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Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions

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Figure 132 Internet Options: Privacy

3Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked)

with the prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.

4Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.

Figure 133 Pop-up Blocker Settings

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5Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.

6Click Apply to save this setting.

JavaScripts

If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that

JavaScripts are allowed.

1In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.

Figure 134 Internet Options: Security

2Click the Custom Level... button.

3Scroll down to Scripting.

4Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).

5Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).

6Click OK to close the window.

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Figure 135 Security Settings - Java Scripting

Java Permissions

1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.

2Click the Custom Level... button.

3Scroll down to Microsoft VM.

4Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.

5Click OK to close the window.

Figure 136 Security Settings - Java

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JAVA (Sun)

1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab.

2Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.

3Click OK to close the window.

Figure 137 Java (Sun)

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APPENDIX C

IP Addresses and Subnetting

This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.

IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including

computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the

network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.

Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also

use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.

Introduction to IP Addresses

One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same

way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a

common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on

the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network

number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on

the network the packets are delivered.

Structure

An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example,

192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary

number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation).

Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in

decimal.

The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1)

are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.

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Figure 138 Network Number and Host ID

How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies

according to the subnet mask.

Subnet Masks

A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits

are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-

network”.

A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the

IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the

corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID.

The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text)

and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).

By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from

the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of

32 bits.

Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1”

value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the

remaining 24 bits are zeroes.

Table 98 Subnet Mask - Identifying Network Number

1ST

OCTET:

(192)

2ND

OCTET:

(168)

3RD

OCTET:

(1)

4TH OCTET

(2)

IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010

Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001

Host ID 00000010

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Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following

examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet

masks.

Network Size

The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can

have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number

of remaining host ID bits.

An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a

24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast

address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).

As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number

of possible hosts in a network as follows:

Notation

Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a

continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the

number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing

a “/” followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address.

For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask

255.255.255.128.

The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.

Table 99 Subnet Masks

BINARY

DECIMAL

1ST

OCTET

2ND

OCTET

3RD

OCTET 4TH OCTET

8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0

16-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0

24-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0

29-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248

Table 100 Maximum Host Numbers

SUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS

8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 16777214

16 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 216 – 2 65534

24 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 28 – 2 254

29 bits 255.255.255.248 3 bits 23 – 2 6

Table 101 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation

SUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE

NOTATION

LAST OCTET

(BINARY)

LAST OCTET

(DECIMAL)

255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0

255.255.255.128 /25 1000 0000 128

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Subnetting

You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following

example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from

the rest of the company network for security reasons.

In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the

address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a

maximum of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.

The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.

Figure 139 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting

You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate

sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).

The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets;

192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25.

The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-

networks, A and B.

255.255.255.192 /26 1100 0000 192

255.255.255.224 /27 1110 0000 224

255.255.255.240 /28 1111 0000 240

255.255.255.248 /29 1111 1000 248

255.255.255.252 /30 1111 1100 252

Table 101 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation (continued)

SUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE

NOTATION

LAST OCTET

(BINARY)

LAST OCTET

(DECIMAL)

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Figure 140 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting

In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 – 2 or 126

possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s

broadcast address).

192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask

255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned

to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126.

Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.

Example: Four Subnets

The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two

subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host

ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits

(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.

Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all

zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).

Table 102 Subnet 1

IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT

VALUE

IP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0

IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000

Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000

Subnet Address:

192.168.1.0

Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1

Broadcast Address:

192.168.1.63

Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62

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Example: Eight Subnets

Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and

111).

The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.

Table 103 Subnet 2

IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT

VALUE

IP Address 192.168.1. 64

IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000

Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000

Subnet Address:

192.168.1.64

Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65

Broadcast Address:

192.168.1.127

Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126

Table 104 Subnet 3

IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT

VALUE

IP Address 192.168.1. 128

IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000

Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000

Subnet Address:

192.168.1.128

Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129

Broadcast Address:

192.168.1.191

Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190

Table 105 Subnet 4

IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT

VALUE

IP Address 192.168.1. 192

IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000

Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000

Subnet Address:

192.168.1.192

Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193

Broadcast Address:

192.168.1.255

Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254

Table 106 Eight Subnets

SUBNET SUBNET

ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST

ADDRESS

BROADCAST

ADDRESS

1 0 1 30 31

232 33 62 63

364 65 94 95

496 97 126 127

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Subnet Planning

The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network

number.

