Samsung Electronics Co SLS-BU102 eSmallCell (enterprise SmallCell) User Manual

Samsung Electronics Co Ltd eSmallCell (enterprise SmallCell)

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User Manual

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LTE eSmallCell

System Description

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This manual is proprietary to SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd. and is protected by copyright.

No information contained herein may be copied, translated, transcribed or duplicated for any commercial

purposes or disclosed to the third party in any form without the prior written consent of SAMSUNG Electronics

Co., Ltd.

TRADEMARKS

Product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective

companies.

This manual should be read and used as a guideline for properly installing and operating the product.

All reasonable care has been made to ensure that this document is accurate. If you have any comments on

this manual, please contact our documentation centre at the following address:

Address: Document & Training Center 3rd Floor Jeong-bo-tong-sin-dong. 129, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-

si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea 443-742

Homepage: http://www.samsungdocs.com

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

Purpose

This description describes the characteristics, features and structure of the enterprise

SmallCell (eSmallCell), an LTE eNB.

Document Content and Organization

This manual consists of four Chapters and a list of Abbreviations.

CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture

y eSmallCell Network Configuration

y Interface Specifications

CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure

y Introduction to eSmallCell

y eSmallCell (L7IA)

y External Interface

y Cables and Antennas

y Mount Bracket

y Specifications

CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure

y Software Structure

y Data Traffic Flow

y Network Sync Flow

y Alarm Signal Flow

y Loading Flow

y Operation and Maintenance Message Flow

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INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER 4. System Functions

y Physical Layer Processing

y Interference Mitigation

y Call Processing Function

y Closed Subscriber Groups (CSG) Function

y IP Processing

y Over the Air Receiver (OTAR) based GPS Locking Assistance Function

y Plug and Play Function

y Self Organizing Network (SON)

y Security

y Easy Operation and Maintenance

ABBREVIATION

Describes the acronyms used in this manual.

Conventions

The following types of paragraphs contain special information that must be carefully read

and thoroughly understood. Such information may or may not be enclosed in a rectangular

box, separating it from the main text, but is always preceded by an icon and/or a bold title.

NOTE

Indicates additional information as a reference.

WEEE Symbol Information

This marking on the product, accessories or literature indicates that the product and

its electronic accessories (e.g. charger, headset, USB cable) should not be disposed

of with other household waste at the end of their working life. To prevent possible

harm to the environment or human health from uncontrolled waste disposal, please

separate these items from other types of waste and recycle them responsibly to

promote the sustainable reuse of material resources.

Household users should contact either the retailer where they purchased this product, or their

local government office, for details of where and how they can take these items for

environmentally safe recycling.

Business users should contact their supplier and check the terms and conditions of the purchase

contract. This product and its electronic accessories should not be mixed with other commercial

wastes for disposal.

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INTRODUCTION

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BATTERY Symbol Information

Correct disposal of batteries in this product

(Applicable in countries with separate collection systems.)

The marking on the battery, manual or packaging indicates that the battery in this product should

not be disposed of with other household waste. Where marked, the chemical symbols Hg, Cd or

Pb indicate that the battery contains mercury, cadmium or lead above the reference levels in EC

Directive 2006/66.

The battery incorporated in this product is not user replaceable. For information on its

replacement, please contact your service provider. Do not attempt to remove the battery or

dispose it in a fire. Do not disassemble, crush, or puncture the battery. If you intend to discard the

product, the waste collection site will take the appropriate measures for the recycling and

treatment of the product, including the battery.

Revision History

VERSION DATE OF ISSUE REMARKS

1.0 09. 2013. First Version

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3

Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 3

Document Content and Organization .................................................................................................... 3

Conventions ........................................................................................................................................... 4

WEEE Symbol Information .................................................................................................................... 4

BATTERY Symbol Information .............................................................................................................. 5

Revision History ..................................................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture 9

1.1 eSmallCell Network Configuration ........................................................................................... 9

1.2 Interface Specifications .......................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure 15

2.1 Introduction to eSmallCell ...................................................................................................... 15

2.2 eSmallCell (L7IA) ..................................................................................................................... 16

2.3 External Interface .................................................................................................................... 19

2.4 Cables and Antennas .............................................................................................................. 20

2.5 Mount Bracket ......................................................................................................................... 24

2.6 Specifications .......................................................................................................................... 25

CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure 27

3.1 Basic Software Structure ........................................................................................................ 27

3.1.1 CPS Block ............................................................................................................................... 29

3.1.2 OAM Blocks ............................................................................................................................. 31

3.2 Data Traffic Flow ...................................................................................................................... 33

3.3 Network Sync Flow.................................................................................................................. 34

3.4 Alarm Signal Flow ................................................................................................................... 35

3.5 Loading Flow ........................................................................................................................... 36

3.6 Operation and Maintenance Message Flow .......................................................................... 37

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CHAPTER 4. System Functions 38

4.1 Physical Layer Processing .................................................................................................... 38

4.2 Interference Mitigation ........................................................................................................... 41

4.3 Call Processing Function ....................................................................................................... 42

4.4 CSG Function .......................................................................................................................... 44

4.5 IP Processing .......................................................................................................................... 46

4.6 OTAR based GPS Locking Assistance Function .................................................................. 47

4.7 Plug and Play Function .......................................................................................................... 48

4.8 SON Function .......................................................................................................................... 49

4.9 Security .................................................................................................................................... 50

4.10 Easy Operation and Maintenance ......................................................................................... 52

ABBREVIATION 53

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. LTE eSmallCell Network Architecture ........................................................................... 9

Figure 2. S1 Protocol Stack_Control Plane (S1-MME) ............................................................... 12

Figure 3. S1 Protocol Stack_Control Plane (S1-MME) ............................................................... 12

Figure 4. Uu Protocol Stack ....................................................................................................... 13

Figure 5. X2 Protocol Stack ....................................................................................................... 13

Figure 6. Protocol Stack for Interworking with Small Cell EMS .................................................. 14

Figure 7. eSmallCell Configuration ............................................................................................ 15

Figure 8. Internal Configuration of eSmallCell ........................................................................... 16

Figure 9. External Interface of eSmallCell .................................................................................. 19

Figure 10. eSmallCell Ethernet Cable Connection ..................................................................... 20

Figure 11. GPS and RF Cable Connection ................................................................................ 21

Figure 12. Power Cord and Power Supply ................................................................................. 23

Figure 13. Mount Bracket Configuration .................................................................................... 24

Figure 14. eSmallCell Installation (Example) ............................................................................. 24

Figure 15. eSmallCell Software Structure .................................................................................. 27

Figure 16. Data Traffic Flow ....................................................................................................... 33

Figure 17. Network Synchronization Flow .................................................................................. 34

Figure 18. Alarm flow ................................................................................................................. 35

Figure 19. Loading Signal Flow .................................................................................................. 36

Figure 20. Operation and Maintenance Signal Flow .................................................................. 37

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Figure 21. Downlink ICIC Operation ........................................................................................... 41

Figure 22. Anti-Tamper Detection via Light Detector .................................................................. 51

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CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture

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CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture

1.1 eSmallCell Network Configuration

A network which LTE eSmallCell belongs to consists of the eSmallCell, Small Cell

Element Management System (EMS), Small Cell Gateway, Small Cell GW EMS, Evolved

Packet Core (EPC), etc. A Subnet of the Packet Data Network (PDN), which allows the

User Equipment (UE) to access external networks, comprises multiple eSmallCells and

Small Cell Gateway/EPC (MME and S-GW/P-GW).

The network configuration of the eSmallCell is as follows:

Figure 1. LTE eSmallCell Network Architecture

HSS

MME

S-GW

P-GW

CSG List

Server CSG Admin

Server

Provisioning

System

Broadband

1588 Server

Local Router

Management traffic over IPSec

S1-U/S1-MME traffic over IPSe

Cell-site Routers Macro-Cell

Small Cell

Hot-Spot

eSmallCell

Hot-Spot

eSmallCell

Cluster

X2(CSG)

S1-U/S1-MME

TR-069

S1-U/S1-MME

TR-069

S1-U/S1-MME

TR-069

Small Cell

Gateway

MTAS

S1-MME

S1-U

Uh(OMA-DMOTA)

S6a

S11

S5/S8

SGi

SeGW

Security

Associations

S1-MME

PDN

Small Cell GW

EMS

Small Cell

EMS

EPC

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eSmallCell

The eSmallCell is located between the UE and Small Cell Gateway/EPC. It processes

packet calls by connecting to the UE wirelessly according to the LTE air standard.

