Samsung Electronics Co SLS-BD104Q RRH(Remote Radio Head) User Manual

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2600-00ESBTGA2
Ver. 1.0
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible
System Description
COPYRIGHT
This description is proprietary to SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd. and is protected by copyright.
No information contained herein may be copied, translated, transcribed or duplicated for any commercial
purposes or disclosed to the third party in any form without the prior written consent of SAMSUNG Electronics
Co., Ltd.
TRADEMARK
Product names mentioned in this description may be trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their
respective companies.
This description should be read and used as a guideline for properly installing and operating the product.
This description may be changed for the system improvement, standardization and other technical reasons without
prior notice.
If you need updated descriptions or have any questions concerning the contents of the descriptions, contact our
Document Center at the following address or Web site:
Address: Document Center 3rd Floor Jeong-bo-tong-sin-dong. Dong-Suwon P.O. Box 105, 416, Maetan-3dong
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Homepage: http://www.samsungdocs.com
©2012 SAMSUNG Electronics Co,. LTD. All rights reserved.
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description
INTRODUCTION
Purpose
This description describes the characteristics, functions and structures of the TD-LTE
Flexible system(SLS-BD104), which is the base station for Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE
multi-mode.
Document Content and Organization
This description is composed of five chapters and an abbreviation as follows:
CHAPTER 1. Overview of WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode
• WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode Introduction
• Components of WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode Network
CHAPTER 2. Overview of System
•
•
•
•
System Introduction
Major functions
Resources
Interface between the Systems
CHAPTER 3. System Structure
• Hardware Structure
• Software Structure
CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
•
•
•
•
•
Call Processing Message Flow
Network Synchronization Message Flow
Alarm Message Flow
Loading Message Flow
Operation and Maintenance Message Flow
CHAPTER 5. Additional Functions and Tools
• Web-EMT
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
INTRODUCTION
ABBREVIATION
Describes the acronyms used in this description.
Conventions
The following types of paragraphs contain special information that must be carefully read
and thoroughly understood. Such information may or may not be enclosed in a rectangular
box, separating it from the main text, but is always preceded by an icon and/or a bold title.
NOTE
Indicates additional information as a reference.
Revision History
II
EDITION
DATE OF ISSUE
REMARKS
1.0
04. 2012.
First Edition
ⓒ SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Purpose ................................................................................................................. I
Document Content and Organization ......................................................................... I
Conventions .......................................................................................................... II
Revision History .................................................................................................... II
CHAPTER 1
Overview of WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode
1-1
1.1
WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode Introduction ................................................................ 1-1
1.2
WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode Network Configuration.................................................. 1-7
CHAPTER 2
Overview of System
2-1
2.1
System Introduction ............................................................................................ 2-1
2.2
Main Functions ................................................................................................... 2-5
2.2.1
Physical Layer Processing Function (WiMAX) ................................................ 2-5
2.2.2
Physical Layer Processing Function (LTE) ..................................................... 2-7
2.2.3
Call Processing Function (WiMAX).............................................................. 2-10
2.2.4
Call Processing Function (LTE) .................................................................. 2-12
2.2.5
IP Processing Functions ........................................................................... 2-13
2.2.6
Auxiliary Device Interface Function ............................................................. 2-14
2.2.7
Maintenance Function .............................................................................. 2-14
2.3
Specifications.................................................................................................... 2-18
2.4
Interface between Systems ................................................................................. 2-21
CHAPTER 3
3.1
System Structure
3-1
Hardware Structure ............................................................................................. 3-1
3.1.1
DMB ...................................................................................................... 3-4
3.1.2
RRH ...................................................................................................... 3-8
3.1.3
DPM-FI .................................................................................................. 3-9
3.1.4
Cooling Structure .................................................................................... 3-11
3.1.5
External Interface Structure ....................................................................... 3-11
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.2
Software Structure ............................................................................................. 3-14
3.2.1
CC Block(Mobile WiMAX) ......................................................................... 3-15
3.2.2
CPS Block(TD-LTE) ................................................................................. 3-17
3.2.3
OAM Block............................................................................................. 3-19
CHAPTER 4
4.1
4.2
Message Flow
Call Processing Message Flow(WiMAX) ................................................................. 4-1
4.1.1
Initial Entry.............................................................................................. 4-1
4.1.2
Authentication.......................................................................................... 4-3
4.1.3
State Transition........................................................................................ 4-6
4.1.4
Location Update...................................................................................... 4-11
4.1.5
Paging .................................................................................................. 4-15
4.1.6
Handover............................................................................................... 4-16
4.1.7
Disconnection......................................................................................... 4-23
Call Processing Message Flow(LTE) ..................................................................... 4-25
4.2.1
Attach ................................................................................................... 4-25
4.2.2
Service Request...................................................................................... 4-27
4.2.3
Detach .................................................................................................. 4-29
4.2.4
Handover............................................................................................... 4-30
4.3
Network Synchronization Message Flow ............................................................... 4-38
4.4
Alarm Signal Flow .............................................................................................. 4-39
4.5
Loading Message Flow ....................................................................................... 4-41
4.6
Operation and Maintenance Message Flow............................................................ 4-43
CHAPTER 5
5.1
Additional Function and Tool
5-1
Web-EMT ........................................................................................................... 5-1
ABBREVIATION
IV
4-1
ⓒ SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description/Ver.1.0
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1
Configuration of Mobile WiMAX System Functions (Based on Profile C)........... 1-3
Figure 1.2
Configuration of LTE System Functions .................................................... 1-4
Figure 1.3
Network Configuration (Mobile WiMAX + TD-LTE) ...................................... 1-7
Figure 2.1
Interface between Systems (Mobile WiMAX) ............................................ 2-21
Figure 2.2
Interface between Systems (TD-LTE)...................................................... 2-21
Figure 2.3
Protocol Stack between NEs(Mobile WiMAX) ........................................... 2-22
Figure 2.4
Protocol Stack between UE and eNB(TD-LTE).......................................... 2-23
Figure 2.5
Protocol Stack between eNB and EPC(TD-LTE)........................................ 2-23
Figure 2.6
Protocol Stack between TD-LTE Flexible system and WSM ......................... 2-24
Figure 3.1
DU Configuration (SMFS-F) ................................................................... 3-1
Figure 3.2
RRH-2WB Configuration ....................................................................... 3-2
Figure 3.3
Internal Configuration of the System (MIMO) ............................................. 3-3
Figure 3.4
DMB Configuration............................................................................... 3-4
Figure 3.5
RRH-2WB Configuration for WiMAX + TD-LTE Operation ............................ 3-8
Figure 3.6
Mobile WiMAX + TD-LTE Simultaneous Operation Configuration
(2Carrier/3Sector)................................................................................................. 3-9
Figure 3.7
DPM-FI Configuration ........................................................................... 3-9
Figure 3.8
Power Structure of TD-Flexible System ................................................... 3-10
Figure 3.9
Fan Configuration ............................................................................... 3-11
Figure 3.10
Cooling Structure of the DU................................................................. 3-11
Figure 3.11
External Interfaces of TD-LTE Flexible System ........................................ 3-12
Figure 3.12
Basic Software Architecture of the TD-LTE Flexible System ....................... 3-14
Figure 3.13
Software Structure of System .............................................................. 3-14
Figure 3.14
CC Block Structure ............................................................................ 3-15
Figure 3.15
TD-LTE CPS Block Structure ............................................................... 3-17
Figure 3.16
OAM Software Structure ..................................................................... 3-19
Figure 3.17
Interface between OAM Blocks ............................................................ 3-20
Figure 4.1
Initial Entry Procedure........................................................................... 4-1
Figure 4.2
Authentication Procedure (During Initial Entry) ........................................... 4-3
Figure 4.3
Authentication Procedure (During Authenticator Relocation) ......................... 4-5
Figure 4.4
Awake Mode → Idle Mode State Transition Procedure (MS-Initiated).............. 4-7
Figure 4.5
Awake Mode → Idle Mode State Transition Procedure
(Network-Initiated) ................................................................................................ 4-7
Figure 4.6
Awake Mode → Sleep Mode State Transition Procedure.............................. 4-8
Figure 4.7
Idle Mode → Awake Mode State Transition Procedure (QCS) ....................... 4-9
Figure 4.8
Inter-RAS Location Update Procedure..................................................... 4-11
Figure 4.9
Inter-ACR Location Update Procedure (PMIP) .......................................... 4-12
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VI
Figure 4.10
Inter-ACR Location Update Procedure (Simple IP) ................................... 4-14
Figure 4.11
Paging Procedure.............................................................................. 4-15
Figure 4.12
Inter-RAS Handover Procedure............................................................ 4-16
Figure 4.13
Inter-ASN Handover (ASN-Anchored Mobility)......................................... 4-19
Figure 4.14
Inter-ASN Handover (CSN-Anchored Mobility) ........................................ 4-22
Figure 4.15
Disconnection (Awake Mode) .............................................................. 4-23
Figure 4.16
Disconnection (Idle Mode)................................................................... 4-23
Figure 4.17
Attach Procedure .............................................................................. 4-25
Figure 4.18
Service Request Procedure by UE........................................................ 4-27
Figure 4.19
Service Request Procedure by Network ................................................. 4-28
Figure 4.20
Detach Procedure by UE .................................................................... 4-29
Figure 4.21
Detach Procedure by MME ................................................................. 4-29
Figure 4.22
X2 Based Handover Procedure ............................................................ 4-30
Figure 4.23
S1-based Handover Procedure ............................................................ 4-32
Figure 4.24
PS Handover Procedure from E-UTRAN to HRPD ................................... 4-35
Figure 4.25
Network Synchronization Flow of TD-LTE Flexible system ......................... 4-38
Figure 4.26
Alarm Signal Flow of TD-LTE Flexible system ......................................... 4-39
Figure 4.27
Alarm and Control Structure of TD-LTE Flexible system ............................ 4-39
Figure 4.28
Loading Message Flow....................................................................... 4-42
Figure 4.29
Operation and Maintenance Signal Flow ................................................ 4-43
Figure 5.1
Web-EMT Interface .............................................................................. 5-1
ⓒ SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description
CHAPTER 1. Overview of
WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode
1.1 WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode Introduction
Mobile communications have been expanding from voice services to data services
as it evolves from the first-generation analog mobile communication through the
second-generation digital mobile communication, the third-generation CDMA2000 and to
the fourth-generation Mobile WiMAX/LTE. As the convergence of wired and wireless
services is widely available and new handset devices such as smartphones are gaining
popularity, there is an ever increasing demand for communication technologies that can
facilitate high-speed wireless transmission of data. Mobile communication networks
continue to evolve with new communication technologies, and new handsets are made
available, which support various technologies.
The Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode system meets the changing requirements of the
mobile communication industry as it supports a wide variety of communication technologies.
It enables provision of Mobile WiMAX and TD-LTE services with a single system.
The communication technologies supported by the WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode system
are as follows.
• WiMAX IEEE 802.16e
Samsung WiMAX system is the wireless network system that supports IEEE 802.16 base
service. The IEEE 802.16 standard is the basis of Mobile WiMAX, and includes IEEE
Std 802.16-2004 defining fixed wireless internet access service and IEEE Std 802.16,
P802.16-2004/Cor2/D3 defining the technologies supporting mobility, which include
handover, paging. The Mobile WiMAX system uses the Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access (OFDMA) transmission technology based on the Time Division Duplex
(TDD) method, so the system provides high-speed data services and wider coverage than
existing wireless LANs.
In addition, system performance and capacity have increased as a result of
high-performance hardware; it is capable of providing various high-speed data functions
and services.
• Long Term Evolution (LTE)
The Samsung LTE system is a wireless network system supporting 3GPP LTE based
services. Having improved the disadvantages of low transmission speed and the high cost
of the data services provided by the existing 3GPP mobile communication system, it is a
next generation wireless network system that can provide high-speed data services at a
low cost regardless of time and location.
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
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CHAPTER 1. Overview of WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode
The Samsung LTE system supports the downlink Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access (OFDMA) transmission technology and the uplink Single Carrier (SC)
FDMA transmission technology in TDD mode, and supports scalable bandwidths for
supporting various spectrum allocations to provide high-speed data services.
In addition, system performance and capacity have increased as a result of
high-performance hardware; it is capable of providing various high-speed data functions
and services.
The main features of the WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode system are as follows.
• Expansion to 4G Service
The WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode system is capable of providing existing Mobile
WiMAX services using the common platform without the need of installing any
additional equipment. With addition of TD-LTE channel card and software upgrades, it
can also provide TD-LTE services.
Therefore, the WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode system provides an efficient way of
installing a TD-LTE network by using the existing cables, rectifiers, batteries and other
devices.
• Green Solution
The WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode system accommodates the Mobile WiMAX system
and the TD-LTE system in one structure, reducing the number of devices required.
In particular, the Samsung TD-LTE Flexible system separates the transmission/reception
processing unit and the RF unit using Remote RF Head (RRH) mechanism for natural
cooling, resulting in reduction of equipment footprint, power consumption and carbon
dioxide emission.
• Efficient Backhaul Operation
The WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode system helps reduce backhaul operation costs since
it physically integrates multiple communication technologies in its backhaul network
operation. The WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode system is capable of logically separating
networks based on the communication technologies. It also helps maintain a high level
of efficiency in backhaul operation by minimizing traffic interference between the
technologies.
TD-LTE Flexible System
TD-LTE Flexible system is the base station of Samsung’s multi-mode system. It
functions as RAS in Mobile WiMAX and as eNB in TD-LTE. It is controlled by a higher
NE (ACR in Mobile WiMAX and EPC in TD-LTE) and connects WiMAX/TD-LTE calls
to Mobile Station (MS).
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Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description/Ver.1.0
The functions of the WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode system for each communication
technology are as follows.
Mobile WiMAX System Functions
The figure below shows the functions of the Access Service Network (ASN) systems (ACR
and RAS) based on Profile C.
Each block name complies with the standard of Mobile WiMAX NWG.
Figure 1.1 Configuration of Mobile WiMAX System Functions (Based on Profile C)
The ASN-GW(ACR) supports the Convergence Sublayer (CS) and performs the packet
classification and Packet Header Suppression (PHS) functions. When the ACR carries out
the header compression function, it supports Robust Header Compression (ROHC) defined
in the NWG standard. In addition, the ACR performs the paging controller and location
register functions for a Mobile Station (MS) in Idle Mode.
In authentication, the ACR performs the authenticator function and carries out the key
distributor function to manage the higher security key by interworking with the AAA server
as an AAA client. At this time, RAS performs the key receiver function to receive the
security key from the key distributor and manage it.
The ACR interworks with the AAA server of Connectivity Service Network (CSN) for
authentication and charging services and with the HA of CSN for Mobile IP (MIP) service.
The ACR as FA of MIP supports Proxy MIP (PMIP).
The BS(RAS) performs the Service Flow Management (SFM) function to
create/change/release connections for each Service Flow (SF) and the admission control
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CHAPTER 1. Overview of WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode
function while creating/changing connections. In regard to the SFM function of the RAS,
the ACR carries out the SF Authentication (SFA) and SFID management functions. The
ACR carries out the SFA function to obtain the QoS information from Policy Function
(PF) and apply it in the SF creation and performs the SFID management function to
create/change/release SFID and map SF according to the packet classification.
In handover, the RAS performs the handover control function to determine the execution
of the handover and deal with corresponding handover signaling. The ACR confirms the
neighbor RAS list and relays the handover signaling message to the target system. At
this time, the ACR and the RAS carries out the context function to exchange the context
information between the target system and the serving system.
The RAS performs the Radio Resource Control (RRC) and RR Agent (RRA) functions to
collect/manage the radio resource information (e.g., BSID) from MSs and the RAS itself.
LTE System Functions
The diagram below illustrates the functions of the eNB in E-UTRAN as well as the MME,
Serving Gateway (S-GW), and PDN-Gateway (P-GW) according to the 3GPP standard.
The eNB mainly manages a Connected Mode User Equipment (UE) at the Access Stratum
(AS) level; the MME mainly manages the Idle Mode UE at the Non-Access Stratum
(NAS) level; the S-GW and the P-GW perform management of user data and work with
other networks at the NAS level.
The functions of the eNB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW are as follows.
Figure 1.2 Configuration of LTE System Functions
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Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description/Ver.1.0
The Mobility Management Entity (MME) interworks with the E-UTRAN (eNB) for
handling the following messages.
• S1-AP signaling message of SCTP base: Controls connections between the MME and
the eNB
• NAS signaling message of SCTP base: Controls mobility and connections between
the UE and the EPC
Interworking with the HSS, the MME can obtain, change, and authenticate subscriber
information. Interworking with the S-GW, the MME can also request allocation, release,
and change of bearer paths for data routing and forwarding using the GTP-C protocol.
The MME can provide mobility, handover, CS fallback, and SMS services in interoperation
with a 2G or 3G system such as SGSN and MSC.
The MME carries out the functions of inter-eNB mobility, idle mode UE reachability,
Tracking Area (TA) list management, P-GW/S-GW selection, authentication, and bearer
management. The MME supports mobility upon inter-eNB handover, and supports the
inter-MME handover. It also supports the SGSN selection function upon handover to a
2G or 3G 3GPP network.
The S-GW carries out the mobility anchor function upon inter-eNB handover and
inter-3GPP handover, and processes routing and forwarding of packet data. The S-GW
allows the operator to set different charging policies by UE, PDN or QCI, and provides the
functions for managing and changing the packet transport layers for uplink/downlink data.
The S-GW also supports GTP and PMIP by interoperating with the MME, P-GW, and
SGSN.
The P-GW establishes charging and bearer rules according to the policies as it interoperates
with the PCRF. It can manage and change charging and transfer rate depending on the
service level.
The P-GW provides the packet filtering function for each subscriber, and allocates an IP
address to each UE. The P-GW can manage and change the packet transport layers for
downlink data.
The eNB is responsible for Evolved-UTRAN (E-UTRAN) which is the wireless access
network in the LTE system. The eNBs are interconnected over the X2 interface and their
connections to Evolved Packet Core (EPC) are provided over the S1 interface.
In eNB, the wireless protocol layers mainly consist of Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3. Layer
3 accommodates the RRC layer, and Layer 2 accommodates three sublayers: the MAC
sublayer, RLC sublayer, and the PDCP sublayer, with the following independent functions.
• The RRC layer corresponds to Layer 3 of the wireless protocol. The RRC layer mainly
performs mobility management within the wireless access network, maintenance and
control of the Radio Bearer (RB), RRC connection management, and system information
transmission, etc.
• The PDCP sublayer mainly carries out the IP packet header compression function,
security functions such as ciphering and integrity check, and the selective transmission
function for enhancing efficiency of wireless and wired resources at handover.
• The RLC sublayer performs segmentation and reassembly on the data received from
the PDCP sublayer into the size specified by the MAC sublayer, restoration of the
transmission by resending in case of transmission failure at lower-level layers (ARQ),
and re-ordering of the HARQ operation of the MAC sublayer.
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CHAPTER 1. Overview of WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode
• The MAC sublayer distributes wireless resources to each bearer according to its priority,
and carries out the multiplexing function and the Hybrid ARQ (ARQ) function for the
data received from the multiple upper logical channels.
Network System Function
For the detailed description about the system functions, refer to the system
description for each system provided by Samsung.
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Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description/Ver.1.0
1.2 WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode Network
Configuration
The WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode system provides simultaneous support for Mobile
WiMAX access service based on IEEE 802.16/16e and TD-LTE access based on 3GPP
LTE air.
The network structure supported by the WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode system is as follows.
Figure 1.3 Network Configuration (Mobile WiMAX + TD-LTE)
The Mobile WiMAX system defined by the WiMAX forum standard refers to the ASN
based on IEEE 802.16/16e. The internal elements of the ASN include the RAS which plays
the 802.16 Medium Access Control (MAC)/Physical Layer (PHY) functions with MS and
the ACR(ASN-GW) which is responsible for various control functions and interoperation
with the CSN, which is the core network of wireless service provider.
The TD-LTE system consists of base station(eNB) and packet core(EPC). The network
consisting multiple eNBs and EPCs (MME, S-GW/P-GW) is a subnet of the Packet Data
Network (PDN). It provides interface between the UE and the external network.
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
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CHAPTER 1. Overview of WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode
The WSM supports operation and maintenance of the WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode system
and the ACR. EPC, the packet core equipment of the TD-LTE, is operated and maintained
by a separate LSM-C.
Base Station: Mobile WiMAX + TD-LTE
This system provides the RAS function of Mobile WiMAX and the eNB function of
TD-LTE.
