3620-W10-A1D 7026-W10-D2S 7346-W10-C1S 7408-W10-D1G 7344-W10-N3S1 R12-08S 7337-W16-A1D 7404-W10-G1O 7404-W10-G2O 7398-W10-E1S R12#3620 7061-W10-B1Y 7407-W10-B1Y 7408-W10-C1D 7447-W85-A 7447-W85-B 7447-W85-C âş âş âş TIPS AND TRICKS Here are a few tips for assembling and using the models. Read them carefully before starting. GENERAL BUILDING TIPS ANCHOR PINS AND CONNECTORS A. Place the tires on the wheels x4 Place a tire over each of the four wheels before you build the ďŹrst model. B. Batteries in RF remote control unit Open the ba ery compartment by pushing on the tab on the back of the RF receiver unit and lifting the back panel up. Insert two AA ba eries, paying a ention to the polarity indicated in the compartment and on the ba eries. Close the compartment again. Take a careful look at the diďŹerent assembly components. Red anchor pins, blue anchor pins, joint pins, and shaft plugs all look prey similar at ďŹrst glance. When you assemble the models, itâs important to use the right ones. The blue anchor pins are shorter than the red ones. pull CONNECTING FRAMES AND RODS Use the anchor pins to connect frames and rods. push AXLES The building system contains axles (also called shafts) of various lengths. When assembling the model, always be sure that youâre using the right one. 2 x AA C. Batteries in RF receiver Open the ba ery compartment by pushing on the tab on the bo om of the RF ba ery box. Insert six AA ba eries, paying a ention to the polarity indicated in the compartment and on the ba eries. Close the compartment again. ANCHOR PIN LEVER pull push D. Using the RF remote control To control a model, turn on both the motor unit and the remote control unit by moving their switches from the âoďŹâ position (O) to the âonâ position (â). The lights will ďŹash on the RF remote control unit and receiver while they establish a connection. Once a connection is established the lights on the receiver will turn oďŹ and the light on the remote control unit will be solid. If you are using multiple RF remote control units and ba ery boxes in the same area, set the remote control units to diďŹerent channels and then establish connections to the ba ery. The left side of the RC unit controls the socket on the left side of the ba ery box. The right side of the RC unit controls the socket on the right side of the ba ery box. If you want your model to move in the opposite direction when you press one of the RC unit bu ons, you can simply rotate the direction of the plug in the socket 180 degrees. When you want to take your model apart again, you will need the anchor pin lever. Use the narrow end of the lever to remove the anchor pins. You can use the wide end to pry out shaft plugs. PULLEYS AND GEARS If pulleys or gears are mounted too tightly against other components, they can be hard to turn. If you leave a gap of about 1 mm between the gear or pulley and an adjacent component, it will turn easily. In some of the models, a washer is used to ensure this kind of spacing. (There are no gears included in this kit.) 6 x AA switch socket POWER SWITCH switch ON OFF bu on ďŹat channel rounded RaceFarm Cars Remote-Control Machines: âş âş âş TABLE OF CONTENTS TIP! You will ďŹnd additional ck it outâ information in the âChe , 22, 26, sections on pages 14, 18 31, 50, 57, and 64. Safety Information ........................................................... Inside front cover Kit Contents...................................................................................................... 1 Tips and Tricks ................................................................................................ 2 Table of Contents............................................................................................ 3 Introduction Agriculture and Agricultural Engineering ............................................... 4 Tractors............................................................................................................. 5 In this section build a tractor and four different attchments for the tractor. You will also learn about how each attachment works and their importance in farming. The models: Tractor ..................................................................................................................... 