The eSmallCell is responsible for transmission and receipt of wireless signals, modulation

and demodulation of packet traffic signals, packet scheduling for efficient utilization of

wireless resources, Hybrid Automatic Repeat request (HARQ)/ARQ processing, Packet

Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) for packet header compression, and wireless resources

control.

In addition, the eSmallCell performs handover by interworking with the Small Cell

Gateway/EPC.

EPC

The EPC is a system located between the eSmallCell/Small Cell Gateway and PDN.

The subcomponents of the EPC are the Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving GW

(S-GW) and PDN GW (P-GW).

y MME: Processes control messages using the NAS signaling protocol with the

eSmallCell and performs control plane functions such as UE mobility management,

Tracking Area (TA) list management, and bearer and session management.

y S-GW: Acts as the anchor for the user plane between the 2G/3G access system and the

LTE system, and manages and changes the packet transmission layer for downlink/

uplink data.

y P-GW: Allocates an IP address to the UE, acts as the anchor for mobility between the LTE

and non-3GPP access systems, and manages/changes charging and the transmission rate

according to the service level.

Small Cell Gateway

Small Cell Gateway manages the eSmallCell and interworks with the EPC network by the

eSmallCell aggregation. From the view of EPC, Small Cell Gateway acts as an eNB; from

the view of eNB, it acts as an EPC, i.e. the representative eNB for the EPC.

Small Cell EMS

The Small Cell EMS provides the user interface for the operator to operate and maintain

the eSmallCell. The Small Cell EMS is responsible for software management,

configuration management, performance management and fault management.

Also, the EMS interworks with service provider’s Network Management System (NMS)

and carries out the Plug and Play (PnP) and SON related functions.

Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

The HSS is a database management system that stores and manages the parameters and

location information for all registered mobile subscribers. The HSS manages key data such

as the mobile subscriber’s access capability, basic services and supplementary services, and

provides a routing function to the subscribed receivers.

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Security Gateway (SeGW)

SeGW provides the security tunneling to the eSmallCell connected through the public IP

network. To configure the tunnel, SeGW performs the authentication of the eSmallCell by

interworking with the AAA server and sets the IPSec security tunneling to the authenticated

eSmallCell only.

SeGW also provides the network protection through firewall and anti-attack features.

Small Cell GW EMS

Small Cell GW EMS is the system to manage Small Cell Gateway. It manages the

configuration, error, status, performance, statistics providing a Graphic User Interface

(GUI) for the convenience of the user. Also, the EMS interworks with service provider’s

NMS.

CSG Server

Refer to the ‘4.4 CSG function’.

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1.2 Interface Specifications

eSmallCell supports the following interfaces for interworking with NEs:

Target System Interface Name Physical Interface

Small Cell Gateway S1-MME GE/FE

S1-U GE/FE

MME S1-MME GE/FE

S-GW S1-U GE/FE

eSmallCell X2-C/X2-U GE/FE

Small Cell EMS TR-069/FTP GE/FE

UE Uu Air

S1 Interface Protocol Stack

The following diagram shows the protocol stack for the S1 interface control plane.

Figure 2. S1 Protocol Stack_Control Plane (S1-MME)

The following diagram shows the protocol stack for the S1 interface user plane.

Figure 3. S1 Protocol Stack_Control Plane (S1-MME)

GTP-U

UDP

GTP-U

UDP

GTP-U

UDP

GTP-U

UDP

eSmallCell Small Cell Gateway S-GW S1-U S1-U

eSmallCell Small Cell Gateway MME S1-MME S1-MME

S1-AP

SCTP

S1-AP

SCTP

S1-AP

SCTP

S1-AP

SCTP

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Uu Interface Protocol Stack

The following diagram shows the protocol stack for the Uu interface.

Figure 4. Uu Protocol Stack

X2 Interface Protocol Stack

The following diagram shows the protocol stack for the X2 interface between eSmallCells.

Figure 5. X2 Protocol Stack

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

eSmallCell

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

eSmallCell

RRC

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

RRC

[User Plane] [Control Plane]

eSmallCell

SCTP SCTP

eSmallCell

UDP

eSmallCell

UDP

GTP-U GTP-U

[User Plane] [Control Plane]

User Plane

PDUs

User Plane

PDUs X2-AP X2-AP

X2-C X2-U

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Protocol Stack for Interworking with Small Cell EMS

The following diagram shows the protocol stack for the connection between eSmallCell

and Small Cell EMS.

Figure 6. Protocol Stack for Interworking with Small Cell EMS

eSmallCell

Small Cell EMS

TCP TCP

FTP

SOAP

HTTP

SSL

FTP

SOAP

HTTP

SSL

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CHAPTER 2. System Hardware

Structure

2.1 Introduction to eSmallCell

eSmallCell, an LTE eNB, is located between the UE and the Small Cell Gateway/EPC.

It provides mobile communications services to subscribers according to the LTE air

interface standard.

The eSmallCell transmits/receives radio signals to/from the UE and processes the

modulation and demodulation of packet traffic signals. The eSmallCell is also responsible

for packet scheduling and radio bandwidth allocation and performs handover via interface

with the Small Cell Gateway/EPC.

The eSmallCell can be installed vertically or horizontally; and it can be installed on the

wall, floor or ceiling by using the mount brackets. The eSmallCell is an all-in-one unit.

If a fault occurs, the unit must be replaced with new one.

The configuration of the eSmallCell is shown below:

Figure 7. eSmallCell Configuration

Top Cover

Middle Cover

Bottom Cover

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2.2 eSmallCell (L7IA)

The eSmallCell consists of LTE 7 baseband and transceiver Integrated board Assembly

(L7IA) which is the digital & RF board.

Figure 8. Internal Configuration of eSmallCell

The L7IA performs the functions of main controller, network interface, clock generation &

distribution, modem, transceiver, and power amplifier function. The transceiver performs

the Digital Up Conversion (DUC)/Digital Down Conversion (DDC), Crest Factor

Reduction (CFR), linearization and Digital to Analog convert (DAC)/Analog to Digital

convert (ADC) functions. Moreover, the L7IA performs the spurious wave suppression

function and has the built-in Low Noise Amplifier (LNA).

The L7IA operates with 1 Carrier/Omni 2Tx/2Rx and the maximum output of the L7IA is

250 mW/path for the output port.

Item Description

Digital Processing

Function

SoC function

- Performs the main processor functions of the system

- Performs the call processing, resource allocation, operation, and

maintenance functions

- Processes GTP, PDCP, OAM, RRC and RRM

- Processes RLC and MAC/PHY

- Processes OFDMA/SC-FDMA channel

- Processes subscriber data traffic

- Collects alarms and reports them to Small Cell EMS

- Controls IEEE1588v2

Other digital processing functions

- Receives GPS signals and generates and supplies clocks

- Synchronizes using IEEE 1588v2 packet

- Supports backhaul (GE/FE)

Transceiver Function - Supports 5/10 MHz 1 Carrier/Omni 2Tx/2Rx

GPSR

IEEE1588v 2

Clock

GbE

PHY

Power

(DC/DC)

Modem

Processor

SoC

FPGA

(Modem Interface)

RFIC

Digital

PAM

LNA

Filte

Antenna

Power

Amp

Transceiver Filter/LNA

GPS

GE/FE Backhaul

PSE

Adapter DC 12 V

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Item Description

- Convert RF uplink/downlink

Power Amplifier

Function

- Supports 5/10 MHz 1 Carrier/Omni 2Tx/2Rx

- Max. output 250 + 250 mW (for the external antenna port of the enclosure)

Filter and LNA

Function

- Filters transmitted/received RF signals

- Performs LNA function for Rx signals

Main Controller Function

The main processor of the eSmallCell takes the highest role, and performs the

communication path setup between UEand Small Cell Gateway/EPC, system operation

and maintenance, etc.

It also manages the status for all hardware/software in the eSmallCell, allocates and manages

resources, collects alarms, and reports all status information to the eSmallCell EMS.