• RAS function of Mobile WiMAX
RAS as the system between ACR and MS has the interface with ACR and provides
the wireless connection to MS under IEEE 802.16 standards to support wireless
communication service for subscribers.
RAS carries out wireless signal exchange with MS, modulation/demodulation signal
processing for packet traffic signal, efficient use of wireless resources, packet scheduling
for Quality of Service (QoS) assurance, assignment of wireless bandwidth, Automatic
Repeat request (ARQ) processing and ranging function. In addition, RAS controls the
connection for packet calls and handover.
• eNB function of TD-LTE
The eNB system is positioned between the EPC and the UE. It establishes wireless
connections with the UE and processes packet calls according to the LTE air specification.
The eNB is responsible for transmission of wireless signals, modulation and demodulation
of packet traffic, packet scheduling for efficient use of wireless resources, HARQ/ARQ
processing, the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) function of packet header
compression, and wireless resource control functions. Moreover, the eNB performs
handover interworking with the EPC.
Access Control Router (ACR): Mobile WiMAX
ACR, which is the system between CSN and base station, enables several BSs to interwork
with IP network, sends/receives traffic between external network and MS, and controls QoS.
Also, the ACR provides interface for the NE(AAA server, etc.) of the CSN.
Evolved Packet Core (EPC): TD-LTE
The EPC is a system positioned between the base station and PDN, and consists of the
MME and S-GW/P-GW. The MME processes control messages with the base station using
the NAS signaling protocol, and processes the control plane, such as mobility management
of the UE, Tracking Area (TA) list management, and bearer and session management.
The S-GW carries out the anchor function in the user plane between the 2G/3G access
system and the LTE system, and manages and changes the packet transport layer for
downlink/uplink data.
The P-GW allocates an IP address to the UE. For mobility between the TD-LTE system and
the non-3GPP access system, the P-GW carries out the anchor function and manages and
changes the charging and the transmission rate according to the service level.
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Mobile WiMAX System Manager (WSM): Mobile WiMAX + TD-LTE
The WSM provides an integrated OAM interface for system management which the
operator can use for operation and maintenance of the base station (WiMAX + TD-LTE) and
the ACR. It also provides functions for software management, configuration management,
performance management and fault management.
Home Agent (HA): Mobile WiMAX + TD-LTE
HA accesses other networks or private networks and enables Mobile IP (MIP) users to
access internet. HA interworks with ACR that performs Foreign Agent (FA) function for
Mobile IPv4 and interworks with MS to exchange data for Mobile IPv6.
In TD-LTE, the P-GW performs the HA function and interworks with the S-GW.
Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) Server: Mobile WiMAX +
TD-LTE
AAA server interfaces with ACR and carries out subscriber authentication and accounting
functions.
The AAA server interfaces with ACR(Mobile WiMAX)/P-GW(TD-LTE) via Diameter
protocol and provides Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) certification.
Home Subscriber Server (HSS): Mobile WiMAX + TD-LTE
The HSS is a database management system that stores and manages the parameters and
location information for all registered mobile subscribers. The HSS manages key data, such
as the mobile subscriber’s access capability, basic and supplementary services, and provides
a routing function to the called subscriber.
Policy Charging & Rule Function (PCRF) Server: Mobile WiMAX + TD-LTE
The PCRF server creates policy rules to dynamically apply the QoS and accounting policies
differentiated by service flow, or creates the policy rules that can be applied commonly
to multiple service flows. The IP edge includes the Policy and Charging Enforcement
Function (PCEF), which allows application of policy rules received from the PCRF server
to each service flow.
The PCRF server interfaces with the ACR and the EPC over the Diameter protocol and
the Gx method respectively. It relays QoS configuration and charging rules for each user
session to the ACR and the EPC.
LTE System Manager-Core (LSM-C): TD-LTE
The LSM-C provides an operator interface which the operator can use for operation and
maintenance of the EPC. It also provides functions for software management, configuration
management, performance management and fault management.
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CHAPTER 1. Overview of WiMAX/TD-LTE Multi-Mode
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Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description
CHAPTER 2. Overview of System
2.1 System Introduction
The TD-LTE Flexible system is a WiMAX/TD-LTE multi-mode base station. It is controlled
by the ACR/EPC for connecting WiMAX/TD-LTE calls to the MS.
The TD-LTE Flexible system interfaces with MSs using WiMAX air channels based on
the WiMAX specification (IEEE 802.16) or LTE air channels based on the 3GPP LTE
Rel.8/9 specification. It provides high-speed data service and multimedia service in wireless
broadband.
To this end, the TD-LTE Flexible system provides the following functions:
modulation/demodulation of packet traffic signal, scheduling and radio bandwidth allocation
to manage air resources efficiently and ensure Quality of Service (QoS), Automatic Repeat
request (ARQ) processing, ranging function, connection control function to transmit
the information on the TD-LTE Flexible system and set/hold/disconnect the packet call
connection, handover control, control station such as ACR/EPC interface function, power
control function and system operation management function.
The TD-LTE Flexible system securely and rapidly transmits and receives various control
signals and traffic signals by interfacing with the control station by the method selected by
the operator among Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet.
Physically, the TD-LTE Flexible system consists of a Digital Unit (DU) and a Remote Radio
Head (RRH). The RRH is located remotely from the DU. One DU can be connected to
up to 3 RRHs.
The TD-LTE Flexible system supports up to 2 Carrier/3Sector service. The RRH is operated
as follows.
• RRH-2WB(4Tx/4Rx RF path): Dual Mode
– WiMAX 2Tx/2Rx(2x2 MIMO) + TD-LTE 2Tx/2Rx(2x2 MIMO)
– 5 W + 5 W @ WiMAX 10 MHz channel BW
– 10 W + 10 W @ TD-LTE 20 MHz channel BW
An RRH is a standalone RF unit. It is installed on an outdoor wall, pole or stand.
The main features of the TD-LTE Flexible system are as follows.
Common Platform
The digital boards mounted in the TD-LTE Flexible system share a common DU platform
and each DU can accommodate channel cards for operating various communication
technologies.
The RRH of the TD-LTE Flexible system can simultaneously provide WiMAX and TD-LTE
communication technologies operating in the same frequency range.
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Separate DU and RRH Structure
As the TD-LTE Flexible system consists of a DU and an RRH, it is easy to set up a network
and it is easy to change the network configuration. For connections between the DU and
RRH, data traffic signals and OAM information are sent/received through the ‘Digital I/Q
and C & M’ interface based on the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI). Physically,
optic cables are used.
Each of the DU and RRH receives -48 VDC of power for its operation from different
rectifier.
• Easy Installation
The optic interface component that interfaces with the DU and the RF signal processing
component is integrated into the RRH, which becomes a very small and very light single
unit. Therefore, the RRH can be installed on a wall, pole or stand.
Moreover, as the distance between the RRH and antenna is minimized, the loss of RF
signals due to the antenna feeder cable can be reduced so that more enhanced RF
receiving performance than the existing rack-type base station can be provided.
• Natural Cooling
Because the RRH is installed outdoors and has an efficient design, it can radiate heat
efficiently without any additional cooling system. Therefore, no additional maintenance
cost is needed for cooling the RRH.
• Loopback Test
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides the loopback test function to check whether
communication is normal on the ‘Digital I/Q and C & M’ interface line between the
DU and RRH.
• Remote Firmware Downloading
The operator can upgrade the RRH and its service by replacing its firmware. Without
visiting the field station, the operator can download firmware to the RRH remotely using
a simple command from the base station operation server(WSM). In this way, operators
can minimize the number of visits to the field station, reducing maintenance costs and
allowing the system to be operated with greater ease.
• Monitoring Port
Operators can monitor the information for an RRH using its debug port.
• Smooth Migration
The DU of the TD-LTE Flexible system supports migration from Mobile WiMAX to
TD-LTE by adding channel cards and upgrading the software.
The RRH, on the other hand, only requires software upgrade for evolving into 4G mobile
communication in the same frequency range or even simultaneous operation of 3G and
4G mobile communications.
Features of Mobile WiMAX System
• Features of Mobile WiMAX System
OFDMA is used to transmit data to several users simultaneously by using the sub-carrier
allocated to each user and transmit data by allocating one or more sub-carriers to a
specific subscriber according to the channel status and the transmission rate requested by
a user. In addition, since it can select the sub-carriers with excellent features for each
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subscriber and allocate them to the subscribers when some subscribers divide and use the
whole sub-carrier, it can raise the data throughput by distributing the resources efficiently.
• Supporting Broadband Channel Bandwidth
The TD-LTE Flexible system supports broadband bandwidth of 5MHz/10MHz per
Mobile WiMAX carrier and high-speed large-scale packet service.
• Support of MIMO
The TD-LTE Flexible system supports 2x2 MIMO through the 4Tx/4Rx RF path of the
RRH-2WB. The following methods are available in MIMO:
Direction
Downlink
Uplink
MIMO
Description
Space Time Coding (STC)
Method for raising reliability of link
Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
Method for raising data transmission rate
Collaborative SM (CSM)
Method for doubling the frequency efficiency
• Support of Frequency Reuse Pattern (FRP)
The TD-LTE Flexible system supports FRP N=1 that provides the service to 3-sector by
using a carrier and FRP N=3 that provides the service to 3-sector by using different
carriers. A service provider can efficiently operate its own frequency resources by using
the FRP function.
Features of LTE System
• Application of the OFDMA/SC-FDMA Method
The TD-LTE Flexible system performs downlink OFDMA/uplink SC-FDMA channel
processing, which supports LTE standard physical layers.
Downlink OFDMA is used to transmit data to several users simultaneously by using the
sub-carrier allocated to each user and transmit data by allocating one or more sub-carriers
to a specific subscriber according to the channel status and the transmission rate requested
by a user. In addition, since it can select the sub-carriers with excellent features for each
subscriber and allocate them to the subscribers when some subscribers divide and use the
whole sub-carrier, it can raise the data throughput by distributing the resources efficiently.
The uplink SC-FDMA, while similar to the modulation and demodulation method of the
OFDMA, performs a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) for each user in transmitter
modulation and it reversely performs an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) in
receiving demodulation for minimizing the Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) at the
transmitter and continuously allocates frequency resources allocated to individual users.
This has the effect of reducing power consumption of the UE.
• Supporting Broadband Channel Bandwidth
The TD-LTE Flexible system supports broadband bandwidth of 20MHz per LTE carrier
and high-speed large-scale packet services.
• Support of MIMO
The TD-LTE Flexible system supports 2x2 MIMO through the multiple antennas. The
following methods are available in MIMO:
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Direction
Downlink
MIMO
Description
Space Frequency
This technology implements the Space-Time Block Coding
Block Coding
(STBC) on frequency instead of on time to increase reliability
(SFBC)
of the link. It uses the same method as STBC (Alamouti
codes).
Spatial Multiplexing
Various data is separated and sent to multiple antenna paths
(SM)
for increased peak data rate. (Each path uses the same
time/frequency resource.)
– Single User (SU)-MIMO: The SM between the base station
and one UE, for increasing peak data rate for one UE.
– Open-loop SM: The SM method which operates without
the Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) feedback of the UE
when the UE’s channel is changing too fast or unknown
due to fast UE movement.
– Closed-loop SM: The SM method (codebook-based
precoding) that operates by receiving the PMI feedback of
the UE from the base station when the UE moves slowly
enough for the channel information to be obtained.
Uplink
UL Transmit Antenna
1 RF chain/2 Tx antennas are used, and the base station
Selection
informs the UE which Tx antenna is to be used. (Closed-loop
selection of Tx antenna)
Multi-User
The peak data rate of each UE does not increase but the cell
(MU) MIMO or
throughput is increased.
Collaborative MIMO
On the uplink, two UEs use the same time/frequency
resources for transmitting different data at the same time. The
base station uses one Tx antenna and selects two orthogonal
UEs.
Availability of System Features and Functions
For availability and provision schedule of the features and functions described in this
system description, please refer to separate documentations.
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2.2 Main Functions
The TD-LTE Flexible system is the base station with support for WiMAX/LTE
communication technologies. It provides physical layer functions and call processing
functions for each communication technology. It also provides integrated IP processing and
operation & maintenance function regardless of the communication technology being used.
The main functions of the TD-LTE Flexible system are as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
Physical layer processing function
Call processing function
IP processing functions
Auxiliary device interface function
Convenient operation and maintenance function
2.2.1 Physical Layer Processing Function (WiMAX)
OFDMA Ranging
The ranging supported by the OFDMA system is roughly divided by the uplink timing
synchronization method and the contention based bandwidth request method.
• Uplink Timing Synchronization
In the uplink timing synchronization method, the TD-LTE Flexible system detects the
timing error of the uplink signal by using the ranging code transmitted from MS and
transmits the timing correction command to each MS to correct the transmission timing
of the uplink. The uplink timing synchronization method has initial ranging, periodic
ranging, handover ranging, etc.
• Contention Based Bandwidth Request
In the contention based bandwidth request method, the TD-LTE Flexible system receives
the bandwidth request ranging code from each MS and allocates uplink resources to the
corresponding MS to enable to transmit the bandwidth request header. The contention
based bandwidth request method has bandwidth request ranging or something.
Channel Encoding/Decoding
The TD-LTE Flexible system carries out the Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoding for
the downlink packet created in the upper layer by using Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC).
On the contrary, it decodes the uplink packet received from the MS after demodulating.
Modulation/Demodulation
The TD-LTE Flexible system carries out the FEC encoding for the downlink packet created
in the upper layer and modulates the encoded packet into the QAM signal. In addition, the
TD-LTE Flexible system demodulates and decodes the uplink packet received from MS.
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OFDMA Sub-carrier Allocation
The subchannelization is the process to tie the sub-carriers of OFDMA as a transmission
unit after grouping them by a certain rule. The TD-LTE Flexible system performs the
subchannelization to mitigate the interference between cells.
The TD-LTE Flexible system maps the column of the modulated downlink QAM symbol
structure with each sub-carrier and carries out the subchannelization when the column of the
QAM symbol structure is transmitted to the MS over the wireless line. In such way, the
TD-LTE Flexible system transmits the column of the QAM symbol structure to the MS via
the sub-carriers pertained to each subchannel.
DL/UL MAP Construction
The TD-LTE Flexible system informs the air resources for the uplink and the downlink to
the MS by using DL/UL MAP. The DL/UL MAP consists of the scheduling information of
the TD-LTE Flexible system and includes various control information for the MS.
Power Control
The TD-LTE Flexible system carries out the power control function for the uplink signal
received from multiple MSs and then set the power intensity of the uplink signal to a
specific level.
The TD-LTE Flexible system transmits the power correction command to each MS and then
makes the MS power intensity be the level required in the TD-LTE Flexible system when
the MS transmits the modulated uplink signal in a specific QAM modulation method.
Hybrid-ARQ (H-ARQ) Operation
H-ARQ is the physical layer retransmission method using the stop-and-wait protocol.
The TD-LTE Flexible system carries out the H-ARQ function and raises data throughput
by re-transmitting or combining the frame from the physical layer to minimize the effect
attending to the change of air channel environment or the change in the interference signal
level.
MIMO
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides the MIMO function as follows according to Mobile
WiMAX Wave 2 Profile:
• Downlink
– Matrix A (STC): Transmission ratio of the Matrix A or STC is 1 and equal to that of
Single Input Single Output (SISO). However The Matrix A or the STC reduces the
error of the signal received from the MS by raising the stability of the signal received
from the MS by means of the Tx diversity. This technology is, also, effective in low
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and provides excellent performance even when the MS
moves in high speed.
– Matrix B (SM, vertical encoding): Matrix B or SM method raises the effectiveness of
the frequency by raising the transmission ratio in proportion to the number of antenna
in comparison with SISO. This technology is effective when the reception SNR is high.
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• Uplink
– Collaborative SM: Collaborative SM is the technology that doubles the frequency
efficiency in view of the TD-LTE Flexible system as two MSs with each individual
antenna send data simultaneously by using the same channel.
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides the adaptive MIMO switching function, which
dynamically selects the SM or STC method for the downlink MIMO function. The TD-LTE
Flexible system performs switching based on a value calculated by reflecting the Carrier to
Interference and Noise Ratio (CINR) and transmission success rate sent by an MS.
2.2.2 Physical Layer Processing Function (LTE)
Downlink Reference Signal Creation and Transmission
The reference signal is used to demodulate downlink signals in the UE, and to measure the
characteristics of the channel for scheduling, link adaptation, and handover, etc.
There are two downlink reference signals: cell-specific reference signal and UE-specific
reference signal.
• Cell-specific reference signal: Used to measure the quality of the channel, calculate the
MIMO rank, perform MIMO precoding matrix selection, and measure the strength of
the signals for handover.
• UE-specific reference signal: Used to measure channel quality for demodulation of the
data located in the PDSCH resource block of a specific UE when operating beamforming
transmission mode.
Downlink Synchronization Signal Creation and Transmission
A synchronization signal is used to perform the initial synchronization when the UE starts
to communicate with the TD-LTE Flexible system. There are two types of synchronization
signals: Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization Signal
(SSS). The UE can obtain the cell identify information through the synchronization signal.
It can obtain other information about the cell through the broadcast channel. Since
synchronization signals and broadcast channels are transmitted in the 1.08 MHz range,
which is right in the middle of the cell’s channel bandwidth, the UE can obtain the basic
cell information such as cell ID regardless of the transmission bandwidth of the TD-LTE
Flexible system.
Channel Encoding/Decoding
The TD-LTE Flexible system carries out the channel encoding/decoding function for
correcting the channel errors which occur on a air channel. In LTE, the turbo coding and the
1/3 tail-biting convolutional coding are used. Turbo coding is mainly used for transmission
of large data packets on downlink and uplink, while convolutional coding is used for control
information transmission on downlink and uplink and broadcast channel.
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Modulation/Demodulation
When receiving downlink data from the upper layer, the TD-LTE Flexible system processes
it through the baseband procedure of the physical layer and then transmits it via a air
channel. At this time, to send the baseband signals as far as they can go via the air channel,
the system modulates them and sends them on a specific high frequency bandwidth. As for
the uplink, the TD-LTE Flexible system demodulates the data received from the UE via
the air channel into baseband signal and then decodes it.
Resource Allocation and Scheduling
When the TD-LTE Flexible system is operating as LTE, the OFDMA method is used for
downlink and the SC-FDMA method is used for uplink as multiple access methods. By
allocating the 2-dimensional resources of time and frequency to multiple UEs without
overlay, both methods enable the system to communicate with multiple UEs simultaneously.
When the system is operating in MU-MIMO mode, the same resource also may be used for
multiple UEs simultaneously. Such allocation of cell resources to multiple UEs is called
scheduling, and each cell has its own scheduler for this function.
The LTE scheduler of the TD-LTE Flexible system allocates resources to maximize the
overall throughput of the cell by considering the channel environment of each UE, the data
transmission volume required, and other QoS elements. Moreover, to reduce interferences
with other cells, the scheduler of a cell can share information with the scheduler of other
cells via the X2 interface.
Link Adaptation
The air channel environment can become faster or slower, better or worse depending on
various factors. The system is capable of increasing the transmission rate or maximizing
the total cell throughput in response to the changes in the channel environment, and this
is called link adaptation.
In particular, the Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) is used for changing the
modulation method and channel coding rate according to the channel status. If the channel
environment is good, the MCS increases the number of transmission bits per symbol
using a high-order modulation, such as 64QAM. If the channel environment is bad, it
uses a low-order modulation, such as QPSK and a low coding rate to minimize channel
errors. Moreover, in the environment where MIMO mode can be used, the system works
in MIMO mode to increase the peak data rate of subscribers, and can greatly increase
the cell throughput.
If the channel information obtained is incorrect or modulation method of higher order or
higher coding rate than the given channel environment is used, errors may occur. In such
cases, the errors can be corrected by the HARQ function.
H-ARQ
The H-ARQ is a retransmission method in the physical layer, which uses the stop-and-wait
protocol. The TD-LTE Flexible system provides the H-ARQ function to retransmit or
combine frames in the physical layer so that the effects of air channel environment changes
or interference signal level changes can be minimized, consequently enhancing throughput.
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The LTE uses the Incremental Redundancy (IR)-based H-ARQ method and regards the
Chase Combining (CC) method as a special case of the IR method.
The TD-LTE Flexible system uses the asynchronous method for downlink and the
synchronous method for uplink.
Power Control
When transmitting a specific data rate, too high a power level may result in unnecessary
interferences and too low a power level may result in an increased error rate, causing
retransmission or delay. Unlike other methods such as CDMA, power control is relatively
less important in LTE. Nevertheless, adequate power control can enhance performance
of the LTE system.