The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network

number.

5128 129 158 159

6160 161 190 191

7192 193 222 223

8224 225 254 255

Table 106 Eight Subnets (continued)

SUBNET SUBNET

ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST

ADDRESS

BROADCAST

ADDRESS

Table 107 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning

NO. “BORROWED”

HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER

SUBNET

1255.255.255.128 (/25) 2126

2255.255.255.192 (/26) 462

3255.255.255.224 (/27) 830

4255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 14

5255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 6

6255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 2

7255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1

Table 108 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning

NO. “BORROWED”

HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER

SUBNET

1255.255.128.0 (/17) 232766

2255.255.192.0 (/18) 416382

3255.255.224.0 (/19) 88190

4255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 4094

5255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 2046

6255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 1022

7255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 510

8255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 254

9255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 126

10 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 62

11 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 30

12 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 14

13 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 6

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Configuring IP Addresses

Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or

your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their

instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.

If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single

user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is

established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this

block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you

are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the

NBG318S.

Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your NBG318S that is

easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your

network is using that IP address.

The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your NBG318S will

compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't

need to change the subnet mask computed by the NBG318S unless you are instructed to do

otherwise.

Private IP Addresses

Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from

the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP

addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

(IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private

networks:

• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255

• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255

• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255

You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a

private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an

ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other

hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network

administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.

Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the

guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597,

Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP

Address Space.

14 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 2

15 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1

Table 108 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning (continued)

NO. “BORROWED”

HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER

SUBNET

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APPENDIX D

Setting up Your Computer’s IP

Address

All computers must have a 10M or 100M Ethernet adapter card and TCP/IP installed.

Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems and all

versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to install and use TCP/

IP on your computer. Windows 3.1 requires the purchase of a third-party TCP/IP application

package.

TCP/IP should already be installed on computers using Windows NT/2000/XP, Macintosh OS

7 and later operating systems.

After the appropriate TCP/IP components are installed, configure the TCP/IP settings in order

to "communicate" with your network.

If you manually assign IP information instead of using dynamic assignment, make sure that

your computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet as the Prestige’s LAN

port.

Windows 95/98/Me

Click Start, Settings, Control Panel and double-click the Network icon to open the Network

window.

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Figure 141 WIndows 95/98/Me: Network: Configuration

Installing Components

The Network window Configuration tab displays a list of installed components. You need a

network adapter, the TCP/IP protocol and Client for Microsoft Networks.

If you need the adapter:

1In the Network window, click Add.

2Select Adapter and then click Add.

3Select the manufacturer and model of your network adapter and then click OK.

If you need TCP/IP:

1In the Network window, click Add.

2Select Protocol and then click Add.

3Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.

4Select TCP/IP from the list of network protocols and then click OK.

If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:

1Click Add.

2Select Client and then click Add.

3Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.

4Select Client for Microsoft Networks from the list of network clients and then click

OK.

5Restart your computer so the changes you made take effect.

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Configuring

1In the Network window Configuration tab, select your network adapter's TCP/IP entry

and click Properties

2Click the IP Address tab.

• If your IP address is dynamic, select Obtain an IP address automatically.

• If you have a static IP address, select Specify an IP address and type your

information into the IP Address and Subnet Mask fields.

Figure 142 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: IP Address

3Click the DNS Configuration tab.

• If you do not know your DNS information, select Disable DNS.

• If you know your DNS information, select Enable DNS and type the information in

the fields below (you may not need to fill them all in).

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Figure 143 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: DNS Configuration

4Click the Gateway tab.

• If you do not know your gateway’s IP address, remove previously installed gateways.

• If you have a gateway IP address, type it in the New gateway field and click Add.

5Click OK to save and close the TCP/IP Properties window.

6Click OK to close the Network window. Insert the Windows CD if prompted.

7Turn on your Prestige and restart your computer when prompted.

Verifying Settings

1Click Start and then Run.

2In the Run window, type "winipcfg" and then click OK to open the IP Configuration

window.

3Select your network adapter. You should see your computer's IP address, subnet mask

and default gateway.

Windows 2000/NT/XP

The following example figures use the default Windows XP GUI theme.

1Click start (Start in Windows 2000/NT), Settings, Control Panel.