Clock Generation and Distribution Function

The L7IA is equipped with Beyond Enhanced GPS Engine Module (BEGEM) and

IEEE1588v2 block. The BEGEM enables each block of the eSmallCell to operate under a

synchronized clock system.

The BEGEM creates the PP2S (Even Clock) and digital 10 MHz using the synchronization

signal received via the GPS antenna while the IEEE1588v2 block creates the 1 PPS and

digital 10 MHz synchronized with the IEEE1588v2 Master and each delivers the created

data to the Clock Generation & Distribution block of the L7IA.

The Clock Generation & Distribution block generates the system clock (30.72 MHz), PP2S

(Even clock), 1 PPS, and System Frame Number (SFN) for synchronization using the

signals received, and distributes them to the hardware blocks in the system.

The clock distributed in the system is used to keep the internal synchronization in the

eSmallCell and operate the system.

The Clock Generation & Distribution block also generates the 1PPS which is the reference

clock used for the measuring equipment or repeater. And, the BEGEM also transmits time

information and location information through the TOD path.

Network Interface Function

The L7IA interfaces with the Small Cell Gateway/EPC via Gigabit Ethernet or Fast

Ethernet.

Subscriber Channel Processing Function

The L7IA is equipped with the modem supporting the LTE standard physical layer to

process the OFDMA/SC-FDMA channel, and the DSP processes the RLC/MAC.

The modem modulates the packet data received from upper level and transmits it to the

transceiver. Reversely, the modem demodulates the packet data received from the

transceiver, converts them to the format which is defined in the LTE standard physical

layer specifications, and transmits them to the upper processor.

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2Tx/2Rx MIMO Support

The RF part of the L7IA consists of transceiver and AMP, and supports the RF path of the

2Tx/2Rx. The maximum output is 250 mW/path for the external antenna port of the

enclosure.

DAC/ADC and Power Amplification

For the downlink, the baseband signals are converted to analog signals through the Digital

to Analog Converter (DAC). The frequency of those analog signals is up converted through

the modulator and then those signals are amplified into high-power RF signals through the

power amplifier.

For the uplink, the frequency of the signals where low noise is amplified at LNA of L7IA is

down converted through the demodulator. These down-converted frequency signals are

converted to baseband signals through the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).

The converted baseband signals are transmitted to the modem.

Reset Function

The L7IA can reset the hardware remotely. The reset command is transmitted to the

system’s CPLD upon the Small Cell EMS’s command, and the CPLD monitors it and resets

the board power.

Factory Reset Function

When the user presses the RESET button for 10 or more seconds, the system recognizes it

and then becomes initialized as a factory default mode. At the time, only the value that the

user can set is changed to the factory default value and the set value is maintained in the

Small Cell EMS during the operation.

However, if the factory reset button is pressed before the eSmallCell is normally operated

(during the booting of the initialization), it will not respond.

Filter and LNAFunction

The L7IA includes a filter and LNA, and suppresses the out-of-band spurious wave

radiation. In the downlink path of the L7IA, the high-power amplified RF signal is

transmitted to the antenna through the filter after satisfying the spectrum mask defined for

each region. In the uplink path of the L7IA, the RF signal received via the filter is transmitted

to the digital processing part of the L7IA through low-noise amplification in the LNA.

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2.3 External Interface

The external interface of the eSmallCell is as follows:

Figure 9. External Interface of eSmallCell

Connector

Port Name Description Port Count Connector Type

ANT_0, ANT_1 RF antenna interface 2 ports SMA female

GPS GPS L1 interface 1 port SMA female

1PPS 1PPS clock 1 port SMA female

10M Digital 10 MHz clock 1 port SMA female

RESET Factory Reset Switch 1 port -

LMT Local management interface

(100 Base-Tx/1000 Base-Tx)

1 port RJ-45

B/H Backhaul interface

(100 Base-Tx/1000 Base-Tx)

1 port RJ-45

PWR Power 1 port Typo 4P

LED(STS)

LED Status Description

Red on - Hardware reset

- Abnormal Power

Orange on - Booting completed

- Backhaul link is down

Orange blinking eSmallCell IP acquisition (DHCP)

Green blinking Normal operation

Red blinking GPSR Function Fail or No Current PTP

Master Locking failure

LED off No power supplied

Side view Side view

ANT_0 ANT_1

GPS 1PPS 10M STS RESET LMT B/H PWR

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2.4 Cables and Antennas

Ethernet Cable

Ethernet cables for backhaul (B/H) and PSE are connected as follows:

Figure 10. eSmallCell Ethernet Cable Connection

The specifications of the Ethernet cable are as follows:

Item Specification

Modular Plug RJ-45, Miniature 8-Position Unkeyed Plug

Category CAT5e

Pair 4 Pair

Cable gauge 24 AWG

Cable type UTP

Cable length 2 m

Cable color gray

Ethernet Switch

PSE (4wire, 60 W,

Mid-span)

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Indoor (External) GPS Antenna, GPS Extension, RF Antenna, RF Extension

Cable

Indoor (external) GPS antenna, GPS extension cable, RF antenna, and RF extension cables

(option) are connected as follows:

Figure 11. GPS and RF Cable Connection

RF patch antenna is not provided by Samsung.

The specifications of the indoor (external) GPS antenna are as follows:

Item Specification

Patch Antenna Frequency Range 1575.42 ± 1 MHz (Note1)

Gain @ Zenith +3 dBi

I/O Impedance 50 ohm

LNA Gain 35 dB min

Noise Figure 2.0 dB (Max. @ Operation temperature)

Voltage 3.0~5.5 VDC

Current 30 mA @ 3 VDC (Max)

Impedance 50 ohm

Cable Type RG-174/U

Length 7 meters

SMA connector

RF Antenna

GPS Extension Cable

(default 7 m, option 15 m)

RF Extension Cable

(option 50, 30 and 10 meters)

※ Product specification is subject to change

Patch GPS Antenna RF Patch Antenna

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Item Specification

(except connector)

Attenuation Max. 13 dB

Connector type SMA Male (Straight)

Size L × W × H 50 × 50 × 15 mm (except for cable/connector)

Environment Operating temperature -30~80°C

humidity 5~100 %

Color Antenna & Cable Black

Etc. Mount Including Magnet on the bottom side

The specifications of the RF antenna are as follows:

Item Specification

Frequency

747MHz~787MHz

1,710MHz~1,755MHz

2,110MHz~2,155MHz

Gain 2dBi

VSWR < 2.0

Impedance 50ohm

Connector SMA

Size Φ 18 x 182mm

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Power Cord and Power Supply

Power cord and power supply are connected as follows:

Figure 12. Power Cord and Power Supply

The specifications of the power cord and power supply are as follows:

Item Specification

Power Cord Length 1.5 meters

Color Black

Power Supply Input voltage 105-125 VAC @ 60 Hz (± 5 % of the Input Voltage)

Output voltage 12 VDC (± 5 %)

Operating temperature -5~50°C

Operating Humidity 5~99 %

Dust GR-63-CORE 4.5

Label Product name Manufacturer’s name Model number

Electrical characteristics (output voltage, amperage

and polarity) eSmallCell Manufacturer’s name Etc.

※ Product specification is subject to change

Power cord

Power supply

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2.5 Mount Bracket

The following figure shows a bracket required when the eSmallCell is mounted on the floor,

wall or ceiling.