For LTE uplink, since SC-FDMA is used, the near-far problems which occur in the CDMA
do not occur. Nevertheless, high levels of interferences from neighboring cells can degrade
the uplink performance. Therefore, the UEs should use adequate power levels for data
transmission in order not to interfere with neighboring cells. Likewise, the power level for
each UE could be controlled for reducing the inter-cell interference level.
For downlink in LTE, the TD-LTE Flexible system can reduce inter-cell interference by
transmitting data at adequate power levels according to the location of the UE and the
MCS, enhancing overall cell throughput.
ICIC
Since UEs within a cell in LTE use orthogonal resources with no interference between the
UEs, there is no intra-cell interference. However, if different UEs in neighboring cells use
the same resource, interference may occur. This happens more seriously between the UEs
located on the cell edge, resulting in serious degradation at cell edge.
The technique used to relieve such inter-cell interference problem on the cell edge is
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC). ICIC allows interference signals to be
transmitted to other cells in the cell edge area in as small an amount as possible by allocating
a basically different resource to each UE that belongs to a different cell and by carrying out
power control according to the UE’s location in the cell.
The TD-LTE Flexible systems use the X2 interface for exchanging scheduling information
with one another for preventing interferences by resource conflicts at cell edges. If the
interference of a neighboring cell is too strong, the system informs the other system to
control the strength of the interference signal. Therefore, the ICIC function is used for
enhancing the overall cell performance.
MIMO
The TD-LTE Flexible system supports various MIMO functions mentioned above using the
2 Tx/2 Rx antennas of the RRH for providing high-performance data service.
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2.2.3 Call Processing Function (WiMAX)
Cell Initialization Function
The TD-LTE Flexible system announces the MAC Management message such as
DCD/UCD/MOB_NBR-ADV to the cell area in service periodically to enable the MS
receiving the message to carry out the appropriate call processing function.
Call Control and Wireless Resource Allocation Function
The TD-LTE Flexible system enables an MS to enter to or exit from the network. When
an MS enters to or exit from the network, the TD-LTE Flexible system transmits/receives
the signaling message required for call processing via R1 interface with the MS or R6
interface with ACR.
The TD-LTE Flexible system allocates various management/transport Connection Identifier
(CID) required for the network entry and service to an MS. When the MS exit from the
network, the TD-LTE Flexible system collects and release the allocated CID.
Handover
The TD-LTE Flexible system carries out the signaling and bearer processing for inter-sector
HO (Handover), inter-ACR HO and inter-carrier HO. At this time, ACR relays the handover
message between serving RAS and target RAS through the R6 interface.
To minimize the traffic disconnection in inter-RAS HO, the TD-LTE Flexible system
performs the data switching function. In handover, the TD-LTE Flexible system enables the
serving RAS to switch the user data in queuing to the target RAS and, therefore, the MS to
recover the traffic without loss.
Handover Procedure
For the detailed handover procedure, refer to ’Handover’ section.
Support of Sleep Mode
Sleep Mode is the mode defined to save the MS power under IEEE 802.16 standard and
indicates the status that air resources allocated to an MS are released when the MS does not
need traffic reception/transmission temporarily. If the MS in Sleep Mode needs the traffic
reception/transmission, the MS returns to the normal status immediately.
Both Idle Mode and Sleep Mode are modes to save the MS power. The Idle Mode release
all service flows allocated to an MS, while the Sleep Mode releases only the air resources
between the MS and RAS temporarily, continuously keeping the service flow information
allocated to the MS.
The TD-LTE Flexible system carries out the related call processing function by
receiving/sending the signaling message required for the status transition into Sleep Mode
of MS and the return from the Sleep Mode to Awake Mode of MS.
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Admission Control (AC) Function
If the TD-LTE Flexible system receives the call setup request, such as network entry, Quick
Connection Setup (QCS) and handover, from an MS, it monitors the traffic and signaling
load for each subcell and the number of user in Active/Sleep Mode and performs the AC
function to prevent the system overload.
AC can be roughly divided into AC by MS and AC by service flow.
• AC by MS
If the number of users who the subcell is in Active/Sleep Mode exceeds the threshold
when the TD-LTE Flexible system receives the call setup request from an MS, it rejects
the call setup request of the MS.
• AC by service flow
When service flow is added, the TD-LTE Flexible system checks if the air resources of
the requested subcell exceed the threshold and determines the creation of the service
MAC ARQ Function
The TD-LTE Flexible system carries out the ARQ function of the MAC layer. In packet
data exchange, the transmission side transmits ARQ block which SDU is divided into,
and retransmits the packet according to the ARQ feedback information received from the
reception side to raise the reliability of data communication.
The TD-LTE Flexible system carries out the following function for the service flows
applying ARQ:
•
•
•
•
MAC Management creation and transmission concerned with ARQ operation
Feedback processing depending on ARQ types
Block processing (fragmentation/reassemble/retransmission) depending on ARQ types
ARQ timer/window management
QoS Support Function
The packet traffic exchanged between ACR and TD-LTE Flexible system is delivered to
the modem in the TD-LTE Flexible system. At this time, the TD-LTE Flexible system
allocates the queue in the modem to each service flow that QoS type is specified to observe
the QoS constraint given for each QoS class or service flow and performs the strict-priority
scheduling according to the priority.
The modem that receives the packet traffic performs the scheduling by using the
uplink/downlink algorithm, such as Proportional Fair (PF) or Round Robin (RR)
and transmits the scheduled allocation information to an MS through DL/UL MAP.
The MS receiving the DL/UL MAP checks the air resources allocated to the MS and
modulates/demodulates the downlink packet or transmits the uplink packet from the
allocated uplink area.
Since the TD-LTE Flexible system provides the QoS monitoring function, it can compile
statistics on packets unsatisfying the latency requested from the QoS parameter according to
TDD frames and report the statistics to an operator via the OAM interface.
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2.2.4 Call Processing Function (LTE)
Cell Information Transmission
In the cell area being served, the TD-LTE Flexible system periodically broadcasts a Master
Information Block (MIB) and the System Information Blocks (SIBs), which are system
information, to allow the UE that receives them to perform proper call processing.
Call Control and Air Resource Assignment
The TD-LTE Flexible system allows the UE to be connected to or to be released from the
network.
When the UE is connected to or released from the network, the TD-LTE Flexible system
sends and receives the signaling messages required for call processing to and from the UE
via the Uu interface, and to and from the EPC via the S1 interface.
When the UE connects to the network, the TD-LTE Flexible system carries out call control
and resource allocation required for service. When the UE is released from the network, it
collects and releases the allocated resources.
Handover
The TD-LTE Flexible system supports intra-frequency or inter-frequency handover between
intra-eNB cells, X2 handover between eNBs, and S1 handover between eNBs, and carries
out the signaling and bearer processing functions required for handover. At intra-eNB
handover, handover-related messages are transmitted via internal eNB interfaces; at X2
handover, via the X2 interface; at S1 handover, via the S1 interface.
The TD-LTE Flexible system carries out the data retransmission function to minimize user
traffic disconnections at X2 and S1 handovers. The source eNB provides two methods of
using the X2 interface for direct retransmission to the target eNB and using the S1 interface
for indirect retransmission. The TD-LTE Flexible system uses the data retransmission
function to ensure that the UE receives the traffic without any loss at handover.
Admission Control (AC) Function
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides capacity-based admission control and QoS-based
admission control for a bearer setup request from the EPC so that the system is not
overloaded.
• Capacity-based AC
There is a threshold for the maximum number of connected UEs (new calls/handover
calls) and a threshold for the maximum number of connected bearers that can be allowed
in the TD-LTE Flexible system. When a call setup is requested, the permission is
determined depending on whether the connected UEs and bearers exceed the thresholds.
• QoS-based AC
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides the function for determining whether to permit
a call depending on the estimated Physical Resource Block (PRB) usage of the newly
requested bearer, the PRB usage status of the bearers in service, and the maximum
acceptance limit of the PRB (per bearer type, QCI, and UL/DL).
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RLC ARQ Function
The TD-LTE Flexible system carries out the ARQ function for the RLC Acknowledged
Mode (AM) only. When receiving and sending packet data, the RLC transmits the SDU
by dividing it into units of RLC PDU in the sending end and the packet is retransmitted
according to the ARQ feedback information received from the receiving side for increased
reliability of the data communication.
QoS Support Function
The TD-LTE Flexible system receives the QoS Class Identifier (QCI), in which the QoS
characteristics of the bearer are defined, Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR), Maximum Bit Rate
(MBR), and Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (AMBR) from the EPC. It provides the QoS
for the wireless section between the UE and the eNB and the backhaul section between
the eNB and the S-GW.
• In the wireless section, it performs retransmission to rate control according to the
GBR/MBR/AMBR values, to schedule considering packet delay budget and priority of
bearer defined in the QCI, and to satisfy the Packet Loss Error Rate (PLER).
• In the backhaul section, it performs QCI-based packet classification, QCI to DSCP
mapping, and marking for the QoS. It provides queuing depending on mapping results,
and each queue transmits packets to the EPC according to a strict priority, etc.
In EMS, in addition to the QCI predefined in the specifications, an operator specific QCI
and a QCI-to-DSCP mapping can be set.
2.2.5 IP Processing Functions
IP QoS Function
Since the TD-LTE Flexible system supports Differentiated Services (DiffServ), it can
provide the backhaul QoS in the communication with ACR.
It supports 8-class DiffServ and supports the mapping between the DiffServ service class
and the service class of the user traffic received from an MS. In addition, the TD-LTE
Flexible system supports the mapping between Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP)
and 802.3 Ethernet MAC service class.
IP Routing Function
Since the TD-LTE Flexible system provides several Ethernet interfaces, it stores the routing
table with the information on the Ethernet interface to route IP packets. The routing table
of the TD-LTE Flexible system is configured depending on operator’s setting and the
configuration and the setting of the routing table are similar to the standard setting of the
router.
The TD-LTE Flexible system supports the static routing configuration only and not the
router function for the traffic received from the outside. When the TD-LTE Flexible system
connects an auxiliary device, it supports the IP packet routing function for the auxiliary
device by using Network Address Translation (NAT).
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Ethernet/VLAN Interface Function
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides the Ethernet interface and supports the static link
grouping function, Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) function and Ethernet CoS function
under IEEE 802.3ad for the Ethernet interface. At this time, the MAC bridge function
defined in IEEE 802.1D is excluded.
The TD-LTE Flexible system enables several VLAN IDs to be set in one Ethernet interface
and maps the DSCP value of IP header with the CoS value of Ethernet header in Tx packet
to support Ethernet CoS.
2.2.6 Auxiliary Device Interface Function
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides the Ethernet interface to connect auxiliary devices
and allocates IP addresses by operating as a DHCP server for the auxiliary devices. In
addition, the TD-LTE Flexible system provides the traffic path to transmit/receive the
maintenance traffic between an auxiliary device and the remote auxiliary device monitoring
server.
If the auxiliary device uses a private IP address, the TD-LTE Flexible system carries out
the NAT function to change the address into a public IP address (i.e., the IP address of the
TD-LTE Flexible system) for the communication with an external monitoring server.
2.2.7 Maintenance Function
The TD-LTE Flexible system interworking with the management system carries out the
following maintenance functions: system initialization and restart, management for system
configuration, management for the operation parameters, failure and status management
for system resources and services, statistics management for system resources and various
performance data, diagnosis management for system resources and services and security
management for system access and operation.
Graphic and Text-based Console Interface
WSM manages the entire TD-LTE Flexible system and ACR by using Database Management
System (DBMS) and TD-LTE Flexible system interworks with this WSM. In addition,
TD-LTE Flexible system interworks with the console terminal for directly accessing the NE
as well as WSM by operator to perform the operation and maintenance function.
For operator’s convenience and working purpose, the operator can select graphic-based
console interface (Web-based Element Maintenance Terminal, Web-EMT) or text-based
console interface (Integrated Management Interface Shell, IMISH). The operator can access
the console interface with no separate software and log in to Web-EMT through Internet
Explore and IMISH through Secure Shell (SSH) on the command window.
The operator can carry out the retrieval and setup of the configuration and the operation
information and monitoring about faults, status and statistics via console terminal. However,
the operator can carry out grow/degrow of resources and setting of the neighbor list and
paging group which have correlation between several NEs only via the WSM.
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Operator Authentication Function
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides the authentication and the permission management
functions for the operator who manages the system. The operator accesses the TD-LTE
Flexible system by using the operator’s ID and password via IMISH and the TD-LTE
Flexible system assigns the operation right in accordance with the operator’s level.
The TD-LTE Flexible system carries out the logging function for successful access, access
failure and login history.
Maintenance Function with Enhanced Security Function
When communicating with the WSM, the TD-LTE Flexible system supports SNMPv2c
and Simple Network Management Protocol version 3 (SNMPv3), and FTP and SSH File
Transfer Protocol (SFTP) for security. When communicating with the console terminal, it
supports Hyper Text Transfer Protocol over SSL (HTTPs) and Secure Shell (SSH).
On-line Software Upgrade
When a software package is upgraded, the TD-LTE Flexible system can upgrade the
package while running old version of software package. The package upgrade is progressed
in the following procedure: ‘Add New Package → Change to New package → Delete
Old Package’.
In package upgrade, the service is stopped temporarily because the old process is terminated
and the new process is started in the ‘Change to New package’ stage. However, since OS is
not restarted, the service will be provided again within a few minutes.
After upgrading software, the TD-LTE Flexible system updates the package stored in a
non-volatile storage. In addition, the TD-LTE Flexible system can re-perform the ‘Change
to New package’ stage to roll back into the previous package before upgrade.
Call Trace Function
The TD-LTE Flexible system supports the call trace function for a specific MS. The operator
may enable trace for a specific MS through the ACR or the MME. The trace execution
results such as signaling messages are sent to the WSM, the operating server.
Detailed Information for Each Session and Service Flow (PSMR/PSFMR)
The TD-LTE Flexible system collects and stores detailed information of all sessions (Per
Session Measurement Record, PSMR) and detailed information of all service flows (Per
Service Flow Measurement Record, PSFMR) to provide it to an external log server. When
a session or service flow is created, the TD-LTE Flexible system starts to collect relevant
information, and when the session or service flow terminates, the system creates and stores
a message in a file so that the external log server can collect the message.
The information collected by the ACR includes session termination time, initial and final
handover information (handover types, cell information), and the MAC address and IP
address allocated to the MS. The TD-LTE Flexible system collects such information as MS
MAC addresses, continued session time, continued service flow time, turnaround time for
network entry, CID, SFID, initial and final wireless quality information (RSSI, CINR, Tx
power), and throughput information.
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The ACR deliver the information collected by ACR to the TD-LTE Flexible system, and the
TD-LTE Flexible system creates and stores a file for each period.
Threshold Cross Alert (TCA) Control
The TD-LTE Flexible system defines under/over threshold for statistics. When a statistical
value collected at Bucket Interval (15, 30, and 60 minutes) is lower than the under threshold,
it generates an under TCA alarm. When the value is higher than the over threshold, it
generates an over TCA alarm. The alarms are reported to the WSM. TCA can enable or
disable details of each statistical group and set a threshold per severity.
IEEE 802.3ah
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet OAM for a backhaul
interface. Although IEEE 802.3ah OAM pertains the PHY layer, it is located in the MAC
layer so that it can be applied to all IEEE 802.3 PHYs. It creates or processes 802.3ah OAM
frames according to the functions defined in the specification.
Ethernet OAM continuously monitors the connection between links at each end, and also
monitors discovery, remote loopback, and error packets which deliver important link events
such as Dying Gasp. It also includes a link monitoring function which delivers event
notification in the event of threshold errors, and a variable retrieval function for 802.3ah
standard MIB.
The TD-LTE Flexible system supports 802.3ah Ethernet OAM passive mode such as
responding to 802.3ah OAM which is triggered in external active mode entities and
loopback mode operation, and sending event notification.
Line Loopback Test between the DU and RRH
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides the loopback test function to check whether
communication is normal on the ‘Digital I/Q and C & M’ interface line between the DU
and RRH.
OAM Traffic Throttling
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides a function that suppresses OAM related traffic which
can occur in the system depending on the operator command. The OAM related traffic
includes fault trap messages for alarm reports and statistics files that are created periodically.
In a fault trap, the operator can use an alarm inhibition command to suppress alarm
generation for all or some of system fault traps. This helps control alarm traffic. In a
statistics file, the operator can use commands for statistics collection configuration to control
the size of statistics file by disabling collection functions of each statistics group.
Integrity Check
The TD-LTE Flexible system proactively checks whether system configuration or operation
information (PLD) is in compliance with operator commands during system loading or
operation, and also checks whether system settings are OK and there is no problem with
call processing. If the result is not OK, it sends an alarm to the operator. That is, it
checks whether system configuration meets the minimum configuration conditions for
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call processing or whether all operation information consists of valid values within an
appropriate range. The result is reported to the operator to help with correction of errors.
Throughput Test
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides a throughput test for the backhaul. The TD-LTE
Flexible system supports a server and client function for throughput tests.
The operator can set up target IP addresses, test duration, and bandwidths for throughput
tests, and check throughput and loss as test results. However, as the throughput test affects
system performance and call services, it is recommended not to perform the test during
in-service.
System Log Control
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides a log and log control function per application. An
application log can be created by an operator command or its debug level can be set. The
operator can usually keep the log function disabled, and when the log function is necessary,
he can change the debug level (Very Calm, Calm, Normal, Detail, Very Detail) to enable
logging and log save functions.
However, enabling log functions for many applications while the TD-LTE Flexible system
is running may affect the system performance.
Disabling Zero Code Suppression (ZCS)
The TD-LTE Flexible system collects statistics data and generates statistics files periodically.
The WSM collects these statistics files. A statistics file is composed of the header used to
indicate a statistics group and its detailed index (for example, a specific carrier, sector, CPU,
port, etc.) and the statistics data for that index.
In a statistics period, the statistics data for a specific index can become zero in a statistics
file in the following cases:
• When the index does not actually exist in the configuration.
• When the index exists in the configuration but its statistics data collected during that
period is zero.
Therefore, the Disabling ZCS function, which sets the zero data flag in the sub index header,
is provided to recognize the two cases separately.
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2.3 Specifications
Capacity
The capacity of the TD-LTE Flexible system is as follows:
Category
Channel Bandwidth
System Capacity
– Mobile WiMAX: 10 MHz
– TD-LTE: 20 MHz
RF Band
2,496~2,690MHz (BC41)
Maximum Number of
2 Carrier/3 Sector
Carriers/Sectors
Interface between ACR and TD-LTE
Select one of Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
Flexible system
Channel Card Capacity
– Mobile WiMAX: 1 Carrier/1 Sector
– TD-LTE: 1 Carrier/3 Sector
Output
Antenna Port-based
– 5 W/Carrier/Path @ WiMAX 10 MHz
– 10 W/Carrier/Path @ TD-LTE 20 MHz
Input Power
The table below lists the power standard for the TD-LTE Flexible system.
Category
System Input Voltagea)
Standard
-48 VDC(Voltage Variation Range: -40~-56 VDC)
a) Each of the DU and RRH receives -48 VDC of power for its operation.
Unit Size and Weight
The table below lists the size and weight of the TD-LTE Flexible system.
Category
Size
[mm (in.)]
Weight
[kg (lb.)]
Standard
DU(W × D × H)
432(17.01) × 396(15.59) × 200(7.87)
RRH-2WB(W × D × H)
354(13.94) × 112(4.41) × 504(19.84)
DU
About 20 (44.09)
RRH-2WB
About 20 (44.09)
Environmental Condition
The table below lists the environmental conditions and related standards such as operational
temperature and humidity.
• DU
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Category
Range
Temperature Conditiona)
0~50°C(32~122°F)
Humidity Conditiona)
10~90%
The moisture content must not exceed 0.024 kg(0.05 lb.) per 1
kg(2.2 lb.) of air.
Altitude
0~1,800 m(0~5,905 ft)
Vibration
GR-63-CORE Sec.4.4
– Earthquake
– Office Vibration
– Transportation Vibration
Sound Pressure Level
Max. 65 dBA at height of 1.5 m(4.92 ft) and distance of 0.6 m(1.97 ft)
EMI
FCC Title47 Part 15 Class A
GR-1089-CORE Sec. 3.2 Emission Criteria
a) The standards of temperature/humidity conditions are based on the value on the position where is
400 mm (15.8 in.) away from the front of the system and in the height of 1.5 m (59 in.) on the bottom.
• RRH
Category
Range
Temperature Conditiona)
-40~+50°C(-104~122°F)
Humidity Conditiona)
5~95%(Non-condensing)
The moisture content must not exceed 30 g(0.07 lb.) per 1 m3(35.31
ft3) of air.
