Samsung Electronics Co SLS-BU102 eSmallCell (enterprise SmallCell) User Manual

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LTE eSmallCell
System Description
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COPYRIGHT
This manual is proprietary to SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd. and is protected by copyright.
No information contained herein may be copied, translated, transcribed or duplicated for any commercial
purposes or disclosed to the third party in any form without the prior written consent of SAMSUNG Electronics
Co., Ltd.
TRADEMARKS
Product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective
companies.
This manual should be read and used as a guideline for properly installing and operating the product.
All reasonable care has been made to ensure that this document is accurate. If you have any comments on
this manual, please contact our documentation centre at the following address:
Address: Document & Training Center 3rd Floor Jeong-bo-tong-sin-dong. 129, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwonsi, Gyeonggi-do, Korea 443-742
Homepage: http://www.samsungdocs.com
©2013 SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Purpose
This description describes the characteristics, features and structure of the enterprise
SmallCell (eSmallCell), an LTE eNB.
Document Content and Organization
This manual consists of four Chapters and a list of Abbreviations.
CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture
eSmallCell Network Configuration
Interface Specifications
CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
Introduction to eSmallCell
eSmallCell (L7IA)
External Interface
Cables and Antennas
Mount Bracket
Specifications
CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
Software Structure
Data Traffic Flow
Network Sync Flow
Alarm Signal Flow
Loading Flow
Operation and Maintenance Message Flow
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INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 4. System Functions
Physical Layer Processing
Interference Mitigation
Call Processing Function
Closed Subscriber Groups (CSG) Function
IP Processing
Over the Air Receiver (OTAR) based GPS Locking Assistance Function
Plug and Play Function
Self Organizing Network (SON)
Security
Easy Operation and Maintenance
ABBREVIATION
Describes the acronyms used in this manual.
Conventions
The following types of paragraphs contain special information that must be carefully read
and thoroughly understood. Such information may or may not be enclosed in a rectangular
box, separating it from the main text, but is always preceded by an icon and/or a bold title.
NOTE
Indicates additional information as a reference.
WEEE Symbol Information
This marking on the product, accessories or literature indicates that the product and
its electronic accessories (e.g. charger, headset, USB cable) should not be disposed
of with other household waste at the end of their working life. To prevent possible
harm to the environment or human health from uncontrolled waste disposal, please
separate these items from other types of waste and recycle them responsibly to
promote the sustainable reuse of material resources.
Household users should contact either the retailer where they purchased this product, or their
local government office, for details of where and how they can take these items for
environmentally safe recycling.
Business users should contact their supplier and check the terms and conditions of the purchase
contract. This product and its electronic accessories should not be mixed with other commercial
wastes for disposal.
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INTRODUCTION
BATTERY Symbol Information
Correct disposal of batteries in this product
(Applicable in countries with separate collection systems.)
The marking on the battery, manual or packaging indicates that the battery in this product should
not be disposed of with other household waste. Where marked, the chemical symbols Hg, Cd or
Pb indicate that the battery contains mercury, cadmium or lead above the reference levels in EC
Directive 2006/66.
The battery incorporated in this product is not user replaceable. For information on its
replacement, please contact your service provider. Do not attempt to remove the battery or
dispose it in a fire. Do not disassemble, crush, or puncture the battery. If you intend to discard the
product, the waste collection site will take the appropriate measures for the recycling and
treatment of the product, including the battery.
Revision History
VERSION
DATE OF ISSUE
REMARKS
1.0
09. 2013.
First Version
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Document Content and Organization.................................................................................................... 3
Conventions ........................................................................................................................................... 4
WEEE Symbol Information.................................................................................................................... 4
BATTERY Symbol Information .............................................................................................................. 5
Revision History ..................................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture
1.1
eSmallCell Network Configuration ........................................................................................... 9
1.2
Interface Specifications .......................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
15
2.1
Introduction to eSmallCell ...................................................................................................... 15
2.2
eSmallCell (L7IA) ..................................................................................................................... 16
2.3
External Interface .................................................................................................................... 19
2.4
Cables and Antennas .............................................................................................................. 20
2.5
Mount Bracket ......................................................................................................................... 24
2.6
Specifications .......................................................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
3.1
27
Basic Software Structure ........................................................................................................ 27
3.1.1
CPS Block ............................................................................................................................... 29
3.1.2
OAM Blocks............................................................................................................................. 31
3.2
Data Traffic Flow ...................................................................................................................... 33
3.3
Network Sync Flow.................................................................................................................. 34
3.4
Alarm Signal Flow ................................................................................................................... 35
3.5
Loading Flow ........................................................................................................................... 36
3.6
Operation and Maintenance Message Flow .......................................................................... 37
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
38
4.1
Physical Layer Processing .................................................................................................... 38
4.2
Interference Mitigation ........................................................................................................... 41
4.3
Call Processing Function ....................................................................................................... 42
4.4
CSG Function .......................................................................................................................... 44
4.5
IP Processing .......................................................................................................................... 46
4.6
OTAR based GPS Locking Assistance Function.................................................................. 47
4.7
Plug and Play Function .......................................................................................................... 48
4.8
SON Function .......................................................................................................................... 49
4.9
Security.................................................................................................................................... 50
4.10 Easy Operation and Maintenance ......................................................................................... 52
ABBREVIATION
53
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. LTE eSmallCell Network Architecture ........................................................................... 9
Figure 2. S1 Protocol Stack_Control Plane (S1-MME) ............................................................... 12
Figure 3. S1 Protocol Stack_Control Plane (S1-MME) ............................................................... 12
Figure 4. Uu Protocol Stack ....................................................................................................... 13
Figure 5. X2 Protocol Stack ....................................................................................................... 13
Figure 6. Protocol Stack for Interworking with Small Cell EMS .................................................. 14
Figure 7. eSmallCell Configuration ............................................................................................ 15
Figure 8. Internal Configuration of eSmallCell ........................................................................... 16
Figure 9. External Interface of eSmallCell .................................................................................. 19
Figure 10. eSmallCell Ethernet Cable Connection ..................................................................... 20
Figure 11. GPS and RF Cable Connection ................................................................................ 21
Figure 12. Power Cord and Power Supply ................................................................................. 23
Figure 13. Mount Bracket Configuration .................................................................................... 24
Figure 14. eSmallCell Installation (Example) ............................................................................. 24
Figure 15. eSmallCell Software Structure .................................................................................. 27
Figure 16. Data Traffic Flow ....................................................................................................... 33
Figure 17. Network Synchronization Flow .................................................................................. 34
Figure 18. Alarm flow ................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 19. Loading Signal Flow.................................................................................................. 36
Figure 20. Operation and Maintenance Signal Flow .................................................................. 37
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Figure 21. Downlink ICIC Operation ........................................................................................... 41
Figure 22. Anti-Tamper Detection via Light Detector .................................................................. 51
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CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture
CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture
1.1
eSmallCell Network Configuration
A network which LTE eSmallCell belongs to consists of the eSmallCell, Small Cell
Element Management System (EMS), Small Cell Gateway, Small Cell GW EMS, Evolved
Packet Core (EPC), etc. A Subnet of the Packet Data Network (PDN), which allows the
User Equipment (UE) to access external networks, comprises multiple eSmallCells and
Small Cell Gateway/EPC (MME and S-GW/P-GW).
The network configuration of the eSmallCell is as follows:
Provisioning
System
Uh(OMA-DMOTA)
CSG List
Server
MTAS
Small Cell
EMS
X2(CSG)
S1-U/S1-MME
TR-069
eSmallCell
Cluster
TR-069
HSS
S6a
1588 Server
eSmallCell
Hot-Spot
Small Cell GW
EMS
CSG Admin
Server
SeGW
IP
Broadband
S1-U/S1-MME
TR-069
Security
Associations
S1-MME
Small Cell
Gateway
Local Router
S1-MME
MME
EPC
S11
S1-U
S-GW
S5/S8
P-GW
TR-069
S1-U/S1-MME
Small Cell
Hot-Spot
SGi
PDN
Macro-Cell
Cell-site Routers
Management traffic over IPSec
S1-U/S1-MME traffic over IPSec
Figure 1. LTE eSmallCell Network Architecture
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CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture
eSmallCell
The eSmallCell is located between the UE and Small Cell Gateway/EPC. It processes
packet calls by connecting to the UE wirelessly according to the LTE air standard.