Figure 13. Mount Bracket Configuration

The eSmallCell may be installed in the following shape by mounting the mount bracket:

Figure 14. eSmallCell Installation (Example)

[Floor, Wall and Ceiling-Side Bracket]

[eSmallCell-Side Bracket]

[Floor] [Wall] [Ceiling]

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2.6 Specifications

Key Specifications

The key specifications of the eSmallCell are as follows:

Item Specifications

Operating Frequency (selective) - Band 4 (UL: 1,710~1,755 MHz, DL: 2,110~2,155 MHz)

- Band 13 (UL: 777~787 MHz, DL: 746~756 MHz)

Channel Bandwidth 5/10 MHz

Capacity 1 Carrier/Omni

Antenna Configuration 2Tx/2Rx

RF Output Power 250 mW/Path (Total 500 mW)

Active UE 64 Active UE (=RRC connected UE)

Backhaul Interface 100 Base-TX/1000 Base-T (RJ45)

Synchronization (selective) AGPS or IEEE1588v2

Holdover AGPS < 1 min, IEEE1588v2 cannot support Holdover

Operational temperature 0~50°C

Humidity 8~95 % (Non-condensing, not to exceed 30 g/m3 absolute

humidity)

EMC/Safety/Dust Rating FCC Part 15/UL 60950/IP5X

Cooling Convection cooling

O&M protocol TR-069

Security IPSec

Installation Wall, Floor and Ceiling

Volume/Weight - Volume: 3.39 L = 228.2 (w) × 269.3 (h) × 55.2 (d) mm

- Weight: 2.4 kg

Power Supply (selective) AC 105-125 VAC @ 60 Hz (± 5 % of the Input Voltage) with

external adaptor or High power Power over Ethernet (PoE, 60 W)

Power Consumption 45 W with AC adapter/51 W with High Power PoE

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IEEE1588v2 Specifications

The IEEE1588v2 specifications for the eSmallCell are as follows:

Item Specifications

Clock Source 1588 Grand Master

Accuracy/Stability ± 0.05 ppm (frequency)

Synchronization Accuracy of IEEE1588v2

IEEE1588v2 satisfies the synchronization accuracy under the conditions defined

in the ITU-T G.8261 Appendix VI two-way protocol (Test Case 12-17) and G.8271.

Ambient Conditions

This section describes the operating temperature, humidity level and other ambient

conditions and related standard of the eSmallCell.

Item Range

Operating Temperature 0~50°C

Storage Temperature -40~70°C

Operating Humidity 5~90 % (RH)

Storage Humidity 5~95 % (RH)

Altitude -60~1,800 m @ 50°C

1,800~4,000 m @ 40°C

Dust Rating IEC60529, IP2X

Fire Test UL2043

Fire Test at Installation on Ceiling

Because the top cover and AC/DC adaptor of the eSmallCell are made of plastic,

when the eSmallCell is installed inside the ceiling, it is recommended to remove

the top cover and use the PoE.

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CHAPTER 3. System Software

Structure

3.1 Basic Software Structure

The software of the eNB is divided into three parts: Kernel Space (OS/DD), Forwarding

Space (Transport: NPC/NP) and User Space (MW, IPRS, CPS, and OAM) which are

described below.

Figure 15. eSmallCell Software Structure

Operating System (OS)

The OS initializes and controls the hardware devices and ensures the software is ready to

run on the hardware devices. The OS consists of a booter, kernel, Root File System (RFS),

and utility.

y Booter: Performs initialization on boards. It initializes the CPU, L1/L2 Cache, UART,

and MAC and the devices such as CPLD and RAM within each board, and runs the u-

boot.

y Kernel Manages the operation of multiple software processes and provides various

primitives to optimize the use of limited resources.

IPRS

IPSS

CPS

ECMB

ECCB

SCTB

TrM

GTPB

PDCB

RLCB

MACB

OAM

CWMP

SwM

WEB-UI

Transport OS DD

Hardware

OSAB

CSAB

Kernel Space Forwarding Space

MDS DUS ENS MFS

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y RFS: Stores and manages the binary files, libraries, and configuration files necessary

for running and operating the software in accordance with the File-system Hierarchy

Standard 2.2 (FHS).

y Utility: Provides the functions for managing the complex programmable logic device

(CPLD), LED, watchdog, and environment and inventory information, measuring and

viewing the CPU load, and storing and managing fault information when a processor

goes down.

Device Driver (DD)

The DD allows applications to operate normally on devices that are not directly controlled

from the OS in the system. The DD consists of the physical DD and virtual DD.

y Physical DD: Provides the interface through which an upper application can configure,

control, and monitor the external devices of the processor. (Switch device driver and

Ethernet MAC driver, etc.)

y Virtual DD: For the physical network interfaces, virtual interfaces are created on the

kernel so that the upper applications may control the virtual interfaces instead of

controlling the physical network interfaces directly.

Transport

The NP is the software which processes the packets required for backhaul interface.

The functions of the NP are as follows:

y Packet Rx/Tx

y MAC filtering

y IP packet forwarding

y IP fragmentation/reassembly

y VLAN termination

Middleware (MW)

The MW ensures seamless communication between OS and applications on various

hardware environments.

y Message Delivery Service (MDS): Provides all services related to message

transmitting and receiving.

y Debugging Utility Service (DUS): Provides the function for transmitting debugging

information and command between the applications and the operator.

y Event Notification Service (ENS): Adds and manages various events such as timers,

and provides the function for transmitting an event message to the destination at the

time when it is needed.

y Miscellaneous Function Service (MFS): The MFS is responsible for all hardware-

dependent functions, such as accessing physical addresses of hardware devices.

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IP Routing Software (IPRS)

The IPRS is the software that provides the IP routing and IP security function for the

system backhaul. The IPRS is configured with IPRS and IP Security Software (IPSS), and

each of them provide the functions as follows.

y IPRS: Collects and manages the system configuration and status information necessary

for IP routing. Based on this data, the IPRS provides the function for creating routing

information.

− Managing Ethernet and VLAN-TE

− IP addresses management

− IP routing information management

y IPSS: Provides the QoS and security function for the IP backhaul.

− Backhaul bandwidth restriction

− DSCP to CoS mapping

− IPSec

− ACL

3.1.1 CPS Block

The Call Processing Software (CPS) block performs the resource management of the LTE

eNB and the call processing function in the eNB defined in the 3GPP and performs the

interface function with the EPC, UE, and neighbor eSmallCells. The CPS consists of the

eNB Control Processing Subsystem (ECS) which is responsible for network access and call

control functions, and the eNB Data processing Subsystem (EDS) which is responsible for

user traffic handling.

The ECS consists of eNB Common Management Block (ECMB), eNB Call Control Block

(ECCB), SCTP Block (SCTB), CPS SON Agent Block (CSAB) and Trace Management

(TrM); and the EDS consists of GPRS Tunneling Protocol Block (GTPB), PDCP control

Block (PDCB), Radio Link Control Block (RLCB) and Medium Access Control Block

(MACB).

The major functions of the CPS blocks are as follows:

ECMB

y Setting/Releasing cell

y Transmitting system information

y eSmallCell overload control: controls the system overload depending on CPU load

status

y Access barring control: controls the access barring parameters of SIB2

y Resource measurement control: controls the measurement of the resource status in the

system, such as PRB usage and PDB

y Transmission of cell load information: provides interface for ICIC functions with

transmission of the X2 load information message

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ECCB

y Radio resource management

y Idle to Active status transition

y Setting/changing/releasing bearer

y Paging Functions

y MME selection/load balancing

y Call admission control

y Security function

y Handover control

y UE measurement control

y Statistics processing

SCTB

y S1-Cterfacing

y X2-C interfacing

CSAB

y Collection of statistics regarding the mobility robustness optimization

y Collection of statistics regarding the RACH optimization

TrM

y Call Trace function

y Call Summary Log (CSL) function

GTPB

y GTP tunnel control

y GTP management

y GTP data transmission

PDCB

y Header compression or decompression (ROHC only)

y Transmitting user data and control plane data

y PDCP sequence number maintenance

y DL/UL data forwarding at handover

y Ciphering and deciphering for user data and control data

y Control data integrity protection

y Timer-based PDCP SDU discarding

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RLCB

y Transmission for the upper layer PDU

y ARQ function used for the AM mode data transmission

y RLC SDU concatenation, segmentation and reassembly

y Re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs

y In sequence delivery

y Duplicate detection

y RLC SDU discard

y RLC re-establishment

y Protocol error detection and recovery

MACB

y Mapping between the logical channel and the transport channel

y Multiplexing & de-multiplexing

y HARQ

y Transport format selection

y Priority handling between UEs

y Priority handling between logical channels of one UE

3.1.2 OAM Blocks

The OAM is responsible for operation and maintenance in the eSmallCell. The OAM is

configured with OAM SON Agent Block (OSAB), Performance Management (PM), Fault

Management (FM), Configuration Management (CM), CPE WAN Management Protocol

(CWMP), Software Management (SwM), Test Management (TM), and WEB-UI.

