Huawei Technologies BTS3902E-U850 Micro BTS User Manual UserManual Safety Manual
Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd Micro BTS UserManual Safety Manual
Contents
- 1. UserManual_part1.pdf
- 2. UserManual_part2.pdf
- 3. UserManual_Safety Manual.pdf
UserManual_Safety Manual.pdf
BTS3902E WCDMA
Compliance and Safety Manual
Issue
02
Date
2012-07-09
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Issue 02(2014-06-16)
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
i
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2011. All rights reserved.
No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior
written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Trademarks and Permissions
and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective
holders.
Notice
The purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and
the customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be
within the purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements,
information, and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or
representations of any kind, either express or implied.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the
preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and
recommendations in this document do not constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Address:
Huawei Industrial Base
Bantian, Longgang
Shenzhen 518129
People's Republic of China
Website:
http://www.huawei.com
Email:
support@huawei.com
BTS3902E WCDMA
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Contents
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Contents
1 Regulatory Compliance Statement ......................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 About This Chapter ....................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 European Community CE Certification DoC ................................................................................................ 1-2
2 Regulatory Compliance Information ..................................................................................... 2-3
2.1 About This Chapter ....................................................................................................................................... 2-3
2.2 Regulatory Compliance Standards ................................................................................................................ 2-3
2.3 European Directives Compliance .................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.4 USA Regulatory Compliance ........................................................................................................................ 2-7
2.4.1 FCC Part 15.......................................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.5 Japanese Compliance .................................................................................................................................... 2-9
2.5.1 VCCI .................................................................................................................................................... 2-9
2.5.2 JATE..................................................................................................................................................... 2-9
2.6 CISPR 22 Compliance .................................................................................................................................. 2-9
3 Safety Information ..................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 About This Chapter ....................................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2.1 Safety Precautions ................................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.2.2 General Requirements .......................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.3 Electricity Safety ........................................................................................................................................... 3-3
3.3.1 High Voltage ........................................................................................................................................ 3-3
3.3.2 Thunderstorm ....................................................................................................................................... 3-3
3.3.3 Tools ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.3.4 High Electrical Leakage ....................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.3.5 Power Cable ......................................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.3.6 Fuse ...................................................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.3.7 Electrostatic Discharge......................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.4 Inflammable Environment ............................................................................................................................. 3-6
3.5 Battery ........................................................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.5.1 Storage Battery ..................................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.6 Radiation ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.6.1 Electromagnetic Field Exposure .......................................................................................................... 3-8
3.6.2 Laser................................................................................................................................................... 3-11
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3.7 Working at Heights ...................................................................................................................................... 3-13
3.7.1 Weight Lifting .................................................................................................................................... 3-13
3.7.2 Safety Guide on Ladder Use .............................................................................................................. 3-14
3.8 Mechanical Safety ....................................................................................................................................... 3-15
3.8.1 Drilling ............................................................................................................................................... 3-15
3.8.2 Sharp Objects ..................................................................................................................................... 3-15
3.8.3 Handling Fans .................................................................................................................................... 3-15
3.8.4 Lifting Heavy Objects ........................................................................................................................ 3-16
3.9 Miscellaneous .............................................................................................................................................. 3-16
3.9.1 Inserting and Removing a Board ........................................................................................................ 3-16
3.9.2 Bundling Signal Cables ...................................................................................................................... 3-16
3.9.3 Cabling Requirements ........................................................................................................................ 3-16
BTS3902E WCDMA
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Figures
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Figures
Figure 1-1 European community CE certification DoC ..................................................................................... 1-2
Figure 3-1 Wearing an ESD wrist strap .............................................................................................................. 3-6
Figure 3-2 Weight lifting .................................................................................................................................. 3-14
Figure 4-1 Darstellung des Tragens eines Entladungsarmbandes........................................ 错误！未定义书签。
Figure 4-2 Last heben .......................................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
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Tables
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Tables
Table 2-1 Regulatory compliance standards ....................................................................................................... 2-4
Table 2-2 Main materials used in the device ...................................................................................................... 2-6
Table 2-3 JATE approval number for modules ................................................................................................... 2-9
Table 3-1 Different regulations and reference .................................................................................................... 3-9
BTS3902E WCDMA
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About This Document
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vi
About This Document
Purpose
This document describes the compliance of the BTS3902E WCDMA with Electromagnetic
Compatibility (EMC) and other safety standards, and provides general safety guidelines for
handling, installing or operating the BTS3902E WCDMA.