The eSmallCell is responsible for transmission and receipt of wireless signals, modulation
and demodulation of packet traffic signals, packet scheduling for efficient utilization of
wireless resources, Hybrid Automatic Repeat request (HARQ)/ARQ processing, Packet
Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) for packet header compression, and wireless resources
control.
In addition, the eSmallCell performs handover by interworking with the Small Cell
Gateway/EPC.
EPC
The EPC is a system located between the eSmallCell/Small Cell Gateway and PDN.
The subcomponents of the EPC are the Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving GW
(S-GW) and PDN GW (P-GW).
MME: Processes control messages using the NAS signaling protocol with the
eSmallCell and performs control plane functions such as UE mobility management,
Tracking Area (TA) list management, and bearer and session management.
S-GW: Acts as the anchor for the user plane between the 2G/3G access system and the
LTE system, and manages and changes the packet transmission layer for downlink/
uplink data.
P-GW: Allocates an IP address to the UE, acts as the anchor for mobility between the LTE
and non-3GPP access systems, and manages/changes charging and the transmission rate
according to the service level.
Small Cell Gateway
Small Cell Gateway manages the eSmallCell and interworks with the EPC network by the
eSmallCell aggregation. From the view of EPC, Small Cell Gateway acts as an eNB; from
the view of eNB, it acts as an EPC, i.e. the representative eNB for the EPC.
Small Cell EMS
The Small Cell EMS provides the user interface for the operator to operate and maintain
the eSmallCell. The Small Cell EMS is responsible for software management,
configuration management, performance management and fault management.
Also, the EMS interworks with service provider’s Network Management System (NMS)
and carries out the Plug and Play (PnP) and SON related functions.
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
The HSS is a database management system that stores and manages the parameters and
location information for all registered mobile subscribers. The HSS manages key data such
as the mobile subscriber’s access capability, basic services and supplementary services, and
provides a routing function to the subscribed receivers.
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CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture
Security Gateway (SeGW)
SeGW provides the security tunneling to the eSmallCell connected through the public IP
network. To configure the tunnel, SeGW performs the authentication of the eSmallCell by
interworking with the AAA server and sets the IPSec security tunneling to the authenticated
eSmallCell only.
SeGW also provides the network protection through firewall and anti-attack features.
Small Cell GW EMS
Small Cell GW EMS is the system to manage Small Cell Gateway. It manages the
configuration, error, status, performance, statistics providing a Graphic User Interface
(GUI) for the convenience of the user. Also, the EMS interworks with service provider’s
NMS.
CSG Server
Refer to the ‘4.4 CSG function’.
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CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture
1.2
Interface Specifications
eSmallCell supports the following interfaces for interworking with NEs:
Target System
Interface Name
Small Cell Gateway
Physical Interface
S1-MME
GE/FE
S1-U
GE/FE
MME
S1-MME
GE/FE
S-GW
S1-U
GE/FE
eSmallCell
X2-C/X2-U
GE/FE
Small Cell EMS
TR-069/FTP
GE/FE
UE
Uu
Air
S1 Interface Protocol Stack
The following diagram shows the protocol stack for the S1 interface control plane.
S1-AP
S1-AP
S1-AP
S1-AP
SCTP
SCTP
SCTP
SCTP
IP
IP
IP
IP
L2
L2
L2
L2
L1
L1
L1
L1
eSmallCell
S1-MME
Small Cell Gateway
S1-MME
MME
Figure 2. S1 Protocol Stack_Control Plane (S1-MME)
The following diagram shows the protocol stack for the S1 interface user plane.
GTP-U
GTP-U
GTP-U
GTP-U
UDP
UDP
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
IP
IP
L2
L2
L2
L2
L1
L1
L1
L1
eSmallCell
S1-U
Small Cell Gateway
S1-U
S-GW
Figure 3. S1 Protocol Stack_Control Plane (S1-MME)
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CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture
Uu Interface Protocol Stack
The following diagram shows the protocol stack for the Uu interface.
RRC
RRC
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
PHY
PHY
PHY
eSmallCell
UE
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
PHY
UE
Uu
[User Plane]
Uu
eSmallCell
[Control Plane]
Figure 4. Uu Protocol Stack
X2 Interface Protocol Stack
The following diagram shows the protocol stack for the X2 interface between eSmallCells.
User Plane
PDUs
User Plane
PDUs
X2-AP
X2-AP
GTP-U
GTP-U
SCTP
SCTP
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
IP
IP
L2
L2
L2
L2
L1
L1
L1
L1
eSmallCell
eSmallCell
eSmallCell
X2-U
[User Plane]
X2-C
eSmallCell
[Control Plane]
Figure 5. X2 Protocol Stack
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CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture
Protocol Stack for Interworking with Small Cell EMS
The following diagram shows the protocol stack for the connection between eSmallCell
and Small Cell EMS.
FTP
SOAP
SOAP
HTTP
HTTP
SSL
SSL
FTP
TCP
TCP
IP
IP
L2
L2
L1
L1
eSmallCell
Small Cell EMS
Figure 6. Protocol Stack for Interworking with Small Cell EMS
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CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
CHAPTER 2. System Hardware
Structure
2.1
Introduction to eSmallCell
eSmallCell, an LTE eNB, is located between the UE and the Small Cell Gateway/EPC.
It provides mobile communications services to subscribers according to the LTE air
interface standard.
The eSmallCell transmits/receives radio signals to/from the UE and processes the
modulation and demodulation of packet traffic signals. The eSmallCell is also responsible
for packet scheduling and radio bandwidth allocation and performs handover via interface
with the Small Cell Gateway/EPC.
The eSmallCell can be installed vertically or horizontally; and it can be installed on the
wall, floor or ceiling by using the mount brackets. The eSmallCell is an all-in-one unit.
If a fault occurs, the unit must be replaced with new one.
The configuration of the eSmallCell is shown below:
Top Cover
Middle Cover
Bottom Cover
Figure 7. eSmallCell Configuration
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CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
2.2
eSmallCell (L7IA)
The eSmallCell consists of LTE 7 baseband and transceiver Integrated board Assembly
(L7IA) which is the digital & RF board.
Transceiver
Digital
GPS
Power
Amp
Clock
SoC
IEEE1588v 2
Modem
PSE
GE/FE Backhaul
AC
GbE
PHY
Processor
FPGA
(Modem Interface)
GPSR
Filter/LNA
Antenna
LNA
PAM
RFIC
Filter
PAM
RFIC
DC 12 V Power
AC
Adapter
(DC/DC)
LNA
Figure 8. Internal Configuration of eSmallCell
The L7IA performs the functions of main controller, network interface, clock generation &
distribution, modem, transceiver, and power amplifier function. The transceiver performs
the Digital Up Conversion (DUC)/Digital Down Conversion (DDC), Crest Factor
Reduction (CFR), linearization and Digital to Analog convert (DAC)/Analog to Digital
convert (ADC) functions. Moreover, the L7IA performs the spurious wave suppression
function and has the built-in Low Noise Amplifier (LNA).
The L7IA operates with 1 Carrier/Omni 2Tx/2Rx and the maximum output of the L7IA is
250 mW/path for the output port.
Item
Description
Digital Processing
SoC function
Function
- Performs the main processor functions of the system
- Performs the call processing, resource allocation, operation, and
maintenance functions
- Processes GTP, PDCP, OAM, RRC and RRM
- Processes RLC and MAC/PHY
- Processes OFDMA/SC-FDMA channel
- Processes subscriber data traffic
- Collects alarms and reports them to Small Cell EMS
- Controls IEEE1588v2
Other digital processing functions
- Receives GPS signals and generates and supplies clocks
- Synchronizes using IEEE 1588v2 packet
- Supports backhaul (GE/FE)
Transceiver Function
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
- Supports 5/10 MHz 1 Carrier/Omni 2Tx/2Rx
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Item
Description
- Convert RF uplink/downlink
Power Amplifier
- Supports 5/10 MHz 1 Carrier/Omni 2Tx/2Rx
Function
- Max. output 250 + 250 mW (for the external antenna port of the enclosure)
Filter and LNA
- Filters transmitted/received RF signals
Function
- Performs LNA function for Rx signals
Main Controller Function
The main processor of the eSmallCell takes the highest role, and performs the
communication path setup between UE and Small Cell Gateway/EPC, system operation
and maintenance, etc.
It also manages the status for all hardware/software in the eSmallCell, allocates and manages
resources, collects alarms, and reports all status information to the eSmallCell EMS.
