ZyXEL Communications NBG6515 AC750 Dual band Wireless Gigabit Router User Manual Book

ZyXEL Communications Corporation AC750 Dual band Wireless Gigabit Router Book

Contents

Users Manual 2

NBG6515 User’s Guide174APPENDIX AIP Addresses and SubnettingThis appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks. IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.Introduction to IP AddressesOne part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered.StructureAn IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation). Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal.The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG6515 User’s Guide175Figure 130 Network Number and Host IDHow much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask. Subnet MasksA subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID. The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.Table 81 IP Address Network Number and Host ID Example1ST OCTET:(192)2ND OCTET:(168)3RD OCTET:(1)4TH OCTET(2)IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010Subnet Mask (Binary) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 00000000Network Number 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Host ID 00000010
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG6515 User’s Guide176Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks. Network SizeThe size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits. An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:NotationSince the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address. For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128. The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations. Table 82 Subnet MasksBINARYDECIMAL1ST OCTET2ND OCTET3RD OCTET 4TH OCTET8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.016-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.024-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.029-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248Table 83 Maximum Host NumbersSUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 1677721416 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 216 – 2 6553424 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 28 – 2 25429 bits 255.255.255.248 3 bits 23 – 2 6Table 84 Alternative Subnet Mask NotationSUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE NOTATIONLAST OCTET (BINARY)LAST OCTET (DECIMAL)255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0255.255.255.128 /25 1000 0000 128255.255.255.192 /26 1100 0000 192
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG6515 User’s Guide177SubnettingYou can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.The following figure shows the company network before subnetting. Figure 131 Subnetting Example: Before SubnettingYou can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25. The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-networks, A and B. 255.255.255.224 /27 1110 0000 224255.255.255.240 /28 1111 0000 240255.255.255.248 /29 1111 1000 248255.255.255.252 /30 1111 1100 252Table 84 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation (continued)SUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE NOTATIONLAST OCTET (BINARY)LAST OCTET (DECIMAL)
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG6515 User’s Guide178Figure 132 Subnetting Example: After SubnettingIn a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 – 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126. Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.Example: Four Subnets The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits (11111111.11111111.11111111.1 1 000000) or 255.255.255.192. Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address). Table 85 Subnet 1IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 0 0 000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 1 1 000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.0Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.63Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG6515 User’s Guide179Example: Eight SubnetsSimilarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111). The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.Table 86 Subnet 2IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 64IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 0 1 000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 1 1 000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.64Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.127Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126Table 87 Subnet 3IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 128IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 1 0 000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 1 1 000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.128Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.191Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190Table 88 Subnet 4IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 192IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 1 1 000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 1 1 000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.192Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.255Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254Table 89 Eight SubnetsSUBNET SUBNET ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST ADDRESSBROADCAST ADDRESS1 0 1 30 31232 33 62 63364 65 94 95496 97 126 1275128 129 158 1596160 161 190 191
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG6515 User’s Guide180Subnet PlanningThe following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number. 7192 193 222 2238224 225 254 255Table 89 Eight Subnets (continued)SUBNET SUBNET ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST ADDRESSBROADCAST ADDRESSTable 90 24-bit Network Number Subnet PlanningNO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET1255.255.255.128 (/25) 21262255.255.255.192 (/26) 4623255.255.255.224 (/27) 8304255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 145255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 66255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 27255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1Table 91 16-bit Network Number Subnet PlanningNO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET1255.255.128.0 (/17) 2327662255.255.192.0 (/18) 4163823255.255.224.0 (/19) 881904255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 40945255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 20466255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 10227255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 5108255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 2549255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 12610 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 6211 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 3012 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 1413 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 614 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 215 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG6515 User’s Guide181Configuring IP AddressesWhere you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the NBG. Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your NBG that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your NBG will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the NBG unless you are instructed to do otherwise.Private IP AddressesEvery machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.IP Address ConflictsEach device on a network must have a unique IP address. Devices with duplicate IP addresses on the same network will not be able to access the Internet or other resources. The devices may also be unreachable through the network. Conflicting Computer IP Addresses ExampleMore than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example computer A has a static (or fixed) IP address that is the same as the IP address that a DHCP server assigns to
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG6515 User’s Guide182computer B which is a DHCP client. Neither can access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different static IP address to computer A or setting computer A to obtain an IP address automatically. Figure 133 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses ExampleConflicting Router IP Addresses ExampleSince a router connects different networks, it must have interfaces using different network numbers. For example, if a router is set between a LAN and the Internet (WAN), the router’s LAN and WAN addresses must be on different subnets. In the following example, the LAN and WAN are on the same subnet. The LAN computers cannot access the Internet because the router cannot route between networks.Figure 134 Conflicting Router IP Addresses ExampleConflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses ExampleMore than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example, the computer and the router’s LAN port both use 192.168.1.1 as the IP address. The computer cannot access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different IP address to the computer or the router’s LAN port.