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Figure 144 Windows XP: Start Menu

2In the Control Panel, double-click Network Connections (Network and Dial-up

Connections in Windows 2000/NT).

Figure 145 Windows XP: Control Panel

3Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.

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Figure 146 Windows XP: Control Panel: Network Connections: Properties

4Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (under the General tab in Win XP) and then click

Properties.

Figure 147 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties

5The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens (the General tab in

Windows XP).

• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.

• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP

address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.

• Click Advanced.

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Figure 148 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties

6 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed

gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK.

Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:

•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.

•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet

mask, and then click Add.

• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.

• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in

Default gateways.

•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway.

To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the

Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric.

• Click Add.

• Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.

• Click OK when finished.

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Figure 149 Windows XP: Advanced TCP/IP Properties

7In the Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window (the General tab in Windows

XP):

• Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS

server IP address(es).

• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server

addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server

fields.

If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS

tab to order them.

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Figure 150 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties

8Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.

9Click Close (OK in Windows 2000/NT) to close the Local Area Connection

Properties window.

10 Close the Network Connections window (Network and Dial-up Connections in

Windows 2000/NT).

11 Turn on your Prestige and restart your computer (if prompted).

Verifying Settings

1Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.

2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can

also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and

then click the Support tab.

Macintosh OS 8/9

1Click the Apple menu, Control Panel and double-click TCP/IP to open the TCP/IP

Control Panel.

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Figure 151 Macintosh OS 8/9: Apple Menu

2Select Ethernet built-in from the Connect via list.

Figure 152 Macintosh OS 8/9: TCP/IP

3For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP Server from the Configure: list.

4For statically assigned settings, do the following:

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•From the Configure box, select Manually.

• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.

• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.

• Type the IP address of your Prestige in the Router address box.

5Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.

6Click Save if prompted, to save changes to your configuration.

7Turn on your Prestige and restart your computer (if prompted).

Verifying Settings

Check your TCP/IP properties in the TCP/IP Control Panel window.

Macintosh OS X

1Click the Apple menu, and click System Preferences to open the System Preferences

window.

Figure 153 Macintosh OS X: Apple Menu

2Click Network in the icon bar.

• Select Automatic from the Location list.

• Select Built-in Ethernet from the Show list.

• Click the TCP/IP tab.

3For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure list.

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Figure 154 Macintosh OS X: Network

4For statically assigned settings, do the following:

•From the Configure box, select Manually.

• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.

• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.

• Type the IP address of your Prestige in the Router address box.

5Click Apply Now and close the window.

6Turn on your Prestige and restart your computer (if prompted).

Verifying Settings

Check your TCP/IP properties in the Network window.

Linux

This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in Red Hat Linux

9.0. Procedure, screens and file location may vary depending on your Linux distribution and

release version.

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"Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.

Using the K Desktop Environment (KDE)

Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address using the KDE.

1Click the Red Hat button (located on the bottom left corner), select System Setting and

click Network.

Figure 155 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Devices

2Double-click on the profile of the network card you wish to configure. The Ethernet

Device General screen displays as shown.

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Figure 156 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Ethernet Device: General

• If you have a dynamic IP address click Automatically obtain IP address settings

with and select dhcp from the drop down list.

• If you have a static IP address click Statically set IP Addresses and fill in the

Address, Subnet mask, and Default Gateway Address fields.

3Click OK to save the changes and close the Ethernet Device General screen.

4If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network

Configuration screen. Enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.

Figure 157 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: DNS

5Click the Devices tab.

6Click the Activate button to apply the changes. The following screen displays. Click Yes

to save the changes in all screens.

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Figure 158 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Activate

7After the network card restart process is complete, make sure the Status is Active in the

Network Configuration screen.

Using Configuration Files

Follow the steps below to edit the network configuration files and set your computer IP

address.

1Assuming that you have only one network card on the computer, locate the ifconfig-

eth0 configuration file (where eth0 is the name of the Ethernet card). Open the

configuration file with any plain text editor.

• If you have a dynamic IP address, enter dhcp in the BOOTPROTO= field. The following

figure shows an example.

Figure 159 Red Hat 9.0: Dynamic IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0

• If you have a static IP address, enter static in the BOOTPROTO= field. Type

IPADDR= followed by the IP address (in dotted decimal notation) and type NETMASK=

followed by the subnet mask. The following example shows an example where the

static IP address is 192.168.1.10 and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.