Related Versions
The following table lists the product versions related to this document.
Product Name
Version
BTS3902E WCDMA
(referred to as BTS3902E
WCDMA in this document)
V200R013
Intended Audience
The intended audience of this document are：
Technical support engineers
Installation engineers
maintenance engineers
Network planning engineers
Organization
This document consists of the following chapters.
Chapter
Description
1 Regulatory Compliance
Statement
This chapter provides the European community CE
certification DoC of the BTS3902E WCDMA
2 Regulatory Compliance
Information
This chapter describes the standards compliance of the
BTS3902E WCDMA
BTS3902E WCDMA
Compliance and Safety Manual
About This Document
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Chapter
Description
3 Safety Information
This chapter covers the general guidelines for handling,
installing or operating the BTS3902E WCDMA.
4 Sicherheitsinformationen
Dieses Kapitel beinhandelt die allgemeinen Richtlinien
betreffend der Behandlung, Installation und Benutzung des
BTS3902E WCDMA.
Appendix A Acronyms
and Abbreviations
This appendix lists the acronyms and abbreviations used in
this manual.
Conventions
Symbol Conventions
The following symbols may be found in this document. They are defined as follows.
Symbol
Description
DANGER
Indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, if not
avoided, will result in death or serious injury.
WARNING
Indicates a hazard with a low or medium level of risk which,
if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.
CAUTION
Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not
avoided, could cause equipment damage, data loss, and
performance degradation, or unexpected results.
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1 Regulatory Compliance Statement
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1 Regulatory Compliance
Statement
1.1 About This Chapter
This chapter provides the certification details for BTS3902E WCDMA:
European Community CE Certification Declaration of Conformity (DoC)
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1 Regulatory Compliance Statement
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1.2 European Community CE Certification DoC
Figure 1-1 European community CE certification DoC
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2 Regulatory Compliance Information
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2 Regulatory Compliance
Information
2.1 About This Chapter
The following table lists the contents of this chapter.
Title
Description
2.2 Regulatory Compliance
Standards
The regulatory compliance standards on EMC, safety,
NEBS, telecom, Laser Radiation, RF, health, and
environmental protection.
2.3 European Directives
Compliance
The compliance with European directives, including
RoHS compliance and device recycling guide.
2.4 USA Regulatory
Compliance
The USA regulatory compliance, including FCC part 15.
2.6 Japanese Compliance
The Japan regulatory compliance.
2.7 CISPR 22 Compliance
The CISPR 22 regulatory compliance.
2.2 Regulatory Compliance Standards
BTS3902E WCDMA complies with the standards listed in Table 2-1.
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Table 2-1 Regulatory compliance standards
Discipline
Standards
EMC
CISPR22 Class B
CISPR24
EN55022 Class B
EN50024
ETSI ES 201 468
ETSI EN 301 489 Class B
CFR 47 FCC Part 15 Class B
ICES 003 Class B
AS/NZS CISPR22 Class B
GB9254 Class B
VCCI Class B
CNS 13438 Class B
IEC61000-3-2
IEC61000-3-3
EN61000-3-2
EN61000-3-3
ITU-T K.44
Safety
IEC 60950-1
IEC60950-21
IEC60950-22
IEC60065
IEC/EN60215
IEC/EN41003
EN 60950-1
UL 60950-1
CSA C22.2 No 60950-1
AS/NZS 60950.1
BS EN 60950-1
IS 13252
GB4943
GB8898
Laser safety
FDA rules, 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11
IEC60825-1, IEC60825-2, EN60825-1, EN60825-2
GB7247
RF
ETSI EN 301 908
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Discipline
Standards
Health
ICNIRP Guideline
1999-519-EC
EN 50385
OET Bulletin 65
IEEE Std C95.1
EN 60215
Environmental protection
RoHS
Grounding
ITU-T K.27
ETSI EN 300 253
Note:
EMC: electromagnetic compatibility
RF: radio frequency
CISPR: International Special Committee on Radio Interference
EN: European Standard
ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute
CFR: Code of Federal Regulations
FCC: Federal Communication Commission
IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission
AS/NZS: Australian/New Zealand Standard
VCCI: Voluntary Control Council for Interference
CNS: Chinese National Standard
UL: Underwriters Laboratories
CSA: Canadian Standards Association
BS: British Standard
IS: Indian Standard
GR: general requirement
FDA: Food and Drug Administration
BTS: base transceiver station
GSM: Global System for Mobile communications
WLAN: wireless local area network
ICNIRP: International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
OET: Office of Engineering Technology
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
RoHS: restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances
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2.3 European Directives Compliance
BTS3902E WCDMA complies with the following European directives.