5 Disc Harrow .........................................................................................................15 Cultivator ..............................................................................................................19 Seeder .................................................................................................................... 23 Hay Rake ...............................................................................................................27 Combine Harvester....................................................................................... 32 Build a combine harvester and learn how it is used on a farm to harvest crops. The models: Combine Harvester ............................................................................................ 32 Farm Truck .................................................................................................... 51 Build a farm truck which is used to move materials around a farm, and learn about how farmers are using remote sensing technology. The models: Farm Truck.............................................................................................................51 Windrower ..................................................................................................... 58 Build a windrower and learn about how new technologies, such as drones, are being used on farms. The models: Windrower .............................................................................................................58 Publisherâs Information ...................................................Inside back cover TIP! t of assembly Above each se d bar: u will ďŹnd a re instructions, yo level for u the diďŹculty âşâşâş It shows yo sembly: the modelâs as easy medium hard Agriculture and Agricultural Engineering Agriculture is the cultivation of crops or raising of animals for food or raw materials. To make farming task easier farmers use many different tools and specialized equipment. Currently, farmers are under increasing pressure to harvest as much as possible from their land due to climate change, population grown, and limited resources. To overcome these challenges farmers and agricultural engineers have developed new innovations and technology. In this kit, you will build some of these farm vehicles and learn about how they function. 3 Race Tractors Cars TRACTOR 1x 2x 2x 1x 11 10 8x 2x 1x 3x 12 7x 70x 1x 15 4x 28 16 17 19 20 2x 4x 26x 2x 29 30 4x 3x 37 38 8x 2x 39 31 40 54 22 1x 23 2x 4x 41 45 2x 56 8x 1x 36 35 2x 43 42 2x 55 7x 3x 2x 1x 2x 27 26 25 34 4x 4x 24 32 2x 3x 50 21 4x 1x 46 47 4x 1x 57 58 59 4x 1x 1x 48 49 1x 1x 60 32 2x 1x 1x 4x 2x 32 32 32 60-mm axle 32 x4 60-mm axle TRACTOR 27 x2 Step 3 Step 2 32 Step 1 70-mm axle 70-mm axle 60-mm axle 10 Race Tractors Cars Step 1 11 12 24 Step 2 24 100-mm axle 27 13 14 x2 15 16 TRACTOR 17 100-mm axle 18 19 32 20 150-mm axle Race Tractors Cars 21 22 35-mm axle 25 32 23 24 pass the blue part through before step 3 step 2 32 step 3 25 step 1 31 31 TRACTOR 31 26 27 31 28 29 35-mm axle 35-mm axle 30 10 Race Tractors Cars 32 31 26 33 26 34 35 36 11 TRACTOR 37 38 EXPERIMENT 1 Speeding up and slowing down? HEREâS HOW Measure a set distance on your ďŹoor, for example two feet. Use a stop watch to measure the amount of time that it takes the tractor to travel this set distance. Then use the instructions on page 13 to change the gear ratio of the tractor. Repeat the previous experiment with modiďŹed tractor. What happens to the time it takes for the travel this distance? 12 39 Done! Race Tractors Cars remove wheels, gears, and axle remove gears and axle 150-mm axle #45 x2 replace axle, gears, and wheels Done! 13 CHECK IT OUT Engines How do tractors produce enough traction to pull large pieces of machinery through diďŹerent conditions, such as muddy or sandy soil? The ability of a tractor to preform work comes from the engine. The type of engine used in tractors and cars are called heat engines, because they convert thermal energy, or the energy from heat, into mechanical energy, or the energy of motion. Heat engines accomplish this by heating up a ďŹuid, called the working Fluid. Carnot heat engine STEA M ENGIN E The first powered farm machines used steam engines. In a steam engin e, the working fluid is water, which is heated until it is steam. Water is made up of ma ny very