Clock Generation and Distribution Function
The L7IA is equipped with Beyond Enhanced GPS Engine Module (BEGEM) and
IEEE1588v2 block. The BEGEM enables each block of the eSmallCell to operate under a
synchronized clock system.
The BEGEM creates the PP2S (Even Clock) and digital 10 MHz using the synchronization
signal received via the GPS antenna while the IEEE1588v2 block creates the 1 PPS and
digital 10 MHz synchronized with the IEEE1588v2 Master and each delivers the created
data to the Clock Generation & Distribution block of the L7IA.
The Clock Generation & Distribution block generates the system clock (30.72 MHz), PP2S
(Even clock), 1 PPS, and System Frame Number (SFN) for synchronization using the
signals received, and distributes them to the hardware blocks in the system.
The clock distributed in the system is used to keep the internal synchronization in the
eSmallCell and operate the system.
The Clock Generation & Distribution block also generates the 1PPS which is the reference
clock used for the measuring equipment or repeater. And, the BEGEM also transmits time
information and location information through the TOD path.
Network Interface Function
The L7IA interfaces with the Small Cell Gateway/EPC via Gigabit Ethernet or Fast
Ethernet.
Subscriber Channel Processing Function
The L7IA is equipped with the modem supporting the LTE standard physical layer to
process the OFDMA/SC-FDMA channel, and the DSP processes the RLC/MAC.
The modem modulates the packet data received from upper level and transmits it to the
transceiver. Reversely, the modem demodulates the packet data received from the
transceiver, converts them to the format which is defined in the LTE standard physical
layer specifications, and transmits them to the upper processor.
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CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
2Tx/2Rx MIMO Support
The RF part of the L7IA consists of transceiver and AMP, and supports the RF path of the
2Tx/2Rx. The maximum output is 250 mW/path for the external antenna port of the
enclosure.
DAC/ADC and Power Amplification
For the downlink, the baseband signals are converted to analog signals through the Digital
to Analog Converter (DAC). The frequency of those analog signals is up converted through
the modulator and then those signals are amplified into high-power RF signals through the
power amplifier.
For the uplink, the frequency of the signals where low noise is amplified at LNA of L7IA is
down converted through the demodulator. These down-converted frequency signals are
converted to baseband signals through the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).
The converted baseband signals are transmitted to the modem.
Reset Function
The L7IA can reset the hardware remotely. The reset command is transmitted to the
system’s CPLD upon the Small Cell EMS’s command, and the CPLD monitors it and resets
the board power.
Factory Reset Function
When the user presses the RESET button for 10 or more seconds, the system recognizes it
and then becomes initialized as a factory default mode. At the time, only the value that the
user can set is changed to the factory default value and the set value is maintained in the
Small Cell EMS during the operation.
However, if the factory reset button is pressed before the eSmallCell is normally operated
(during the booting of the initialization), it will not respond.
Filter and LNA Function
The L7IA includes a filter and LNA, and suppresses the out-of-band spurious wave
radiation. In the downlink path of the L7IA, the high-power amplified RF signal is
transmitted to the antenna through the filter after satisfying the spectrum mask defined for
each region. In the uplink path of the L7IA, the RF signal received via the filter is transmitted
to the digital processing part of the L7IA through low-noise amplification in the LNA.
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CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
2.3
External Interface
The external interface of the eSmallCell is as follows:
Side view
Side view
ANT_0
ANT_1
GPS 1PPS 10M
STS RESET LMT B/H
PWR
Figure 9. External Interface of eSmallCell
Connector
Port Name
Description
Port Count
Connector Type
ANT_0, ANT_1
RF antenna interface
2 ports
SMA female
GPS
GPS L1 interface
1 port
SMA female
1PPS
1PPS clock
1 port
SMA female
10M
Digital 10 MHz clock
1 port
SMA female
RESET
Factory Reset Switch
1 port
LMT
Local management interface
1 port
RJ-45
1 port
RJ-45
1 port
Typo 4P
(100 Base-Tx/1000 Base-Tx)
B/H
Backhaul interface
(100 Base-Tx/1000 Base-Tx)
PWR
Power
LED(STS)
LED Status
Red on
Description
- Hardware reset
- Abnormal Power
Orange on
- Booting completed
- Backhaul link is down
Orange blinking
eSmallCell IP acquisition (DHCP)
Green blinking
Normal operation
Red blinking
GPSR Function Fail or No Current PTP
Master Locking failure
LED off
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
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CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
2.4
Cables and Antennas
Ethernet Cable
Ethernet cables for backhaul (B/H) and PSE are connected as follows:
Ethernet Switch
PSE (4wire, 60 W,
Mid-span)
Figure 10. eSmallCell Ethernet Cable Connection
The specifications of the Ethernet cable are as follows:
Item
Specification
Modular Plug
RJ-45, Miniature 8-Position Unkeyed Plug
Category
CAT5e
Pair
4 Pair
Cable gauge
24 AWG
Cable type
UTP
Cable length
2m
Cable color
gray
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CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
Indoor (External) GPS Antenna, GPS Extension, RF Antenna, RF Extension
Cable
Indoor (external) GPS antenna, GPS extension cable, RF antenna, and RF extension cables
(option) are connected as follows:
Patch GPS Antenna
RF Patch Antenna
RF Extension Cable
(option 50, 30 and 10 meters)
GPS Extension Cable
(default 7 m, option 15 m)
RF Antenna
SMA connector
※ Product specification is subject to change
Figure 11. GPS and RF Cable Connection
RF patch antenna is not provided by Samsung.
The specifications of the indoor (external) GPS antenna are as follows:
Item
Patch Antenna
LNA
Cable
Specification
Frequency Range
1575.42 ± 1 MHz (Note1)
Gain @ Zenith
+3 dBi
I/O Impedance
50 ohm
Gain
35 dB min
Noise Figure
2.0 dB (Max. @ Operation temperature)
Voltage
3.0~5.5 VDC
Current
30 mA @ 3 VDC (Max)
Impedance
50 ohm
Type
RG-174/U
Length
7 meters
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CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
Item
Specification
(except connector)
Attenuation
Max. 13 dB
Connector
type
SMA Male (Straight)
Size
L×W×H
50 × 50 × 15 mm (except for cable/connector)
Environment
Operating temperature
-30~80°C
humidity
5~100 %
Color
Antenna & Cable
Black
Etc.
Mount
Including Magnet on the bottom side
The specifications of the RF antenna are as follows:
Item
Specification
747MHz~787MHz
Frequency
1,710MHz~1,755MHz
2,110MHz~2,155MHz
Gain
2dBi
VSWR
< 2.0
Impedance
50ohm
Connector
SMA
Size
Φ 18 x 182mm
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CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
Power Cord and Power Supply
Power cord and power supply are connected as follows:
Power cord
Power supply
※ Product specification is subject to change
Figure 12. Power Cord and Power Supply
The specifications of the power cord and power supply are as follows:
Item
Power Cord
Power Supply
Specification
Length
1.5 meters
Color
Black
Input voltage
105-125 VAC @ 60 Hz (± 5 % of the Input Voltage)
Output voltage
12 VDC (± 5 %)
Operating temperature
-5~50°C
Operating Humidity
5~99 %
Dust
GR-63-CORE 4.5
Label
Product name Manufacturer’s name Model number
Electrical characteristics (output voltage, amperage
and polarity) eSmallCell Manufacturer’s name Etc.
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CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
2.5
Mount Bracket
The following figure shows a bracket required when the eSmallCell is mounted on the floor,
wall or ceiling.