EC (EMC)
2006/95/EC (low voltage)
1999/5/EC (R&TTE)
Refer to Figure 1-1 for Huawei Declaration of Conformity.
BTS3902E WCDMA complies with Directive 2002/95/EC, on the RoHS in electrical and
electronic equipment. The device does not contain lead, mercury, cadmium, and hexavalent
chromium and brominated flame retardants (polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) or
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)) except for those exempted applications allowed by
RoHS directive for technical reasons.
BTS3902E WCDMA complies with Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic
equipment. Huawei is responsible for recycling its end-of-life devices. Contact Huawei local
service center when recycling is required.
The main materials in the device are steel, plastics, copper, and electronic components. Most
of the materials are recyclable.
Table 2-2 lists the main materials used in the device.
Table 2-2 Main materials used in the device
Part
Material
Weight (kg)
Percentage (Based on
Device Weight)
Substance
Prohibited
by RoHS
Cabinet
Fe
100
24.2%
No
Al
20
4.8%
No
Cu
5
1.2%
Pb (<0.4%)
ABS
8
1.9%
Deca-BDE
……
-
……
Shelf
Fe
20
24.2%
No
Al
5
4.8%
No
Cu
2
1.2%
No
ABS
3
1.9%
Deca-BDE
……
-
……
Cable
Typical
configuration
(20-meter E1
cable x 32)
250
60.5%
No
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Other
configuration
(Weight for each
meter)
5
-
No
PCBs
Typical
configuration (12
PCBs,
components
included)
30
7.3%
Pb (in
solder)
Other
configuration
(Weight of each
PCB)
2
-
No
Total
Typical
configuration
413
100%
-
Comply with the following rules for recycling at the end of life of the device.
Remove xx first in the disassembly.
Remove and send xx to special institution for disposal because it contains chemical
substance.
Dispose of xx separately because it contains hazardous substance.
No hazardous substance is contained in the label printing ink and plastic paint, and no
hazardous gas is emitted when the label printing ink and plastic paint is burning.
Dispose of the yellow chromate conversion coating screw separately because it contains
Cr6+.
Provide the plastic marking reference, such as ISO1043, and EN50419.
2.4 USA Regulatory Compliance
2.4.1 FCC Part 15
BTS3902E WCDMA complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the
following two conditions:
This device does not cause harmful interference.
This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause
undesired operation.
If this device is modified without authorization from Huawei, the device may no longer
comply with FCC requirements for Class B digital devices. In that a case, your right to use the
device may be limited by FCC regulations. Moreover, you may be required to correct any
interference to radio or television communications at your own expense.
This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference in a residential installation.
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This device generates, uses and radiates radio frequency energy. If it is not installed and used
in accordance with the instructions, it may cause harmful interference to radio
communications.
However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If
this device does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be
determined by turning the device off and on, the user may take one or more of the following
measures:
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
Reinforce the separation between the device and receiver.
Connect the device into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is
connected.
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio or TV technician for assistance.
2.5 Canada Regulatory Compliance
2.5.1 RSS-Gen statement
This device complies with Industry Canada licence-exempt RSS standard(s).
Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause
interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference, including interference that may
cause undesired operation of the device.
Le présent appareil est conforme aux CNR d'Industrie Canada applicables aux appareils radio
exempts de licence. L'exploitation est autorisée aux deux conditions suivantes : (1) l'appareil
ne doit pas produire de brouillage, et (2) l'utilisateur de l'appareil doit accepter tout brouillage
radioélectrique subi, même si le brouillage est susceptible d'en compromettre le
fonctionnement.
2.5.2 RSS-102 statement:
This device is designed and manufactured not to exceed the emission limits for exposure to
radio frequency (RF) energy set by Industrial Canada and meets the requirements for radiation
exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment.
In order to avoid the possibility of exceeding the Industrial Canada radio frequency exposure
limits, human proximity to the equipment shall not be less than 0.71m.