small water molecules. When water is heated the water molecules move aroun d faster, take up more space, and bump into the ir container more increasing the pressure. The steam can then be put into a sealed conta iner which has only one surface that can move up and down as the steam expands and contr acts, turning the thermal energy of the ste am into mechanical energy! This sealed conta iner is called a cylin l der in an engine and the pa rt that moves up and down is called a pisstton LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE Now tractor engines use internal combustion engines that use a fossil fuel, usually gasoline or diesel. They are called that because fuel is ignited inside the cylinder and, just like the water in a steam engine, expands pushing on the piston. This cause the piston to turn the crankshaft which is used to turn the wheels of the tractor. 14 Steam engines are exter nal combustion engines because the steam is sep arate from what is used to heat the steam, such as burning coal. Tractors DISC HARROW 11 14 2x 1x 18 19 28 2x 1x 1x 33 2x 45 42 3x 3x 36 37 5x 1x x2 46 47 2x 4x 100-mm axle x2 A. A. Done! A. 15 DISC HARROW remove one rear wheel 100-mm 16 Tractors EXPERIMENT 2 Tilling soil Done! HEREâS HOW Have the tractor drag the disk harrow a achment through a thin layer of ďŹne sand. Fla en the sand and then run the disk harrow a achement through the sand again but with the disk closer together. What do you observe happens to the pa ern formed in the sand? 17 CHECK IT OUT PREPARING THE SOIL FOR PLANTING The physical characteristics of soil are very important for the growth of plants. Soil consists of very small particles of organic matter with spaces in-between the particles. The size of these spaces, determine the ability of soil to hold and conduct water, nutrients, and air to the roots of plants. If the soil particles are spaced to close together (called soil compaction) water and air canât pass through the soil easily. Soil compaction also makes it harder for the roots of plants to break through the soil. Compacted Soil Ideal Soil Soil Solid Water Air The process of preparing the soil for planting is called tilling. The best-known tillage device is the plow. In the U.S. plows have been replaced by implements that use offset discs, similar to ones used by the disc harrow, or chisels. Plowing is done first to provide a deeper tillage, while harrowing is often carried out after plowing to provide a finer finish. SIMPLE MACHINES: THE WEDGE Farm machines, such as tractors or disc harrows, are very complex machines. To make it easier to understand and analyze them, you can break them down into a combination of many simple machines that work together. The blade of a plow or the disc of a harrow are a simple machine called a wedge. Wedges are used to make splitting, pushing apart, or cutting materials easier. The blade of an axe is another example of a wedge. WHAT IS A SIM PLE M ACHIN E? cal device that ne is a mechani A simple machi de of a force. ction or magnitu changes the dire ll. A simple y a push or a pu A force is simpl d produces e input force an machine takes on do work. which is used to an output force, e doing work s are used to mak Simple machine easier. 18 Tractors CULTIVATOR 12 18x 28 14 15 6x 2x 30 2x 36 5x 19 22 1x 4x 32 2x 37 1x 2x 1x x2 x4 2x 45 1x B. 23 33 42 A. 1x 53 2x 19 CULTIVATOR 10 20 Tractors 11 12 remove one rear wheel 100-mm 13 14 Done! 21 CHECK IT OUT Just like the disc harrow, cultivators are also used for secondary tillage after a field has been ploughed. However, cultivators are designed to disturb the soil surface in specific patterns so that crop plants are spared and weeds are killed. Cultivators that are attached to tractors using what is called a three-point hitch. If the cultivator needs mechanical power from the tractor it can also be attached to a power takeoff (PTO) shaft on the tractor. Three-point Hitch The three-point hitch is used to attach implements to tractors. The three attachment points of the three-point hitch are positioned like the points of a triangle. The lower two attachment points are often connected to the hydraulic system of the tractor allowing the attachment to be lifted up and down. The three-point hitch is used because it is the simplest way to attach an implement to a tractor, in which the implement is held in a fixed position with respect to the tractor. An advantage of using a three-point hitch is that it transfer some or all of the weight of the attachment to the tractor. Power takeoff (PTO) A power takeoff is a drive shaft which is connected to the engine of the tractor. It can be used to transfer mechanical power to farm implements that are attached to the tractor. 