[Floor, Wall and Ceiling-Side Bracket]
[eSmallCell-Side Bracket]
Figure 13. Mount Bracket Configuration
The eSmallCell may be installed in the following shape by mounting the mount bracket:
[Floor]
[Wall]
[Ceiling]
Figure 14. eSmallCell Installation (Example)
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CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
2.6
Specifications
Key Specifications
The key specifications of the eSmallCell are as follows:
Item
Operating Frequency (selective)
Specifications
- Band 4 (UL: 1,710~1,755 MHz, DL: 2,110~2,155 MHz)
- Band 13 (UL: 777~787 MHz, DL: 746~756 MHz)
Channel Bandwidth
5/10 MHz
Capacity
1 Carrier/Omni
Antenna Configuration
2Tx/2Rx
RF Output Power
250 mW/Path (Total 500 mW)
Active UE
64 Active UE (=RRC connected UE)
Backhaul Interface
100 Base-TX/1000 Base-T (RJ45)
Synchronization (selective)
AGPS or IEEE1588v2
Holdover
AGPS < 1 min, IEEE1588v2 cannot support Holdover
Operational temperature
0~50°C
Humidity
8~95 % (Non-condensing, not to exceed 30 g/m3 absolute
humidity)
EMC/Safety/Dust Rating
FCC Part 15/UL 60950/IP5X
Cooling
Convection cooling
O&M protocol
TR-069
Security
IPSec
Installation
Wall, Floor and Ceiling
Volume/Weight
- Volume: 3.39 L = 228.2 (w) × 269.3 (h) × 55.2 (d) mm
- Weight: 2.4 kg
Power Supply (selective)
AC 105-125 VAC @ 60 Hz (± 5 % of the Input Voltage) with
external adaptor or High power Power over Ethernet (PoE, 60 W)
Power Consumption
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CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
IEEE1588v2 Specifications
The IEEE1588v2 specifications for the eSmallCell are as follows:
Item
Specifications
Clock Source
1588 Grand Master
Accuracy/Stability
± 0.05 ppm (frequency)
Synchronization Accuracy of IEEE1588v2
IEEE1588v2 satisfies the synchronization accuracy under the conditions defined
in the ITU-T G.8261 Appendix VI two-way protocol (Test Case 12-17) and G.8271.
Ambient Conditions
This section describes the operating temperature, humidity level and other ambient
conditions and related standard of the eSmallCell.
Item
Range
Operating Temperature
0~50°C
Storage Temperature
-40~70°C
Operating Humidity
5~90 % (RH)
Storage Humidity
5~95 % (RH)
Altitude
-60~1,800 m @ 50°C
1,800~4,000 m @ 40°C
Dust Rating
IEC60529, IP2X
Fire Test
UL2043
Fire Test at Installation on Ceiling
Because the top cover and AC/DC adaptor of the eSmallCell are made of plastic,
when the eSmallCell is installed inside the ceiling, it is recommended to remove
the top cover and use the PoE.
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CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
CHAPTER 3. System Software
Structure
3.1
Basic Software Structure
The software of the eNB is divided into three parts: Kernel Space (OS/DD), Forwarding
Space (Transport: NPC/NP) and User Space (MW, IPRS, CPS, and OAM) which are
described below.
IPRS
CPS
OAM
ECMB
GTPB
PM
CWMP
ECCB
PDCB
FM
SwM
SCTB
RLCB
CM
TM
TrM
MACB
OSAB
WEB-UI
IPRS
IPSS
CSAB
MW
MDS
Kernel Space
OS
MFS
ENS
DUS
Forwarding Space
DD
Transport
Hardware
Figure 15. eSmallCell Software Structure
Operating System (OS)
The OS initializes and controls the hardware devices and ensures the software is ready to
run on the hardware devices. The OS consists of a booter, kernel, Root File System (RFS),
and utility.
Booter: Performs initialization on boards. It initializes the CPU, L1/L2 Cache, UART,
and MAC and the devices such as CPLD and RAM within each board, and runs the uboot.
Kernel Manages the operation of multiple software processes and provides various
primitives to optimize the use of limited resources.
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CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
RFS: Stores and manages the binary files, libraries, and configuration files necessary
for running and operating the software in accordance with the File-system Hierarchy
Standard 2.2 (FHS).
Utility: Provides the functions for managing the complex programmable logic device
(CPLD), LED, watchdog, and environment and inventory information, measuring and
viewing the CPU load, and storing and managing fault information when a processor
goes down.
Device Driver (DD)
The DD allows applications to operate normally on devices that are not directly controlled
from the OS in the system. The DD consists of the physical DD and virtual DD.
Physical DD: Provides the interface through which an upper application can configure,
control, and monitor the external devices of the processor. (Switch device driver and
Ethernet MAC driver, etc.)
Virtual DD: For the physical network interfaces, virtual interfaces are created on the
kernel so that the upper applications may control the virtual interfaces instead of
controlling the physical network interfaces directly.
Transport
The NP is the software which processes the packets required for backhaul interface.
The functions of the NP are as follows:
Packet Rx/Tx
MAC filtering
IP packet forwarding
IP fragmentation/reassembly
VLAN termination
Middleware (MW)
The MW ensures seamless communication between OS and applications on various
hardware environments.
Message Delivery Service (MDS): Provides all services related to message
transmitting and receiving.
Debugging Utility Service (DUS): Provides the function for transmitting debugging
information and command between the applications and the operator.
Event Notification Service (ENS): Adds and manages various events such as timers,
and provides the function for transmitting an event message to the destination at the
time when it is needed.
Miscellaneous Function Service (MFS): The MFS is responsible for all hardwaredependent functions, such as accessing physical addresses of hardware devices.
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CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
IP Routing Software (IPRS)
The IPRS is the software that provides the IP routing and IP security function for the
system backhaul. The IPRS is configured with IPRS and IP Security Software (IPSS), and
each of them provide the functions as follows.
IPRS: Collects and manages the system configuration and status information necessary
for IP routing. Based on this data, the IPRS provides the function for creating routing
information.
− Managing Ethernet and VLAN-TE
− IP addresses management
− IP routing information management
IPSS: Provides the QoS and security function for the IP backhaul.
− Backhaul bandwidth restriction
− DSCP to CoS mapping
− IPSec
− ACL
3.1.1
CPS Block
The Call Processing Software (CPS) block performs the resource management of the LTE
eNB and the call processing function in the eNB defined in the 3GPP and performs the
interface function with the EPC, UE, and neighbor eSmallCells. The CPS consists of the
eNB Control Processing Subsystem (ECS) which is responsible for network access and call
control functions, and the eNB Data processing Subsystem (EDS) which is responsible for
user traffic handling.
The ECS consists of eNB Common Management Block (ECMB), eNB Call Control Block
(ECCB), SCTP Block (SCTB), CPS SON Agent Block (CSAB) and Trace Management
(TrM); and the EDS consists of GPRS Tunneling Protocol Block (GTPB), PDCP control
Block (PDCB), Radio Link Control Block (RLCB) and Medium Access Control Block
(MACB).
The major functions of the CPS blocks are as follows:
ECMB
Setting/Releasing cell
Transmitting system information
eSmallCell overload control: controls the system overload depending on CPU load
status
Access barring control: controls the access barring parameters of SIB2
Resource measurement control: controls the measurement of the resource status in the
system, such as PRB usage and PDB
Transmission of cell load information: provides interface for ICIC functions with
transmission of the X2 load information message
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CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
ECCB
Radio resource management
Idle to Active status transition
Setting/changing/releasing bearer
Paging Functions
MME selection/load balancing
Call admission control
Security function
Handover control
UE measurement control
Statistics processing
SCTB
S1-Cterfacing
X2-C interfacing
CSAB
Collection of statistics regarding the mobility robustness optimization
Collection of statistics regarding the RACH optimization
TrM
Call Trace function
Call Summary Log (CSL) function
GTPB
GTP tunnel control
GTP management
GTP data transmission
PDCB
Header compression or decompression (ROHC only)
Transmitting user data and control plane data
PDCP sequence number maintenance
DL/UL data forwarding at handover
Ciphering and deciphering for user data and control data
Control data integrity protection
Timer-based PDCP SDU discarding
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CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
RLCB
Transmission for the upper layer PDU
ARQ function used for the AM mode data transmission
RLC SDU concatenation, segmentation and reassembly
Re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs
In sequence delivery
Duplicate detection
RLC SDU discard
RLC re-establishment
Protocol error detection and recovery
MACB
Mapping between the logical channel and the transport channel
Multiplexing & de-multiplexing
HARQ
Transport format selection
Priority handling between UEs
Priority handling between logical channels of one UE
3.1.2
OAM Blocks
The OAM is responsible for operation and maintenance in the eSmallCell. The OAM is
configured with OAM SON Agent Block (OSAB), Performance Management (PM), Fault
Management (FM), Configuration Management (CM), CPE WAN Management Protocol
(CWMP), Software Management (SwM), Test Management (TM), and WEB-UI.