Figure 160 Red Hat 9.0: Static IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0

DEVICE=eth0

ONBOOT=yes

BOOTPROTO=dhcp

USERCTL=no

PEERDNS=yes

TYPE=Ethernet

DEVICE=eth0

ONBOOT=yes

BOOTPROTO=static

IPADDR=192.168.1.10

NETMASK=255.255.255.0

USERCTL=no

PEERDNS=yes

TYPE=Ethernet

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2If you know your DNS server IP address(es), enter the DNS server information in the

resolv.conf file in the /etc directory. The following figure shows an example where

two DNS server IP addresses are specified.

Figure 161 Red Hat 9.0: DNS Settings in resolv.conf

3After you edit and save the configuration files, you must restart the network card.

Enter./network restart in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The following

figure shows an example.

Figure 162 Red Hat 9.0: Restart Ethernet Card

23.7.1 Verifying Settings

Enter ifconfig in a terminal screen to check your TCP/IP properties.

Figure 163 Red Hat 9.0: Checking TCP/IP Properties

nameserver 172.23.5.1

nameserver 172.23.5.2

[root@localhost init.d]# network restart

Shutting down interface eth0: [OK]

Shutting down loopback interface: [OK]

Setting network parameters: [OK]

Bringing up loopback interface: [OK]

Bringing up interface eth0: [OK]

[root@localhost]# ifconfig

eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BA:72:5B:44

inet addr:172.23.19.129 Bcast:172.23.19.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1

RX packets:717 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

collisions:0 txqueuelen:100

RX bytes:730412 (713.2 Kb) TX bytes:1570 (1.5 Kb)

Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1000

[root@localhost]#

NBG318S User’s Guide 259

APPENDIX E

Wireless LANs

Wireless LAN Topologies

This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.

Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration

The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of

computers with wireless stations (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within

range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as

an Ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an

example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an Ad-hoc wireless LAN.

Figure 164 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network

BSS

A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless stations or

between a wireless station and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).

Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless stations in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled,

wireless station A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other.

When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless station A and B can still access the wired network but

cannot communicate with each other.

Appendix E Wireless LANs

NBG318S User’s Guide

260

Figure 165 Basic Service Set

ESS

An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an

access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired

connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).

This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not

only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic

in the immediate neighborhood.

An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their

associated wireless stations within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to

communicate.

Appendix E Wireless LANs

NBG318S User’s Guide 261

Figure 166 Infrastructure WLAN

Channel

A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless devices. Channels

available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your

region) so you should use a different channel than an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce

interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap

causing interference and degrading performance.

Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP

should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using.

For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you

need to select a channel between 6 or 11.

RTS/CTS

A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not

within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA)

are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other,

so they cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being

used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other.

Appendix E Wireless LANs

NBG318S User’s Guide

262

Figure 167 RTS/CTS

When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the

channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets

of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.

RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the

biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send)

handshake is invoked.

When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station

that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP

for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all

other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and

confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.

Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the

RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.

You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network

and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in

the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.

If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the

RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will

be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.

"Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could

negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.

Fragmentation Threshold

A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432

bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into

smaller data frames.

A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference

while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to

interference.

Appendix E Wireless LANs

NBG318S User’s Guide 263

If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously)

you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as

data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.

Preamble Type

A preamble is used to synchronize the transmission timing in your wireless network. There are

two preamble modes: Long and Short.

Short preamble takes less time to process and minimizes overhead, so it should be used in a

good wireless network environment when all wireless stations support it.

Select Long if you have a ‘noisy’ network or are unsure of what preamble mode your wireless

stations support as all IEEE 802.11b compliant wireless adapters must support long preamble.

However, not all wireless adapters support short preamble. Use long preamble if you are

unsure what preamble mode the wireless adapters support, to ensure interpretability between

the AP and the wireless stations and to provide more reliable communication in ‘noisy’

networks.

Select Dynamic to have the AP automatically use short preamble when all wireless stations

support it, otherwise the AP uses long preamble.

"The AP and the wireless stations MUST use the same preamble mode in order

to communicate.

IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE

802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at

11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps

between the maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation

are as follows:

IEEE 802.1x

In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to

support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control

features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages

of IEEE 802.1x are:

Table 109 IEEE 802.11g

DATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION

1 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)

2 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)

5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying)

6/9/12/18/24/36/48/54 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

Appendix E Wireless LANs

NBG318S User’s Guide

264

• User based identification that allows for roaming.

• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for

centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server.

• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional

authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless

stations.

RADIUS

RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and

accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS

server handles the following tasks:

• Authentication

Determines the identity of the users.

• Authorization

Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected

to the network.

• Accounting

Keeps track of the client’s network activity.

RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the

wireless station and the network RADIUS server.

Types of RADIUS Messages

The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the

RADIUS server for user authentication:

• Access-Request

Sent by an access point requesting authentication.

• Access-Reject

Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.

• Access-Accept

Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.

• Access-Challenge

Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The

access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request

message.

The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the

RADIUS server for user accounting:

• Accounting-Request

Sent by the access point requesting accounting.

• Accounting-Response

Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.

Appendix E Wireless LANs

NBG318S User’s Guide 265

In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared

secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In

addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the

network from unauthorized access.

Types of Authentication

This appendix discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-

TTLS, PEAP and LEAP.

The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server or the AP. Consult your

network administrator for more information.

EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)

MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server

sends a challenge to the wireless station. The wireless station ‘proves’ that it knows the

password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information.

Password is not sent in plain text.

However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to

get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the

authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an

authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication.

Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session

key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.

EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)

With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless stations

for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the

identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of

certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity

vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the

sender’s identity. However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to

handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead.

EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)

EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the

server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done

by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is

protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy

authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.

Appendix E Wireless LANs

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266

PEAP (Protected EAP)

Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection,

then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to

authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP

methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card),

for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco.

LEAP

LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE

802.1x.

Dynamic WEP Key Exchange

The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when

the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key

is generated each time reauthentication is performed.

If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the

Wireless screen. You may still configure and store keys here, but they will not be used while

Dynamic WEP is enabled.

"EAP-MD5 cannot be used with dynamic WEP key exchange

For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use

dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for

public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following

table is a comparison of the features of authentication types.

WPA(2)

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE

802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and

key management than WPA.

Table 110 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types

EAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAP

Mutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Certificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional No

Certificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes No

Dynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Credential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong Moderate

Deployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate Moderate

Client Identity Protection No No Yes Yes No

Appendix E Wireless LANs

NBG318S User’s Guide 267

Key differences between WPA(2) and WEP are improved data encryption and user

authentication.

Encryption

Both WPA and WPA2 improve data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol

(TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. In addition to TKIP, WPA2 also

uses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining

Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP) to offer stronger encryption.

Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and

distributed by the authentication server. It includes a per-packet key mixing function, a

Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with

sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism.

TKIP regularly changes and rotates the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is

never used twice. The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP

that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the pair-wise key to

dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is

wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the

background automatically.

WPA2 AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit

mathematical algorithm called Rijndael.

The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data

packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function

in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do

not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.

By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity

checking mechanism (MIC), TKIP makes it much more difficult to decode data on a Wi-Fi

network than WEP, making it difficult for an intruder to break into the network.

The encryption mechanisms used for WPA and WPA-PSK are the same. The only difference

between the two is that WPA-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific

credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA-PSK susceptible to brute-force

password-guessing attacks but it's still an improvement over WEP as it employs an easier-to-

use, consistent, single, alphanumeric password.

User Authentication

WPA or WPA2 applies IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to

authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database.

If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS

server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server,

you should use WPA2 -PSK (WPA2 -Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical)

password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the

passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN.

If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending

on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.

Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is

less secure than WPA or WPA2.

Appendix E Wireless LANs

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268

23.7.2 WPA(2)-PSK Application Example

A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.

1First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key

(PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters (including spaces and

symbols).

2The AP checks each wireless client's password and (only) allows it to join the network if

the password matches.

3The AP derives and distributes keys to the wireless clients.

4The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process to encrypt data

exchanged between them.

Figure 168 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication

23.7.3 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example

You need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the

RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server

looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.

1The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.

2The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants

or denies network access accordingly.

3The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then

sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the pair-wise key to dynamically

generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly

communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.

Appendix E Wireless LANs

NBG318S User’s Guide 269

Security Parameters Summary

Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each

Authentication Method/ key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not

dependent on how you configure these security features.