The major functions of the OAM blocks are as follows:

OSAB

y System information, automatic configuration, and automatic installation

y Optimizing automatic neighbor relation

y Collecting statistics data

y Storing statistics data

y Transmitting statistics data

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y Detecting faults and reporting alarms

y Retrieving alarm

y Alarm filtering

y Setting alarm severity

y Setting alarm threshold

y Alarm correlation

Retrieval and change of configuration information

CWMP

Processing the TR-069 message

SwM

y Downloading and installing software and data files

y Reset of hardware unit and system

y Status monitoring of the software unit in operation

y Managing and updating the software and firmware information

y Software upgrade

y Inventory Management Functions

y Enable/disable the Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator (OCNS)

y Setting/clearing a Model

y Ping test

y Measuring the Tx/Rx power

y Measuring the antenna Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

WEB-UI

y Web Server function

y Interoperation with other OAM blocks for processing the command

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3.2 Data Traffic Flow

Sending Path

The user data received from the Small Cell GW/EPC passes through the network interface

module and is transmitted through the Ethernet switch to the L7IA of eSmallCell.

The transmitted user data goes through baseband-level digital processing, and transmitted

to the transceiver part. The transceiver up-converts the wideband baseband signal to the RF

band, and the converted signal is transmitted to the antenna through the power amplifier

and filter.

Receiving Path

The RF signal received by the antenna passes through the L7IA’s filter and its low noise is

amplified by the LNA. This signal is converted to the data signal of baseband after the RF

down-conversion in the transceiver of the L7IA. The data which passed through the SC-

FDMA signaling process in the modem is converted to the Gigabit Ethernet frame and

transmitted to the Small Cell GW/EPC through GE.

Figure 16. Data Traffic Flow

Main

Processor

Modem

Digital

Small Cell GW/EPC

Transceiver PAM Filter/LNA

Network GE/FE

D/A

A/D

Conversion

Down

Conversion

Power

Amp

LNA

Filter

eSmallCell

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3.3 Network Sync Flow

The eSmallCell supports the GPS and IEEE1588v2 synchronization method selectively.

In case of the GPS synchronization, the GPS receiver (BEGEM) receives the

synchronization signal from the GPS and creates clocks. The clocks are distributed by the

clock generation & distribution part.

In case of the IEEE1588v2 packet synchronization, the IEEE1588v2 packet is received

from an external IEEE 1588v2 server for the synchronization.

Figure 17. Network Synchronization Flow

GPS Antenna

GPS

Receiver

IEEE1588v2

Module

Clock

Generation

Distribution

IEEE1588v2

Server

SoC

GPS L1 signal

PTP packet

Ethernet

Backhaul

10 MHz

PP2S

10 MHz

1PPS

System Clock

1PPS

eSmallCell

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3.4 Alarm Signal Flow

An alarm is reported as an alarm signal when a fault occurs. The L7IA collects all the

alarms and report them to the LSM which is the management system.

Figure 18. Alarm flow

Alarm

eSmallCell

Small Cell EMS

L7IA

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3.5 Loading Flow

Loading is the procedure through which the processors and devices of the system can

download from the Small Cell EMS the software executables, data, and other elements

required to perform their functions.

At the first system initialization, the loading information is stored in the internal storage so

that no unnecessary loading is carried out. When it is indicated to change software from the

Small Cell EMS, a new file is downloaded from the Small Cell EMS.

Figure 19. Loading Signal Flow

eSmallCell

Small Cell EMS

L7IA

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3.6 Operation and Maintenance Message Flow

The operator can check and change the status of the eSmallCell through the management

system. To accomplish this, the eSmallCell provides the TR-069 protocol interworking

function, and the Small Cell EMS operator can carry out the operation and maintenance

functions of the eSmallCell remotely. Moreover, the operator can carry out the maintenance

function using the web browser.

The statistical information provided by the eSmallCell is given to the operator in

accordance with the collection interval.

The operation and maintenance in the eSmallCell is performed using the TR-069 protocol

message with the Small Cell EMS. The Web UI is a type of GUI-based console terminal

which directly accesses the eSmallCell to monitor the status of, operate and maintain the

equipment.

The figure below shows the operation and maintenance signal flow.

Figure 20. Operation and Maintenance Signal Flow

Web UI

Web UI is a kind of GUI-based console terminal. It is a tool for viewing the status of

devices by directly accessing the eSmallCell and performing a function of setting some

information such as network configuration. The operator can perform Web UI only with

Internet Explorer without installing separate software.

eSmallCell

L7IA

HTTP Server CWMP

Other Blocks

Small Cell EMS Web UI

TR-069 message

HTTP message (command/response)

Statistical Data

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CHAPTER 4. System Functions

The main functions of the eSmallCell are as follows:

y Physical Layer Processing

y Interference Mitigation Function

y Call Processing Function

y CSG Function

y IP Processing

y OTAR based GSP locking assistance Function

y Plug-n-Play Function

y SON Function

y Security

y Easy Operation and Maintenance

Availability of System Features and Functions

For availability and provision schedule of the features and functions described in

the system manual, please refer to separate documentations.

4.1 Physical Layer Processing

The eSmallCell transmits/receives data through the radio channel between the Small Cell

Gateway/EPC and UE. To do so, the eSmallCell provides the following functions.

y Downlink Reference Signal Creation and Transmission

y Downlink Synchronization Signal Creation and Transmission

y Channel Encoding/Decoding

y Modulation/Demodulation

y Resource Allocation and Scheduling

y Link Adaptation

y HARQ

y MIMO

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Downlink Reference Signal Creation and Transmission

The UE must estimate the downlink channel to perform the coherent demodulation on the

physical channel in the LTE system. The LTE uses the OFDM/OFDMA-based methods for

transmitting and therefore the channel can be estimated by inserting the reference symbols

from the receiving terminal to the grid of each time and frequency. These reference

symbols are called downlink reference signals, and there are 2 types of reference signal

defined in the LTE downlink.

y Cell-specific reference signal: The cell specific reference signal is transmitted to every

subframe across the entire bandwidth of the downlink cell. It is mainly used for

channel estimation, MIMO rank calculation, MIMO precoding matrix selection and

signal strength measurement for handover.

y UE-specific reference signal: The UE-specific reference signal is used for estimating

channel for coherent demodulation of DL-SCH transmission where the beamforming

method is used. ‘UE-specific’ means that the reference signal is generally used for

channel estimation of a specified UE only. Therefore, the UE-specific reference signal

is used in the resource block allocated for DL-SCH only, which is transmitted to the

specified UE.

Downlink Synchronization Signal Creation and Transmission

The synchronization signal is used for the initial synchronization when the UE starts to

communicate with the eSmallCell. There are two types of synchronization signals: Primary

Synchronization Signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS).

The UE can obtain the cell identity through the synchronization signal. It can obtain other

information about the cell through the broadcast channel. Since synchronization signals and

broadcast channels are transmitted in the 1.08 MHz range, which is right in the middle of

the cell’s channel bandwidth, the UE can obtain the basic cell information such as cell ID

regardless of the transmission bandwidth of the eSmallCell.

Channel Encoding/Decoding

The eSmallCell is responsible for channel encoding/decoding to correct the channel errors

that occurred on a wireless channel. In LTE, the turbo coding and the 1/3 tail-biting

convolutional coding are used. Turbo coding is mainly used for transmission of large data

packets on downlink and uplink, while convolutional coding is used for control information

transmission and broadcast channel for downlink and uplink.

Modulation/Demodulation

For the data received over the downlink from the upper layer, the eSmallCell processes it

through the baseband of the physical layer and then transmits it via a wireless channel.

At this time, to transmit a baseband signal as far as it can go via the wireless channel, the

system modulates and transmits it on a specific high frequency bandwidth.

For the data received over the uplink from the UE through a wireless channel, the

eSmallCell demodulates and changes it to the baseband signal to perform decoding.

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Resource Allocation and Scheduling

To support multiple accesses, the eSmallCell uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA

for uplink. By allocating the 2-dimensional resources of time and frequency to multiple

UEs without overlay, both methods enable the eSmallCell to communicate with multiple

UEs simultaneously.

When the eSmallCell operates in the MU-MIMO mode, multiple UEs may use the same

resource at the same time exceptionally. Such allocation of cell resources to multiple UEs

is called scheduling and each cell has its own scheduler for this function.