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG6515 User’s Guide183Figure 135 Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example
NBG6515 User’s Guide184APPENDIX BLegal InformationCopyrightCopyright © 2015 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.DisclaimersZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.Your use of the NBG is subject to the terms and conditions of any related service providers. TrademarksTrademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and may be properties of their respective owners.Regulatory Notice and StatementUNITED STATES OF AMERICAThe following information applies if you use the product within USA area.FCC EMC Statement • This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:1This device may not cause harmful interference, and 2this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.• Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.• This product has been tested and complies with the specifications for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used according to the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. • If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which is found by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:1Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.2Increase the separation between the equipment or devices.3Connect the equipment to an outlet other than the receiver's.4Consult a dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for assistance.FCC Radiation Exposure Statement• This equipment complies with FCC RF radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. • This transmitter must be at least 20 cm from the user and must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter.CANADAThe following information applies if you use the product within Canada area.Industry Canada ICES statementCAN ICES-3 (B)/NMB-3(B)
Appendix B Legal InformationNBG6515 User’s Guide185Industry Canada RSS-GEN & RSS-210 statement• This device complies with Industry Canada’s licence-exempt RSSs. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:(1) This device may not cause interference; and (2) This device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.• This radio transmitter (2468C-NBG6515) has been approved by Industry Canada to operate with the antenna types listed below with the maximum permissible gain and required antenna impedance for each antenna type indicated. Antenna types not included in this list, having a gain greater than the maximum gain indicated for that type, are strictly prohibited for use with this device.• If you use the produce with 5G wireless function, the following attention shall be paid that, (i) the device for operation is only for indoor use to reduce the potential for harmful interference to co-channel mobile satellite systems; (ii) the maximum antenna gain permitted for devices in the bands 5470-5725 MHz shall comply with the e.i.r.p. limit; and (iii) the maximum antenna gain permitted for devices in the band 5725-5825 MHz shall comply with the e.i.r.p. limits specified for point-to-point and non point-to-point operation as appropriate. • Le présent appareil est conforme aux CNR d’Industrie Canada applicables aux appareils radio exempts de licence. L’exploitation est autorisée aux deux conditions suivantes : (1) l’appareil ne doit pas produire de brouillage; (2) l’utilisateur de l’appareil doit accepter tout brouillage radioélectrique subi, même si le brouillage est susceptible d’en compromettre le fonctionnement.