Cet appareil est conçu et fabriqué pour ne pas dépasser les limites d'émission pour l'exposition
à la fréquence radio (RF) de l'énergie fixé par l'Industrielle Canada et répond aux exigences en
matière de limites d'exposition aux rayonnements définies pour un environnement non
contrôlé.
Afin d'éviter la possibilité de dépasser les limites d'exposition aux fréquences radio
industrielle du Canada, la proximité humaine pour l'appareil nedoit pas être inférieure à
0.71m.
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2.6 Japanese Compliance
2.6.1 VCCI
BTS3902E WCDMA complies with VCCI Class B by Information Technology Equipment
(ITE).
2.6.2 JATE
BTS3902E WCDMA meets the requirements of the Japan Approvals Institute for
Telecommunications Equipment (JATE).
Table 2-3 JATE approval number for modules
Module Number
Approval Number
2.7 CISPR 22 Compliance
BTS3902E WCDMA complies with CISPR 22 for Class B by the ITE.
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3 Safety Information
3.1 About This Chapter
The following table lists the contents of this chapter.
Title
Description
3.2 Overview
Safety precautions to be taken before installing and
maintaining the Huawei device.
3.3 Electricity Safety
Information about the electricity safety.
3.4 Inflammable Environment
Information about the inflammable environment safety.
3.5 Battery
Information about the battery safety.
3.6 Radiation
Safety precautions on the Electromagnetic Field Exposure
of the device and laser.
3.7 Working at Heights
Safety precautions to be taken before using the ladders or
hoisting heavy objects.
3.8 Mechanical Safety
Safety precautions on drilling, on sharp objects, on
handling fans, and on lifting heavy objects.
3.9 Miscellaneous
Safety precautions on inserting and removing boards, on
bundling signal cables, and cabling requirements.
3.2 Overview
3.2.1 Safety Precautions
This section describes the safety precautions to be taken before installing and maintaining the
Huawei device.
Before performing an operation, read the operation instructions and precautions to be
taken, and follow them to prevent accidents. The Caution, Warning and Danger items in
other documents do not cover all the safety precautions that must be followed. They are
only supplementary information. The installation and maintenance personnel need to
understand the basic safety precautions to be taken.
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When operating the device, obey the local safety regulations. The safety precautions
provided in the documents are supplementary and shall be in compliance with the local
safety regulations.
When operating the Huawei device, in addition to the precautions, follow the specific
safety instructions given by Huawei.
The installation and maintenance personnel must receive training in safety precautions.
Only qualified personnel can install or maintain the device.
3.2.2 General Requirements
To minimize the technically residual risk, it is imperative to obey the following rules. Read all
the instructions before operation.
Installation
The device (or system) must be installed or used in the access restricted location.
Before operation, the device must be fixed securely on the floor or to other reliable
objects, such as the walls and the mounting racks.
When installing the unit, always make the ground connection first and disconnect it at
the end.
Ground
Do not damage the ground conductor or operate the device in the absence of well
installed ground conductor. Conduct the appropriate electrical inspection.
The device (or system) must be connected permanently to the protection ground before
an operation. The cross sectional area of protective ground conductor shall be at least 2.5
mm².
Power Supply
For AC supplied model: The device applies to TN, TT, or IT power systems.
Prepared conductors are connected to the terminal block, and only appropriate
AWG/Type of wire is secured in the listed lug terminals.
This device relies on the building’s installation for short-circuit (overcurrent) protection.
Ensure that a fuse or circuit breaker no larger than 120 VAC, 20 A U.S. (240 VAC, 20 A
international) for AC supplied model is used on the phase conductors (all
current-carrying conductors).
For this device, a readily accessible disconnect device shall be incorporated in the
building installation wiring.
The AC power supply has double pole/neutral fusing.
To reduce the risk of fire, use only No. 26 AWG or larger telecommunication line cord.
Human Safety
Do not operate the device or cables at lightning strikes.
To avoid electric shock, do not connect safety extra-low voltage (SELV) circuits to
telecommunication network voltage (TNV) circuits.
Do not look directly into the optical port to prevent the laser radiation from injuring your
eyes.
Do not wear jewelry or watches when you operate the device.
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Operator
Only qualified and skilled personnel must install, configure, and disassemble the device.
Only the personnel authorized must operate the device.
Any replacement or change to the device or parts of the device (including the software)
must be done by qualified or authorized personnel of Huawei.