The LTE scheduler of the eSmallCell allocates resources to maximize the overall

throughput of the cell by considering the channel environment of each UE, the data

transmission volume required, and other QoS elements. In addition, to reduce interferences

with other cells, the eSmallCell can share information with the schedulers of other cells

over the X2 interface.

Link Adaptation

The wireless channel environment can become faster or slower, better or worse depending

on various factors. The system is capable of increasing the transmission rate or maximizing

the total cell throughput in response to the changes in the channel environment, and this is

called link adaptation.

In particular, the Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) is used for changing the

modulation method and channel coding rate according to the channel status. If the channel

environment is good, the MCS increases the number of transmission bits per symbol using

a high-order modulation. If the channel environment is bad, it uses a low-order modulation

and a low coding rate to minimize channel errors.

In addition, in the environment where MIMO mode can be used, the eSmallCell operates in

MIMO mode to increase the peak data rate of subscribers and can greatly increase the cell

throughput.

If the channel information obtained is incorrect or modulation method of higher order or

higher coding rate than the given channel environment is used, errors may occur.

In such cases, the errors can be corrected by the HARQ function.

H-ARQ

The H-ARQ is a retransmission method in the physical layer, which uses the stop-and-wait

protocol. The eSmallCell provides the HARQ function to retransmit or combine frames in

the physical layer so that the effects of wireless channel environment changes or

interference signal level changes can be minimized, which results in throughput

improvement.

The LTE uses the Incremental Redundancy (IR)-based HARQ method and regards the

Chase Combining (CC) method as a special case of the IR method.

The eSmallCell uses the asynchronous method for downlink and the synchronous method

for uplink.

MIMO

The eSmallCell can support the MIMO by using multiple antennas. For this purpose, the

channel card of the eSmallCell has the baseband part to process the MIMO, and individual

RF paths can be processed separately. The eSmallCell supports various types of the MIMO

to provide the high-performance data service.

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4.2 Interference Mitigation

Downlink ICIC

DL ICIC is a function of allocating resources and changing power depending on the status

of the channel of the UE. The ICIC function allows high power to be allocated to the UE

on the edge and low power to be allocated to the UE on the center and may reduce

interference between the UEs.

The operation of the Downlink ICIC is as follows:

Figure 21. Downlink ICIC Operation

y Step 1: Channel condition

− UE’s channel condition is estimated using the CQI Feedback from UE.

− Average CQI Threshold is considered as a criteria to qualify as a cell edge or cell

center condition

y Step 2: Power control mechanism

− If UE is estimated to be in cell center condition, UE specific DL power related

parameter Pa is lowered, which results in power reduction of data subcarriers for

that UE and further decreases interference to neighboring cells.

− If UE is estimated to be in cell edge condition, Pa is increased and hence data

subcarriers power is increased in order to maintain edge UE’s quality.

PUCCH Moving to Center

The eSmallCell support PUCCH Regions in the center of the carrier for Public Safety Band

Uplink Interference Mitigation in Band Class 13.

Frequency Selective Scheduling

The eSmallCell support frequency selective scheduling(Requirement is based on UE

selected sub-band CQI reporting)

eSmallCell2

UE1

UE2

UE3

Interference

eSmallCell1 UE1

UE3UE2

Frequency

High power for

edge users

Low or zero power

to protect edge users in

neighbor cell

High power for

edge users

eNB1

T× Power

eNB2

T× Power

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4.3 Call Processing Function

Cell Information Transmission

In a serving cell, the eSmallCell periodically transmits a Master Information Block (MIB)

and System Information Blocks (SIBs), which are system information, to allow the UE that

receives them to perform proper call processing.

Call Control and Air Resource Assignment

The eSmallCell allows the UE to be connected to or disconnected from the network.

When the UE is connected to or released from the network, the eSmallCell transmits and

receives the signaling messages required for call processing to and from the UE via the Uu

interface, and to and from the Small Cell Gateway/EPC via the S1 interface.

When the UE connects to the network, the eSmallCell performs call control and resource

allocation required for service. When the UE is disconnected from the network, the

eSmallCell collects and releases the allocated resources.

Handover

The eSmallCell supports intra-frequency or inter-frequency handover between intra-

eSmallCell cells, X2 handover between eSmallCells, and S1 handover between

eSmallCells. It also processes signaling and bearer for handover. At intra-eSmallCell

handover, handover-related messages are transmitted via internal eSmallCell interfaces; at

X2 handover, via the X2 interface; at S1 handover, via the S1 interface.

To minimize user traffic loss during X2 and S1 handovers, the eSmallCell performs the

data forwarding function. The source eSmallCell provides two forwarding methods to the

target eSmallCell: direct forwarding via the X2 interface and indirect forwarding via the S1

interface.

The eSmallCell allows the UE to receive traffic without loss through the data forwarding

method at handover.

Admission Control (AC)

The eSmallCell provides capacity-based admission control and QoS-based admission

control for a bearer setup request from the Small Cell Gateway/EPC so that the system is

not overloaded.

y Capacity-based admission control

There is a threshold for the maximum number of connected UEs (new calls/handover

calls) and a threshold for the maximum number of connected bearers that can be

allowed in the eSmallCell. Call admission is determined depending on whether the

connected UEs and bearers exceed the thresholds.

y QoS-based admission control

The eSmallCell determines whether to admit a call depending on the estimated PRB

usage of the newly requested bearer, the PRB usage status of the bearers in service,

and the maximum acceptance limit of the PRB (per bearer type, QCI, and UL/DL).

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RLC ARQ

The eSmallCell performs the ARQ function for the RLC Acknowledged Mode (AM) only.

When receiving and transmitting packet data, the RLC transmits the SDU by dividing it

into units of RLC PDU at the transmitting side and the packet is retransmitted (forwarded)

according to the ARQ feedback information received from the receiving side for increased

reliability of the data communication.

QoS Support

The eSmallCell receives the QoS Class Identifier (QCI) in which the QoS characteristics of

the bearer are defined and the GBR, the MBR, and the Aggregated Maximum Bit Rate

(UE-AMBR) from the Small Cell Gateway/EPC. It provides the QoS for the wireless

section between the UE and the eSmallCell and the backhaul section between the

eSmallCell and the Small Cell Gateway/S-GW.

Via the air interface, it performs retransmission to satisfy the rate control according to the

GBR/MBR/UE-AMBR values, priority of bearer defined in the QCI, and scheduling

considering packet delay budget, and the Packet Loss Error Rate (PLER).

Via the backhaul interface, it performs QCI-based packet classification, QCI to DSCP

mapping, and marking for the QoS. It provides queuing depending on mapping results, and

each queue transmits packets to the EPC according to a strict priority, etc.

In the Small Cell EMS, in addition to the QCI predefined in the specifications, operator-

specific QCI and QCI-to-DSCP mapping can be set.

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4.4 CSG Function

Overview of CSG Function

Depending on the 3GPP standards, the access methods of the eSmallCell include closed

access, open access, and hybrid access modes and the feature by each mode is as follows:

Type Release Description Example

Open Release 8 Grant access and offer all services to

all users

Public Library, airport

Closed Release 8 - Grant access and offer all services to

CSG members only.

- Only Emergency calls allowed for

non-members

Security and backhaul use

conscious organization.

Hybrid Release 9 Grant access to all users, but provide

better service to CSG members

Students and Faculty on a

university campus get better

service than general public

The eSmallCell describes CSG Indication and CSG Identity in the cell access information

of SIB 1 to broadcast its access mode to a subscriber who intends to access. The

information of SIB 1that broadcasts CSG type and CSG ID is as follows:

Type SIB 1 CSG contents

Open CSG Indicator = FALSE

CSG ID is empty

Closed CSG Indicator = TRUE

CSG ID = List of max. of 256 27 bit CSG IDs

Hybrid CSG Indicator = FALSE

CSG ID = List of max. of 256 27 bit CSG IDs

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CSG Membership Management & Access Control

The CSG list is the list of CSG IDs which each subscriber can access and the subscriber

stores the CSG list as the information on the subscription of the eSmallCell. The CSG list

is classified into the allowed CSG list and the operator CSG list, and the combination of the

two lists is called as CSG-white list.

y Allowed CSG list: Stored in the USIM of the UE and can be modified by the operator

and the subscriber.

y Operator CSG list: Possible to be modified only by the operator and be read-only by

the subscriber.