Table 111 Wireless Security Relational Matrix

AUTHENTICATION

METHOD/ KEY

MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL

ENCRYPTIO

N METHOD

ENTER

MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1X

Open None No Disable

Enable without Dynamic WEP

Key

Open WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key

Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP

Key

Yes Disable

Shared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key

Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP

Key

Yes Disable

WPA TKIP No Enable

WPA-PSK TKIP Yes Enable

WPA2 AES No Enable

WPA2-PSK AES Yes Enable

Appendix E Wireless LANs

NBG318S User’s Guide

270

NBG318S User’s Guide 271

APPENDIX F

Services

The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port

numbers.

•Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a

different one, if you like.

•Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the

service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is User-Defined, the Port(s)

is the IP protocol number, not the port number.

•Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol.

• If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.

• If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.

•Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the

situations in which this service is used.

Table 112 Examples of Services

NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION

(IPSEC_TUNNEL)

User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header)

tunneling protocol uses this service.

AIM TCP 5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service.

AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some

servers.

BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol.

BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client.

BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server.

CU-SEEME TCP/UDP

TCP/UDP

7648

24032

A popular videoconferencing solution from

White Pines Software.

DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that

matches web names (e.g. www.zyxel.com)

to IP numbers.

ESP

(IPSEC_TUNNEL)

User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security

Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this

service.

FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related

command that can be used to find out if a

user is logged on.

FTP TCP

TCP

File Transfer Program, a program to enable

fast transfer of files, including large files that

may not be possible by e-mail.

Appendix F Services

NBG318S User’s Guide

272

H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.

HTTP TCP 80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/

server protocol for the world wide web.

HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often used

in e-commerce.

ICMP User-Defined 1Internet Control Message Protocol is often

used for diagnostic purposes.

ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat program.

IGMP (MULTICAST) User-Defined 2Internet Group Multicast Protocol is used

when sending packets to a specific group of

hosts.

IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is

used for key distribution and management.

IMAP4 TCP 143 The Internet Message Access Protocol is

used for e-mail.

IMAP4S TCP 993 This is a more secure version of IMAP4 that

runs over SSL.

IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat

program.

MSN Messenger TCP 1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger service

uses this protocol.

NetBIOS TCP/UDP

TCP/UDP

137

138

139

445

The Network Basic Input/Output System is

used for communication between

computers in a LAN.

NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program.

NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups.

NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/

server distributed file service that provides

transparent file sharing for network

environments.

NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is the

delivery mechanism for the USENET

newsgroup service.

PING User-Defined 1Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that

sends out ICMP echo requests to test

whether or not a remote host is reachable.

POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client

computer get e-mail from a POP3 server

through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or

other).

POP3S TCP 995 This is a more secure version of POP3 that

runs over SSL.

PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables

secure transfer of data over public

networks. This is the control channel.

Table 112 Examples of Services (continued)

NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION

Appendix F Services

NBG318S User’s Guide 273

PPTP_TUNNEL

(GRE)

User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)

enables secure transfer of data over public

networks. This is the data channel.

RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service.

REAL_AUDIO TCP 7070 A streaming audio service that enables real

time sound over the web.

REXEC TCP 514 Remote Execution Daemon.

RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login.

ROADRUNNER TCP/UDP 1026 This is an ISP that provides services mainly

for cable modems.

RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet.

RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media control)

Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for

multimedia on the Internet.

SFTP TCP 115 The Simple File Transfer Protocol is an old

way of transferring files between

computers.

SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the

message-exchange standard for the

Internet. SMTP enables you to move

messages from one e-mail server to

another.

SMTPS TCP 465 This is a more secure version of SMTP that

runs over SSL.

SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management Program.

SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).

SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an interface

to access data on many different types of

database systems, including mainframes,

midrange systems, UNIX systems and

network servers.

SSDP UDP 1900 The Simple Service Discovery Protocol

supports Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP).

SSH TCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program.

STRM WORKS UDP 1558 Stream Works Protocol.

SYSLOG UDP 514 Syslog allows you to send system logs to a

UNIX server.

TACACS UDP 49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal

Access Controller Access Control System).

TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal emulation

protocol common on the Internet and in

UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/

IP networks. Its primary function is to allow

users to log into remote host systems.