Any fault or error that might cause safety problems must be reported immediately to the
person in charge.
Only qualified personnel must remove or disable the safety facilities, or to troubleshoot
and maintain the device.
Ensure that the instructions provided in this document are followed completely. The document
also provides guidelines in selecting the measuring and testing device.
3.3 Electricity Safety
3.3.1 High Voltage
DANGER
The high voltage power supply offers power for the device operation. Direct or indirect
contact (through damp objects) with high voltage and AC mains supply may result in fatal
danger.
During the installation of the AC power supply facility, follow the local safety
regulations. The personnel who install the AC facility must be qualified to perform high
voltage and AC operations.
Do not wear conductive articles, such as watches, hand chains, bracelets and rings during
the operation.
When water is found in the rack or the rack is damp, switch off the power supply
immediately.
When the operation is performed in a damp environment, make sure that the device is
dry.
WARNING
Non-standard and improper high voltage operations may result in fire and electric shock.
Therefore, you must obey the local rules and regulations when bridging and wiring AC cables.
Only qualified personnel must perform high voltage and AC operations.
3.3.2 Thunderstorm
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DANGER
High voltage and AC operations, or operations on a steel tower and a mast are prohibited
during thunderstorm.
During thunderstorm, the electromagnetic field generated in the thunderstorm area may
damage the electronic parts. To prevent damage to the device during lightning, ground the
device properly.
3.3.3 Tools
WARNING
Suggestion: Dedicated tools must be used during high voltage and AC operations. Avoid using
ordinary tools.
3.3.4 High Electrical Leakage
WARNING
Ground the device before powering on the device. Otherwise, the personnel and device are in
danger.
If the "high electrical leakage" flag is stuck to the power terminal of the device, you must
ground the device before powering it on.
3.3.5 Power Cable
WARNING
Installation and removal of live line are prohibited. Transient contact between the core of the
power cable and the conductor may generate electric arc or spark, which may cause fire or eye
injury.
Before installing or removing the power cable, turn off the power switch.
Before connecting the power cable, confirm that the power cable and label comply with
the requirements of the actual installation.
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CAUTION
For AC power supplied device, use 0.75 mm² or 18 AWG minimum power supply cord.
Use the type H03VV-F or light PVC sheathed flexible cord based on IEC 60227.
3.3.6 Fuse
WARNING
If a fuse is to be replaced, the new fuse shall be of the same type and specifications.
3.3.7 Electrostatic Discharge
CAUTION
The static electricity generated by the human body may damage the electrostatic sensitive
components on the circuit board, such as the large-scale integrated circuit (LSI).
In the following situations, the human body will generate a static electromagnetic field:
Human body moving
Clothes friction
Friction between shoes and the ground
Holding ordinary plastic in hand
The static electromagnetic field will remain within the human body for a long time.
Before touching the device, hand-operating parts, circuit boards, or ASICs, wear a grounded
electrostatic discharge (ESD) wrist strap. It can prevent the sensitive components from
damage by the static electricity in the human body.
Figure 3-1 shows the wearing of an ESD wrist strap.
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Figure 3-1 Wearing an ESD wrist strap
3.4 Inflammable Environment
Operating the electrical device in inflammable environment can be fatal.
DANGER
Do not place the device in the environment that has inflammable and explosive air or fog. Do
not perform any operation in this environment.
3.5 Battery
3.5.1 Storage Battery
DANGER
Before handling the battery, read carefully the safety precautions to be taken for battery
handling and connections.
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CAUTION
Non-standard operation on batteries may result in danger.
During operation:
Protect the battery against short-circuit
Prevent electrolyte overflow and leakage
Electrolyte overflow may damage the device. It will corrode the metal parts and the circuit
boards, and ultimately damage the device and cause short-circuit of the circuit boards.
General Operations
Before installing and maintaining the battery, note the following:
Do not wear metal articles such as wristwatch, hand chain, bracelet and ring.
Use special-purpose insulation tools.
Take care to protect you eyes when operating the device.
Wear rubber gloves and an apron in the case of electrolyte overflow.
Always keep the electrode front upright when handling the battery. Do not place the
battery upside down or tilt it.
Short-Circuit
WARNING
Battery short-circuit may cause physical injury. Though voltage of a general battery is low,
high transient current generated by short-circuit will release a large amount of power.
