ZyXEL Communications MAX207HW2 WiMAX MIMO 2.5GHz Indoor Multiple-user CPE User Manual Quick Start Guide

ZyXEL Communications Corporation WiMAX MIMO 2.5GHz Indoor Multiple-user CPE Quick Start Guide

Contents

Manual 2

Chapter 18 Product SpecificationsUser’s Guide182Firmware update enable / disable If your service provider uses this feature, you hear a recorded message when you pick up the phone when new firmware is available for your WiMAX Modem. Enter *99# in your phone’s keypad to have the WiMAX Modem upgrade the firmware, or enter #99# to not upgrade. If your service provider gave you different numbers to use, enter them instead. If you enter the code to not upgrade, you can make a call as normal. You will hear the recording again each time you pick up the phone, until you upgrade. Call waiting This feature allows you to hear an alert when you are already using the phone and another person calls you. You can then either reject the new incoming call, put your current call on hold and receive the new incoming call, or end the current call and receive the new incoming call.Call forwarding With this feature, you can set the WiMAX Modem to forward calls to a specified number, either unconditionally (always), when your number is busy, or when you do not answer. You can also forward incoming calls from one specified number to another.Caller ID The WiMAX Modem supports caller ID, which allows you to see the originating number of an incoming call (on a phone with a suitable display).REN A Ringer Equivalence Number (REN) is used to determine the number of devices (like telephones or fax machines) that may be connected to the telephone line. Your device has a REN of three, so it can support three devices per telephone port.QoS (Quality of Service) Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms help to provide better service on a per-flow basis. Your device supports Type of Service (ToS) tagging and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) tagging. This allows the device to tag voice frames so they can be prioritized over the network.SIP ALG Your device is a SIP Application Layer Gateway (ALG). It allows VoIP calls to pass through NAT for devices behind it (such as a SIP-based VoIP software application on a computer). Other Voice Features SIP version 2 (Session Initiating Protocol RFC 3261)SDP (Session Description Protocol RFC 2327)RTP (RFC 1889)RTCP (RFC 1890)Voice codecs (coder/decoders) G.711, G.726, G.729Fax and data modem discriminationDTMF Detection and GenerationDTMF: In-band and Out-band traffic (RFC 2833),(PCM), (SIP INFO) Point-to-point call establishment between two IADs Quick dialing through predefined phone book, which maps the phone dialing number and destination URL.Flexible Dial Plan (RFC3525 section 7.1.14)Table 69 Voice Features
Chapter 18 Product SpecificationsUser’s Guide 183Note: To take full advantage of the supplementary phone services available through the WiMAX Modem's phone port, you may need to subscribe to the services from your voice account service provider. Not all features are supported by all service providers. Consult your service provider for more information.Table 70 Star (*) and Pound (#) Code Support*0 Wireless Operator Services*2 Customer Care Access*66 Repeat Dialing*67 Plus the 10 digit phone number to block Caller ID on a single call basis*69 Return last call received*70 Followed by the 10 digit phone number to cancel Call Waiting on a single call basis *72 Activate Call Forwarding (*72 followed by the 10 digit phone number that is requesting call forwarding service)*720 Activate Call Forwarding (*720 followed by the 10 digit phone number that is requesting deactivation of call forwarding service)*73 Plus the forward to phone number to activate Call Forwarding No Answer (no VM service plan)*730 Deactivate Call Forwarding No Answer *740 Plus the forward to phone number to activate Call Forwarding Busy (no VM service plan)*911/911 Emergency phone number (same as dialing 911)*411/411 Wireless Information Services
Chapter 18 Product SpecificationsUser’s Guide184
185PART VIIAppendices and IndexWiMAX Security (187)Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address (191)Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions (219)IP Addresses and Subnetting (229)Importing Certificates (241)SIP Passthrough (273)Common Services (275)Legal Information (279)Customer Support (313)
186
User’s Guide 187APPENDIX A WiMAX SecurityWireless security is vital to protect your wireless communications. Without it, information transmitted over the wireless network would be accessible to any networking device within range.User Authentication and Data EncryptionThe WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) standard employs user authentication and encryption to ensure secured communication at all times.User authentication is the process of confirming a user’s identity and level of authorization. Data encryption is the process of encoding information so that it cannot be read by anyone who does not know the code. WiMAX uses PKMv2 (Privacy Key Management version 2) for authentication, and CCMP (Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Protocol) for data encryption. WiMAX supports EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) which allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the base station or the mobile or subscriber stations.PKMv2PKMv2 is a procedure that allows authentication of a mobile or subscriber station and negotiation of a public key to encrypt traffic between the MS/SS and the base station. PKMv2 uses standard EAP methods such as Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) or Tunneled TLS (EAP-TTLS) for secure communication. In cryptography, a ‘key’ is a piece of information, typically a string of random numbers and letters, that can be used to ‘lock’ (encrypt) or ‘unlock’ (decrypt) a message. Public key encryption uses key pairs, which consist of a public (freely available) key and a private (secret) key. The public key is used for encryption and the private key is used for decryption. You can decrypt a message only if you have the private key. Public key certificates (or ‘digital IDs’) allow users to verify each other’s identity.
Appendix A WiMAX SecurityUser’s Guide188RADIUSRADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The base station is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:• Authentication Determines the identity of the users.• AuthorizationDetermines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.•AccountingKeeps track of the client’s network activity. RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your base station acts as a message relay between the MS/SS and the network RADIUS server. Types of RADIUS MessagesThe following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the base station and the RADIUS server for user authentication:• Access-RequestSent by an base station requesting authentication.• Access-RejectSent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.• Access-AcceptSent by a RADIUS server allowing access. • Access-ChallengeSent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The base station sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message. The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the base station and the RADIUS server for user accounting:•Accounting-RequestSent by the base station requesting accounting.• Accounting-ResponseSent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting. In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password they both know. The key is not sent over