• Le présent émetteur radio (2468C-NBG6515) de modèle s'il fait partie du matériel de catégorieI) a été approuvé par Industrie Canada pour fonctionner avec les types d'antenne énumérés ci-dessous et ayant un gain admissible maximal et l'impédance requise pour chaque type d'antenne. Les types d'antenne non inclus dans cette liste, ou dont le gain est supérieur au gain maximal indiqué, sont strictement interdits pour l'exploitation de l'émetteur.• Si vous utilisez le produit avec 5G sans fil fonction, suivant l'attention doit être versée que, (i) les dispositifs fonctionnant sont réservés uniquement pour une utilisation à l’intérieur afin de réduire les risques de brouillage préjudiciable aux systèmes de satellites mobiles utilisant les mêmes canaux; (ii) le gain maximal d’antenne permis pour les dispositifs utilisant les bandes et 5470-5725 MHz doit se conformer à la limite de p.i.r.e.; (iii) le gain maximal d’antenne permis (pour les dispositifs utilisant la bande 5725-5825 MHz) doit se conformer à la limite de p.i.r.e. spécifiée pour l’exploitation point à point et non point à point, selon le cas. Industry Canada radiation exposure statementThis equipment complies with IC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 20cm between the radiator and your body.Déclaration d’exposition aux radiations:Cet équipement est conforme aux limites d’exposition aux rayonnements IC établies pour un environnement non contrôlé.Cet équipement doit être installé et utilisé avec un minimum de 20 cm de distance entre la source de rayonnement et votre corps.EUROPEAN UNIONThe following information applies if you use the product within the European Union.Declaration of Conformity with Regard to EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive)Compliance information for 2.4GHz and/or 5GHz wireless products relevant to the EU and other Countries following the EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE). Б (Bulgarian) С я ZyXEL , ч        я       1999/5/C.Español (Spanish) Por medio de la presente ZyXEL declara que el equipo cumple con los requisitos esenciales y cualesquiera otras disposiciones aplicables o exigibles de la Directiva 1999/5/CE.Čeština (Czech) ZyXEL tímto prohlašuje, že tento zařízení je ve shodě se základními požadavky a dalšími příslušnými ustanoveními směrnice 1999/5/EC.Dansk (Danish) Undertegnede ZyXEL erklærer herved, at følgende udstyr udstyr overholder de væsentlige krav og øvrige relevante krav i direktiv 1999/5/EF.Deutsch (German) Hiermit erklärt ZyXEL, dass sich das Gerät Ausstattung in Übereinstimmung mit den grundlegenden Anforderungen und den übrigen einschlägigen Bestimmungen der Richtlinie 1999/5/EU befindet.Eesti keel (Estonian) Käesolevaga kinnitab ZyXEL seadme seadmed vastavust direktiivi 1999/5/EÜ põhinõuetele ja nimetatud direktiivist tulenevatele teistele asjakohastele sätetele.Εηά (Greek) Ε Η ΑΑ ZyXEL ∆ΗΩΕ  επσός ΦΩΕΑ   Ω∆Ε ΑΑΗΕ Α  Ε ΧΕΕ ∆ΑΑΕ Η ∆ΗΓΑ 1999/5/ΕC.English Hereby, ZyXEL declares that this equipment is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC.Français (French) Par la présente ZyXEL déclare que l'appareil équipements est conforme aux exigences essentielles et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la directive 1999/5/EC.Hrvatski (Croatian) ZyXEL ovime izjavljuje da je radijska oprema tipa u skladu s Direktivom 1999/5/EC.