Altitude
-60~1,800 m(197~5,905 ft)
Vibration
GR-63-CORE Sec.4.4
– Transportation shock
– Transportation vibration
– Installation shock
– Environmentally induced vibration
– Earthquake resistance
Sound Pressure Level
Max. 65 dBA at distance of 1.5 m (5 ft) and height of 1.0 m (3 ft)
EMI
FCC Title47 Part 15 Class B
EN 301 389
G1089-CORE(Issue 4)
US Federal Regulation
FCC Title47 Part27
a) The standards of temperature/humidity conditions are based on the value on the position where is
400 mm (15.8 in.) away from the front of the system and in the height of 1.5 m (59 in.) on the bottom.
Environmental Alarm
The table below lists the environmental alarm provided in the TD-LTE Flexible system
in default.
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Category
Description
Temperature Alarm
High Temperature, Low Voltage
Fan Fail
Fan Fail
Voltage Alarm
High Voltage, Low Voltage
GPSR Specification
The table below lists the GPS Receiver (GPSR) characteristics of TD-LTE Flexible system.
Category
Description
Received Signal from GPS
GPS L1 Signal
Accuracy/Stability
0.02 ppm
RF Specification
The table below lists the RF characteristics of the TD-LTE Flexible system.
Category
Total Tx Output Power
Description
– Mobile WiMAX: 10 W @avg power per carrier/sector
– TD-LTE: 20 W @avg power per carrier/sector
Tx Constellation error
– Mobile WiMAX: In accordance with the 802.16e standard
– TD-LTE: In accordance with the 3GPP LTE standard
RX Sensitivity
– Mobile WiMAX: In accordance with the 802.16e standard
– TD-LTE: In accordance with the 3GPP LTE standard
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2.4 Interface between Systems
Mobile WiMAX Interface Structure
The TD-LTE Flexible system interfaces with other RASs and ACRs when operating in
WiMAX mode as illustrated below.
Figure 2.1 Interface between Systems (Mobile WiMAX)
• Interface between TD-LTE Flexible system and MS
The TD-LTE Flexible system interfaces with an MS according to the IEEE 802.16 radio
access standard to exchange the control signal and the subscriber traffic.
• Interface between TD-LTE Flexible system and ACR
The interface between an ACR and the TD-LTE Flexible system in the same ASN is R6
and its physical access method is GE/FE. The R6 is the interface between ACR and RAS
defined in Mobile WiMAX NWG and is composed of signaling plane (IP/UDP/R6) and
bearer plane (IP/GRE).
• Interface between TD-LTE Flexible system and WSM
The interface between the TD-LTE Flexible system and the WSM complies with
SNMPv2c or SNMPv2c/SNMPv3, FTP/SFTP and proprietary standard of Samsung
and its physical access method is GE/FE.
TD-LTE Interface Structure
The TD-LTE Flexible system interfaces with other eNBs and EPCs when operating in
TD-LTE mode as illustrated below.
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Figure 2.2 Interface between Systems (TD-LTE)
• Interface between TD-LTE Flexible system and UE
The TD-LTE Flexible system interfaces with an UE according to the 3GPP LTE Uu radio
access standard to exchange the control signal and the subscriber traffic.
• Interface between TD-LTE Flexible system and S-GW
The interface between an S-GW and the TD-LTE Flexible system is 3GPP LTE S1-U
and its physical access method is GE/FE.
• Interface between TD-LTE Flexible system and MME
The interface between an MME and the TD-LTE Flexible system is 3GPP LTE S1-MME
and its physical access method is GE/FE.
• Interface between TD-LTE Flexible system and WSM
The interface between the TD-LTE Flexible system and the WSM complies with
SNMPv2c or SNMPv2c/SNMPv3 which is IETF standard, FTP/SFTP and proprietary
standard of Samsung and its physical access method is GE/FE.
Protocol Stack
• Protocol Stack between NEs (Mobile WiMAX)
The figure below shows the protocol stack between NEs of Mobile WiMAX.
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Figure 2.3 Protocol Stack between NEs(Mobile WiMAX)
The R6 signaling interface is executed on UDP/IP and the R6 traffic interface uses the
GRE tunnel. The TD-LTE Flexible system interworks with the MS over the R1 interface
in Mobile WiMAX mode according to the IEEE 802.16 specification. The R6 interface is
used between the TD-LTE Flexible system and the ACR.
• Protocol Stack between UE and eNB(TD-LTE)
Figure 2.4 Protocol Stack between UE and eNB(TD-LTE)
The UE and the eNB are connected wirelessly over the LTE Uu interface.
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CHAPTER 2. Overview of System
Figure 2.5 Protocol Stack between eNB and EPC(TD-LTE)
The eNB and the EPC are connected physically via FE/GE according to the LTE S1-U
and S1-MME interfaces.
• Protocol Stack for Operation and Maintenance
Figure 2.6 Protocol Stack between TD-LTE Flexible system and WSM
The TD-LTE Flexible system interworks with WSM in UDP/IP-based SNMP method to
carry out the operation and maintenance functions. In particular, the TD-LTE Flexible
system interworks with WSM in TCP/IP-based FTP/SFTP(FTP over SSH) method to
collect the statistical data periodically, initialize & restart the system and download
software.
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Physical Interface Operation Method
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides Ethernet interface as an ASN interface and can
select the type of interfaces depending on the network configuration. At this time, more
than one type of interfaces cannot be operated simultaneously. The number of interfaces
can be optionally managed depending on the capacity and the required bandwidth of the
TD-LTE Flexible system.
The types of interfaces are as follows:
Interface Type
Ethernet
Number of Ports per System
100/1000 Base-T(RJ-45)
1000 Base-X(SFP)
100/1000 Base-T(RJ-45)
(Simultaneous operation)
Ethernet interface operate several links as 802.3ad (static)-based static link aggregation.
The operation and maintenance interface (interface with WSM) is operated in in-band
method, which shares the common user traffic interface.
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CHAPTER 3. System Structure
3.1 Hardware Structure
The TD-LTE Flexible system has a separate structure consisting of a DU and RRHs.
Because up to three RRHs can be connected to a DU, the maximum 2Carrier/3Sector
service is possible.
DU
The boards that make up the DU are mounted on the SMFS-F, which is a 19 in. indoor shelf.
The SMFS-F can be mounted on a 19 in. indoor or outdoor commercial rack.
• Samsung Mobile WiMAX Flexible Shelf assembly-Front mount (SMFS-F)
– Shelf for DU of TD-LTE Flexible system
– Mounting is supported when mounted on a 19 in. rack.
Figure 3.1 DU Configuration (SMFS-F)
The DU is composed of a Digital Main Block (DMB), DPM-FI, and FAN-FD48.
• DMB
The DMB operates and maintains the TD-LTE Flexible system, enables the TD-LTE
Flexible system to interface with ACR/EPC and provides the communication path
between processors in the system.The DMB creates the reference clock, provides the
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CHAPTER 3. System Structure
clock to the lower hardware block and performs the signal processing function for the
subscriber signal.
The DMB also interfaces with the RRH to send and receive data traffic, and receives and
controls alarms for the lower hardware blocks or modules, including the RRH.
• DPM-FI
The DPM-FI receives DC power through a separate rectifier and distributes it to every
board and module on the DU shelf. The operator can control DC power supply by turning
the circuit breaker at the front of the DPM-FI on/off.
• FAN-FD48
The FAN-FD48 is composed of a set of four fans and maintains the inside temperature
of the DU within an appropriate range so that the TD-LTE Flexible system can operate
normally.
The FAN-FD48 detects the inside temperature of the DU using a built-in temperature
sensor and sets the speed of the fan in accordance with the detected temperature.
RRH
The RRH is a single unit that can be installed on a wall or pole without an additional shelf
or rack. The RRH is a unified RF module interfacing remotely with the DU through an
optical cable. It is located at the front end of the antenna.
Figure 3.2 RRH-2WB Configuration
On a downlink, it converts the data traffic in the form of ‘Digital I/Q and C & M’ received
from the channel card of the DU into RF signals and then sends them through an external
antenna. Conversely, on an uplink, the RRH converts the RF signals received through
the antenna into ‘Digital I/Q and C & M’ data traffic, and then sends them to the channel
card of the DU.
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The RRH also receives clock information from the DU through the ‘Digital I/Q and C &
M’ interface, and sends/receives alarm/control messages.
Internal Configuration of System
Below are the internal configuration diagrams of the TD-LTE Flexible system.
RRH Types
Refer to ’RRH’ section for details on the RRH types.
• 2Carrier/3Sector MIMO (WiMAX/TD-LTE)
Figure 3.3 Internal Configuration of the System (MIMO)
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CHAPTER 3. System Structure
Rectifier
The vendor must install the rectifier separately. Samsung can provide a commercial
rectifier at the service provider’s request. For the RS-485 interface service between
the TD-LTE Flexible system and rectifier, the rectifier must meet the interface protocol
specified by Samsung. For other operations, the TD-LTE Flexible system can
communicate with the rectifier using User Defined Alarms (UDA).
3.1.1 DMB
The Digital Main Block (DMB) supports the operation and maintenance of the TD-LTE
Flexible system, interfacing between the TD-LTE Flexible system and ACR/EPC, and
interfacing between the DU and RRH. It also collects and controls alarms for the lower
boards and modules, including the inter-processor communication paths and RRH in
the system. The DMB also generates and supplies clocks to the lower hardware blocks,
including the RRH, and processes channels for subscriber signals.
When the TD-LTE Flexible system sends signals to an MS, the DMB performs the OFDMA
signal processing on the traffic signals received from the ACR/EPC, converts them into
optical signals using the ‘Digital I/Q and C & M’ converter, and then sends them to the
remote RRH.
Conversely, when the TD-LTE Flexible system receives signals from an MS, the DMB
receives ‘Digital I/Q and C & M’ signals from the remote RRH, performs the OFDMA
signal processing on them, and then sends them to the ACR/EPC.
Main functions of DMB are as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Creation and distribution of the reference clock
Fast Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet interface with ACR/EPC
Fault diagnosis and alarm collection and control
Alarm report
Channel resource management
OFDMA signal processing
Automatic Gain Control (AGC) for the received RF signal and Received Signal Strength
Indicator (RSSI) support
• Supporting optical interfacing with the RRH and loopback test
The DMB is configured as shown in the figure below:
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Figure 3.4 DMB Configuration
Board
Quantity
Name
(Sheet)
MBB-F
Function
Mobile WiMAX base station Backplane Board-Flexible
– DMB backboard
– Signal routing function for traffic, control signal, clock, power, etc.
MMA-G
Mobile WiMAX base station Main control board Assembly-General
– Main system processor
– Call processing, resource allocation and OAM
– Reception of the GPS signal and creation and supply of the clock
– Alarm collection and report to the upper
– Supports FE/GE interface with ACR/EPC
– Non-volatile memory support
MRA-F
Max. 3
Mobile WiMAX base station RAS board Assembly-Flexible
– Supporting Mobile WiMAX of 10MHz channel bandwidth
– Mobile WiMAX subscriber data traffic processing
– OFDMA Processing
– 1Carrier/1Sector MIMO
– ‘Digital I/Q and C & M’ data formatting
– Supporting optical interfacing with the RRH (E/O, O/E conversion)
– Supporting loopback tests between the DU and the RRH
MRA-L
Max. 1
Mobile WiMAX base station RAS board Assembly-LTE
– Supporting TD-LTE of 20 MHz channel bandwidth
– TD-LTE data traffic processing and resource allocation(PDCP, IPSec,
GTP, etc.)
– OFDMA(DL), SC-FDMA(UL) processing
– 1Carrier/3Sector MIMO (UL-SIMO)
– ‘Digital I/Q and C & M’ data formatting
– Supporting optical interfacing with the RRH (E/O, O/E conversion)
– Supporting loopback tests between the DU and the RRH
MEI-B
Mobile WiMAX base station External Interface board assembly-Basic
– Provides User Defined Alarm (UDA)
– Alarm monitoring including fan alarm/high temperature
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Mobile WiMAX base station Main control board Assembly-General (MMA-G)
The MMA-G provides a main processor function of the TD-LTE Flexible system, GPS
signal receiving and clock distribution, and network interface functions.
• Main Processor Function
The MMA-G is the board that carries out the role as the highest layer in the TD-LTE
Flexible system and is equipped with the main processor. The main processor of the
MMA-G performs the functions, such as communication path setting between MS and
ACR/EPC, Ethernet switch function in the TD-LTE Flexible system, system operation
and maintenance and TDD signal control.
The MMA-G manages the status of all hardware and software in the TD-LTE Flexible
system and reports each status information to WSM via ACR. In addition, the MMA-G
allocates and manages the resources of the TD-LTE Flexible system and the connection
of the MMA-G and a PC for the Web-EMT enables to maintain the TD-LTE Flexible
system with no interworking with ACR.
• GPS Signal Reception and Clock Distribution Function
The MMA-G is equipped with Universal Core Clock Module (UCCM) for GPS signal
reception.
The UCCM enables each block of the TD-LTE Flexible system to be operated in the
synchronized clock system. The UCCM mounted on the MMA-G creates the system
clocks [56 MHz, 12.5 Hz (80 msec), PP2S, analog 10 MHz, 61.44 MHz] by using the
reference signal received from a GPS and distributes them to the hardware blocks in the
system. These clocks are used to maintain the internal synchronization of the TD-LTE
Flexible system and operate the system.
If no GPS signal is received due to a fault when system operation, the UCCM carries
out the holdover function to provide the normal clock for a certain time(24 hours) as
provided in the existing system.
• Network Interface Function
The MMA-G interfaces with an ACR/EPC in Gigabit Ethernet or Fast Ethernet method.
The MMA-G can provide maximum two Gigabit Ethernet ports or four Fast Ethernet
ports per board, and support the link aggregation redundancy method.
The MMA-G can be divided as follows depending on the interface types provided by
MMA-G, and service provider can choose the interface type.
– MMA-GC: 100/1000Base-T Copper ports
– MMA-GM: Two 100/1000Base-T ports and two 1000Base-X Small Form factor
Pluggable (SFP) ports
• Operation Information Storage Function
The MMA-G is equipped with non-volatile memories and offers the storage function of
loading and operation information within the MMA-G.
Mobile WiMAX base station RAS board Assembly-Flexible (MRA-F)
The MRA-F is a Mobile WiMAX channel card which provides modem function and RRH
interfacing function.
• Modem Function
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The MRA-F is equipped with the modem supporting IEEE 802.16 Mobile WiMAX
standard physical layer (PHY) and the modem performs the OFDMA signal processing
function by the control of the MMA-G.
The MRA-F modulates the packet data received through the MMA-G, converts the
modulated signal into the ‘Digital I/Q and C & M’ format and transmits to the RRH. In
the contrary, the MRA-F demodulated the data received from the RRH after performing
the AGC function, converts the data into the format defined in the IEEE 802.16 Mobile
WiMAX physical layer standard and then transmits the converted data to the MMA-G via
Ethernet.
• Optical interfacing with the RRH and Loopback Test
As the MRA-F contains a built-in Electrical to Optic (E/O) conversion device and an
Optic to Electrical (O/E) conversion device, it can send and receive ‘Digital I/Q and C &
M’ signals of the optical signals between distant RRHs.
The MRA-F can also run loopback tests to check whether the interface between the
MRA-F and RRHs is in good condition for proper communication. The operator can run
the loopback test if necessary using the WSM command.
Mobile WiMAX base station RAS board Assembly-LTE (MRA-L)
The MRA-L is a TD-LTE channel card which provides modem function and RRH
interfacing function.
• Modem Function
The MRA-L includes a modem with support for 3GPP LTE standard physical layer
(PHY). It performs OFDMA/SC-FDMA channel processing and the DSP processes
RLC/MAC. The modem of the MRA-L modulates the packet data received from
upper processor and transmits it to the RRH through ’Digital I/Q and C & M’ (CPRI).
Reversely, it demodulates the packet data received from the RRH, converts it to the
format defined in the LTE standard physical layer specifications, and transmits it to the
upper processor through Ethernet.
• Optical interfacing with the RRH and Loopback Test
As the MRA-L contains a built-in Electrical to Optic (E/O) conversion device and an
Optic to Electrical (O/E) conversion device, it can send and receive ‘Digital I/Q and C
& M’ signals of the optical signals between distant RRHs. The MRA-L can also run
loopback tests to check whether the interface between the MRA-L and RRHs is in good
condition for proper communication. The operator can run the loopback test if necessary
using the WSM command.
Mobile WiMAX base station External Interface board assembly-Basic (MEI-B)
The MEI-B also collects alarms for the fan mounted on the DU to report to the MMA-G.
The MEI-B provides the path on the alarm information generated in the external devices
(additional devices provided by the operator) through UDA and selectively provided I/O
panel.
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CHAPTER 3. System Structure
3.1.2 RRH
The RRH is a remote RF device with simultaneous supports the Mobile WiMAX and
TD-LTE services. Main functions of RRH are as follows:
• High-power amplification of RF transmission signal
• Interfaces optically with the channel card(MRA-F/MRA-L) of the DU using ‘Digital I/Q
and C & M’ and carries out interfacing for traffic, alarms, control signals, and clock
information.
• Upconversion/downconversion of frequency
• Gain control of RF Rx/Tx signal
• Rx/Tx RF signal from/to an antenna
• Suppression of out-of-band spurious wave emitted from RF Rx/Tx signal
• Low noise amplification of band-pass filtered RF Rx signal (Low Noise Amplifier, LNA)
• TDD switching function for Tx/Rx path
• Includes the filter part connected to the antenna
The RRH-2WB is the RF unit of the TD-LTE Flexible system. It supports transmission RF
path of WiMAX and TD-LTE. This RF unit integrates the transceiver, power amplifier, TDD
switch and filter in one module.
When simultaneously running WiMAX and TD-LTE, the operation configuration of the
RRH-2WB is as follows.
Figure 3.5 RRH-2WB Configuration for WiMAX + TD-LTE Operation
•
•
•
•
2T2R TD-LTE 20MHz + 2T2R WiMAX 10MHz (operating in the same sector)
TD-LTE: 2,496~2,690 MHz, WiMAX: 2,496~2,690 MHz
10W+10W/Carrier @TD-LTE and 5W+5W/Carrier @WiMAX
2Tx/2Rx (2x2 MIMO)
In the case of downlink signals, the RRH converts baseband signals received through the
‘Digital I/Q and C & M’ interface from the channel card(MRA-F/MRA-L) into Optic to
Electrical (O/E). The converted signals undergo Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC) to be
converted to analog RF signals, and then are amplified through the current amplification
process. Amplified signals are sent to the antenna via the filter part.
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In the case of uplink signals, the frequency of the signals received through the RRH
filter part is lowered by Low Noise Amplifier (LNA). The Analog to Digital Conversion
(ADC) process converts these signals to baseband signals. The baseband signals are in the
‘Digital I/Q and C & M’ format, and undergo E/O conversion to be sent to the channel
card(MRA-F/MRA-L).
The RRH cannot operate on its own, but operates by being linked to the DU. The RRH
is highly flexible in its installation, and helps with setting up a network in a variety of
configurations depending on the location and operation method as shown below.
Figure 3.6 Mobile WiMAX + TD-LTE Simultaneous Operation Configuration (2Carrier/3Sector)
3.1.3 DPM-FI
The DPM-FI is mounted to the right of the TD-LTE Flexible system DMB.
Figure 3.7 DPM-FI Configuration
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CHAPTER 3. System Structure
Board Name
DPM-FI
Quantity
Function
DC Power Module-Flexible Indoor
Receives DC power through a rectifier and distributes it to every
block in the DMB
Every board of the DMB and the fan (FAN-FD48) of the DU in the TD-LTE Flexible system
receive power through the MBB-F. Each board of DMB receives -48 VDC and converts
it to the required voltage.
The following power diagram shows DU input power that is supplied to DPM-FI and
connection points to each board.
Figure 3.8 Power Structure of TD-Flexible System
RRH Power Supply
If the RRH is distant from the DU, it is supplied with separate power (e.g., rectifier) of
-48 VDC (-40~-56 VDC).
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3.1.4 Cooling Structure
DU
The DU of the TD-LTE Flexible system maintains the inside temperature of the shelf at an
appropriate range using a set of system cooling fans (FAN-FD48), so that the system can
operate normally when the outside temperature of the DU shelf changes.
Figure 3.9 Fan Configuration
Board Name
FAN-FD48
Quantity
Function
FAN Module-Flexible Digital unit -48 VDC
DU cooling fan
The cooling structure of the DU in the TD-LTE Flexible system is as follows.