The major functions of the OAM blocks are as follows:
OSAB
System information, automatic configuration, and automatic installation
Optimizing automatic neighbor relation
PM
Collecting statistics data
Storing statistics data
Transmitting statistics data
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CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
FM
Detecting faults and reporting alarms
Retrieving alarm
Alarm filtering
Setting alarm severity
Setting alarm threshold
Alarm correlation
CM
Retrieval and change of configuration information
CWMP
Processing the TR-069 message
SwM
Downloading and installing software and data files
Reset of hardware unit and system
Status monitoring of the software unit in operation
Managing and updating the software and firmware information
Software upgrade
Inventory Management Functions
TM
Enable/disable the Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator (OCNS)
Setting/clearing a Model
Ping test
Measuring the Tx/Rx power
Measuring the antenna Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
WEB-UI
Web Server function
Interoperation with other OAM blocks for processing the command
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CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
3.2
Data Traffic Flow
Sending Path
The user data received from the Small Cell GW/EPC passes through the network interface
module and is transmitted through the Ethernet switch to the L7IA of eSmallCell.
The transmitted user data goes through baseband-level digital processing, and transmitted
to the transceiver part. The transceiver up-converts the wideband baseband signal to the RF
band, and the converted signal is transmitted to the antenna through the power amplifier
and filter.
Receiving Path
The RF signal received by the antenna passes through the L7IA’s filter and its low noise is
amplified by the LNA. This signal is converted to the data signal of baseband after the RF
down-conversion in the transceiver of the L7IA. The data which passed through the SCFDMA signaling process in the modem is converted to the Gigabit Ethernet frame and
transmitted to the Small Cell GW/EPC through GE.
Small Cell GW/EPC
eSmallCell
Digital
IP
Network
GE/FE
Main
Processor
Modem
Transceiver
D/A
UP
Conversion
A/D
Down
Conversion
PAM
Filter/LNA
Power
Amp
LNA
Tx
Filter
Rx
Filter
Figure 16. Data Traffic Flow
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CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
3.3
Network Sync Flow
The eSmallCell supports the GPS and IEEE1588v2 synchronization method selectively.
In case of the GPS synchronization, the GPS receiver (BEGEM) receives the
synchronization signal from the GPS and creates clocks. The clocks are distributed by the
clock generation & distribution part.
In case of the IEEE1588v2 packet synchronization, the IEEE1588v2 packet is received
from an external IEEE 1588v2 server for the synchronization.
GPS Antenna
eSmallCell
GPS L1 signal
IEEE1588v2
Server
PTP packet
Ethernet
Backhaul
GPS
Receiver
IEEE1588v2
Module
10 MHz
PP2S
10 MHz
1PPS
Clock
Generation
Distribution
System Clock
1PPS
SoC
Figure 17. Network Synchronization Flow
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CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
3.4
Alarm Signal Flow
An alarm is reported as an alarm signal when a fault occurs. The L7IA collects all the
alarms and report them to the LSM which is the management system.
eSmallCell
Alarm
L7IA
Small Cell EMS
Figure 18. Alarm flow
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CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
3.5
Loading Flow
Loading is the procedure through which the processors and devices of the system can
download from the Small Cell EMS the software executables, data, and other elements
required to perform their functions.
At the first system initialization, the loading information is stored in the internal storage so
that no unnecessary loading is carried out. When it is indicated to change software from the
Small Cell EMS, a new file is downloaded from the Small Cell EMS.
eSmallCell
L7IA
Small Cell EMS
Figure 19. Loading Signal Flow
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CHAPTER 3. System Software Structure
3.6
Operation and Maintenance Message Flow
The operator can check and change the status of the eSmallCell through the management
system. To accomplish this, the eSmallCell provides the TR-069 protocol interworking
function, and the Small Cell EMS operator can carry out the operation and maintenance
functions of the eSmallCell remotely. Moreover, the operator can carry out the maintenance
function using the web browser.
The statistical information provided by the eSmallCell is given to the operator in
accordance with the collection interval.
The operation and maintenance in the eSmallCell is performed using the TR-069 protocol
message with the Small Cell EMS. The Web UI is a type of GUI-based console terminal
which directly accesses the eSmallCell to monitor the status of, operate and maintain the
equipment.
The figure below shows the operation and maintenance signal flow.
Web UI
Small Cell EMS
eSmallCell
L7IA
HTTP Server
CWMP
Other Blocks
TR-069 message
HTTP message (command/response)
Statistical Data
Figure 20. Operation and Maintenance Signal Flow
Web UI
Web UI is a kind of GUI-based console terminal. It is a tool for viewing the status of
devices by directly accessing the eSmallCell and performing a function of setting some
information such as network configuration. The operator can perform Web UI only with
Internet Explorer without installing separate software.
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
CHAPTER 4. System Functions
The main functions of the eSmallCell are as follows:
Physical Layer Processing
Interference Mitigation Function
Call Processing Function
CSG Function
IP Processing
OTAR based GSP locking assistance Function
Plug-n-Play Function
SON Function
Security
Easy Operation and Maintenance
Availability of System Features and Functions
For availability and provision schedule of the features and functions described in
the system manual, please refer to separate documentations.
4.1
Physical Layer Processing
The eSmallCell transmits/receives data through the radio channel between the Small Cell
Gateway/EPC and UE. To do so, the eSmallCell provides the following functions.
Downlink Reference Signal Creation and Transmission
Downlink Synchronization Signal Creation and Transmission
Channel Encoding/Decoding
Modulation/Demodulation
Resource Allocation and Scheduling
Link Adaptation
HARQ
MIMO
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
Downlink Reference Signal Creation and Transmission
The UE must estimate the downlink channel to perform the coherent demodulation on the
physical channel in the LTE system. The LTE uses the OFDM/OFDMA-based methods for
transmitting and therefore the channel can be estimated by inserting the reference symbols
from the receiving terminal to the grid of each time and frequency. These reference
symbols are called downlink reference signals, and there are 2 types of reference signal
defined in the LTE downlink.
Cell-specific reference signal: The cell specific reference signal is transmitted to every
subframe across the entire bandwidth of the downlink cell. It is mainly used for
channel estimation, MIMO rank calculation, MIMO precoding matrix selection and
signal strength measurement for handover.
UE-specific reference signal: The UE-specific reference signal is used for estimating
channel for coherent demodulation of DL-SCH transmission where the beamforming
method is used. ‘UE-specific’ means that the reference signal is generally used for
channel estimation of a specified UE only. Therefore, the UE-specific reference signal
is used in the resource block allocated for DL-SCH only, which is transmitted to the
specified UE.
Downlink Synchronization Signal Creation and Transmission
The synchronization signal is used for the initial synchronization when the UE starts to
communicate with the eSmallCell. There are two types of synchronization signals: Primary
Synchronization Signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS).
The UE can obtain the cell identity through the synchronization signal. It can obtain other
information about the cell through the broadcast channel. Since synchronization signals and
broadcast channels are transmitted in the 1.08 MHz range, which is right in the middle of
the cell’s channel bandwidth, the UE can obtain the basic cell information such as cell ID
regardless of the transmission bandwidth of the eSmallCell.
Channel Encoding/Decoding
The eSmallCell is responsible for channel encoding/decoding to correct the channel errors
that occurred on a wireless channel. In LTE, the turbo coding and the 1/3 tail-biting
convolutional coding are used. Turbo coding is mainly used for transmission of large data
packets on downlink and uplink, while convolutional coding is used for control information
transmission and broadcast channel for downlink and uplink.
Modulation/Demodulation
For the data received over the downlink from the upper layer, the eSmallCell processes it
through the baseband of the physical layer and then transmits it via a wireless channel.
At this time, to transmit a baseband signal as far as it can go via the wireless channel, the
system modulates and transmits it on a specific high frequency bandwidth.
For the data received over the uplink from the UE through a wireless channel, the
eSmallCell demodulates and changes it to the baseband signal to perform decoding.
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
Resource Allocation and Scheduling
To support multiple accesses, the eSmallCell uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA
for uplink. By allocating the 2-dimensional resources of time and frequency to multiple
UEs without overlay, both methods enable the eSmallCell to communicate with multiple
UEs simultaneously.
When the eSmallCell operates in the MU-MIMO mode, multiple UEs may use the same
resource at the same time exceptionally. Such allocation of cell resources to multiple UEs
is called scheduling and each cell has its own scheduler for this function.
The LTE scheduler of the eSmallCell allocates resources to maximize the overall
throughput of the cell by considering the channel environment of each UE, the data
transmission volume required, and other QoS elements. In addition, to reduce interferences
with other cells, the eSmallCell can share information with the schedulers of other cells
over the X2 interface.