22 Tractors SEEDER 11 1x 14 12 19x 23 28 2x 5x 18 19 22 2x 3x 4x 29 30 1x 2x 36 33 2x 32 3x 37 x2 23 x2 1x 47 50 A. 5x 2x 1x 1x 4x B. C. 23 SEEDER 10 11 12 13 A. A. B. 14 15 C. 24 Tractors 16 17 18 Done! 25 CHECK IT OUT tering out individual seeds, A seeder sows seeds by me then covering them up. A placing them in the soil, and ds are planted at the correc seeder ensure s that the see other and ensure s that they depth and space from each use of seeders makes sure tha are not eaten by birds. The plants, increasing crop yield. more of the seeds grow into pH SOIL CHEMISTRY To ensure proper plant growth soil must also have the correct soil chemistry. The two fundamental factors in soil chemistry are fertility and pH. pH pH is a measure how acidic or basic a solution is. An acid is a substance that gives off hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. While bases are substances that give off hydroxide ions (OH â) when dissolved in water. You encounter many acids and bases every day. Vinegar and lemon are examples of acids, while baking soda and ammonia are bases. The pH scale goes from 0 to 14. Values below 7 are acidic and values above 7 are basic. Pure water has a pH of 7, which is considered neutral â neither acidic or basic. The pH of soil is measured by mixing the soil in water and using an indicator. The indicator changes color if it is placed in an acid or base. pH is important for plant growth and health because it influences many different chemical process. For example, pH affects the availability of different nutrients. The proper pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. 10 11 12 13 14 pH scale with the pH of some common items. Fertility The fertility is a measure of the nutrients available in soil, primarily the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium or NPK. These three elements are vital to the growth of plants. You can often see the amount of NPK in fertilizers on their label. 26 Tractors HAY RAKE 11 14 12 15 2x 21x 4x 23 28 2x 2x 36 39 1x 2x 47 10x 30 19 22 2x 2x 2x 32 70-mm 2x 1x 45 42 1x 3x 70-mm 33 2x 41 18 A. 46 4x 3x 54 1x 4x B. x4 C. x2 B. 27 HAY RAKE 70-mm 10 11 35-mm 28 Tractors 12 13 14 remove one rear wheel 29 HAY RAKE 100-mm EXPERIMENT 3 Spinning gears HEREâS HOW As the gears on the hay rake turn look at the speed of the diďŹerent diďŹerent gears. What do you observe about the speed of the small gray gears and large green gears? 30 Done! Tractors CHECK IT OUT MAKING HAY Hay is made from herbaceous plants, such as grass, and is used to feed animals. Making hay is a multi-step process. First the hay is cut and allowed to dry in the sun. Then it is collected into long, narrow rows known as windrows by b a hay rake. A hay rakes works just like a garden rake that is used to collect leaves. However, the forks of the rake are driven by gears. Finally, the hay is turned into hay bales and stored until it is used. Ima ge: Win dro ws SIMPLE MACHINES: GEARS Gears are used in many different devices to transfer power. A gear is a rotating wheel that is connected to an axle and has teeth or cogs that are intermeshed with another set of teeth. Gears transfer power by changing the direction, speed, or torque of another gear. Did you know... ...that gears have been found in insects? In 2013, scientists from the Universty of Cambridge found gears (right) in the rear legs of the juvenile for of Issus celoptratus. The gears make it so that the insectâs legs are synchronized when it jumps. The gear mechanism also gives the insect more power when it jumps. 