The allowed CSG list that the subscriber stores must be the same as that operated in HSS

and MME of the core network. The allowed CSG list must have the latest data in the core

network all the time and if the allowed CSG lists between the subscriber and the core

network are not matched, the data of the subscriber must be changed. If the access of the

subscriber to the eSmallCell fails to be authorized, the CSG administrate server delivers the

reason to the HSS/MME and reports it to the subscriber through the RRC message. At the

time, the subscriber deletes the CSG ID of the current cell in the allowed CSG list that s/he

stores. Through such procedures, the allowed CSG list operated by the core network is

matched with that retained by the subscriber.

When the UE accesses the CSG cell, the CSG access control checks whether the UE can

access the CGS cell by making the MME checking whether the CSG subscription

information of the UE is matched with the CSG ID of the serving cell (member or non-

member eSmallCell). If the UE is impossible to access, the access request will be rejected.

Regardless of CSG subscription, the emergency call is allowed to access all the time.

In case of the hybrid cell, for the CSG subscription information, whether the UE is a

member of the hybrid cell same as the CSG access control is checked. The membership

information may be used for admission control and the hybrid cell may be provided as the

dedicated service for the member. Contrary to the CSG access control, the hybrid cell does

not reject even the access request for a non-member.

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4.5 IP Processing

IP QoS

The eSmallCell can provide the backhaul QoS when communicating with the EPC by

supporting the Differentiated Services (DiffServ).

The eSmallCell supports 8 class DiffServ and mapping between the services classes of the

user traffic received from the MS and DiffServ classes. In addition, the eSmallCell supports

mapping between the Differentiated Services Code Points (DSCP) and the 802.3 Ethernet

MAC service classes.

IP Routing

Since the eSmallCell provides multiple Ethernet interfaces, it stores in the routing table the

information on which Ethernet interface the IP packets will be routed to. The routing table

of the eSmallCell is configured by the operator. The method for configuring the routing

table is similar to the standard router configuration method.

The eSmallCell supports static routing settings, but does not support dynamic routing

protocols such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) or Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

Ethernet/VLAN Interface

The eSmallCell provides Ethernet interfaces and supports the static link grouping, Virtual

Local Area Network (VLAN), and Ethernet CoS functions that comply with IEEE 802.3ad

for Ethernet interfaces. The MAC bridge function defined in IEEE 802.1D is not supported.

The eSmallCell allows multiple VLAN IDs to be set for an Ethernet interface.

To support Ethernet CoS, it maps the DSCP value of the IP header to the CoS value of the

Ethernet header for Tx packets.

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4.6 OTAR based GPS Locking Assistance

Function

The eSmallCell supports the AGPS (Assisted GPS) operation as a supporting function to

reduce the GPS locking time. The AGPS is a function of receiving the information on the

satellites around the earth in advance and use the information at the GPS locking to reduce

the locking time.

If the location of the eSmallCell is not defined, the AGPS function assumes that it is

located on the center of the area and performs the GPS locking operation. At the time, if the

location of the eSmallCell is defined to be around the current eSmallCell, it would reduce

the time for the AGPS operation. Therefore, the eSmallCell supports a function of setting

the approximate location information through the OTAR.

OTAR based GPS locking assistance is a function of making an initial Small Cell EMS

deliver the approximate location information to the eSmallCell through the ECGI/TA to

location information that has been retained if the eSmallCell scans the information on the

ECGI/TA (E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier/Tracking Area) of the neighbor macro cell to

the initial Small Cell EMS through the OTAR operation. By using the delivered location

information, the eSmallCell operates the AGPS operation.

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4.7 Plug and Play Function

The Plug and Play function is a function of automatically conducting the system ‘power on’

to ‘in-service’ by automatically configuring the network parameters to minimize the items

the operator sets manually at the installation place when the system is installed. The

detailed functions are as follows:

y A function of automatically obtaining the eSmallCell IP address (DHCP)

Through the connection with the DHCP server, receives outer IP address, Netmask,

Gateway IP, DNS server IP, etc. to be used by the eSmallCell.

y A function of automatically obtaining the IP targeted to be connected (DNS query)

− The eSmallCell obtains the IP address of Initial SeGW, Initial Small Cell EMS,

AGPS server, etc. through the DNS query. FQDNs (Full Qualified Domain

Names) to obtain the IP address is pre-stored in the eSmallCell.

− The eSmallCell obtains the serving SeGW address through the DNS query and the

serving SeGW FQDN is obtained from the Initial Small Cell EMS.

y AGPS/OTAR function to assist GPS locking

y IPSec function to protect the backhaul connection: The eSmallCell supports the IPSec

function to protect the backhaul connection and uses the following configuration:

IKEv2, ESP, Tunnel mode, 1 IPSec tunnel, Encryption: AES, Integrity Protection:

HMAC-SHA1-96

y Automatic OAM connection

y Software and Configuration data loading

y Automatic S1/X2 setup

− When the S1 is automatically set up, it supports the connection with two small cell

gateways, and operates as primary/secondary.

− When the connection to the primary small cell gateway is successful, use the

primary small cell gateway and the S1 connection. When the connection to the

primary small cell gateway fails, attempt at the secondary small cell gateway and

the S1 connection.

y Self-Test function

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4.8 SON Function

The SON function supports the self-configuration, self-establishment and self-optimization

function.

Self-Configuration

Self-configuration enable automatic setup of radio parameters based on OTAR to

minimizes the effort in installing the system. The detailed functions are as follows.

y Self-configuration of Initial Physical Cell ID (PCI)

y Self-configuration of initial neighbor information

y Self-configuration of initial Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) information

y Self-configuration of initial carrier assignment

y Self-configuration of initial power

Self-Optimization

y PCI auto-configuration

The SON server of the LSM is responsible for allocating the initial PCI in the self-

establishment procedure of a new eSmallCell, detecting a problem automatically, and

selecting, changing, and setting a proper PCI when a PCI collision/confusion occurs

with the neighbor cells during operation.

y Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) optimization

The ANR function minimizes the network operator’s effort to maintain the optimal

NRT by managing the NRT dynamically depending on grow/degrow of the neighbor

cells. This function automatically configures the initial NRT of each eSmallCell and

recognizes environment changes, such as cell grow/degrow or new eSmallCell

installation during operation to maintain the optimal NRT. In other words, the ANR

function updates the NRT for each eSmallCell by automatically recognizing topology

changes such as new neighbor cell or eSmallCell installation/uninstallation and adding

or removing the Neighbor Relation (NR) to or from the new neighbor cell.

y Mobility robustness optimization

The mobility robustness optimization function is the function for improving handover

performance in the eSmallCell by recognizing the problem that handover is triggered

at the incorrect time (e.g. too early or too late) before, after, or during handover

depending on UE mobility, or handover is triggered to the incorrect target cell

(handover to the wrong cell) and then by optimizing the handover parameters

according to the reasons for the problem.

y Random Access Channel (RACH) optimization

The RACH Optimization (RO) function minimizes the access delay and interference

through dynamic management of the parameters related to random access.

The RO function is divided into the initial RACH setting operation and the operation

for optimizing parameters related to the RACH. The initial RACH setting operation is

for setting the preamble signatures and the initial time resource considering the

neighbor cells. The operation for optimizing parameters related to the RACH is for

estimating the RACH resources, such as time resource and subscriber transmission

power required for random access, that change depending on time, and for optimizing

the related parameters.

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4.9 Security

Boot-loader Validation of Signed Images

The function of boot-loader validation of signed images is a function of certifying that an

image distributor signs the image to inform that the distributor made and distributed the

image and the user verifies the signed image to check the image was distributed by the

distributer and it was not forged or modified with integrity.

y Code signing

Creates a signature encrypting the hash value of the image to the private key held only

by the distributor and distributes the image with the encrypted signature.

y Code verification

Calculates the hash value of the image and deciphers the signature to the public key

responding to the private key of the distributor. Checks that the image was not forged

or modified when the deciphered value is compared with the hash value of the image

and the values are same.

No External Debug Port

Because the eSmallCell does not have the debug port exposed outside, accesses the product

through the external debug port and prevents the attack of forging or modifying software.