Appendix A WiMAX SecurityUser’s Guide 189the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access. DiameterDiameter (RFC 3588) is a type of AAA server that provides several improvements over RADIUS in efficiency, security, and support for roaming. Security AssociationThe set of information about user authentication and data encryption between two computers is known as a security association (SA). In a WiMAX network, the process of security association has three stages.• Authorization request and replyThe MS/SS presents its public certificate to the base station. The base station verifies the certificate and sends an authentication key (AK) to the MS/SS.• Key request and replyThe MS/SS requests a transport encryption key (TEK) which the base station generates and encrypts using the authentication key. • Encrypted trafficThe MS/SS decrypts the TEK (using the authentication key). Both stations can now securely encrypt and decrypt the data flow.CCMPAll traffic in a WiMAX network is encrypted using CCMP (Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Protocol). CCMP is based on the 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. ‘Counter mode’ refers to the encryption of each block of plain text with an arbitrary number, known as the counter. This number changes each time a block of plain text is encrypted. Counter mode avoids the security weakness of repeated identical blocks of encrypted text that makes encrypted data vulnerable to pattern-spotting.‘Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication’ (also known as CBC-MAC) ensures message integrity by encrypting each block of plain text in such a way that its encryption is dependent on the block before it. This series of ‘chained’ blocks creates a message authentication code (MAC or CMAC) that ensures the encrypted data has not been tampered with.
Appendix A WiMAX SecurityUser’s Guide190Authentication The WiMAX Modem supports EAP-TTLS authentication.EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service) EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection (with EAP-TLS digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication). Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.
User’s Guide 191APPENDIX B Setting Up Your Computer’s IPAddressNote: Your specific ZyXEL device may not support all of the operating systems described in this appendix. See the product specifications for more information about which operating systems are supported.This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in order for it to be able to communicate with the other devices on your network. Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to use TCP/IP on your computer. If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure that your network’s computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet.In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:•Windows XP/NT/2000 on page 192•Windows Vista on page 195•Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4 on page 199•Mac OS X: 10.5 on page 203•Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 206•Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) on page 212
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide192Windows XP/NT/2000The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also apply to Windows 2000 and Windows NT.1Click Start > Control Panel.Figure 70 Windows XP: Start Menu2In the Control Panel, click the Network Connections icon.Figure 71 Windows XP: Control Panel
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 1933Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.Figure 72 Windows XP: Control Panel > Network Connections > Properties4On the General tab, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click Properties.Figure 73 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide1945The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens.Figure 74 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties6Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided.7Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.Verifying Settings1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 195Windows VistaThis section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional.1Click Start > Control Panel.Figure 75 Windows Vista: Start Menu2In the Control Panel, click the Network and Internet icon.Figure 76 Windows Vista: Control Panel3Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.Figure 77 Windows Vista: Network And Internet
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide1964Click Manage network connections.Figure 78 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center5Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.Figure 79 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing CenterNote: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 1976Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.Figure 80 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide1987The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.Figure 81 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties8Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided.Click Advanced.9Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.Verifying Settings1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 199Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3.1Click Apple > System Preferences.Figure 82 Mac OS X 10.4: Apple Menu2In the System Preferences window, click the Network icon.Figure 83 Mac OS X 10.4: System Preferences
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide2003When the Network preferences pane opens, select Built-in Ethernet from the network connection type list, and then click Configure.Figure 84 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences4For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 list in the TCP/IP tab.Figure 85 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences > TCP/IP Tab.
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 2015For statically assigned settings, do the following:•From the Configure IPv4 list, select Manually.•In the IP Address field, type your IP address.•In the Subnet Mask field, type your subnet mask.•In the Router field, type the IP address of your device.Figure 86 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences > Ethernet
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide202Click Apply Now and close the window.Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network Interface from the Info tab.Figure 87 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Utility
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 203Mac OS X: 10.5The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5.1Click Apple > System Preferences.Figure 88 Mac OS X 10.5: Apple Menu2In System Preferences, click the Network icon.Figure 89 Mac OS X 10.5: Systems Preferences
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide2043When the Network preferences pane opens, select Ethernet from the list of available connection types.Figure 90 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Preferences > Ethernet4From the Configure list, select Using DHCP for dynamically assigned settings.5For statically assigned settings, do the following:•From the Configure list, select Manually.•In the IP Address field, enter your IP address.•In the Subnet Mask field, enter your subnet mask.
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 205•In the Router field, enter the IP address of your WiMAX Modem.Figure 91 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Preferences > Ethernet6Click Apply and close the window.
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide206Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network interface from the Info tab.Figure 92 Mac OS X 10.5: Network UtilityLinux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME)This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME:
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 2071Click System > Administration > Network.Figure 93 Ubuntu 8: System > Administration Menu2When the Network Settings window opens, click Unlock to open the Authenticate window. (By default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.) You cannot make changes to your configuration unless you first enter your admin password.Figure 94 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Connections