Figure 3.10 Cooling Structure of the DU
The FAN-FD48 has a built-in temperature sensor.
RRH
The RRH of the TD-LTE Flexible system is designed with a natural cooling system that
supports an outdoor environment with no additional fan or heater.
3.1.5 External Interface Structure
The layout of TD-LTE Flexible system interfaces is as shown in the figure below:
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CHAPTER 3. System Structure
Support of WiMAX + TD-LTE
Figure 3.11 External Interfaces of TD-LTE Flexible System
The TD-LTE Flexible system supports MIMO and provides the administrator with the
following external interface.
• External Interface of DU
Category
3-12
Interface Type
Port No.
Connector Type
UDE
10/100 Base-Tx
RJ-45
Rectifier Interface
RS-485
RJ-45
UDA
Open/Short
68Pin Champ Connector
TDD
TDD Clock(LVTTL)
SMA
Power
DC Power(-48VDC)
Molex 42816-0212
FE to Console
10/100 Base-TX
RJ-45
MMA-G Debug
RS-232
USB
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Category
Backhaul
Interface Type
Port No.
Simultaneous operation of 1000
Connector Type
1000 Base-X: SFP(LC)
100/1000 Base-Tx: RJ-45
100/1000 Base-TX
RJ-45
MRA-L Debug
RS-232
USB
RRH interface
Digital I/Q and C & M
Max. 12
SFP(Single mode)
MRA-F Debug
RS-232
USB
GPS Antenna
Analog RF
SMA
Analog 10 MHz
Analog 10 MHz(RF)
SMA
Base-X and 100/1000 Base-TX
• External Interface of RRH–2WB
Category
Interface Type
Port No.
Connector Type
Antenna Interface
Analog RF(Main Traffic)
Mini-Din
Power
DC power(-48 VDC)
Square Flange Receptacle
RET
AISG 2.1(Power/Control)
SU-20SP-8P
DU interface
Digital I/Q and C & M
SFP(single mode)
TDD signal output
MCX
Debug
USB
1.25Gpbs x 4cores
Debug
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CHAPTER 3. System Structure
3.2 Software Structure
The TD-LTE Flexible system provides a common software platform, and accommodates
independent call processing software blocks for WiMAX and TD-LTE channel cards.
The OAM block of the TD-LTE Flexible system interworks with the MMA-G and WSM.
Figure 3.12 Basic Software Architecture of the TD-LTE Flexible System
The components of the system software are shown below: Operating System (OS),
Device Driver (DD), Middleware (MW), Network Processor Software (NPS), IP Routing
Software (IPRS), and application. The application is divided by Call Control (CC)/Call
Processing Software (CPS) block for the call processing and the OAM block for operation
and maintenance of the system.
Figure 3.13 Software Structure of System
• Operating System (OS)
OS initializes and controls the hardware device, and runs the software operation in the
hardware. To operate the software, OS uses the embedded Linux OS, and manages the
dual software processes. Then, OS provides various functions efficiently with limited
resources.
• Middleware (MW)
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•
•
•
•
MW helps the smooth operation between OS and application under various types of
hardware environment, and to achieve this, MW provides various services: message
delivery service between applications, event notification service, debugging utility
services.
Device Driver (DD)
DD provides the API for the user processor to setup/control/detect the hardware device.
Also, DD confirms the device configuration by receiving the configuration data from the
upper user processor, and also provides the functions of register manipulation for device
operation, device diagnosis, statistics and status management.
Network Processor Software (NPS)
NPS manages the innate functions of Network Processor (NP) that mainly processes
the packets, and it connects the upper processor and NP in Board Processor (BP), and
provides the functions of NP message processing, NP statistics data collection and report.
IP Routing Software (IPRS)
IPRS executes the IP routing protocol function. IPRS collects and manages the system
configuration and status data necessary for IP routing operation, and based on the data, it
generates the routing table via the routing protocol, and makes packet forwarding possible.
Call Control (CC)/Call Processing Software (CPS)
– CC is a software subsystem that processes the calls in the system, and CC interfaces
with MS and ACR. CC supports data exchange function to support wireless data
service such as the MAC scheduling, air link control, ARQ processing and IEEE
802.16 message processing.
– CPS is a software subsystem that processes the calls in the system, and CPS interfaces
with UD and EPC. CPS supports data exchange function to support wireless data
service such as the MAC scheduling, air link control, ARQ processing and S1/X2
message processing.
• Operation And Maintenance (OAM)
The OAM provides the interface (SNMPv2c/SNMPv3, FTP/SFTP, HTTPs, SSH) of
which is standardized to interwork with the upper management system such as the WSM,
the Web-EMT and console terminal based on the IMISH. In addition, this performs the
functions of initializing and restarting the system, collecting the statistics for processing
the call and various performance data, managing the system configuration and resources,
managing the status of the software resources and the hardware resources, managing
the failure and performing the diagnostics for the operation and the management of
the system.
3.2.1 CC Block(Mobile WiMAX)
The Call Control (CC) block caries out the resource management function of the system
and the BS function of ASN Profile-C defined in NWG of Mobile WiMAX forum. The CC
block consists of RAS Resource Controller (RRC), RAS Service Controller (RSC) and RAS
Traffic Controller (RTC) sub-blocks and the functions of each sub-block are as follow:
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CHAPTER 3. System Structure
Figure 3.14 CC Block Structure
RRC as the resource manager of the system exchanges the status information with all blocks
and assigns appropriate software resources to a service when it receives the necessary
service request from RAS/ACR.
RSC processes the MAC signaling via R1 interface and interworks with ACR via R6
interface. RSC performs the Call Admission Control (CAC) in the service creation process
and requests the traffic channel setup to RTC. In addition, RSC transfers the information on
the internal control message to the modem block in the system.
RTC fragments the user data received from ACR via the R6 interface in MAC PDU format
and transfers the data to the modem block or re-assembles the MAC PDU received from an
MS via the R1 interface and transmits to ACR. In addition, the RTC interworks with the
RSC block controlling the RAS signal and performs the call setup/release procedure.
RRC
RAS Resource Controller (RRC) is in charge of the resource management of the system
and is activated on the MMA-G. The RRC interfaces with ACR outside the system and the
RSC and OAM blocks inside the system.
Main functions of RRC are as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
ACR Keep Alive
RSC Keep Alive
Inter Carrier Load Balancing
Paging Message Transmission
System Resource Management
RSC
The RAS Service Controller (RSC) is in charge of the signaling-concentrated service in
the system. As for the system outside, the RSC performs the message exchange with ACR
via the Mobile WiMAX standard R6 interface. As for the system inside, RSC interworks
with the RTC that is in charge of traffic data and transmits the information on the internal
control message to the modem block.
The RSC performs the MAC message exchange described in IEEE 802.16 with an MS and
carries out the call setup procedure by interworking with the RRC via the system internal
message. The RSC is activated on MRA.
Main functions of RSC are as follows:
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
CID Creation and Release
MAC Management Message Processing
R6 Interface Message Processing
Handover processing
Sleep Mode Support for Power Reduction
Collection of Various Statistics
Paging Relay Function for MS
RTC
The RAS Traffic Controller (RTC) is the block to process the traffic of the system.
The RTC is the block pertaining to the bearer plane and is located as the kernel module
format of the corresponding CPU. The RTC performs the R6 interface under IEEE 802.16
standard and enables to the modem block to perform the R1 interface normally.
The RTC fragments the user data received from ACR via the R6 interface in MAC PDU
format and transfers the data to the modem block or re-assembles the MAC PDU received
from an MS via the R1 interface and transmits to ACR.
In addition, the RTC interworks with the RTC block controlling the RAS signal and performs
the call setup/release procedure. This process is carried out via the memory interface in the
RAS card (MRA). The RTC communicates with the modem block via the PCI interface.
The RTC is activated on MRA and its main functions are as follows:
• ARQ function: Receives the ARQ feedback message from an MS and processes the
message.
• Analyzes and processes the RSC control message and performs the queue management.
• Performs the traffic interface with the modem block.
• Performs the scheduling function for each QoS class
• Data Traffic Processing Function
RTC provides the data path between ACR and the system via the R6 data path (GRE
tunnel).
• Traffic Control Function for Handover
In handover, RTC performs the data synchronization function between serving RAS/ACR
and target RAS/ACR.
3.2.2 CPS Block(TD-LTE)
The CPS performs call processing in the eNB. It provides interfacing with the EPC, UE and
nearby eNBs. The CPS consists of the eNB Control processing Subsystem (ECS) which
is responsible for network access and call control functions, and the eNB Data processing
Subsystem (EDS) which is responsible for user traffic handling.
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Figure 3.15 TD-LTE CPS Block Structure
ECS
The eNB Control processing Subsystem (ECS) consists of the eNB Common Management
Block (ECMB), eNB Call Control Block (ECCB), SCTP Block (SCTB), and CPS SON
Agent Block (CSAB) with the following functions.
• ECMB
–
–
–
–
–
Setting/releasing cell
Transmitting system information
eNB load control (eNB overload control according to CPU load)
Access barring control (control of access barring parameters sent to the SIB2)
Resource monitoring management (monitoring control for resources within the eNB
such as PRB usage and PDB)
– Cell load information transmission (acting as the interface for the ICIC function, X2
load information message transmission between eNBs)
• ECCB
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Radio resource management
Idle to Active status transition
Enabling/changing/disabling bearers
Paging
MME selection/load balancing
Call admission control
Security function
Handover control
UE measurement control
Statistics processing
• SCTB
– S1-C interfacing
– X2-C interfacing
• CSAB
– Mobility Robustness optimization
– RACH optimization
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EDS
The eNB Data processing Subsystem (EDS) consists of the GPRS Tunneling Protocol
Block (GTPB), PDCP Control Block (PDCB), Radio Link Control Block (RLCB), and
Medium Access Control Block (MACB).
• GTPB
– GTP tunnel control
– GTP management
– GTP data transmission
• PDCB
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Header compression and decompression: ROHC only
User and control plane data transmission
PDCP sequence number maintenance
Downlink/uplink data retransmission at handover
Ciphering and deciphering user data and control data
Integrity protection for control data
Timer based PDCP SDU discard
• RLCB
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Transmission for upper layer PDU
ARQ function used for AM mode data transmission
RLC SDU concatenation, segmentation and reassembly
Re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs
In sequence delivery
Duplicate detection
RLC SDU discard
RLC re-establishment
Protocol error detection and recovery
• MACB
–
–
–
–
–
–
RLC SDU concatenation, segmentation and reassembly
Multiplexing & de-multiplexing
HARQ
Transport format selection
Priority handling between UEs
Priority handling between logical channels of one UE
3.2.3 OAM Block
Operation And Maintenance (OAM) block manages the operation and maintenance of the
system, and it is divided as the three shown below:
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Figure 3.16 OAM Software Structure
The following interface structure diagram shows the communication between OAM blocks.
Main OAM and EMI are running on the MMA–G that support master OAM. Board OAM is
running on the remaining lower processor board.
Figure 3.17 Interface between OAM Blocks
The EMI carries out SNMP agent and web server function, and provides the OAM interface
between the management system (WSM, Web-EMT and CLI Terminal) and the system by
providing the IMISH. Then, to access the system directly via the Web-EMT or the console
terminal, the process of the operator authentication and the authority allowance via the
WebEMT or Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) block should be done.
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The Main OAM is located in the main processor. The Main OAM communicates with
the upper management system by interworking with the EMI block and distributes the
Programmable Loading Data (PLD) to the lower processors by managing the system
configuration as the format of the PLD. In addition, the Main OAM performs and manages
the role of the Image Server (IS) and the Registration Server (RS), collects and saves the
statistics data and the failure information, and reports them to the upper management system.
The Board OAM is located in the lower processor. The Board OAM collects the failure
and the statistics data of each board, reports them to the Main OAM and monitors the
software process of each board.
Functional details of each block are as follows.
SNMPD
SNMP Daemon (SNMPD) plays the SNMP agent role to support the standard SNMP
(SNMPv2c/SNMPv3) and an interface role for the upper management system (WSM) and
interworks with internal subagent. While receiving requests on the standard MIB object
from WSM are processed by SNMPD itself, it transmits requests on the private MIB object
to subagent in order to be handled properly.
Main Functions are as follows:
• Standard MIB processing
If the request for the standard MIB object such as MIB-II etc. is received, the SNMPD
processes it directly and transmits the response.
• Private MIB processing
If the request for the Private MIB object is received, it is not processed directly by
the SNMPD, but it is transmitted to the corresponding internal subagent, and then the
response is transmitted from the subagent and it is transmitted to the manager.
SNMPD is implemented on the MMA-G.
OAGS
Common SNMP Agent Subagent (OAGS) plays the SNMP subagent role to support the
standard SNMP(SNMPv2c/SNMPv3).
Also, through master agent (SNMPD) OAGS plays an interface role for the upper
management system for the command inquiry and change of ACR to be operated through
the get/get-next/get-bulk/set/trap command defined by SNMP.
Main Functions are as follows:
• Providing private MIB
– Provide private MIB to the management system.
– Generate the message data file necessary for the interface function between OAM
blocks.
• SNMP command processing
Process the command received from the management system and transmit the
corresponding result via the SNMPD.
• Notification function
Send the SNMP trap to master agent (SNMPD) whenever there are needs to inform the
change or the alarm of the system data to the upper management system.
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OAGS is implemented on the MMA-G.
WebEMT
The Web-based Element Maintenance Terminal (WebEMT) is the block to interface with
the Web client of the console terminal which uses the Web browser, and performs the role
of the Web server. Both Web-EMT and the system support the HTTP communications
based on the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
Main Functions are as follows:
• Web server function
– HTTP server for the management using Web-EMT
– Receive html requests and display HTML pages
• OAM block interface
– Process commands from Web-EMT interoperating with other OAM blocks
– User management via OAM AAA server
WebEMT is implemented on the MMA-G.
CLIM
The Command Line Interface Management (CLIM) is the block to interface with the IMISH,
when it is connected to the console terminal via the Secure Shell (SSH) method. The CLIM
processes the received command via the IMISH and displays the corresponding result.
Main Functions are as follows:
• IMISH command processing
– Setup/change/inquiry of interface and routing functions
– Setup/change/inquiry of the system operation & maintenance
PAM
The Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) receives the account and the password of the
operator who uses the console terminal (IMISH and Web-EMT) when logging in, thus it
perform the operator authentication and the process of allowing the authority.
Main Functions are as follows:
• Operator’s account management and authentication
The function of managing and authenticating the account of the operator who uses the
console terminal (IMISH and Web-EMT) is performed.
• Operator’s authority management
The function of allowing the authority for all the commands which the operator can
perform is performed.
• Password management
Management functions such as creating the operator’s password, saving and updating the
encryption are performed.
PAM is implemented on the MMA-G.
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UFM
Universal Fault Management (UFM) manages the ACR faults and the status of software
and hardware. UFM informs the detected failures to the upper management system by
the filtering function, and applies the severity changes and the threshold to the fault
management system. In particular, the UFM receives ToD from a Global Positioning System
(GPS) signal receiver, distributes the received ToD to CC software for call processing, and
manages faults concerned with the ToD.
The UFM is implemented on MMA–G and all lower boards.
Main Functions are as follows:
• Failure Management
– Hardware and software failure management by interrupt and polling
– When the failure is detected, it is reported to the management system and the related
block.
• Status Management
– Status management for the components
– When the status information of the resource is changed, it is reported to the
management system and the related block.
• Failure filtering and inhibition
– The filtering function is applied to many kinds of the occurred failure, and only the
failure of the original reason is reported.
– Function of inhibiting reporting a specific kind of failure or a specific system according
to the operator’s request
• Inquiring and changing the failure configuration information
Inquiring and changing the parameters such as the failure severity and the threshold
for the generation
• Failure audit
Auditing the failure is performed when initializing and restarting the system and when the
operator requests to minimize the inconsistency of the failure information between the
system and the upper management system.
• Failure history information management and save
• Call fault reporting
In case of the call fault, the related information (call status, error code, MS information,
etc.) is collected and reported to the management system.
• DD Interface
The interface between DD and applications is provided for statistics and status
management of devices.
Loader
Loader manages the entire process from the start of OS to the previous step of ULM running
(pre-loading). After that, if ULM is actuated after the initialization script is executed and the
registration and loading function is performed, the loader monitors the ULM block. Loader
is implemented on MMA-G and all lower boards.
Main Functions are as follows:
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CHAPTER 3. System Structure
• System time setting
Before NTP-based synchronization, the system time is set by receiving the Time of
Date (ToD) from a GPS receiver.
• system registration and loading
– Registration of the system to the Registration Server (RS)
– Determination of the loading method
• Loading as the latest version via the version comparison: Loading via the own
non-volatile storage or via the remote IS
• Loading via the console port (at this time, omitting the registration of the system to
the RS)
• Backing up and restoring the software image and the PLD
Loader saves the software image and the PLD of the latest version in its own nonvolatile
storage and restores it as the corresponding information when required.
(In case of PLD, back-up by operator’s command)
• ULM monitoring
Loader monitors whether the ULM block operates normally and if it is abnormal, this
restarts it.
ULM
Universal Loading Management (ULM) downloads and executes the packages that are
identified in the file list downloaded by loader during pre-loading process. Also, ULM
monitors the executed software and provides the running software information, and supports
the restart and the software upgrade by the command. In addition, in the initialization stage,
ULM sets the system time by using the Time of Date information obtained from a GPS
receiver and periodically performs the synchronization with the NTP server by actuating as
an NTP client after the loading is completed.
Main Functions are as follows:
• System initialization and reset
– System reset by command
– Act as internal RS & IS of lower board
• Software management
– Monitor the operation of software block and restart the software block in abnormal state
– Software restart by command
– Provide information on software block and the status
• Inventory Management
– ULM provides the information such as the software version for the components, the
PBA ID, the PBA version and the serial number, etc.
– Function of reporting the inventory information when performing the initialization,
adding and extending the components
• Online upgrade and version management for the software
ULM provides the functions of updating the software and the firmware, upgrading the
package and managing the version.
• System time information synchronization
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Synchronize system time information with NTP server as a NTP client and transmit
the time information to the lower boards
• Time Zone setup
Setup Time Zone and Daylight Saving Time (DST)
• Mortem time update
Setup mortem time after system time information synchronization
ULM is implemented on MMA-G and all lower boards.
OPM
Common Performance Management (OPM) collects and provides the performance data for
the upper management system operator to know the system performance. The OPM collects
the event generated during the system operation and the performance data and transmits
them to the management system. The collection cycle of the statistics data of the actual
OPM can be set as 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and if the entire statistics file of the
binary format is created every 15 minutes, the management system collects it periodically
via the FTP/SFTP.
Main Functions are as follows:
• Record and collect statistics data
Record statistics data to the memory and generate the statistics file by regularly collecting
data per each board
• Save the statistics data
Save the statistics data of each board in its own nonvolatile storage during up to eight
hours
• Inquire and change the statistics configuration information
Inquire and change the collection cycle (BI) and the threshold of the statistics data
• Threshold Cross Alert (TCA)
Generate the TCA (Critical, Major, Minor) according to the defined threshold in every
collection cycle and report it to the UFM
• Monitor the statistics in real time
Provide the real-time monitoring function for the specific statistics item designated by the
operator
OPM is implemented on MMA-G and all lower boards.
OSSM
Common Subscription Service Management (OSSM) distributes the PLD data necessary
for the software blocks, and reports the data changed to the corresponding software block
if PLD data are changed. Also, it supports the function to maintain the consistency of
PLD data that are scattered in the system.
Main Functions are as follows:
• PLD distribution
OSSM loads PLD to the shared memory for software block in order to access PLD
• PLD change report
Report the changes of PLD to the corresponding software block
• PLD audit
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CHAPTER 3. System Structure
Maintain the consistency of PLDs which are distributed in the system (between main
board and lower boards)
OSSM is implemented on the MMA-G and all lower boards.
OER/OEV
The Common Event Router (OER)/Common Event Viewer (OEV) manages the event
history as the text format. The OER/OEV transmits the information on all the events
received from the OAM applications to the related agent (OAGS, WebEMT), and creates
and saves the history file of the daily/hourly events, and displays the log contents on the
operator window (IMISH) in real time.
Main Functions are as follows:
• Event transmission
OER/OEV transmits the information on the generated event to the OAGS or the WebEMT
block, thus it enables to report it to the management system.
• Creating and saving the event history file
OER/OEV creates and saves the daily/hourly event history file in its own nonvolatile
storage as the 1 Mbyte maximum size.
• Event display
OER/OEV displays the event generated in the system on the operator window (IMISH) in
real time.
OER/OEV is implemented on the MMA-G.