31 COMBINE HARVESTER 1x 1x 14 1x 15 16 2x 8x 21x 28 29 38 19 20 4x 4x 27x 1x 40 3x 9x 31 3x 39 41 54 3x 2x 2x 22 1x 32 23 93x 1x 8x 43 42 2x 2x 3x 35 36 34 2x 45 46 x4 8x 1x 2x 44 27 26 24 2x 6x 33 5x 55 9x 56 47 48 1x 57 2x 12x 6x 59 58 5x 1x 1x 60 B. 35-mm 1x 4x 8x 13 4x 53 21 5x 2x 50 2x 12 1x 18 30 11 10 1x 3x 17 5x 4x 37 2x 4x 1x 1x 2x C. D. E. 10 F. G. #31 32 Combine Harvester G. 11 F. H. step 2 step 1 push into the last hole 12 #31 13 I. J. 14 J. I. K. step 2 step 1 push into the last hole 15 17 16 #32 70 mm 60-mm 70-mm 33 COMBINE HARVESTER 18 A. L. 20 A. 19 35-mm 35-mm 21 23 #31 22 #31 34 Combine Harvester M. 25 24 x2 26 M. x2 N. 27 x2 28 x4 100-mm 29 33 30 31 O. 32 P. 35 COMBINE HARVESTER 34 35 Q. R. 37 36 #32 39 #32 38 40 S. 41 60-mm #32 TIP! Note the gear direction. 36 Combine Harvester 42 43 44 70-mm 45 70-mm N. 46 N. T. make sure that all gears rotate smoothly 37 COMBINE HARVESTER 47 #32 48 #18 #32 49 70-mm 50 #36 #19 53 51 #19 52 38 #32 Combine Harvester 54 #32 55 56 #18 57 60-mm 57 60-mm 58 39 COMBINE HARVESTER 59 70-mm 60 61 R. Q. 62 U. 40 Combine Harvester 63 64 E. M. V. U. 65 66 O. P. #19 67 #19 100-mm #45 x2 41 COMBINE HARVESTER A. 68 #19 150-mm #19 A. 69 70 S. T. 42 Combine Harvester 71 C. K. 72 H. 73 D. B. 43 COMBINE HARVESTER 74 V. 75 Pulling up on the joint pin will make the head move down. EXPERIMENT 5 Pulling down on the joint pin will make the head move up. Reaping grass 76 HEREâS HOW Have the combine harvester go through a small patch of dry grass with the front of the combine harvester down. What do you obeserve happens to the grass at the front of the combine harverster as it goes over it. 44 Done! handle Combine Harvester CHANGING THE GEAR RATIO remove remove remove remove 45 COMBINE HARVESTER remove remove axle and wheel remove axle remove small gears remove remove remove remove 46 remove large gray gear Combine Harvester remove 10 remove the parts 11 remove the parts remove the parts 12 13 remove 47 COMBINE HARVESTER 14 70-mm 15 16 17 A. 18 Make that sure all the gears rotate smoothly. 150-mm x2 #45 48 19 20 A. 21 22 23 40 Done! 49 CHECK IT OUT HOW A COMBINE HARVESTER WORKS The edible grain portion of crops such as wheat, corn, barley, and rye are covered by an inedible casing called chaff. To use the grain it has to be separated from the chaff. Before the use of machines this was a very labor intensive process. The combine harvester gets itâs name because it combines three processes in preparing grain crops: reaping, threshing, and winnowing. The first step in the process is to cut the grass when it is ripe, called reaping. At the front of the combine harvester is the header, which gathers the plants into the combine. Behind the header is the cutter bar, which functions like a giant electric razor and cuts the base of the plants. The next step is to remove the head of the stalk and loosen the grain from the chaff by threshing, which is accomplished by hitting the grain against a surface. In a combine harvester this is done by the threshing drum. The threshing drum is a cylinder with large bars that hit the grain as the cylinder rotates at high speeds. The grains is finally separated from the chaff by winnowing. Under the threshing drum the grain and the chaff move over a grate. Air is blown through the chaff and grain, and the heavier grain falls through the grate while the chaff is blown towards the back of the combine. SIMPLE MACHINES: THE SCREW Once the grain has been separated from the chaff it is stored in a tank in the combine. When the tank is full the grain is emptied into a trailer through a pipe called an unloader. Inside the pipe is a screw or auger conveyor which moves the grain up the tube. A screw is simply a spiral blade around a shaft. As the screw turns it pushes the grain up along the tube. 50 Farm Truck FARM TRUCK 2x 1x 1x 11 10 2x 12 8 x 4 x 81 x 1x 23 24 6x 13 26 33 6x 40 2x 55 28 29 4x 21 22 1x 6x 30 31 3x 4x 36 4x 37 38 39 1x 43 44 2x 6x 56 1x 4 x 28 x 57 8x 1x 2x 42 6x 20 19 35 34 2x 41 2x 1x 18 4x 27 2x 1x 32 17 1 x 14 x 2 x 25 1x 16 MOTOR A 60-mm axle 2x 3x 15 2x 1x 58 45 46 8x 2x 50 53 2x 12 x 4x 59 60 1x 2x 2x 1x 4x 4x 1x 100-mm axle 150-mm axle place the 20T gears in the middle 51 FARM TRUCK FIRST SECOND 10 12 11 13 MOTOR B 14 FIRST SECOND 35 mm axle 100-mm axle 52 Farm Truck 15 16 18 17 100-mm axle 70-mm axle 70-mm axle 20 19 21 22 100-mm axle 53 FARM TRUCK 60-mm axle 24 23 25 26 27 28 54 29 Farm Truck 30 31 32 70-mm axle 70-mm axle 55 FARM TRUCK 33 70-mm axle 70-mm axle MOTOR A MOTOR B 34 EXPERIMENT 6 Lifting materials 35 HEREâS HOW Se up an incline using materials like books and cardboard. Time how long it takes for the farm truck to go up the incline. Then place a small heavy object in the back of the farm truck and measure the time again. What happens to the amount of time it takes the truck to go up the inlcine? 