Anti-Tamper Detection via Light Detector

When the system cover (middle cover) is opened, it detects the light from the outside and

gives an alarm that the system cover is opened. The photo sensor of the eSmallCell

measures exact visible light and if the light exceeding the threshold (lux value) set by the

operator is measured, the cover open alarm goes off.

y Tamper detection

− Providing the on-chip photo sensor to measure the exact visible light from outside

− Supporting tamper detection alarm and configurable option to enable/disable the

tamper detection function via Small Cell EMS

− Providing configurable tamper detection threshold value via Small Cell EMS

y Cover open Alarm definition/description

− Definition: cover open alarm is defined as the eSmallCell middle cover is opened

− Description: eSmallCell occurs cover open alarm when eSmallCell detects the

visible light value is greater than the configured threshold value for 2 second

period x 3 times

− Default threshold value: 5 lux (typical side road lighting)

y Performance of detector

− Sensitivity Range: from 1 lux to 65,000 lux

− Reliable Light Sensing: rejection of 50 Hz/60 Hz Noise

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Figure 22. Anti-Tamper Detection via Light Detector

Ambient sensor

Middle Cover

PCB

Heat

Sink

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4.10 Easy Operation and Maintenance

Through interworking with the management systems (Small Cell EMS), the eSmallCell

provides the maintenance functions such as system initialization and restart, system

configuration management, management of fault/status/diagnosis for system resources and

services, management of statistics on system resources and various performance data and

security management for system access and operation.

Graphics and Text Based Console Interfaces

The Small Cell EMS manages all eSmallCells in the network using the Database

Management System (DBMS). The eSmallCell also interworks with the console terminal to

allow the operator to connect directly to the Network Element (NE), rather than through the

Small Cell EMS, and perform the operations and maintenance.

The operator can access the graphic based console interfaces without additional software

and log in to the system using web browser such as Internet Explorer. The operator can

retrieve the network configuration and system fault information.

Operator Authentication Function

The eSmallCell provides the authentication and privilege management functions for the

system operators. The operator accesses the eSmallCell using the operator’s account and

password via the Web UI.

Highly-Secured Maintenance

The eSmallCell supports the HTTP/SSL for security during communications with the Small

Cell EMS, and the Secure Shell (SSH) also.

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ABBREVIATION

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

64 QAM 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

AC Admission Control

ADC Analog to Digital Converter

AGPS Assisted GPS

AKA Authentication and Key Agreement

AM Acknowledged Mode

AMBR Aggregated Maximum Bit Rate

ANR Automatic Neighbor Relation

ARQ Automatic Repeat Request

AS Access Stratum

BEGEM Beyond Enhanced GPS Engine Module

BGP Border Gateway Protocol

CA Carrier Aggregation

C & M Control & Maintenance

CC Chase Combining

CFR Crest Factor Reduction

CLI Command Line Interface

CM Configuration Management

CoS Class of Service

CPLD Complex Programmable Logic Device

CPS Call Processing Software

CS Circuit Service

CSAB CPS SON Agent Block

CSM Core System Manager

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DAC Digital to Analog Converter

DBMS Database Management System

DD Device Driver

DDC Digital Down Conversion

DFT Discrete Fourier Transform

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DiffServ Differentiated Services

DL Downlink

DSCP Differentiated Services Code Point

DSP Digital Signal Processor

DUC Digital Up Conversion

DUS Debugging Utility Service

ECCB eSmallCell Call Control Block

ECGI E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier

ECMB eSmallCell Common Management Block

ECS eSmallCell Control processing Subsystem

EDS eSmallCell Data processing Subsystem

EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility

EMI Electromagnetic Interference

EMS Element Management System

eNB evolved UTRAN Node-B

ENS Event Notification Service

E/O Electric-to-Optic

EPC Evolved Packet Core

EPS Evolved Packet System

ES Energy Saving

ESM Energy Saving Management

ESM EPC System Manager

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

FE Fast Ethernet

FHS File-system Hierarchy Standard 2.2

FM Fault Management

FSTD Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity

FTP File Transfer Protocol

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GBR Guaranteed Bit Rate

GE Gigabit Ethernet

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPS Global Positioning System

GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol

GTPB GPRS Tunneling Protocol Block

GTP-U GTP-User

GW Gateway

HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

HAS High Availability Service

HO Handover

HSS Home Subscriber Server

HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

HTTPs Hyper Text Transfer Protocol over SSL

ICIC Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol

IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IF Intermediate Frequency

IP Internet Protocol

IPRS IP Routing Software

IPSS IP Security Software

IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4

IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6

IR Incremental Redundancy

L7IA LTE 7 baseband and transceiver Integrated board Assembly

LMT Local Maintenance Tool

LNA Low Noise Amplifier

LSM LTE System Manager

LTE Long Term Evolution

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MAC Medium Access Control

MACB Medium Access Control Block

MBR Maximum Bit Rate

MCS Modulation Coding Scheme

MDS Message Delivery Service

MFS Miscellaneous Function Service

MIB Master Information Block

MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

MMC Man Machine Command

MME Mobility Management Entity

MSS Master SON Server

MTAS Multimedia Telephony Application Server

MU Multiuser

NAS Non-Access Stratum

NE Network Element

NP Network Processing

NPC Network Processing Control

NR Neighbor Relation

NRT Neighbor Relation Table

OAM Operation and Maintenance

OCNS Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator

OCS Online Charging System

O/E Optic-to-Electric

OFCS Offline Charging System

OFD Optic Fiber Distributor

OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OMA-DMOTA Open Mobile Alliance-Device Management Over The Air

OS Operating System

OSAB OAM SON Agent Block

OSPF Open Shortest Path First

OSS Operating Support System

OTAR Over the air Receiver

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PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

PCI Physical Cell Identity

PCRF Policy and Charging Rule Function

PD Power Detector

PDCB PDCP Block

PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDN Packet Data Network

PDU Protocol Data Unit

P-GW PDN Gateway

PLER Packet Loss Error Rate

PM Performance Management

PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator

PMIP Proxy Mobile IP

PoE Power over Ethernet

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

PRB Physical Resource Block

PSE Power Source Equipment

PSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PTP Precision Time Protocol

QCI QoS Class Identifier

QoS Quality of Service

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RACH Random Access Channel

RB Radio Bearer

RB Resource Block

RET Remote Electrical Tilt

RF Radio Frequency

RFS Root File System

RLC Radio Link Control

RLCB Radio Link Control Block

RO RACH Optimization

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S1-AP S1 Application Protocol

SC Single Carrier

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

SCTB SCTP Block

SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol

SDU Service Data Unit

SFBC Space Frequency Block Coding

SFN System Frame Number

SFTP SSH File Transfer Protocol

S-GW Serving Gateway

SIBs System Information Blocks

SM Spatial Multiplexing

SMC Security Mode Command

SMS Short Message Service

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

SON Self Organizing Network

SSH Secure Shell

SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal

STBC Space Time Block Coding

SU Single User

SwM Software Management

TA Tracking Area

THS Task Handling Service

TM Test Management

TOD Time Of Day

TrM Trace Management

UDA User Defined Alarm

UDE User Defined Ethernet

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UE User Equipment

UL Uplink

UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

VLAN Virtual Local Area Network

VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

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LTE eSmallCell

System Description

Information in this manual is proprietary to SAMSUNG

Electronics Co., Ltd.

No information contained here may be copied, translated,

transcribed or duplicated by any form without the prior written

consent of SAMSUNG.

Information in this manual is subject to change without notice.

FCC Information

This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Results. Operation is subject to the

following two conditions :

(1) This Device may not cause harmful interface, and

(2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that

may cause undesired operation.

Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for CLASS B digital

device, pursuant to Part 15 of FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable

protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial

environment This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not

installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio

communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular

installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception,

which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try

correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

1.1. Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.

1.2. Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.

1.3. Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which receiver is

connected.

1.4. Consult the dealer or experienced radio/TV technician for help.

WARNING

Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void the

user’s authority to operate the equipment.

“CAUTION : Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation.

Antenna shall be mounted in such a manner to minimize the potential for human

contact during normal operation. The antenna should not be contacted during operation

to avoid the possibility of exceeding the FCC radio frequency exposure limit.

Samsung Electronics Co SLS-BU102 eSmallCell (enterprise SmallCell) User Manual

Samsung Electronics Co Ltd eSmallCell (enterprise SmallCell)

User Manual

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