OCM
Common Configuration Management (OCM) manages the system configuration and
parameter with PLD, and it provides the data that are necessary for the software blocks.
Other software blocks can approach PLD by the internal subscription service (OSSM), and
through the command from EMI.
OCM provides the following functions: system configuration grow/degrow, inquiry and
change of configuration data and operational parameters.
OCM is implemented on the MMA-G.
Main Functions are as follows:
• System configuration management
Manage the system configuration with PLD
• PLD inquiry and change
– Upper management system inquires and changes PLD by command
– PLD changes are updated in its own nonvolatile storage by operator’s command.
• PLD audit
For the consistent PLD data with the upper management system
• Grow/degrow of resources
Link, board, carrier and sector in the system
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RDM
The RAS Diagnosis Management (RDM) checks if internal and external connection paths
or resources of the system are normal. The connection paths are roughly divided into the
external path between the system internal IPC path and another NE and the path between
ACR and the system.
In addition, it supports the on-demand test at the request of an operator and the periodical
test according to the schedule defined by the operator.
The RDM is implemented on the MMA-G.
Main Functions are as follows:
• Path Test
– Internal path test: Ping test for the IPC path of the board level in NE
– External path test: Traceroute test for external hosts
– Traffic path test: Test for the UDP message-based bearer path between ACR and the
system
• Software Block Test
Ping test for main programs by processors
• RF Exchange Test
RSSI-based Rx path, Tx power and VSWR diagnosis
• DU-RRH Loopback Test
Support of loopback function for ‘Digital I/Q and C & M’ interface
• Backhaul performance monitoring test
Quality (packet loss, delay and delay variance) measurement for backhaul between ACR
and the system
• Periodical online test by the operator setting
• Change of the Diagnosis Schedule
Schedule setup, such as diagnosis period, start time and end time of periodical online test
• Support of Call Trace Function
It reports the call trace information (signaling message of a specific MS, RF parameter,
and traffic statistics) to the management system via SNMPD.
• Virtual Interface (VIF) generation and removal
Generate and remove VIF based on physical link configuration in PLD
• VIF state management
Change the state of physical VIF with link failure
• RF Module Setup and Control
Transmission of the setup information required for the RF module, and management of
failure/status
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
4.1 Call Processing Message Flow(WiMAX)
4.1.1 Initial Entry
Below is the procedure that sets up a provisioned Service Flow (SF) in the network-initiated
Dynamic Service Add (DSA) mode during the initial network entry procedure.
In the initial entry procedure, the MS periodically receives Downlink Channel Descriptor
(DCD), Downlink-MAP (DL-MAP), Uplink Channel Descriptor (UCD), and Uplink-MAP
(UL-MAP) messages from the RAS, obtains the downlink channel synchronization and
uplink parameters, and sets a provisioned SF connection.
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Figure 4.1 Initial Entry Procedure
Category
(1)~(2)
Description
The MS sends the RAS the RNG-REQ message containing the MAC address
and Ranging Purpose Indication of the MS. The RAS assigns the Basic & Primary
Management CID and sends the RNG-RSP message to the MS.
(3)~(4)
The MS sends the RAS the SBC-REQ message containing the physical parameter
and authorization policy information the MS supports. To request the authorization
policy, the RAS sends the ACR the MS_PreAttachment_Req message containing
the authorization policy support value using the default IP address and UDP port
number of the ACR.
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Category
(5)~(7)
Description
The ACR sends the RAS the MS_PreAttachment_Rsp message containing the
supported authorization policy. The RAS extracts the information received from the
ACR and sends the MS the SBC-RSP message containing it. Then the RAS sends
the ACR the MS_PreAttachment_Ack message to explicitly provide notification of
the start time of the next procedure (EAP transmission).
(8)
The subscriber authentication procedure is performed between the MS and AAA
server. When the authentication is successful, the ACR receives provisioned policy
information for each subscriber from the AAA server.
For more information, see ’Authentication’.
(9)~(13)
The MS sends the RAS the REG-REQ message containing the registration
information (MS Capabilities, CS Capabilities, HO Support, etc.). The RAS sends
the ACR the MS_Attachment_Req message to inquire about MS Capabilities and
CS Capabilities. The ACR sends the RAS a response containing the result for the
requested registration information. The RAS sends the MS the REG-RSP message.
The RAS sends the ACR the MS_Attachment_Ack message to explicitly provide
notification of the start time of the next procedure.
(14)~(19)
To request DSA for Pre-Provisioned SF, the ACR sends the RAS the Path
Registration Request message containing the SFID field, Resource Description
field (SF/CS parameter), and Data Path ID (= GRE Key) field for setting a data path
with the RAS. The RAS receives this message, performs admission control, and
then sends the MS the DSA-REQ message. The MS sends the RAS the DSA-RSP
message containing the confirmation code as the result of the DSA-REQ message.
The RAS sends the ACR the Path Registration Response message containing the
data path ID to set a data path with the ACR. The ACR sends the RAS the Path
Registration Confirm message. The RAS sends the MS the DSA-ACK message.
(20)~(25)
This procedure is used to assign an IP address to the MS when it uses PMIP. If the
MS requests the DHCP procedure to obtain an IP address, the ACR performs the
PMIP procedure.
(26)~(33)
This is the procedure for allocating an IP address to the MS that uses the simple IP
method.
If the MS requests the DHCP procedure to receive an allocated IP address, the ACR
allocates the Simple IP address to the MS using the built-in DHCP server functions.
As an option, the ACR supports the DHCP Relay Agent function, which
interoperates with the external DHCP server.
(34)~(35)
The ACR notifies the AAA server that the session has started using AAA interface
protocol.
4.1.2 Authentication
During Initial Entry
The figure below shows the MS authentication procedure during the ’Initial Entry’
procedure, as described above.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Figure 4.2 Authentication Procedure (During Initial Entry)
Category
(0)~(2)
Description
When receiving the MS_PreAttachment_Ack message from the RAS as a response
to the SBC-RSP message, the ACR sends the RAS the AuthRelay-EAP-Transfer
message containing the EAP Request/Identity payload to begin EAP authentication.
The RAS relays the received EAP payload to the MS using the PKMv2
EAP-Transfer/PKM-RSP message.
(3)~(5)
The MS includes the NAI in the EAP Response/Identity and sends the RAS
the PKMv2 EAP-Transfer/PKM-REQ message. The RAS relays the received
information to the ACR using the AuthRelay-EAP-Transfer message. ACR
exchanges the authentication message including EAP packet using defined AAA
interface protocol.
(6)~(11)
In accordance with the EAP method, the subscriber authentication procedure is
performed between the MS and AAA server. ACR exchanges the authentication
message including EAP packet using defined AAA interface protocol.
(12)~(16)
When the authentication is successfully completed, the ACR receives the Master
Session Key (MSK) that is the upper key to provide security and provisioned
policy information per subscriber from the AAA server using defined AAA
interface protocol. The ACR creates an AK from the MSK and sends the RAS the
Key_Change_Directive message containing the created AK Context information
and Security Association (SA) information of the MS. Moreover, the RAS
communicates EAP Success to the MS using the PKMv2-EAP-Transfer message.
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Category
(17)~(19)
Description
After EAP authentication, the RAS sends the MS the SA-TEK-Challenge message
to verify the AK key value of the MS and notify the start of SA negotiation. The MS
verifies the CMAC of the SA-TEK-Challenge message, verifies the AK key value,
and then sends the RAS the SA negotiation information using the SA-TEK-Request.
The RAS sends the MS the SA-TEK-Response message containing not only the
AKID but also the SA Descriptor, which is the final SA negotiation result.
(20)~(21)
The MS requests a Traffic Encryption Key (TEK) from the RAS using the PKMv2
Key-Request message. The RAS creates a TEK randomly and sends it to the MS
using the PKMv2 Key-Reply message. At this time, the TEK is sent encrypted, with
a Key Encryption Key (KEK).
Types and Uses of Keys
The types and uses of keys are as follows:
– MSK: Used to create an AK
– AK: Used to create a CMAC key
– KEK: Used to encrypt a TEK
– CMAC key: Used to provide integrity for the MAC management message
– TEK: Used to encrypt traffic in the air section
During Authenticator Relocation
When the MS performs CSN-anchored Handover (HO) or the MS in Idle mode moves to
another ACR’s area and performs location update, the following reauthentication procedure
is performed to move the authenticator from the existing serving ACR to the target ACR.
When the target ACR triggers the MS to perform the EAP authentication procedure
again with the AAA server and notifies the serving ACR of the authentication result, the
authenticator relocation procedure finishes.
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Figure 4.3 Authentication Procedure (During Authenticator Relocation)
Category
(1)~(2)
Description
The T-ACR, which is the new authenticator, exchanges the Relocation Notify/Ack
message with the S-ACR, which is the previous authenticator, to relocate the
authenticator by performing the reauthentication procedure.
(3)~(11)
The reauthentication procedure is performed in the target area in the same way as
the authentication procedure during initial entry.
(12)~(13)
The RAS sends the T-ACR, which is the authenticator, the Key Change Confirm
message to indicate that the reauthentication procedure with the MS has finished.
(14)~(15)
The T-ACR exchanges the Relocation Confirm/Ack message with the S-ACR to
complete the authenticator relocation procedure.
(16)~(17)
After authenticator relocation, the new authenticator notifies the anchor that the
authenticator has changed using the Context Rpt procedure.
4.1.3 State Transition
Awake Mode → Idle Mode (MS-Initiated)
If there is no traffic transmission for a specific period of time, the MS transits from Awake
mode to Idle mode.
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Sleep Mode → Idle Mode Transition
The MS in Sleep mode does not directly transit to Idle mode. This is because, before
the MS transits from Sleep mode to Idle mode, it first transits to Awake mode and
requests DREG before transiting to Idle mode.
The deregistration procedure for transiting to Idle mode is divided into MS-initiated Idle
mode transition and Network-initiated Idle mode transition. The figure below shows the
MS-initiated idle mode transition procedure.
Figure 4.4 Awake Mode → Idle Mode State Transition Procedure (MS-Initiated)
Category
(1)
Description
When the MS transits to Idle mode, it creates the DREG-REQ message and sends it
to the RAS. The De-Registration Request Code field value is set to 0x01.
(2)~(5)
The RAS creates the IM_Entry_State_Change_Req message containing the context
information of the MS and sends it to the ACR (paging controller). The ACR creates
the IM_Entry_State_Change_Rsp message containing Action Code (0 × 05), paging
information (PAGING_CYCLE, PAGING_OFFSET), and Idle Mode Retain flag and
sends it to the RAS. The RAS sends the MS the DREG-CMD message containing
the information received.
(6)~(8)
If no network reentry request is received from the MS until the Idle Resource Retain
timer expires, the RAS performs the Data Path (DP) Release procedure with the ACR.
(9)~(10)
When the Idle Mode Notification function is available, If the function is on, the
accounting information is updated using the R3 AAA interface accounting message
Awake Mode → Idle Mode (Network-Initiated)
The figure below shows the Network-initiated idle mode transition procedure.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Figure 4.5 Awake Mode → Idle Mode State Transition Procedure (Network-Initiated)
Category
Description
(1)~(3)
If the Dormant timer expires, the RAS creates the IM_Entry_State_Change_Req
message containing the context information for the MS and sends it to the ACR
(Paging Controller). The ACR creates the IM_Entry_State_Change_Rsp message
containing paging information (PAGING_CYCLE, PAGING_OFFSET) and Idle Mode
Retain and sends it to the RAS. At this time, the Idle Mode Retain info is set to 0x7F.
The RAS sends the MS the DREG-CMD message containing the information received.
(4)
The MS sends the BS the DREG-REQ message and sets the De-Registration_Request_Code field value to 0x02.
(6)~(8)
If no network re-entry request is received from the MS until the Idle Resource Retain
timer expires, the RAS performs the Data Path (DP) Release procedure with the ACR.
(9)~(10)
When the Idle Mode Notification function is available, If the function is on, the
accounting information is updated using the R3 AAA interface accounting message
Awake Mode → Sleep Mode
Only the RAS can recognize whether the MS is in Awake or Sleep mode. The ACR
recognizes both states as Awake mode regardless of which mode the MS is actually in.
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Figure 4.6 Awake Mode → Sleep Mode State Transition Procedure
Category
(1)~(2)
Description
If there is no data transmission for a specific period of time (set by the MS/RAS using
a parameter) in the MS, its timer is timed out, and the MS transits from Awake mode
to Sleep mode. At this time, the MS sends the MOB_SLP-REQ message to the RAS.
The RAS sends the MS the MOB_SLP-RSP message as a response, and then the
MS transits to Sleep mode.
(3)~(4)
If incoming traffic occurs for the MS in Sleep mode, the RAS sends the MS the
MOB_TRF-IND message at the listening cycle of the MS. When receiving this
message, the MS sends the RAS the UL BW Request message in which the BW
value is set to 0. When receiving this message, the RAS recognizes that the MS has
transited to Awake mode and sends traffic to the MS.
Idle Mode → Awake Mode(QCS)
When the MS in Idle mode responds to a paging caused by incoming traffic or when the MS
in Idle mode sends traffic, it transits from Idle mode to Awake mode.
For both cases, the MS has to perform a network re-entry procedure to enter Awake Mode.
The Mobile WiMAX system should consider the QCS procedure as a network re-entry
method by default.
The figure below shows the procedure (QCS) in which Idle mode is changed to Awake mode
during network re-entry.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Figure 4.7 Idle Mode → Awake Mode State Transition Procedure (QCS)
Category
(1)
Description
When the MS transits from Idle mode to Awake mode, it creates the RNG-REQ
message containing the MAC address and Paging Controller ID and sends it to
the RAS.
At this time, the Ranging Purpose Indication field value is set to 0x00 (= Network
Reentry).
(2)~(3)
The RAS creates the IM Exit State Change Request message containing the
parameter value contained in the received RNG-REQ message, and sends it to the
ACR. After the ACR checks the Idle mode state information for the MS, to perform
the QCS procedure, the ACR sends the RAS the IM Exit State Change Response
message containing the Idle Mode Retain information and the AK Context information
for CMAC authentication, etc.
(4)~(5)
To set a data path (UL) with the ACR, the RAS sends the ACR the Path Registration
Request message containing the data path information, such as the GRE key. As
a response (DL) to this message, the ACR sends the RAS the Path Registration
Response message containing the data path information, such as the GRE key.
(6)
The RAS responds with the RNG-RSP message containing the HO Optimization flag
and the related CID_Update and SA-TEK_Update information for QCS.
(7)~(8)
The RAS notifies the ACR, which is the authenticator, of the new CMAC_KEY_COUNT
value updated by the MS.
(9)
The RAS notifies the ACR of the data path setup result using the Path Registration
Ack message.
(10)
When receiving the RNG-RSP message, the MS sends the BW Request Header to
notify the system that it has transited to Awake mode.
(11)~(12)
When the Idle Mode Notification function is available, If the function is on, the
accounting information is updated using the R3 AAA interface accounting message
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Idle Mode → Awake Mode Transition
For the procedure used when the MS transits from Idle mode to Awake mode
because of a paging, refer to ‘Paging’ section.
4.1.4 Location Update
Inter-RAS Location Update
The figure below shows the location update procedure performed when the MS moves
to another paging group in the same ACR.
Figure 4.8 Inter-RAS Location Update Procedure
Category
(1)
Description
When the MS in Idle mode moves from paging group 1 to paging group 2, it receives
the PAG-ADV message and thus recognizes that its location has changed.
(2)~(3)
To request the location update, the MS sends the new RAS (RAS 2) the RNG-REQ
message containing the MAC address, Location Update Request, and Paging
Controller ID. Then RAS 2 sends the Location Update Request message to the ACR.
(4)~(5)
The ACR sends RAS 2 the Location Update Response message containing paging
information, AK Context information, etc. The RAS 2 checks the validity of the CMAC,
and then sends the MS the RNG-RSP message containing the LU Response.
(6)~(7)
The RAS notifies the ACR, which is the authenticator, of the new CMAC_KEY_COUNT
value updated by the MS.
(8)
The ACR sends the LU Confirm message to provide notification that the location
update procedure has finished.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Inter-ACR Location Update (Anchor Relocation)-PMIP
The figure below shows the location update procedure performed when the MS moves to
another ACR’s area.
Figure 4.9 Inter-ACR Location Update Procedure (PMIP)
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Category
(1)~(2)
Description
When the paging group changes, the MS sends the RNG-REQ message containing
the MAC address, location update request, paging controller ID to the new T-RAS
(Target RAS) to request a location update. The T-RAS sends its default ACR the
Location Update Request message containing the paging controller ID.
(3)~(5)
If the received paging controller ID belongs to the T-ACR (Target ACR), it sends
the Location Update Request message to the previous S-ACR (Serving ACR) via
the R4 interface to change the paging controller. At this time, the APC Relocation
Destination value in the Location Update Request message is set to the paging
controller ID of the T-ACR.
The S-ACR responds with the Location Update Response that indicates whether to
accept the paging controller relocation and the context information for the MS.
(6),
When receiving the Location Update Response message, the T-RAS sends the MS
(11)~(12)
the RNG-RSP message containing ‘LU Response = Success’ and sends the LU
Confirm message to confirm that the paging controller has changed to the T-ACR.
(7)~(10)
The T-RAS notifies the S-ACR, which is the authenticator, of the new
CMAC_KEY_COUNT value updated by the MS.
(13)~(16)
After the location update confirmation, the T-ACR notifies the FA(DPF) and
authenticator, which are still located in the S-ACR, that the paging controller has
changed.
(17)
(18)~(20)
The T-ACR sends the S-ACR an authenticator relocation request for the MS.
When the S-ACR accepts the authenticator relocation request received from the
T-ACR, the T-ACR requests that the MS perform paging to trigger the relocation.
(21)~(36)
When receiving the MOB_PAG-ADV message, the MS performs the QCS procedure,
a network reentry procedure, with the network.
(37)~(39)
This is the procedure for relocating the authenticator from the S-ACR to the T-ACR.
The T-ACR triggers the MS to perform the EAP authentication procedure again with
the AAA server and notifies the S-ACR of the authentication result to complete
the authenticator relocation procedure.
(40)~(41)
The T-ACR sends the S-ACR an Anchor DPF relocation request for the MS.
(42)~(43)
When the MS uses PMIP, the T-ACR, in place of the MS, registers MIP to the HA.
(44)~(45)
If the anchor DPF relocation has finished successfully, the S-ACR releases the
existing connections to the AAA server and HA.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Inter-ACR Location Update (Anchor Relocation)-Simple IP
Figure 4.10 Inter-ACR Location Update Procedure (Simple IP)
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Category
(1)~(2)
Description
When the paging group changes, the MS sends the RNG-REQ message containing
the MAC address, location update request, paging controller ID to the new T-RAS
(Target RAS) to request a location update. The T-RAS sends its default ACR the
Location Update Request message containing the paging controller ID.
(3)~(5)
If the received paging controller ID belongs to the T-ACR (Target ACR), it sends
the Location Update Request message to the previous S-ACR (Serving ACR) via
the R4 interface to change the paging controller. At this time, the APC Relocation
Destination value in the Location Update Request message is set to the paging
controller ID of the T-ACR.
The S-ACR responds with the Location Update Response that indicates whether to
accept the paging controller relocation and the context information for the MS.
(6)
When the T-RAS receives the Location Update Response message, it sends the MS
an RNG-RSP message with ’LU Response’ set to ’Fail’.
(7)~(8)
The LU Confirm message is sent to notify that the paging controller is maintained
in the S-ACR.
(9)~(14)
The MS performs idle mode exit with the S-ACR, and the S-ACR induces full network
re-entry in the MS.
(15)~(31)
(32)~(39)
The MS performs network re-entry with the T-ACR
This is the procedure for allocating an IP address to the MS that uses the simple IP
method.
If the MS requests the DHCP procedure to receive an allocated IP address, the ACR
allocates the Simple IP address to the MS using the built-in DHCP server functions.
As an option, the ACR supports the DHCP Relay Agent function, which interoperates
with the external DHCP server.
(40)~(41)
The T-ACR notifies the AAA server that the session has started using AAA interface
protocol.
Inter-ASN Location Update
The procedure for inter-ASN location update is the same as for inter-ACR location update.
4.1.5 Paging
Paging can be divided into the following two types:
• By periodically broadcasting the MOB_PAG-ADV message, the RAS notifies the MS
of the corresponding paging group. Based on the paging information (Paging Cycle,
Paging Offset, and PGID) received from the system when the MS transits to Idle mode,
the MS checks whether its paging group has changed by periodically checking the
MOB_PAG-ADV message.