56 Done! Graders CHECK IT OUT USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY Modern farmers have access to much more information about their land and crops due to two important information systems : Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Using these systems farmers are able to understand how different farming techniques influence their crops. This allows farmers to make better decisions about their land and water usage. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) The Global Positing System or GPS is a navigation system, which is often used for finding the directions to a location. Many farmers now use GPS to make a map of their field. This can be used to plan field boundaries, roads, and irrigation systems. GPS is also used in farm equipment, such as tractors and combine harvesters, to keep track of where they have and havenât been. This allows farmers to follow the same path again and again with different machines. For example, after tilling the ground with a disc harrow, the farmer can follow the same path with a seeder. This ensures that the seeds are only placed in the areas that have been tilled. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) GIS is a tool used to visualize and analyze geographical data. The power of GIS comes from itâs ability to analyze different types of data together. For example a farmer can combine rainfall, elevation, slope, and soil type data together using GIS to plan drainage and irrigation in a way that will prevent flooding. 57 WINDROWER 17 18 2x 19 20 3x 21 22 10 8x 2x 2x 1x 1x 1x 23 24 11 14 15 16 7x 79x 3x 7x 28 27 26 25 12 2x 29 27 4x 31 40 1x 3x 56 1x 6x 32 41 57 2x 2x 45 2x 8x 46 2x 49 1x 1x 51 1x 2x 38 9x 1x 50 37 36 35 2x 48 3x 2x 5x 9x 53 52 2x 2x 2x 55 1x 60 59 58 1x 34 8x 42 6x 6x 33 5x 4x 39 1x 29x 4x 30 5x 100-mm axle 4x 4x 1x 1x 2x 32 100-mm axle 32 24 70-mm axle x2 32 10 24 60-mm axle 32 58 Windrower 11 12 60-mm axle 14 13 32 32 15 16 17 x3 31 19 18 20 32 32 59 WINDROWER 23 21 22 35-mm axle x4 60-mm axle 24 25 x2 26 27 27 27 28 29 70-mm axle 60 Windrower 31 30 32 33 34 35 26 31 x2 31 36 37 x2 11-mm 70-mm axle x2 61 WINDROWER 38 39 40 41 34 38 39 43 42 44 45 step 2 step 1 62 46 Windrower 47 48 36 49 50 51 38 37 Use the handle to make the front of the windrower go up and down. 52 39 EXPERIMENT 7 Moving materials 40 53 Done! HEREâS HOW Place small light objects around a room. Use the front of the windrower model to move all the objects into one area. 63 CHECK IT OUT THE FUTURE OF FARMING As you have learned, agricultural machinery has made farming much easier and less labor intensive. These machines about have developed and changed over the last 150 years. This trend continues today with the development of new ways to automate farming using technologies such as driverless tractors and drones. DRIVERLESS TRACTORS Driverless tractors are programmed to perform their task without the presence of a human. Driverless tractors have developed within the last 10 years because of their reliance on GPS and advances in computers and computer programing. Developing driverless tractors is challenging because they need to imitate human abilities such as visual observation and decision making. For example, driverless tractors must be able to determine their path, react to unknown situations, and make decisions all in an appropriate amount of time. This is accomplished through the use of sensors that relay information to the tractor, which is then processed by complex computer programs. For example, the position information from GPS is used by driverless tractors to determine the route and speed that the tractor should follow. DRONES A new area of development in agricultural technology is the use of drones. In combination with sensors and imagining technology drones can be used to gather information about fields. For example, drones can capture infrared and visual spectrum images of crop plants. Infrared light lies beyond the visual spectrum, or the light that human eyes can see. Using these images farmers are able to tell if plants are healthy or unhealthy. 64
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