Table 112 Examples of Services (continued)

NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION

Appendix F Services

NBG318S User’s Guide

274

TFTP UDP 69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an Internet

file transfer protocol similar to FTP, but

uses the UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

rather than TCP (Transmission Control

Protocol).

VDOLIVE TCP

UDP

7000

user-

defined

A videoconferencing solution. The UDP port

number is specified in the application.

Table 112 Examples of Services (continued)

NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION

NBG318S User’s Guide 275

APPENDIX G

Legal Information

The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed,

stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or

otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.

Disclaimer

ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or

software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the

patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products

described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.

Trademarks

ZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System) is a registered trademark of ZyXEL

Communications, Inc. Other trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for

identification purposes only and may be properties of their respective owners.

Certifications

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement

The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two

conditions:

• This device may not cause harmful interference.

• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause

undesired operations.

This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device

pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable

protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates,

uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with

the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is

no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.

Appendix G Legal Information

NBG318S User’s Guide

276

If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be

determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the

interference by one or more of the following measures:

1Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.

2Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.

3Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the

receiver is connected.

4Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

FCC Radiation Exposure Statement

• This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna

or transmitter.

•To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a eparation distance of at least 20 cm

must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons.

注意 !

依據低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法

第十二條經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機，非經許可，公司、商號或使用

者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性及功能。

第十四條低功率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信；經發現

有干擾現象時，應立即停用，並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用。

前項合法通信，指依電信規定作業之無線電信。低功率射頻電機須忍

受合法通信或工業、科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾。

本機限在不干擾合法電臺與不受被干擾保障條件下於室內使用。

Notices

Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance

could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.

This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC region and

Switzerland, with restrictions in France.

This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.

Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.

Viewing Certifications

1Go to http://www.zyxel.com.

2Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page.

3Select the certification you wish to view from this page.

Appendix G Legal Information

NBG318S User’s Guide 277

ZyXEL Limited Warranty

ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects

in materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During

the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure

due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the

defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever

extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating

condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent

product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty

shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act

of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.

Note

Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the

purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any

implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in

no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.

To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your Return

Material Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is

recommended that the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of

purchase or those with an out-dated warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of

ZyXEL) and the customer will be billed for parts and labor. All repaired or replaced products

will be shipped by ZyXEL to the corresponding return address, Postage Paid. This warranty

gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights that vary from country to

country.

Registration

at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.

Appendix G Legal Information

NBG318S User’s Guide

278

NBG318S User’s Guide 279

APPENDIX H

Customer Support

Please have the following information ready when you contact customer support.

Required Information

• Product model and serial number.

• Warranty Information.

• Date that you received your device.

• Brief description of the problem and the steps you took to solve it.

Corporate Headquarters (Worldwide)

• Support E-mail: support@zyxel.com.tw

• Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.com.tw

• Telephone: +886-3-578-3942

• Fax: +886-3-578-2439

• Web Site: www.zyxel.com, www.europe.zyxel.com

• FTP Site: ftp.zyxel.com, ftp.europe.zyxel.com

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications Corp., 6 Innovation Road II, Science Park,

Hsinchu 300, Taiwan

Costa Rica

• Support E-mail: soporte@zyxel.co.cr

• Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.co.cr

• Telephone: +506-2017878

• Fax: +506-2015098

• Web Site: www.zyxel.co.cr

• FTP Site: ftp.zyxel.co.cr

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Costa Rica, Plaza Roble Escazú, Etapa El Patio, Tercer Piso, San

José, Costa Rica

Czech Republic

• E-mail: info@cz.zyxel.com

• Telephone: +420-241-091-350

• Fax: +420-241-091-359

• Web Site: www.zyxel.cz

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications, Czech s.r.o., Modranská 621, 143 01 Praha 4 -

Modrany, Ceská Republika

Appendix H Customer Support

NBG318S User’s Guide

280

Denmark

• Support E-mail: support@zyxel.dk

• Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.dk

• Telephone: +45-39-55-07-00

• Fax: +45-39-55-07-07

• Web Site: www.zyxel.dk

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications A/S, Columbusvej, 2860 Soeborg, Denmark

Finland

• Support E-mail: support@zyxel.fi

• Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.fi

• Telephone: +358-9-4780-8411

• Fax: +358-9-4780 8448

• Web Site: www.zyxel.fi

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications Oy, Malminkaari 10, 00700 Helsinki, Finland