• When the ACR has traffic to send to the MS in Idle mode, it triggers the MOB_PAG-ADV
to the RAS to transit the MS to Awake mode.
The figure below shows the procedure for performing paging to the MS in Idle mode.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Figure 4.11 Paging Procedure
Category
(1)~(2)
Description
If the MS is in Idle mode when receiving a packet that will be sent to a specific
MS, the ACR sends the RAS the MS Paging Announce message containing the
MAC address and paging group ID, and Paging Cause(0x02) of the MS to the RAS.
The RAS sends the MS the MOB_PAG-ADV message containing the information
received from the ACR.
Then, the MS performs the QCS procedure with the network. For more information on the
QCS procedure, see to Idle Mode → Awake Mode of ‘State Transition.’
4.1.6 Handover
Inter-RAS Handover (HO)
The figure below shows the inter-RAS handover procedure.
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Figure 4.12 Inter-RAS Handover Procedure
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Category
(1)~(3)
Description
To request a handover, the MS sends the current S-RAS (Serving RAS)
the MOB_MSHO-REQ message containing the neighbor BS (RAS) ID and
handover-related parameters. The S-RAS sends the ACR the HO-Request message
containing the MOB_MSHO-REQ parameter received and the context information.
The ACR forwards the HO-Request message to the T-RAS (Target RAS).
(4)~(8)
The T-RAS sends the ACR the HO-Response message containing the capability
information for the T-RAS. The S-RAS sends the MS the MOB_BSHO-RSP message
containing the recommended neighbor BS-IDs, HO-ID, and parameter result value.
(9)~(13)
The MS sends the S-RAS the MOB_HO-IND message containing the HO-IND
type and target BS-ID to provide notification that the handover will be performed.
The S-RAS sends the T-RAS the HO-Confirm message containing the context
information and data integrity information (e.g., buffered SDU SN) for the MS.
(14)~(15)
The T-RAS sends the ACR (authenticator) the Context-Request message to request
the AK Context information. The ACR responds with the Context-Report message
containing the AK context information.
(16)~(21)
The path pre-registration procedure is performed to set up a new data path between
the ACR and T-RAS. In addition, a forwarding path is set up so that the S-RAS can
send the T-RAS the traffic that it has not yet transmitted to the MS. The traffic is
transmitted to the T-RAS.
(22)
When the T-RAS accepts the handover request from the MS, it notifies the MS
of the UL_MAP IE so that the MS can send the HO Ranging Request message
through the uplink.
(23)
The MS sends the T-RAS the RNG-REQ message containing the MAC address,
serving BS-ID, HO indication, etc.
(24)~(26)
The path registration procedure is performed to exchange the SF information that
will be mapped to the data path between the ACR and T-RAS, which was created in
steps (16) to (18). (26) The procedure is performed if the Path PreReg procedure
fails.
(27)
The T-RAS responds with the RNG-RSP message containing the HO Optimization
flag, CID_update, and SA-TEK_update.
(28)~(33)
After the S-RAS has sent all traffic to the T-RAS, the forwarding path is released.
(34)
When receiving the RNG-RSP message successfully, the MS sends the RAS the
Bandwidth Request (BR) MAC PDU as notification.
(35)~(36)
The T-RAS sends the S-RAS the HO-Complete message to provide notification
that the handover has finished.
(37)~(38)
The RAS notifies the ACR, which is the authenticator, of the new
CMAC_KEY_COUNT value updated by the MS.
(39)~(41)
When the handover procedure has finished, the old path between the S-RAS and
ACR is released.
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Inter-ACR Handover (HO)
When performing a handover between ACRs in the same ASN, the path extension through
the R6 interface is considered. Therefore, the procedure for inter-ACR handover is the
same as inter-RAS handover.
Inter-ASN Handover (HO): ASN-Anchored Mobility
Inter-ASN HO is divided into the ASN-anchored mobility method through the R4 interface
and the CSN-anchored mobility method through the R3/R4 interface. The figure below
shows the inter-ASN handover procedure in the ASN-anchored mobility method. The
S-ACR (Serving ACR) carries out the anchor function.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Figure 4.13 Inter-ASN Handover (ASN-Anchored Mobility)
The HO signaling procedure is the same as in inter-RAS HO, but the HO signaling message
exchange steps through the R4 interface are added between the S-ACR and T-ACR (Target
ACR).
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Category
(1)~(4)
Description
To request a handover, the MS sends the current S-RAS (Serving RAS)
the MOB_MSHO-REQ message containing the neighbor BS (RAS) ID and
handover-related parameters.
The S-RAS sends the ACR the HO-Request message containing the
MOB_MSHO-REQ parameter received and the context information. The ACR
forwards the HO-Request message to the T-RAS (Target RAS).
(5)~(11)
The T-RAS sends the ACR the HO-Response message containing the capability
information for the T-RAS. The S-RAS sends the MS the MOB_BSHO-RSP message
containing the recommended neighbor BS-IDs, HO-ID, and parameter result value.
(12)~(18)
The MS sends the S-RAS the MOB_HO-IND message containing the HO-IND
type and target BS-ID to provide notification that the handover will be performed.
The S-RAS sends the T-RAS the HO-Confirm message containing the context
information for the MS.
(19)
When the T-RAS accepts the handover request from the MS, it notifies the MS
of the UL_MAP IE so that the MS can send the HO Ranging Request message
through the uplink.
(20)~(23)
The T-RAS sends the ACR (authenticator) the Context-Request message to request
the AK Context information. The ACR responds with the Context-Report 이 message
containing the AK context information.
(24)~(29)
The path pre-registration procedure is performed to set up a new data path between
the ACR and T-RAS.
(30)
The MS sends the T-RAS the RNG-REQ message containing the MAC address,
serving BS-ID, and HO indication.
(31)~(36)
The path registration procedure is performed to exchange the SF (Service Flow)
information that will be mapped to the data path between the ACR and T-RAS,
which was created in steps (24) to (29). (35)~(36) The procedure is performed if the
Path PreReg procedure fails.
(37)
The T-RAS responds by sending the RNG-RSP message containing the HO
Optimization flag, CID_update, and SA-TEK_update.
(38)
When receiving the RNG-RSP message successfully, the MS sends the RAS the
Bandwidth Request (BR) MAC PDU as notification.
(39)~(41)
The T-RAS sends the S-RAS the HO-Complete message to provide notification
that the handover has finished.
(42)~(45)
The RAS notifies the ACR, which is the authenticator, of the new
CMAC_KEY_COUNT value updated by the MS.
(46)~(48)
When the handover procedure has finished, the old path between the S-RAS and
ACR is released.
Inter-ASN Handover (Inter-ASN HO): CSN-Anchored Mobility
Below is described the inter-ASN HO in the CSN-anchored mobility. The anchor function
is relocated from the S-ACR (Serving ACR) to the T-ACR (Target ACR).
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
The CSN-anchored mobility method consists of the steps through which ASN-anchored
mobility Ho is performed and the authenticator and DPF anchor are relocated to the target
ACR. For convenience, the triggering of relocation by T-ACR is defined as Pull mode, and
the triggering of relocation by S-ACR is defined as Push mode. The Mobile WiMAX
system supports both pull mode and push mode.
The CSN-anchored mobility method complies with the MIP standard. The earlier steps of
the CSN-anchored HO signaling procedure are the same as in the ASN-anchored mobility
HO procedure. The figure below shows the steps after the ASN-anchored HO has been
performed.
Figure 4.14 Inter-ASN Handover (CSN-Anchored Mobility)
Category
(1)~(7)
Description
This is the procedure for relocating the authenticator from the S-ACR to the
T-ACR. The T-ACR triggers the MS to perform the EAP authentication procedure
again with the AAA server. The T-ACR notifies the S-RAS of the authentication
results to finish the authenticator relocation procedure.
(8)~(9)
The T_ACR transmits the context information for the MS to the S_ACR.
(10)~(14)
The authenticator and FA relocation are triggered and the PMIP registration
is processed.
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Category
Description
(15)~(16)
The S-ACR cancels MIP registration of the MS in the HA.
(17)~(20)
S-ACR carries out session release procedure with AAA server using defined AAA
interface protocol.
4.1.7 Disconnection
Disconnection (Awake Mode)
The figure below shows the procedure with which the MS in Awake mode is disconnected
because the power is turned off.
Figure 4.15 Disconnection (Awake Mode)
Category
(1)~(3)
Description
When the MS in Awake mode is turned off, the MS sends the RAS the DREG-REQ
message containing ‘Deregistration code=0,’ and the RAS notifies the ACR of this.
(4)
The ACR performs the procedure for releasing the MIP-related information with
the HA.
(5)~(6)
The ACR notifies the RAS of the result for the power down of the MS, and
releases the data path.
(7)~(10)
The ACR performs the session release procedure with the AAA server using
defined AAA interface protocol.
Disconnection (Idle Mode)
The figure below shows the procedure with which the MS in Idle mode is disconnected
because the power is turned off.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Figure 4.16 Disconnection (Idle Mode)
Category
(1)~(5)
Description
When the MS in Idle mode is turned off, the MS sends the RAS the RNG-REQ
message containing the power down indicator, and the RAS notifies the ACR of
this. The ACR deletes the information for the MS.
(6)
The ACR performs the procedure for releasing the MIP-related information with
the HA.
(7)~(8)
The ACR performs the session release procedure with the AAA server using
defined AAA interface protocol.
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4.2 Call Processing Message Flow(LTE)
In TD-LTE, the message flows for the attach, service request, detach, and handover
procedures are as follows.
4.2.1 Attach
The message flow for attach procedure is illustrated below.
Figure 4.17 Attach Procedure
Step
1)
2)~4)
Description
The UE performs the Random Access procedure (TS 36.321, 5.1) with the eNB.
The UE initializes the RRC Connection Establishment procedure (TS 36.331, 5.3.3).
The UE includes the ATTACH REQUEST message, which is an NAS message, in
the RRCConnectionSetupComplete message, which is an RRC message, and sends
it to the eNB.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Step
5)
Description
The eNB requests the MME from the RRC elements. The eNB includes the ATTACH
REQUEST message in the INITIAL UE MESSAGE, which is an S1-MME control
message, and sends it to the MME.
6)
If there is no UE context for the UE in the network, integrity is not protected for the
ATTACH REQUEST message, or the integrity check fails, authentication and NAS
security setup are always performed.
The UE performs the EPS Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) procedure (TS
33.401, 6.1.1) with the MME. The MME sets up an NAS security association with the
UE using the NAS Security Mode Command (SMC) procedure (TS 33.401, 7.2.4.4).
7)~8)
The MME selects the P-GW and S-GW. The MME sends the Create Session Request
message to the S-GW.
From this step to step 17, the S-GW keeps the downlink packet received from the
P-GW until the Modify Bearer Request message is received. The S-GW returns the
Create Session Request message to the MME.
9)
The MME includes the ATTACH REQUEST message in the INITIAL CONTEXT
SETUP REQUEST message, which is an S1-MME control message, and sends it to
the eNB. This S1 message also includes the AS security context information for the
UE. This information starts the AS SMC procedure at the RRC level.
10)~12)
If the UE Radio Capability IE value is not contained in the INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP
REQUEST message, the eNB starts the procedure for obtaining the UE Radio
Capability value from the UE and then sends the execution result to the MME.
13)~14)
The eNB sends the SecurityModeCommand message to the UE and then the UE
replies with the SecurityModeComplete message. In the eNB, the downlink encryption
must be started after the SecurityModeCommand message has been sent, and the
uplink decryption must be started after the SecurityModeComplete message has
been received.
In the UE, the uplink encryption must be started after the SecurityModeComplete
message has been sent, and the downlink decryption must be started after the
SecurityModeCommand message has been received (TS 33.401, 7.2.4.5).
15)~16)
The eNB includes the ATTACH ACCEPT message in the RRCConnectionReconfiguration message and sends it to the UE. The UE sends the
RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete message to the eNB. After receiving the
ATTACH ACCEPT message, the UE can send uplink packets to both of the S-GW
and P-GW via the eNB.
17)
18)~19)
The eNB sends the INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP RESPONSE message to the MME.
The UE includes the ATTACH COMPLETE message in the ULInformationTransfer
message and sends it to the eNB. The eNB includes the ATTACH COMPLETE
message in the UPLINK NAS TRANSPORT message and relays it to the MME.
20)~21)
After receiving both of the INITIAL CONTEXT RESPONSE message at step 17 and
the ATTACH COMPLETE message at step 19, the MME sends the Modify Bearer
Request message to the S-GW. The S-GW sends the Modify Bearer Response
message to the MME.
S-GW can send the stored downlink packet.
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4.2.2 Service Request
Service Request by the UE
The message flow for service request procedure by UE is illustrated below.
Figure 4.18 Service Request Procedure by UE
Step
Description
1)
The UE performs the Random Access procedure with the eNB.
2)~4)
The UE includes the SERVICE REQUEST message, which is an NAS message, in the
RRC message sent to the eNB and sends it to the MME.
5)
The eNB includes the SERVICE REQUEST message in the INITIAL UE MESSAGE,
which is an S1-AP message, and sends it to the MME.
6)
If there is no UE context for the UE in the network, integrity is not protected for the
ATTACH REQUEST message, or the integrity check fails, authentication and NAS
security setup are always performed.
The UE performs the EPS Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) procedure (TS
33.401, 6.1.1) with the MME. The MME sets up an NAS security association with the
UE using the NAS Security Mode Command (SMC) procedure (TS 33.401, 7.2.4.4).
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Step
7)
Description
The MME sends the INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST message, which is an
S1-AP message, to the eNB. In this step, radio and S1 bearer are activated for all
activated EPS bearers.
8)~11)
The eNB sets up the RRC radio bearers. The user plane security is set up at this step.
The uplink data sent by the UE is relayed from the eNB to the S-GW. The eNB sends
the uplink data to the S-GW, and then the S-GW relays it to the P-GW.
12)
The eNB sends the INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP RESPONSE message, which is an
S1–AP message to the MME.
13)~14)
The MME sends the Modify Bearer Request message for each PDN connection to the
S-GW. Now, the S-GW can send the downlink data to the UE. The S-GW sends the
Modify Bearer Response message to the MME.
Service Request by Network
The message flow for service request procedure by network is illustrated below.
Figure 4.19 Service Request Procedure by Network
Step
1)~2)
Description
When receiving a downlink data packet that should be sent to a UE while the user plane
is not connected to that UE, the S-GW sends the Downlink Data Notification message
to the MME which has the control plane connection to that UE. The MME issues the
Downlink Data Notification Acknowledge message to the S-GW in response.
If the S-GW receives additional downlink data packet for the UE, this data packet is
stored and no new Downlink Data Notification is sent.
3)~4)
If the UE is registered with the MME, the MME sends the PAGING message to all eNBs
which belong to the TA where the UE is registered. If the eNB receives the PAGING
message from the MME, it sends the paging message to the UE.
5)
If the UE in idle mode is paged via the E-UTRAN connection, the Service Request
procedure is initiated by the UE. The S-GW sends the downlink data to the UE via the
RAT which has performed the Service Request procedure.
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4.2.3 Detach
Detach by UE
The message flow for Detach procedure by UE is illustrated below.
Figure 4.20 Detach Procedure by UE
Step
1)~2)
Description
The UE sends the DETACH REQUEST message, which is an NAS message, to the
MME. This NAS message is used to start setting up an S1 connection when the UE is
in Idle mode.
3)
The active EPS bearers and their context information for the UE and MME which are in
the S-GW are deactivated when the MME sends the Delete Session Request message
for each PDN connection to the S-GW.
4)
When receiving the Delete Session Request message from the MME, the S-GW releases
the related EPS bearer context information and replies with the Delete Session Response
message.
5)~6)
If the detachment procedure has been triggered by reasons other than disconnection of
power, the MME sends the DETACH ACCEPT message to the UE.
7)
The MME sets the Cause IE value of the UE CONTEXT RELEASE COMMAND message
to ‘Detach’ and sends this message to the eNB to release the S1-MME signal connection
for the UE.
8)
If the RRC connection has not yet been released, the eNB sends the
RRCConnectionRelease message to the UE in requested reply mode. Once a reply to
this message is received from the UE, the eNB removes the UE context.
9)
The eNB returns the UE CONTEXT RELEASE COMPLETE message to the MME and
confirms that S1 is released. By doing this, the signal connection between the MME and
eNB for the UE is released. This step must be performed immediately after step 7.
Detach by the MME
The message flow for Detach procedure by MME is illustrated below.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Figure 4.21 Detach Procedure by MME
Step
1)~2)
Description
The MME detaches the UE implicitly if there is no communication between them for a
long time.
In case of the implicit detach, the MME does not send the DETACH REQUEST message
to the UE. If the UE is in the connected state, the MME sends the DETACH REQUEST
message to the UE to detach it explicitly.
3)
The active EPS bearers and their context information for the UE and MME which are in
the S-GW are deactivated when the MME sends the Delete Session Request message
for each PDN connection to the S-GW.
4)
When receiving the Delete Session Request message from the MME, the S-GW releases
the related EPS bearer context information and replies with the Delete Session Response
message.
5)~6)
If the UE has received the DETACH REQUEST message from the MME in step 2,
it sends the DETACH ACCEPT message to the MME. The eNB forwards this NAS
message to the MME.
7)
After receiving both of the DETACH ACCEPT message and the Delete Session
Response message, the MME sets the Cause IE value of the UE CONTEXT RELEASE
COMMAND message to ‘Detach’ and sends this message to the eNB to release the
S1 connection for the UE.
8)
If the RRC connection has not yet been released, the eNB sends the
RRCConnectionRelease message to the UE in Requested Reply mode. Once a reply to
this message is received from the UE, the eNB removes the UE context.
9)
The eNB returns the UE CONTEXT RELEASE COMPLETE message to the MME and
confirms that S1 is released. Through this, the signaling connection between the MME
and eNB for the UE is released. This step must be performed immediately after step 7.
4.2.4 Handover
X2-based Handover
The message flow for X2 based handover procedure is illustrated below.
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Figure 4.22 X2 Based Handover Procedure
Step
1)
Description
The UE sends the MeasurementReport message according to the system information,
standards and rules. The source eNB determines whether to perform the UE handover
based on the MeasurementReport message and the radio resource management
information.
2)
The source eNB sends the HANDOVER REQUEST message and the information
required for handover to the target eNB. The target eNB can perform management
control in accordance with the E-RAB QoS information received.
3)~4)
The target eNB creates the RRCConnectionReconfiguration message which contains
the mobileControlInfo IE for preparing and executing the handover. The target eNB
includes the RRCConnectionReconfiguration message in the HANDOVER REQUEST
ACKNOWLEDGE message and sends it to the source eNB. The source eNB sends the
RRCConnectionReconfiguration message and the necessary parameters to the UE
to command it to perform the handover.
5)
To relay the uplink PDCP SN receiver status and the downlink PDCP SN transmitter
status of the E-RABs of which the PDCP status must be preserved, the source eNB
sends the SN STATUS TRANSFER message to the target eNB.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Step
6)
Description
After receiving the RRCConnectionReconfiguration message containing
mobileControlInfo IE, the UE performs synchronization with the target eNB and connects
to the target cell via a Random Access Channel (RACH). The target eNB replies with
UL allocation and a timing advance value.
7)
After successfully connecting to the target cell, the UE uses the RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete message to notify the target eNB that the handover procedure
is complete.
8)
After successfully connecting to the target cell, the UE uses the RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete message to notify the target eNB that the handover procedure
is complete.
9)~10)
The MME sends the Modify Bearer Request message to the S-GW. The S-GW changes
the downlink data path into the target eNB. The S-GW sends at least one ‘end marker’
to the source eNB through the previous path, and releases the user plane resources
for the source eNB.
The S-GW sends the Modify Bearer Response message to the MME.
11)
The MME acknowledges the PATH SWITCH REQUEST message by issuing the PATH
SWITCH REQUEST ACKNOWLEDGE message.
12)
The target eNB sends the UE CONTEXT RELEASE message to the source eNB to notify
that the handover has successful and to make the source eNB release its resources. If
the source eNB receives the UE CONTEXT RELEASE message, it releases the radio
resources and the control plane resources related to the UE context.
S1-based Handover
The message flow for S1 based handover procedure is illustrated below.
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Figure 4.23 S1-based Handover Procedure
Step
1)
Description
The source eNB determines whether to perform S1-based handover to the target eNB.
The source eNB can make this decision if there is no X2 connection to the target eNB or
if an error is notified by the target eNB after an X2-based handover has failed, or if the
source eNB dynamically receives the related information.