Link Adaptation
The wireless channel environment can become faster or slower, better or worse depending
on various factors. The system is capable of increasing the transmission rate or maximizing
the total cell throughput in response to the changes in the channel environment, and this is
called link adaptation.
In particular, the Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) is used for changing the
modulation method and channel coding rate according to the channel status. If the channel
environment is good, the MCS increases the number of transmission bits per symbol using
a high-order modulation. If the channel environment is bad, it uses a low-order modulation
and a low coding rate to minimize channel errors.
In addition, in the environment where MIMO mode can be used, the eSmallCell operates in
MIMO mode to increase the peak data rate of subscribers and can greatly increase the cell
throughput.
If the channel information obtained is incorrect or modulation method of higher order or
higher coding rate than the given channel environment is used, errors may occur.
In such cases, the errors can be corrected by the HARQ function.
H-ARQ
The H-ARQ is a retransmission method in the physical layer, which uses the stop-and-wait
protocol. The eSmallCell provides the HARQ function to retransmit or combine frames in
the physical layer so that the effects of wireless channel environment changes or
interference signal level changes can be minimized, which results in throughput
improvement.
The LTE uses the Incremental Redundancy (IR)-based HARQ method and regards the
Chase Combining (CC) method as a special case of the IR method.
The eSmallCell uses the asynchronous method for downlink and the synchronous method
for uplink.
MIMO
The eSmallCell can support the MIMO by using multiple antennas. For this purpose, the
channel card of the eSmallCell has the baseband part to process the MIMO, and individual
RF paths can be processed separately. The eSmallCell supports various types of the MIMO
to provide the high-performance data service.
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
4.2
Interference Mitigation
Downlink ICIC
eSmallCell1
Interference
eNB1
T× Power
DL ICIC is a function of allocating resources and changing power depending on the status
of the channel of the UE. The ICIC function allows high power to be allocated to the UE
on the edge and low power to be allocated to the UE on the center and may reduce
interference between the UEs.
The operation of the Downlink ICIC is as follows:
High power for
edge users
UE1
Frequency
UE1
Low or zero power
to protect edge users in
neighbor cell
High power for
edge users
UE2
eSmallCell2
UE3
eNB2
T× Power
Interference
UE3
UE2
Frequency
Figure 21. Downlink ICIC Operation
Step 1: Channel condition
− UE’s channel condition is estimated using the CQI Feedback from UE.
− Average CQI Threshold is considered as a criteria to qualify as a cell edge or cell
center condition
Step 2: Power control mechanism
− If UE is estimated to be in cell center condition, UE specific DL power related
parameter Pa is lowered, which results in power reduction of data subcarriers for
that UE and further decreases interference to neighboring cells.
− If UE is estimated to be in cell edge condition, Pa is increased and hence data
subcarriers power is increased in order to maintain edge UE’s quality.
PUCCH Moving to Center
The eSmallCell support PUCCH Regions in the center of the carrier for Public Safety Band
Uplink Interference Mitigation in Band Class 13.
Frequency Selective Scheduling
The eSmallCell support frequency selective scheduling(Requirement is based on UE
selected sub-band CQI reporting)
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
4.3
Call Processing Function
Cell Information Transmission
In a serving cell, the eSmallCell periodically transmits a Master Information Block (MIB)
and System Information Blocks (SIBs), which are system information, to allow the UE that
receives them to perform proper call processing.
Call Control and Air Resource Assignment
The eSmallCell allows the UE to be connected to or disconnected from the network.
When the UE is connected to or released from the network, the eSmallCell transmits and
receives the signaling messages required for call processing to and from the UE via the Uu
interface, and to and from the Small Cell Gateway/EPC via the S1 interface.
When the UE connects to the network, the eSmallCell performs call control and resource
allocation required for service. When the UE is disconnected from the network, the
eSmallCell collects and releases the allocated resources.
Handover
The eSmallCell supports intra-frequency or inter-frequency handover between intraeSmallCell cells, X2 handover between eSmallCells, and S1 handover between
eSmallCells. It also processes signaling and bearer for handover. At intra-eSmallCell
handover, handover-related messages are transmitted via internal eSmallCell interfaces; at
X2 handover, via the X2 interface; at S1 handover, via the S1 interface.
To minimize user traffic loss during X2 and S1 handovers, the eSmallCell performs the
data forwarding function. The source eSmallCell provides two forwarding methods to the
target eSmallCell: direct forwarding via the X2 interface and indirect forwarding via the S1
interface.
The eSmallCell allows the UE to receive traffic without loss through the data forwarding
method at handover.
Admission Control (AC)
The eSmallCell provides capacity-based admission control and QoS-based admission
control for a bearer setup request from the Small Cell Gateway/EPC so that the system is
not overloaded.
Capacity-based admission control
There is a threshold for the maximum number of connected UEs (new calls/handover
calls) and a threshold for the maximum number of connected bearers that can be
allowed in the eSmallCell. Call admission is determined depending on whether the
connected UEs and bearers exceed the thresholds.
QoS-based admission control
The eSmallCell determines whether to admit a call depending on the estimated PRB
usage of the newly requested bearer, the PRB usage status of the bearers in service,
and the maximum acceptance limit of the PRB (per bearer type, QCI, and UL/DL).
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
RLC ARQ
The eSmallCell performs the ARQ function for the RLC Acknowledged Mode (AM) only.
When receiving and transmitting packet data, the RLC transmits the SDU by dividing it
into units of RLC PDU at the transmitting side and the packet is retransmitted (forwarded)
according to the ARQ feedback information received from the receiving side for increased
reliability of the data communication.
QoS Support
The eSmallCell receives the QoS Class Identifier (QCI) in which the QoS characteristics of
the bearer are defined and the GBR, the MBR, and the Aggregated Maximum Bit Rate
(UE-AMBR) from the Small Cell Gateway/EPC. It provides the QoS for the wireless
section between the UE and the eSmallCell and the backhaul section between the
eSmallCell and the Small Cell Gateway/S-GW.
Via the air interface, it performs retransmission to satisfy the rate control according to the
GBR/MBR/UE-AMBR values, priority of bearer defined in the QCI, and scheduling
considering packet delay budget, and the Packet Loss Error Rate (PLER).
Via the backhaul interface, it performs QCI-based packet classification, QCI to DSCP
mapping, and marking for the QoS. It provides queuing depending on mapping results, and
each queue transmits packets to the EPC according to a strict priority, etc.
In the Small Cell EMS, in addition to the QCI predefined in the specifications, operatorspecific QCI and QCI-to-DSCP mapping can be set.
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
4.4
CSG Function
Overview of CSG Function
Depending on the 3GPP standards, the access methods of the eSmallCell include closed
access, open access, and hybrid access modes and the feature by each mode is as follows:
Type
Open
Release
Release 8
Description
Grant access and offer all services to
Example
Public Library, airport
all users
Closed
Release 8
- Grant access and offer all services to
CSG members only.
Security and backhaul use
conscious organization.
- Only Emergency calls allowed for
non-members
Hybrid
Release 9
Grant access to all users, but provide
Students and Faculty on a
better service to CSG members
university campus get better
service than general public
The eSmallCell describes CSG Indication and CSG Identity in the cell access information
of SIB 1 to broadcast its access mode to a subscriber who intends to access. The
information of SIB 1that broadcasts CSG type and CSG ID is as follows:
Type
Open
SIB 1 CSG contents
CSG Indicator = FALSE
CSG ID is empty
Closed
CSG Indicator = TRUE
CSG ID = List of max. of 256 27 bit CSG IDs
Hybrid
CSG Indicator = FALSE
CSG ID = List of max. of 256 27 bit CSG IDs
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
CSG Membership Management & Access Control
The CSG list is the list of CSG IDs which each subscriber can access and the subscriber
stores the CSG list as the information on the subscription of the eSmallCell. The CSG list
is classified into the allowed CSG list and the operator CSG list, and the combination of the
two lists is called as CSG-white list.
Allowed CSG list: Stored in the USIM of the UE and can be modified by the operator
and the subscriber.
Operator CSG list: Possible to be modified only by the operator and be read-only by
the subscriber.
The allowed CSG list that the subscriber stores must be the same as that operated in HSS
and MME of the core network. The allowed CSG list must have the latest data in the core
network all the time and if the allowed CSG lists between the subscriber and the core
network are not matched, the data of the subscriber must be changed. If the access of the
subscriber to the eSmallCell fails to be authorized, the CSG administrate server delivers the
reason to the HSS/MME and reports it to the subscriber through the RRC message. At the
time, the subscriber deletes the CSG ID of the current cell in the allowed CSG list that s/he
stores. Through such procedures, the allowed CSG list operated by the core network is
matched with that retained by the subscriber.