France

• E-mail: info@zyxel.fr

• Telephone: +33-4-72-52-97-97

• Fax: +33-4-72-52-19-20

• Web Site: www.zyxel.fr

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL France, 1 rue des Vergers, Bat. 1 / C, 69760 Limonest, France

Germany

• Support E-mail: support@zyxel.de

• Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.de

• Telephone: +49-2405-690969

• Fax: +49-2405-6909-99

• Web Site: www.zyxel.de

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Deutschland GmbH., Adenauerstr. 20/A2 D-52146, Wuerselen,

Germany

Hungary

• Support E-mail: support@zyxel.hu

• Sales E-mail: info@zyxel.hu

• Telephone: +36-1-3361649

• Fax: +36-1-3259100

• Web Site: www.zyxel.hu

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Hungary, 48, Zoldlomb Str., H-1025, Budapest, Hungary

Kazakhstan

• Support: http://zyxel.kz/support

• Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.kz

Appendix H Customer Support

NBG318S User’s Guide 281

• Telephone: +7-3272-590-698

• Fax: +7-3272-590-689

• Web Site: www.zyxel.kz

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Kazakhstan, 43, Dostyk ave.,Office 414, Dostyk Business Centre,

050010, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan

North America

• Support E-mail: support@zyxel.com

• Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.com

• Telephone: +1-800-255-4101, +1-714-632-0882

• Fax: +1-714-632-0858

• Web Site: www.us.zyxel.com

• FTP Site: ftp.us.zyxel.com

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications Inc., 1130 N. Miller St., Anaheim, CA 92806-

2001, U.S.A.

Norway

• Support E-mail: support@zyxel.no

• Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.no

• Telephone: +47-22-80-61-80

• Fax: +47-22-80-61-81

• Web Site: www.zyxel.no

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications A/S, Nils Hansens vei 13, 0667 Oslo, Norway

Poland

• E-mail: info@pl.zyxel.com

• Telephone: +48 (22) 333 8250

• Fax: +48 (22) 333 8251

• Web Site: www.pl.zyxel.com

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications, ul. Okrzei 1A, 03-715 Warszawa, Poland

Russia

• Support: http://zyxel.ru/support

• Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.ru

• Telephone: +7-095-542-89-29

• Fax: +7-095-542-89-25

• Web Site: www.zyxel.ru

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Russia, Ostrovityanova 37a Str., Moscow, 117279, Russia

Spain

• Support E-mail: support@zyxel.es

• Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.es

• Telephone: +34-902-195-420

• Fax: +34-913-005-345

Appendix H Customer Support

NBG318S User’s Guide

282

• Web Site: www.zyxel.es

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications, Arte, 21 5ª planta, 28033 Madrid, Spain

Sweden

• Support E-mail: support@zyxel.se

• Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.se

• Telephone: +46-31-744-7700

• Fax: +46-31-744-7701

• Web Site: www.zyxel.se

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications A/S, Sjöporten 4, 41764 Göteborg, Sweden

Ukraine

• Support E-mail: support@ua.zyxel.com

• Sales E-mail: sales@ua.zyxel.com

• Telephone: +380-44-247-69-78

• Fax: +380-44-494-49-32

• Web Site: www.ua.zyxel.com

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Ukraine, 13, Pimonenko Str., Kiev, 04050, Ukraine

United Kingdom

• Support E-mail: support@zyxel.co.uk

• Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.co.uk

• Telephone: +44-1344 303044, 08707 555779 (UK only)

• Fax: +44-1344 303034

• Web Site: www.zyxel.co.uk

• FTP Site: ftp.zyxel.co.uk

• Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications UK, Ltd.,11 The Courtyard, Eastern Road,

Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 2XB, United Kingdom (UK)

“+” is the (prefix) number you dial to make an international telephone call.

Index

NBG318S User’s Guide 283

Index

Numerics

802.11 Mode 88

ActiveX 142

address resolution protocol (ARP) 105

Alert 190

alternative subnet mask notation 237

any IP

note 105

AP (Access Point) 261

Asymmetrical routes 136

and IP alias 136

ZyXEL Communications NBG318S Wireless Ethernet Adapter User Manual NBG 318 User s Guide

ZyXEL Communications Corporation Wireless Ethernet Adapter NBG 318 User s Guide

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