There is danger of explosion if the battery is incorrectly replaced. Therefore, replace the
battery only with the same or equivalent type recommended by the manufacturer.
CAUTION
Keep away metal objects, which may cause battery short-circuit, from batteries. If they have
to be used, first disconnect the batteries in use before performing any other operations.
Harmful Gas
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CAUTION
Do not use unsealed lead-acid batteries, because the gas emitted from the battery may
result in fire or device corrosion.
Lay the battery horizontally and fix it properly.
The battery in use will emit flammable gas. Therefore, put the battery in a place with good
ventilation, and take fire precautions.
High Temperature
CAUTION
High temperature may result in distortion, damage and electrolyte overflow of the battery.
When the temperature of the battery exceeds 60C, check whether there is acid liquid
overflow. If acid liquid overflow occurs, handle the acid liquid immediately.
Acid Liquid
CAUTION
In case of acid liquid overflow, absorb and neutralize the liquid immediately.
When moving or removing a leaky battery, note the possible damage caused by the acid liquid.
Once the acid liquid spill is found, use the following materials to absorb and neutralize it.
Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda): NaHCO3
Sodium carbonate (soda): Na2CO3
The use of antacids must follow the guide provided by the battery supplier.
3.6 Radiation
3.6.1 Electromagnetic Field Exposure
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WARNING
Radio-frequency signals with high intensity are harmful to human body.
Before installing or maintaining an antenna in a steel tower or a mast with a large number of
transmitter antennas, the operator should coordinate with the parties concerned to shut down
the transmitter antennas.
Introduction
The BTS emits RF radiation (radiation hazard). Operators have to follow the related local
regulations when erecting the BTS.
Operators of BTSs must also follow the related local regulations when erecting the BTS.
Limits and Guidelines on Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields
There are a number of international regulations, standards and guidelines for exposure to
electromagnetic fields. Several European countries have adopted the recommendation of the
council of the European Union. It was released on July 12, 1999 focusing on the harmful
effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (1999/519/EC). The recommendation is based on
the guideline published by the ICNIRP.
Table 3-1 gives a comparison among regulations and reference levels applied in different
countries.
Table 3-1 Different regulations and reference
Country
Limit 950
MHz
E Electric
Field
Strength
Limit 950
MHz
S Power Flux
Density
Limit 1850
MHz
E Electric Field
Strength
Limit 1850
MHz
S Power Flux
Density
ICNIRP
International
42 V/m
4.75 W/m2
59 V/m
9.25 W/m2
Europe
(1999/519/EC)
42 V/m
4.75 W/m2
59 V/m
9.25 W/m2
Italy, Decreto
No. 381, 1998
6 V/m
0.095 W/m2
6 V/m
0.095 W/m2
Switzerland
Verord. 1999
4 V/m
0.043 W/m2
6 V/m
0.096 W/m2
Reference levels are provided for exposure assessment, that is to determine whether the basic
limit of restriction on exposure of humans to electromagnetic fields is exceeded. The basic
restriction on exposure to electromagnetic fields is based on established health effects and
biological considerations.
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Location of Base Station Antennas
Base station antennas, the source of the radiation, are usually mounted:
On freestanding towers, with a height up to 30 m, or
On a tower on the top of buildings, or
On rare occasion, to the side of the building.
Generally, the height of the antenna position does not fall below 10 m. The power usually
forms a horizontal main beam and is slightly tilted downward. The remaining power forms
into the weaker beams on both sides of the main beam. The main beam, however, does not
reach ground level until the distance from the antenna position is around 50–200 m.
The highest level of emission would be expected in close vicinity of the antenna and in line of
sight to the antenna.
Exclusion Zones
The requirements for exclusion zones are as follows:
Antenna location should be designed so that the public cannot access the area where the
RF radiation exceeds the levels as described earlier.
If areas, where the RF radiation exceeds the prescribed level, are accessible to the
workers, make sure that workers know where these areas are, and that they can power off
(or shut down) the transmitters before entering these areas. Such areas may not exist; but
if they do, they will be confined to areas within 10 m of the antennas.
Each exclusion zone should be defined by a physical barrier and by a recognizable sign
warning the public or workers.
Guidelines on Arranging Antenna Sites
The guidelines on arranging the antenna sites are as follows:
For roof-mounted antennas, raise the antennas above the height of the persons, who may
have to work in the rooftop.