When the UE accesses the CSG cell, the CSG access control checks whether the UE can
access the CGS cell by making the MME checking whether the CSG subscription
information of the UE is matched with the CSG ID of the serving cell (member or nonmember eSmallCell). If the UE is impossible to access, the access request will be rejected.
Regardless of CSG subscription, the emergency call is allowed to access all the time.
In case of the hybrid cell, for the CSG subscription information, whether the UE is a
member of the hybrid cell same as the CSG access control is checked. The membership
information may be used for admission control and the hybrid cell may be provided as the
dedicated service for the member. Contrary to the CSG access control, the hybrid cell does
not reject even the access request for a non-member.
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
4.5
IP Processing
IP QoS
The eSmallCell can provide the backhaul QoS when communicating with the EPC by
supporting the Differentiated Services (DiffServ).
The eSmallCell supports 8 class DiffServ and mapping between the services classes of the
user traffic received from the MS and DiffServ classes. In addition, the eSmallCell supports
mapping between the Differentiated Services Code Points (DSCP) and the 802.3 Ethernet
MAC service classes.
IP Routing
Since the eSmallCell provides multiple Ethernet interfaces, it stores in the routing table the
information on which Ethernet interface the IP packets will be routed to. The routing table
of the eSmallCell is configured by the operator. The method for configuring the routing
table is similar to the standard router configuration method.
The eSmallCell supports static routing settings, but does not support dynamic routing
protocols such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) or Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).
Ethernet/VLAN Interface
The eSmallCell provides Ethernet interfaces and supports the static link grouping, Virtual
Local Area Network (VLAN), and Ethernet CoS functions that comply with IEEE 802.3ad
for Ethernet interfaces. The MAC bridge function defined in IEEE 802.1D is not supported.
The eSmallCell allows multiple VLAN IDs to be set for an Ethernet interface.
To support Ethernet CoS, it maps the DSCP value of the IP header to the CoS value of the
Ethernet header for Tx packets.
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
4.6
OTAR based GPS Locking Assistance
Function
The eSmallCell supports the AGPS (Assisted GPS) operation as a supporting function to
reduce the GPS locking time. The AGPS is a function of receiving the information on the
satellites around the earth in advance and use the information at the GPS locking to reduce
the locking time.
If the location of the eSmallCell is not defined, the AGPS function assumes that it is
located on the center of the area and performs the GPS locking operation. At the time, if the
location of the eSmallCell is defined to be around the current eSmallCell, it would reduce
the time for the AGPS operation. Therefore, the eSmallCell supports a function of setting
the approximate location information through the OTAR.
OTAR based GPS locking assistance is a function of making an initial Small Cell EMS
deliver the approximate location information to the eSmallCell through the ECGI/TA to
location information that has been retained if the eSmallCell scans the information on the
ECGI/TA (E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier/Tracking Area) of the neighbor macro cell to
the initial Small Cell EMS through the OTAR operation. By using the delivered location
information, the eSmallCell operates the AGPS operation.
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
4.7
Plug and Play Function
The Plug and Play function is a function of automatically conducting the system ‘power on’
to ‘in-service’ by automatically configuring the network parameters to minimize the items
the operator sets manually at the installation place when the system is installed. The
detailed functions are as follows:
A function of automatically obtaining the eSmallCell IP address (DHCP)
Through the connection with the DHCP server, receives outer IP address, Netmask,
Gateway IP, DNS server IP, etc. to be used by the eSmallCell.
A function of automatically obtaining the IP targeted to be connected (DNS query)
− The eSmallCell obtains the IP address of Initial SeGW, Initial Small Cell EMS,
AGPS server, etc. through the DNS query. FQDNs (Full Qualified Domain
Names) to obtain the IP address is pre-stored in the eSmallCell.
− The eSmallCell obtains the serving SeGW address through the DNS query and the
serving SeGW FQDN is obtained from the Initial Small Cell EMS.
AGPS/OTAR function to assist GPS locking
IPSec function to protect the backhaul connection: The eSmallCell supports the IPSec
function to protect the backhaul connection and uses the following configuration:
IKEv2, ESP, Tunnel mode, 1 IPSec tunnel, Encryption: AES, Integrity Protection:
HMAC-SHA1-96
Automatic OAM connection
Software and Configuration data loading
Automatic S1/X2 setup
− When the S1 is automatically set up, it supports the connection with two small cell
gateways, and operates as primary/secondary.
− When the connection to the primary small cell gateway is successful, use the
primary small cell gateway and the S1 connection. When the connection to the
primary small cell gateway fails, attempt at the secondary small cell gateway and
the S1 connection.
Self-Test function
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
4.8
SON Function
The SON function supports the self-configuration, self-establishment and self-optimization
function.
Self-Configuration
Self-configuration enable automatic setup of radio parameters based on OTAR to
minimizes the effort in installing the system. The detailed functions are as follows.
Self-configuration of Initial Physical Cell ID (PCI)
Self-configuration of initial neighbor information
Self-configuration of initial Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) information
Self-configuration of initial carrier assignment
Self-configuration of initial power
Self-Optimization
PCI auto-configuration
The SON server of the LSM is responsible for allocating the initial PCI in the selfestablishment procedure of a new eSmallCell, detecting a problem automatically, and
selecting, changing, and setting a proper PCI when a PCI collision/confusion occurs
with the neighbor cells during operation.
Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) optimization
The ANR function minimizes the network operator’s effort to maintain the optimal
NRT by managing the NRT dynamically depending on grow/degrow of the neighbor
cells. This function automatically configures the initial NRT of each eSmallCell and
recognizes environment changes, such as cell grow/degrow or new eSmallCell
installation during operation to maintain the optimal NRT. In other words, the ANR
function updates the NRT for each eSmallCell by automatically recognizing topology
changes such as new neighbor cell or eSmallCell installation/uninstallation and adding
or removing the Neighbor Relation (NR) to or from the new neighbor cell.
Mobility robustness optimization
The mobility robustness optimization function is the function for improving handover
performance in the eSmallCell by recognizing the problem that handover is triggered
at the incorrect time (e.g. too early or too late) before, after, or during handover
depending on UE mobility, or handover is triggered to the incorrect target cell
(handover to the wrong cell) and then by optimizing the handover parameters
according to the reasons for the problem.
Random Access Channel (RACH) optimization
The RACH Optimization (RO) function minimizes the access delay and interference
through dynamic management of the parameters related to random access.
The RO function is divided into the initial RACH setting operation and the operation
for optimizing parameters related to the RACH. The initial RACH setting operation is
for setting the preamble signatures and the initial time resource considering the
neighbor cells. The operation for optimizing parameters related to the RACH is for
estimating the RACH resources, such as time resource and subscriber transmission
power required for random access, that change depending on time, and for optimizing
the related parameters.
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
4.9
Security
Boot-loader Validation of Signed Images
The function of boot-loader validation of signed images is a function of certifying that an
image distributor signs the image to inform that the distributor made and distributed the
image and the user verifies the signed image to check the image was distributed by the
distributer and it was not forged or modified with integrity.
Code signing
Creates a signature encrypting the hash value of the image to the private key held only
by the distributor and distributes the image with the encrypted signature.
Code verification
Calculates the hash value of the image and deciphers the signature to the public key
responding to the private key of the distributor. Checks that the image was not forged
or modified when the deciphered value is compared with the hash value of the image
and the values are same.
No External Debug Port
Because the eSmallCell does not have the debug port exposed outside, accesses the product
through the external debug port and prevents the attack of forging or modifying software.
Anti-Tamper Detection via Light Detector
When the system cover (middle cover) is opened, it detects the light from the outside and
gives an alarm that the system cover is opened. The photo sensor of the eSmallCell
measures exact visible light and if the light exceeding the threshold (lux value) set by the
operator is measured, the cover open alarm goes off.