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide2083In the Authenticate window, enter your admin account name and password then click the Authenticate button.Figure 95 Ubuntu 8: Administrator Account Authentication4In the Network Settings window, select the connection that you want to configure, then click Properties.Figure 96 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Connections
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 2095The Properties dialog box opens.Figure 97 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Properties•In the Configuration list, select Automatic Configuration (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.•In the Configuration list, select Static IP address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Gateway address fields. 6Click OK to save the changes and close the Properties dialog box and return to the Network Settings screen.
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide2107If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Settings window and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided. Figure 98 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > DNS 8Click the Close button to apply the changes.Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties by clicking System > Administration > Network Tools, and then selecting the appropriate Network device from the Devices
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 211tab. The Interface Statistics column shows data if your connection is working properly.Figure 99 Ubuntu 8: Network Tools
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide212Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE)This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the K Desktop Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:1Click K Menu > Computer > Administrator Settings (YaST).Figure 100 openSUSE 10.3: K Menu > Computer Menu
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 2132When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and click OK.Figure 101 openSUSE 10.3: K Menu > Computer Menu3When the YaST Control Center window opens, select Network Devices and then click the Network Card icon.Figure 102 openSUSE 10.3: YaST Control Center
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide2144When the Network Settings window opens, click the Overview tab, select the appropriate connection Name from the list, and then click the Configure button. Figure 103 openSUSE 10.3: Network Settings
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 2155When the Network Card Setup window opens, click the Address tabFigure 104 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup6Select Dynamic Address (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.Select Statically assigned IP Address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Hostname fields.7Click Next to save the changes and close the Network Card Setup window.
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide2168If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the Hostname/DNS tab in Network Settings and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.Figure 105 openSUSE 10.3: Network Settings9Click Finish to save your settings and close the window.
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 217Verifying SettingsClick the KNetwork Manager icon on the Task bar to check your TCP/IP properties. From the Options sub-menu, select Show Connection Information.Figure 106 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork ManagerWhen the Connection Status - KNetwork Manager window opens, click the Statistics tab to see if your connection is working properly.Figure 107 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager
Appendix B Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide218
User’s Guide 219APPENDIX C Pop-up Windows, JavaScriptsand Java PermissionsIn order to use the web configurator you need to allow:• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.• JavaScripts (enabled by default).• Java permissions (enabled by default).Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary.Internet Explorer Pop-up BlockersYou may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device. Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.Disable Pop-up Blockers1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker. Figure 108 Pop-up BlockerYou can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide2201In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.2Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled. Figure 109 Internet Options: Privacy3Click Apply to save this setting.Enable Pop-up Blockers with ExceptionsAlternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide 2212Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.Figure 110 Internet Options: Privacy3Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide2224Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.Figure 111 Pop-up Blocker Settings5Click Close to return to the Privacy screen. 6Click Apply to save this setting. JavaScriptsIf pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts are allowed.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide 2231In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. Figure 112 Internet Options: Security 2Click the Custom Level... button. 3Scroll down to Scripting. 4Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).5Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide2246Click OK to close the window.Figure 113 Security Settings - Java ScriptingJava Permissions1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. 2Click the Custom Level... button. 3Scroll down to Microsoft VM. 4Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide 2255Click OK to close the window.Figure 114 Security Settings - Java JAVA (Sun)1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab. 2Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide2263Click OK to close the window.Figure 115 Java (Sun)Mozilla FirefoxMozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary. You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the screen that appears.Figure 116 Mozilla Firefox: TOOLS > Options
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide 227Click Content.to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.Figure 117 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide228
User’s Guide 229APPENDIX D IP Addresses and SubnettingThis appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks. IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.Introduction to IP AddressesOne part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered.StructureAn IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example, 192.168.100.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation). Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal.
Appendix D IP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide230The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.Figure 118 Network Number and Host IDHow much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask. Subnet MasksA subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID. The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).Table 71 IP Address Network Number and Host ID Example1ST OCTET:(192)2ND OCTET:(168)3RD OCTET:(1)4TH OCTET(2)IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001Host ID 00000010
Appendix D IP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide 231By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks. Network SizeThe size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits. An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:Table 72 Subnet MasksBINARYDECIMAL1ST OCTET 2ND OCTET 3RD OCTET 4TH OCTET8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.016-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.024-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.029-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248Table 73 Maximum Host NumbersSUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 1677721416 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 216 – 2 6553424 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 28 – 2 25429 bits 255.255.255.248 3 bits 23 – 2 6

Navigation menu