For roof-mounted antennas, keep the transmitter antennas away from the areas where
people are most likely to be, such as roof access points, telephone service points, and
HVAC device.
For roof-mounted directional antennas, place the antennas near the periphery, and do not
make the antennas face to the building.
Consider the trade-off between large aperture antennas (lower maximum RF) and small
aperture antennas (lower visual impact).
Pay special attention to keep higher-power antennas away from accessible areas.
Keep the antennas in a site that is far away, though this may contradict the local zone
requirements.
Exercise extra caution when designing co-location sites, that is, where multiple antennas
owned by different companies are located. This applies particularly to sites that include
high-power broadcast (FM/TV) antennas. Local zone often favors co-location, but
co-location may cause safety problems.
Take special precautions for antenna sites near hospital and schools.
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Location of Base Transceiver Station
The base transceiver station (BTS) is shielded from RF radiation hazards. The device has been
tested to comply with the radioactive spurious emission requirements of EN 301 502. These
limits fall below the limits for RF radiation hazard. Therefore, the BTS does not cause danger
to the public and workers under normal operation condition. However, it is still possible that
because of imperfect antenna cables or other faults the limits set out above can be exceeded.
BTS sites shall not be accessible to the public. Only authorized and trained workers
should access sites or rooms.
Doors of the site or room shall be clearly marked. For example, mark a sign warning the
workers that inside the site or room where the RF radiation might exceed limits for
radiation exposure.
BTS sites shall be regularly monitored and inspected after installation.
Prediction of the Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields
The section provides a theoretical approach to calculate possible exposure to electromagnetic
radiation around a BTS antenna. Precise statements are possible either with measurements or
complex calculations considering the complexity of the environment, such as soil conditions,
nearby buildings and other obstacles. The complexity may cause reflections and deflection,
scattering of electromagnetic fields.
The maximum output power (given in EIRP) of a BTS is usually limited by license conditions
of the network operator.
A rough estimation of the expected exposure in power flux density on a given point can be
made with the following equation:
)(4
)(
2mr
GWP
Snumeric
P = Maximum output power in W
G numeric = Numeric gain (see below)
r = Distance between the antenna and the point of exposure in meters
For the calculation of the Gain numeric:
10
10
GdB
numeric
G
)()()()( dBBdBBdBBdBGGdB nattenuatiohorizontalonattenutativerticalcableantenna
B
= attenuation in dB
3.6.2 Laser
The laser hazard level of this device is Class 1.
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WARNING
When handling optical fibers, do not stand close to, or look at the optical fiber outlet directly
with unaided eyes.
General Laser Information
Laser transceivers or transmitters are used in the optical transmission system and associated
test tools. The wavelength of the laser is between 780 nm and 1600 nm. Because the laser is
transmitted through the optical fiber, it has very high power density and is invisible to human
eyes. When a beam of light enters the eye, the retina may be damaged.
Laser of wavelengths used in telecommunications can cause thermal damage to the retina.
Lasers used in lightwave systems have a larger beam divergence, typically 10 to 20 degrees.
Viewing an un-terminated fiber or damaged fiber with the unaided eye at distances greater
than 150 mm (6 inches) will normally not cause eye injury. However, damage may occur if an
optical tool such as a microscope, magnifying glass or eye loupe is used to view the energized
fiber end.
In its normal operating mode, a lightwave system is totally enclosed and presents no risk of
eye injury. Additional safety is achieved by an automatic laser shut-down (ALS) of the system.
The ALS, however, can be applied for bi-directional transmission only. If the receiver side
does not detect the laser from the transmission side, it will give the transmission side a signal.
Upon receiving the signal, the ALS will shut down the laser emission within 100 ms.
Laser Safety Guidelines
Read the following guidelines to avoid laser radiation:
Read the instructions before installing, operating and maintaining the device. Ignoring
the instructions can cause exposure to dangerous laser radiation.
Wear a pair of eye-protective glasses when you are handling lasers or fibers.
All the operation shall be performed by personnel who have completed the approved
training courses.
Make sure that the optical source is switched off before disconnecting optical fiber
connectors.
Before opening the front door of an optical transmission system, make sure that you are
not exposed to laser radiation.
Do not look at the end of an exposed fiber or an open connector when you are not sure
whether the optical source is switched off or not.
Use an optical power meter to check and ensure that the optical source is switched off by
measuring the optical power.