2)
The source eNB sends the HANDOVER REQUIRED message to the MME. The source
eNB notifies the target eNB which bearer is used for data forwarding and whether direct
forwarding from the source eNB to the target eNB is possible.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Step
3)~4)
Description
The MME sends the HANDOVER REQUEST message to the target eNB. This
message makes the target eNB create a UE context containing the bearer-related
information and the security context. The target eNB sends the HANDOVER REQUEST
ACKNOWLEDGE message to the MME.
5)~6)
If indirect forwarding is used, the MME sends the Create Indirect Data Forwarding
Tunnel Request message to the S-GW. The S-GW replies the MME with the Create
Indirect Data Forwarding Tunnel Response message.
7)~8)
The MME sends the HANDOVER COMMAND message to the source eNB. The source
eNB creates the RRCConnectionReconfiguration message using the Target to Source
Transparent Container IE value contained in the HANDOVER COMMAND message and
then sends it to the UE.
9)~10)
To relay the PDCP and HFN status of the E-RABs of which the PDCP status must be
preserved, the source eNB sends the eNB/MME STATUS TRANSFER message to the
target eNB via the MME. The source eNB must start forwarding the downlink data to the
target eNB through the bearer which was determined to be used for data forwarding.
This can be either direct or indirect forwarding.
11)
The UE performs synchronization with the target eNB and connects to the target cell via
the RACH. The target eNB replies with UL allocation and a timing advance value.
12)
After successfully synchronizing with the target cell, the UE uses the
RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete message to notify the target eNB that the
handover procedure is complete. The downlink packets forwarded by the source eNB
can be sent to the UE. The uplink packets can also be sent from the UE to the S-GW
via the target eNB.
13)
The target eNB sends the HANDOVER NOTIFY message to the MME. The MME starts
the timer which tells when the source eNB resources and the temporary resources used
for indirect forwarding at S-GW will be released.
14)
The MME sends the Modify Bearer Request message for each PDN connection to the
S-GW. Downlink packets are sent immediately from the S-GW to the target eNB.
15)
The S-GW sends the Modify Bearer Response message to the MME. If the target eNB
changes the path for assisting packet resorting, the S-GW immediately sends at least
one ‘end marker’ packet to the previous path.
16)
If any of the conditions listed in section 5.3.3.0 of TS 23.401 (6) is met, the UE starts the
Tracking Area Update procedure.
17)~18)
When the timer started at step 13 expires, the MME sends the UE CONTEXT RELEASE
COMMAND message to the source eNB. The source eNB releases the resources
related to the UE and replies with the UE CONTEXT RELEASE COMPLETE message.
19)~20)
If indirect forwarding is used and when the timer started by the MME at step 13 expires,
the MME sends the Delete Indirect Data Forwarding Tunnel Request message to the
S-GW. This message makes the S-GW release the temporary resources allocated
for indirect forwarding at step 5.
The S-GW replies the MME with the Delete Indirect Data Forwarding Tunnel Response
message.
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Inter-RAT Handover_LTE to HRPD PS Handover
Inter-RAT Handover_ LTE to HRPD PS Handover
Figure 4.24 PS Handover Procedure from E-UTRAN to HRPD
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Step
1)
Description
The UE determines to start pre-registration process to a potential target HRPD network.
When the pre-registration procedure is performed, the UE can configure and maintain a
dormant session to the target HRPD network while it is attached to the E-UTRAN/MME.
2)
The HRPD AN creates a signal relationship with the UE through the A10/A11 interface
of HS-GW and HRPD network.
3)
The UE, HS-GW, and 3GPP AAA servers authenticate the UE in the HRPD system
by exchanging EAP-AKA signal.
4)
The UE and HS-GW configures a context to support bearer traffic environment used
in the E-UTRAN by exchanging signals.
5)
If session management is required even before handover decision, the UE or HRPD
AN can perform session management by tunneling a HRPD session management
message on S101.
6)
The E-UTRAN determines handover by receiving MeasurementReport from the UE.
7)
The handover decision is sent to the UE through the HandoverFromEUTRAPreparationRequest message.
8)
The UE sends the ULHandoverPreparationTransfer message to the E-UTRAN. The
HRPD ConnectionRequest message is sent to the HRPD AN to acquire information
required to connect to the HRPD transmission channel.
9)
The E-UTRAN includes the HRPD ConnectionRequest message in the UPLINK S1
CDMA2000 TUNNELING message and sends it to the MME. The E-UTRAN includes
CDMA2000 HO Required Indication IE, which notifies MME to prepare for handover,
in the UPLINK S1 CDMA2000 TUNNELING message.
10)
The MME determines the HRPD AN address and includes HRPD ConnectionRequest
message in the Direct Transfer Request message and sends it to the HRPD AN.
11)
The HRPD AN allocates a requested radio connection resource and asks for a
forwarding address to the HS-GW. The HS-GW replies back with HS-GW address and
GRE key(s) which are intended for forwarding traffic on the S103.
12)
The HRPD AN includes the HRPD TrafficChannelAssignment message in the Direct
Transfer Request message and sends it to the MME. It sends both HS-GW address and
GRE key(s) if data forwarding is applicable.
13)~14)
If the Direct Transfer Request message includes HS-GW address and GRE key(s),
the MME determines S1-U bearer to be forwarded to the HRPD, and it sends Create
Indirect Data Forwarding Tunnel Request message to the S-GW to set a resource for
indirect forwarding. The S-GW secures data forwarding resource for the S103 and
allocates a forwarding address for S1 to the Create Indirect Data Forwarding Tunnel
Response message.
15)
The MME includes the HRPD TrafficChannel- Assignment message in the DOWNLINK
S1 CDMA2000 TUNNELING message and sends it to the E-UTRAN.
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Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description/Ver.1.0
Step
16)
Description
The E-UTRAN includes the HRPD TrafficChannelAssignment message in the
MobilityFromEUTRACommand message and sends it to the UE. The UE recognizes
this message as a handover command message. The E-UTRAN starts to send downlink
data packets to the S-GW and the S-GW sends these packets to the HS-GW through
the S103 tunnel.
17)
The UE tunes a radio signal to the HRPD AN and acquires a transmission channel.
18)
The UE sends the HRPD TrafficChannelComplete message to the HRPD AN.
19)~20)
The HRPD AN sends A11 request signal to the HS-GW to make it start to set up a user
plane connection between the HRPD AN and the HS-GW. The P-GW switches the flow
from S-GW to HS-GW. The HS-GW sends A11 reply signal to the HRPD AN.
21)~22)
The HRPD AN includes the ’HO Complete’ in the Notification Request message and
sends it to the MME. The MME replies to the HRPD AN by using the Notification
Response message. The MME starts the timer which will notify the S-GW when it will
release the EPS bearer resource and a resource which was used for indirect forwarding.
23)~24)
The MME releases UE context at the E-UTRAN.
25)~28)
If any one of the timers which were started in Step 22 is expired, the MME sends the
Delete Session Request message to the S-GW to release the S-GW resource. The
S-GW notifies resource release by using the Delete Session Response message. The
MME sends the Delete Indirect Data Forwarding Tunnel Request message to the S-GW
to make it release a temporary resource which was used for indirect forwarding. The
S-GW replies the MME with the Delete Indirect Data Forwarding Tunnel Response
message.
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
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CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
4.3 Network Synchronization Message Flow
The TD-LTE Flexible system uses GPS for the system synchronization. The UCCM of the
MMA-G, which is the GPS reception module, creates the clock with the clock information
received from a GPS and then distributes the clock to each hardware module in the TD-LTE
Flexible system.
Clock information required by the RRH is sent from the MRA-F through ‘Digital I/Q and C
& M’, and the RRH recovers clock information from the signals to create necessary clocks.
Figure 4.25 Network Synchronization Flow of TD-LTE Flexible system
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ⓒ SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description/Ver.1.0
4.4 Alarm Signal Flow
The detection of failures in the TD-LTE Flexible system can be implemented by hardware
interrupt or software polling method. The failures generated in the TD-LTE Flexible system
are reported to the management system via the SNMP trap message.
Failure Alarm Types
• System Failure Alarms
Time Sync Fail, Fan Fail, Temperature High, etc.
• Board Failure Alarms
– Hardware Failure Alarms: FUNCTION FAIL, BOARD DELETION, etc.
– Software Failure Alarms: COMMUNICATION FAIL, PORT DOWN, CPU
OVERLOAD, etc.
• RRH Failure Alarms
LOW GAIN, OVER POWER, VSWR FAIL, PLL UNLOCK, RRH INTERFACE FAIL,
etc.
• UDA
Support of 24 UDA
Failure Report Message Flow
The main OAM (UFM) collects the failures detected from each board and UDA interface of
the TD-LTE Flexible system and notifies them to the management system. At this time,
it only reports the upper failure information by using the failure filtering function. If it
receives the command to inhibit the report for a specific failure or all system failures from
the management system, it does not report the failure report.
The flows for the failure detection and the report message are as shown in the figures below:
Figure 4.26 Alarm Signal Flow of TD-LTE Flexible system
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
4-39
CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Figure 4.27 Alarm and Control Structure of TD-LTE Flexible system
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ⓒ SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description/Ver.1.0
4.5 Loading Message Flow
Loading is the procedure to download the software execution files and the data from the
IS, which are required to perform each function of each processor and each device of
the TD-LTE Flexible system. Loading the TD-LTE Flexible system is performed in the
procedure of initializing the system.
In addition, if a specific board is mounted on the system or the hardware is reset, or if the
operator of the upper management system reboots a specific board, loading is performed.
Loading is classified into two types, one is loading by using its own non-volatile storage
and the other is loading by using the remote IS. When the system is initialized for the first
time, the TD-LTE Flexible system receives the loading by using the remote IS, and after
this, saves the corresponding information in the internal storage, and backs up the recent
information periodically, and then it is available to avoid unnecessary loading. After the
first initialization, if the information saved in its own storage is the recent information by
comparing the version, the TD-LTE Flexible system does not receive the remote loading.
The loaded information includes the software image which is configured with the execution
file and the script file, the configuration information, the PLD related to the operation
parameter and various configuration files. Among them, all the information required for
the static routing function of the TD-LTE Flexible system is saved in its own storage as
the startup configure file format, and provides the information required at the time of the
initialization.
Loading Procedure
To perform the loading procedure when initializing the TD-LTE Flexible system, the loader
performs the followings first. (Pre-loading)
• Boot-up
The booter of the Flash ROM loads the kernel and the Root File System (RFS) from the
flash ROM to the RAM Disk, and performs the kernel.
• IP configuration
The IP address information is acquired from the flash ROM and is set to communicate
with the first upper management system. When auto initialization, TD-LTE Flexible
system acquires automatically L3 information such as IP address, subnet mask and
gateway IP address for communication by using DHCP. TD-LTE Flexible system
acquires IP address of additional information server, and then receives the NE ID and
IP address of RS from the additional information server.
• Registration
The NE is registered to the RS, and the IP address of the IS is acquired during the
registration.
• Version Comparison
The version of the software image and the version of the PLD saved in the remote IS
and in the internal storage are compared, and the location where to perform loading
is determined from that.
• File List Download
The list of the files to be loaded is downloaded for each board.
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
4-41
CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
Loading Message Flow
After performing the pre-loading procedure, if the method of loading is determined, the
Main OAM (ULM) of the MMA-G which performs the operation and the maintenance
of the entire TD-LTE Flexible system performs loading by using the FTP/SFTP to the
corresponding IS (remote ID or its own storage). Then, the Main OAM (ULM) becomes the
internal image server for the lower board and performs the loading procedure.
The information on the software loaded in the TD-LTE Flexible system can be checked
in the upper management system.
The loading message flow is as the following figure:
Figure 4.28 Loading Message Flow
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ⓒ SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description/Ver.1.0
4.6 Operation and Maintenance Message Flow
An operator can check and change the status of the TD-LTE Flexible system by means of the
management system. To this end, the TD-LTE Flexible system provides the SNMP agent
function. The function enables the WSM operator to perform the operation and maintenance
function of the TD-LTE Flexible system at remote site by using the SNMP.
In addition, the operator can perform Web-EMT based maintenance function by using a
Web browser in a console terminal or IMISH based maintenance function by using the SSH
connection. However, grow/degrow, paging information change and neighbor list change
functions are only available on WSM.
The statistical information provided by the TD-LTE Flexible system are provided to the
operator according to collection period and the real-time monitoring function for a specific
statistical item specified by the operator is, also, provided.
Operation and Maintenance Message Flow
The operation and maintenance of the TD-LTE Flexible system is carried out via the SNMP
get/get_next/get_bulk/set/trap message between the SNMP agent on the main OAM and the
SNMP manager of the WSM. The TD-LTE Flexible system deals with various operation
and maintenance messages received from the SNMP manager of the management system,
transfers the results and reports the events, such as failure generation or status change,
in real time as applicable.
The statistical information is provided as statistical file format in unit of BI and the
collection period can be specified as one of 15, 30 and 60 minutes.
The OAM signal flow is as shown in the figure below:
Figure 4.29 Operation and Maintenance Signal Flow
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
4-43
CHAPTER 4. Message Flow
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4-44
ⓒ SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description
CHAPTER 5. Additional Function and
Tool
5.1 Web-EMT
The Web-EMT is a type of GUI-based consol terminals and the tool to access the TD-LTE
Flexible system directly, monitor the device status and perform operation and maintenance.
An operator can execute the Web-EMT only with Internet Explorer and the installation
of additional software is not necessary. In addition, GUI is provided in HTTPs protocol
type internally.
Figure 5.1 Web-EMT Interface
The Web-EMT enables the operator to restart the TD-LTE Flexible system or internal
boards, inquire/set configuration and operation parameters, carry out status and failure
monitoring and perform the diagnosis function. However, the functions for resource
grow/degrow or the changes of the operation information concerned with neighbor list are
only available on the WSM managing the entire network and the loading image.
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
5-1
CHAPTER 5. Additional Function and Tool
This page is intentionally left blank.
5-2
ⓒ SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description
ABBREVIATION
AAA
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
ACR
Access Control Router
ADC
Analog to Digital Conversion
AGC
Automatic Gain Control
AISG
Antenna Interface Standards Group
AM
Acknowledged Mode
AMBR
Aggregated Maximum Bit Rate
AMC
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
API
Application Programming Interface
ARQ
Automatic Repeat request
AS
Access Stratum
ASN
Access Service Network
BI
Bucket Interval
BP
Board Processor
C&M
Control & Management
CAC
Call Admission Control
CC
Call Control
CC
Chase Combining
CID
Connection Identifier
CLEI
Common Language Equipment Identifier
CLIM
Command Line Interface Management
CLLI
Common Language Location Identifier
CMIP
Client Mobile IP
CoS
Class of Service
CPS
Call Processing Software
CSAB
CPS SON Agent Block
CSN
Connectivity Service Network
CTC
Convolutional Turbo Code
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
ABBREVIATION
DAM
Diameter AAA Management
DCD
Downlink Channel Descriptor
DD
Device Driver
DFT
Discrete Fourier Transform
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DL
Downlink
DL-MAP
Downlink-MAP
DMB
Digital Main Block
DPM-FI
DC Power Module -Flexible Indoor
DST
Daylight Saving Time
E/O
Electrical to Optic
EAP
Extensible Authentication Protocol
ECCB
eNB Call Control Block
ECMB
eNB Common Management Block
ECS
eNB Control processing Subsystem
EDS
eNB Data processing Subsystem
EMI
Electro-Magnetic Interference
EMI
EMS Interface
EMS
Element Management System
EPC
Evolved Packet Core
E-UTRAN
Evolved-UTRAN
FA
Foreign Agent
FA
Frequency Allocation
FAN-FD48
FAN-Flexible Digital unit -48 VDC
FE
Fast Ethernet
FEC
Forward Error Correction
FFT
Fast Fourier Transform
FRP
Frequency Reuse Pattern
GBIC
Gigabit Interface Converter
GBR
Guaranteed Bit Rate
GE
Gigabit Ethernet
GERAN
GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GPS
Global Positioning System
GPSR
GPS Receiver
GRE
Generic Routing Encryption
GTPB
GPRS Tunneling Protocol Block
II
ⓒ SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description/Ver.1.0
GUI
Graphical User Interface
HA
Home Agent
H-ARQ
Hybrid-Automatic Repeat request
HO
Handover
HTTPs
Hypertext Transfer Protocol over SSL
ICIC
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
IDFT
Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IMISH
Integrated Management Interface Shell
IP
Internet Protocol
IPRS
IP Routing Software
IR
Incremental Redundancy
IS
Image Server
LSM-C
LTE System Manager-Core
LTE
Long Term Evolution
MAC
Medium Access Control
MACB
Medium Access Control Block
MBB-F
Mobile WiMAX base station Backplane Board-Flexible
MBR
Maximum Bit Rate
MCS
Modulation and Coding Scheme
MEI-B
Mobile WiMAX base station External Interface board assembly-Basic
MIB
Master Information Block
MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output
MIP
Mobile IP
MLPPP
Multi Link Point to Point Protocol
MMA-G
Mobile WiMAX base station Main control board Assembly-General
MME
Mobility Management Entity
MRA-F
Mobile WiMAX base station RAS board Assembly-Flexible
MRA-L
Mobile WiMAX base station RAS board Assembly-LTE
MS
Mobile Station
MU
Multi-User
MW
Middleware
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
III
ABBREVIATION
NAS
Non-Access Stratum
NE
Network Element
NP
Network Processor
NPS
Network Processor Software
NWG
Network Working Group
O/E
Optic to Electrical
OAGS
Common SNMP Agent Subagent
OAM
Operation And Maintenance
OCM
Common Configuration Management
OER
Common Event Router
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OPM
Common Performance Management
OS
Operating System
OSSM
Common Subscription Service Management
PAPR
Peak to Average Power Ratio
PBA
Panel Board Assembly
PCB
Printed Circuit Board
PCEF
Policy and Charging Enforcement Function
PCRF
Policy & Charging Rules Function
PDCB
PDCP Control Block
PDCP
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDU
Protocol Data Unit
PF
Proportional Fair
PGID
Paging Cycle, Paging Offset
PHY
Physical Layer
PLD
Programmable Loading Data
PLER
Packet Loss Error Rate
PMI
Precoding Matrix Indicator
PMIP
Proxy Mobile IP
PP2S
Pulse Per 2 Seconds
PPP
Point to Point Protocol
PRB
Physical Resource Block
QAM
Quadrature Amplifier Modulation
QCI
QoS Class Identifier
QCS
Quick Connection Setup
QoS
Quality of Service
IV
ⓒ SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible System Description/Ver.1.0
RAS
Radio Access Station
RB
Radio Bearer
RDM
RAS Diagnosis Management
RFS
Root File System
RLCB
Radio Link Control Block
ROHC
Robust Header Compression
RRC
RAS Resource Controller
RRH
Remote Radio Head
RS
Registration Server
RSC
RAS Service Controller
RSSI
Received Signal Strength Indicator
RTC
RAS Traffic Controller
SAE
System Architecture Evolution
SBC
Subscriber Station Basic Capacity
SC
Single Carrier
SCTB
SCTP Block
SDU
Service Data Unit
SFBC
Space Frequency Block Coding
SFF
Small Form Factor Fixed
SFP
Small Form Factor Pluggable
SFTP
Secure File Transfer Protocol
S-GW
Serving Gateway
SIBs
System Information Blocks
SMFS
Samsung Mobile WiMAX U-RAS Flexible Shelf assembly
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol
SNMPD
SNMP Daemon
SSH
Secure Shell
SSL
Secure Sockets Layer
STBC
Space Time Block Coding
SU
Single User
TA
Tracking Area
TCA
Threshold Cross Alert
TDD
Time Division Duplex
UCCM
Universal Core Clock Module
UCD
Uplink Channel Descriptor
UDA
User Defined Alarm
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
ABBREVIATION
UDE
User Define Ethernet
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
UE
User Equipment
UFM
Common Fault Management
UL
Uplink
ULM
Universal Loading Management
UL-MAP
Uplink-MAP
VIF
Virtual Interface
VLAN
Virtual Local Area Network
Web-EMT
Web-based Element Maintenance Terminal
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network
WSM
Mobile WiMAX System Manager
ZCS
Zero Code Suppression
VI
ⓒ SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
Mobile WiMAX/TD-LTE BS TD-LTE Flexible
System Description
©2012 SAMSUNG Electronics Co,. LTD.
All rights reserved.
Information in this manual is proprietary to SAMSUNG Electronics
Co., Ltd.
No information contained here may be copied, translated,
transcribed or duplicated by any form without the prior written
consent of SAMSUNG.
Information in this manual is subject to change without notice.
MPE Information
Warning: rf exposure is subject to routine evaluation at time of licensing.
ⓒ SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.

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