Tamper detection
− Providing the on-chip photo sensor to measure the exact visible light from outside
− Supporting tamper detection alarm and configurable option to enable/disable the
tamper detection function via Small Cell EMS
− Providing configurable tamper detection threshold value via Small Cell EMS
Cover open Alarm definition/description
− Definition: cover open alarm is defined as the eSmallCell middle cover is opened
− Description: eSmallCell occurs cover open alarm when eSmallCell detects the
visible light value is greater than the configured threshold value for 2 second
period x 3 times
− Default threshold value: 5 lux (typical side road lighting)
Performance of detector
− Sensitivity Range: from 1 lux to 65,000 lux
− Reliable Light Sensing: rejection of 50 Hz/60 Hz Noise
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
Middle Cover
Ambient sensor
PCB
Heat
Sink
Figure 22. Anti-Tamper Detection via Light Detector
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CHAPTER 4. System Functions
4.10 Easy Operation and Maintenance
Through interworking with the management systems (Small Cell EMS), the eSmallCell
provides the maintenance functions such as system initialization and restart, system
configuration management, management of fault/status/diagnosis for system resources and
services, management of statistics on system resources and various performance data and
security management for system access and operation.
Graphics and Text Based Console Interfaces
The Small Cell EMS manages all eSmallCells in the network using the Database
Management System (DBMS). The eSmallCell also interworks with the console terminal to
allow the operator to connect directly to the Network Element (NE), rather than through the
Small Cell EMS, and perform the operations and maintenance.
The operator can access the graphic based console interfaces without additional software
and log in to the system using web browser such as Internet Explorer. The operator can
retrieve the network configuration and system fault information.
Operator Authentication Function
The eSmallCell provides the authentication and privilege management functions for the
system operators. The operator accesses the eSmallCell using the operator’s account and
password via the Web UI.
Highly-Secured Maintenance
The eSmallCell supports the HTTP/SSL for security during communications with the Small
Cell EMS, and the Secure Shell (SSH) also.
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ABBREVIATION
ABBREVIATION
3GPP
3rd Generation Partnership Project
64 QAM
64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
AC
Admission Control
ADC
Analog to Digital Converter
AGPS
Assisted GPS
AKA
Authentication and Key Agreement
AM
Acknowledged Mode
AMBR
Aggregated Maximum Bit Rate
ANR
Automatic Neighbor Relation
ARQ
Automatic Repeat Request
AS
Access Stratum
BEGEM
Beyond Enhanced GPS Engine Module
BGP
Border Gateway Protocol
CA
Carrier Aggregation
C&M
Control & Maintenance
CC
Chase Combining
CFR
Crest Factor Reduction
CLI
Command Line Interface
CM
Configuration Management
CoS
Class of Service
CPLD
Complex Programmable Logic Device
CPS
Call Processing Software
CS
Circuit Service
CSAB
CPS SON Agent Block
CSM
Core System Manager
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ABBREVIATION
DAC
Digital to Analog Converter
DBMS
Database Management System
DD
Device Driver
DDC
Digital Down Conversion
DFT
Discrete Fourier Transform
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DiffServ
Differentiated Services
DL
Downlink
DSCP
Differentiated Services Code Point
DSP
Digital Signal Processor
DUC
Digital Up Conversion
DUS
Debugging Utility Service
ECCB
eSmallCell Call Control Block
ECGI
E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier
ECMB
eSmallCell Common Management Block
ECS
eSmallCell Control processing Subsystem
EDS
eSmallCell Data processing Subsystem
EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI
Electromagnetic Interference
EMS
Element Management System
eNB
evolved UTRAN Node-B
ENS
Event Notification Service
E/O
Electric-to-Optic
EPC
Evolved Packet Core
EPS
Evolved Packet System
ES
Energy Saving
ESM
Energy Saving Management
ESM
EPC System Manager
E-UTRAN
Evolved UTRAN
FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
FE
Fast Ethernet
FHS
File-system Hierarchy Standard 2.2
FM
Fault Management
FSTD
Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
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ABBREVIATION
GBR
Guaranteed Bit Rate
GE
Gigabit Ethernet
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
GPS
Global Positioning System
GTP
GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GTPB
GPRS Tunneling Protocol Block
GTP-U
GTP-User
GW
Gateway
HARQ
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
HAS
High Availability Service
HO
Handover
HSS
Home Subscriber Server
HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTPs
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol over SSL
ICIC
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol
IDFT
Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
IF
Intermediate Frequency
IP
Internet Protocol
IPRS
IP Routing Software
IPSS
IP Security Software
IPv4
Internet Protocol version 4
IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6
IR
Incremental Redundancy
L7IA
LTE 7 baseband and transceiver Integrated board Assembly
LMT
Local Maintenance Tool
LNA
Low Noise Amplifier
LSM
LTE System Manager
LTE
Long Term Evolution
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ABBREVIATION
MAC
Medium Access Control
MACB
Medium Access Control Block
MBR
Maximum Bit Rate
MCS
Modulation Coding Scheme
MDS
Message Delivery Service
MFS
Miscellaneous Function Service
MIB
Master Information Block
MIMO
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MMC
Man Machine Command
MME
Mobility Management Entity
MSS
Master SON Server
MTAS
Multimedia Telephony Application Server
MU
Multiuser
NAS
Non-Access Stratum
NE
Network Element
NP
Network Processing
NPC
Network Processing Control
NR
Neighbor Relation
NRT
Neighbor Relation Table
OAM
Operation and Maintenance
OCNS
Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator
OCS
Online Charging System
O/E
Optic-to-Electric
OFCS
Offline Charging System
OFD
Optic Fiber Distributor
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OMA-DMOTA
Open Mobile Alliance-Device Management Over The Air
OS
Operating System
OSAB
OAM SON Agent Block
OSPF
Open Shortest Path First
OSS
Operating Support System
OTAR
Over the air Receiver
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ABBREVIATION
PAPR
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
PCI
Physical Cell Identity
PCRF
Policy and Charging Rule Function
PD
Power Detector
PDCB
PDCP Block
PDCP
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDN
Packet Data Network
PDU
Protocol Data Unit
P-GW
PDN Gateway
PLER
Packet Loss Error Rate
PM
Performance Management
PMI
Precoding Matrix Indicator
PMIP
Proxy Mobile IP
PoE
Power over Ethernet
PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel
PRB
Physical Resource Block
PSE
Power Source Equipment
PSS
Primary Synchronization Signal
PTP
Precision Time Protocol
QCI
QoS Class Identifier
QoS
Quality of Service
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RACH
Random Access Channel
RB
Radio Bearer
RB
Resource Block
RET
Remote Electrical Tilt
RF
Radio Frequency
RFS
Root File System
RLC
Radio Link Control
RLCB
Radio Link Control Block
RO
RACH Optimization
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ABBREVIATION
S1-AP
S1 Application Protocol
SC
Single Carrier
SC-FDMA
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
SCTB
SCTP Block
SCTP
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SDU
Service Data Unit
SFBC
Space Frequency Block Coding
SFN
System Frame Number
SFTP
SSH File Transfer Protocol
S-GW
Serving Gateway
SIBs
System Information Blocks
SM
Spatial Multiplexing
SMC
Security Mode Command
SMS
Short Message Service
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol
SON
Self Organizing Network
SSH
Secure Shell
SSS
Secondary Synchronization Signal
STBC
Space Time Block Coding
SU
Single User
SwM
Software Management
TA
Tracking Area
THS
Task Handling Service
TM
Test Management
TOD
Time Of Day
TrM
Trace Management
UDA
User Defined Alarm
UDE
User Defined Ethernet
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
UE
User Equipment
UL
Uplink
UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VLAN
Virtual Local Area Network
VSWR
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
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LTE eSmallCell
System Description
©2013 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
All rights reserved.
Information in this manual is proprietary to SAMSUNG
Electronics Co., Ltd.
No information contained here may be copied, translated,
transcribed or duplicated by any form without the prior written
consent of SAMSUNG.
Information in this manual is subject to change without notice.
© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd.
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FCC Information
This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Results. Operation is subject to the
following two conditions :
(1) This Device may not cause harmful interface, and
(2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that
may cause undesired operation.
Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for CLASS B digital
device, pursuant to Part 15 of FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial
environment This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not
installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio
communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular
installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception,
which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try
correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
1.1. Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
1.2. Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
1.3. Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which receiver is
connected.
1.4. Consult the dealer or experienced radio/TV technician for help.
WARNING
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void the
user’s authority to operate the equipment.
“CAUTION : Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation.
Antenna shall be mounted in such a manner to minimize the potential for human
contact during normal operation. The antenna should not be contacted during operation
to avoid the possibility of exceeding the FCC radio frequency exposure limit.

---

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