Do not use an optical tool such as a microscope, a magnifying glass or an eye loupe to
view the optical connector or fiber.
Handling Fibers
Read the instructions before handling fibers.
Cutting and splicing fibers must be performed by the trained personnel only.
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Before cutting or splicing a fiber, ensure the fiber is disconnected from the optical source.
After disconnecting the fiber, use protecting caps to protect all the optical connectors.
3.7 Working at Heights
WARNING
When working at heights, be careful to prevent objects from falling.
When working at heights, shall comply with the following requirements.
The personnel who work at heights must be trained.
The operating machines and tools shall be carried and handled safely to avoid falling.
Safety protection measures, such as wearing a helmet and a safety belt, shall be taken.
In cold regions, wear worm clothes when performing high-altitude operation.
All lifting appliances must be thoroughly checked before the work is started.
3.7.1 Weight Lifting
WARNING
Do not access the areas under the jib arm and the goods in suspension when lifting weight.
Ensure the operators have completed the related training and are qualified.
Check the weight lifting tools and confirm that the tools are in good condition.
Lift the weight only when the weight lifting tools are firmly fixed onto the
weight-bearing object or the wall.
Use a concise command to avoid incorrect operation.
Ensure the angle between the two cables is less than or equal to 90 degrees during the lift.
(see Figure 3-2).
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Figure 3-2 Weight lifting
Maximum 90
3.7.2 Safety Guide on Ladder Use
Checking the Ladder
Before using the ladder, first check if the ladder is in good condition. Make sure that you
know the maximum weight that the ladder can support; overweight on the ladder is strictly
prohibited.
Placing the Ladder
Slant angle is suggested to be 75 degrees. The slant can be measured with the angle square or
with arms. When using a ladder, place the wider end of the ladder on the ground. Otherwise,
take protective measures on the base part of the ladder to avoid skidding. Place the ladder on
stable ground.
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Climbing the Ladder
When climbing the ladder, note the following.
Ensure the gravity center of your body does not deviate from the ladder edge.
To lessen the danger and ensure the safety, hold your balance on the ladder before any
operation.
Do not climb higher than the forth highest step of the ladder.
If you are about to climb to the top, the length of the ladder shall be one meter higher
than the eave.
3.8 Mechanical Safety
3.8.1 Drilling
WARNING
Drilling on the rack without permission is strictly prohibited. Drilling that does not satisfy the
requirements concerned may damage the wires and cables inside the rack. If the metal
shavings from the drilling fall into the rack, it may result in short circuit of the circuit boards.
Before drilling a hole on the rack, wear insulation gloves, and remove the cables inside
the rack.
During the drilling, ensure that your eyes are well protected. The hot shavings may
injury to your eyes.
Ensure that the metal shavings do not get into the rack.
Non-standard drilling may damage the electromagnetic shielding performance of the
rack.
After drilling, clean the metal shavings in time.
3.8.2 Sharp Objects
WARNING
When carrying the device by hand, wear protection gloves to avoid injury by sharp objects.
3.8.3 Handling Fans
Ensure the following:
When replacing a component, place the component, screw, and tool at a safe place to
prevent them from falling into the running fan.
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When replacing the ambient equipment around the fan, do not place the finger or board
into the running fan until the fan is switched off and stops running.
3.8.4 Lifting Heavy Objects
WARNING
When lifting heavy objects, do not stand or walk under the arm or the lifted object.
3.9 Miscellaneous
3.9.1 Inserting and Removing a Board
To insert or remove a board, abide by the following requirements:
CAUTION
When inserting a board, handle it gently to avoid distorting pins on the backplane.
Insert the board along the slot guide.
The two sides of one board should not contact another board to avoid short-circuit or
scratch.
When holding a board in hand, do not touch the board circuit, components, connectors,
or connection slots.
3.9.2 Bundling Signal Cables
CAUTION
Bundle the signal cables separately from the strong current cables or high voltage cables.
Maintain a minimum space of 150 mm between adjacent ties.
3.9.3 Cabling Requirements
At a very low temperature, movement of the cable may damage the plastic skin of the cable.
To ensure the construction safety, comply with the following requirements:
When installing cables, ensure that the environment temperature is above 0°C.
If cables are stored in the place below 0°C, move the cables into a place at a room
temperature and store the cables for more than 24 hours before installation.
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Move the cables with care, especially at a low temperature. Do not drop the cables directly
from the vehicle.