Appendix B Legal InformationNBG6515 User’s Guide186National RestrictionsThis product may be used in all EU countries (and other countries following the EU Directive 2014/53/EU) without any limitation except forthe countries mentioned below:Ce produit peut être utilisé dans tous les pays de l’UE (et dans tous les pays ayant transposés la directive 2014/53/UE) sans aucune limitation, excepté pour les pays mentionnés ci-dessous:Questo prodotto è utilizzabile in tutte i paesi EU (ed in tutti gli altri paesi che seguono le direttiva 2014/53/UE) senza nessuna limitazione, eccetto per i paesii menzionati di seguito:Das Produkt kann in allen EU Staaten ohne Einschränkungen eingesetzt werden (sowie in anderen Staaten die der Richtlinie 2014/53/EU folgen) mit Außnahme der folgenden aufgeführten Staaten:In the majority of the EU and other European countries, the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands have been made available for the use of wireless local area networks (LANs). Later in this document you will find an overview of countries in which additional restrictions or requirements or both are applicable.The requirements for any country may evolve. ZyXEL recommends that you check with the local authorities for the latest status of their national regulations for both the 2.4GHz and 5GHz wireless LANs.The following countries have restrictions and/or requirements in addition to those given in the table labeled “Overview of Regulat ory Requirem ents for Wireless LANs”:.BelgiumThe Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must be notified of any outdoor wireless link having a range exceeding 300 meters. Please check http://www.bipt.be for more details.Draadloze verbindingen voor buitengebruik en met een reikwijdte van meer dan 300 meter dienen aangemeld te worden bij het Belgisch Instituut voor postdiensten en telecommunicatie (BIPT). Zie http://www.bipt.be voor meer gegevens.Les liaisons sans fil pour une utilisation en extérieur d’une distance supérieure à 300 mètres doivent être notifiées à l’Institut Belge des services Postaux et des Télécommunications (IBPT). Visitez http://www.ibpt.be pour de plus amples détails.DenmarkIn Denmark, the band 5150 - 5350 MHz is also allowed for outdoor usage.I Danmark må frekvensbåndet 5150 - 5350 også anvendes udendørs.ItalyThis product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements specified in the National Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless this wireless LAN product is operating within the boundaries of the owner's property, its use requires a “general authorization.” Please check http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ for more details.Questo prodotto è conforme alla specifiche di Interfaccia Radio Nazionali e rispetta il Piano Nazionale di ripartizione delle frequenze in Italia. Se non viene installato all 'interno del proprio fondo, l'utilizzo di prodotti Wireless LAN richiede una “Autorizzazione Generale”. Consultare http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ per maggiori dettagli.LatviaÍslenska (Icelandic) Hér með lýsir, ZyXEL því yfir að þessi búnaður er í samræmi við grunnkröfur og önnur viðeigandi ákvæði tilskipunar 1999/5/EC.Italiano (Italian) Con la presente ZyXEL dichiara che questo attrezzatura è conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed alle altre disposizioni pertinenti stabilite dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE.Latviešu valoda (Latvian) Ar šo ZyXEL deklarē, ka iekārtas atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajām prasībām un citiem ar to saistītajiem noteikumiem.Lietuvių kalba (Lithuanian) Šiuo ZyXEL deklaruoja, kad šis įranga atitinka esminius reikalavimus ir kitas 1999/5/EB Direktyvos nuostatas.Magyar (Hungarian) Alulírott, ZyXEL nyilatkozom, hogy a berendezés megfelel a vonatkozó alapvetõ követelményeknek és az 1999/5/EK irányelv egyéb elõírásainak.Malti (Maltese) Hawnhekk, ZyXEL, jiddikjara li dan tagħmir jikkonforma mal-ħtiġijiet essenzjali u ma provvedimenti oħrajn relevanti li hemm fid-Dirrettiva 1999/5/EC.Nederlands (Dutch) Hierbij verklaart ZyXEL dat het toestel uitrusting in overeenstemming is met de essentiële eisen en de andere relevante bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EC.Polski (Polish) Niniejszym ZyXEL oświadcza, że sprzęt jest zgodny z zasadniczymi wymogami oraz pozostałymi stosownymi postanowieniami Dyrektywy 1999/5/EC.Português (Portuguese) ZyXEL declara que este equipamento está conforme com os requisitos essenciais e outras disposições da Directiva 1999/5/EC.Română (Romanian) Prin prezenta, ZyXEL declară că acest echipament este în conformitate cu cerinţele esenţiale şi alte prevederi relevante ale Directivei 1999/5/EC.Slovenčina (Slovak) ZyXEL týmto vyhlasuje, že zariadenia spĺňa základné požiadavky a všetky príslušné ustanovenia Smernice 1999/5/EC.Slovenščina (Slovene) ZyXEL izjavlja, da je ta oprema v skladu z bistvenimi zahtevami in ostalimi relevantnimi določili direktive 1999/5/EC.Suomi (Finnish) ZyXEL vakuuttaa täten että laitteet tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien direktiivin muiden ehtojen mukainen.Svenska (Swedish) Härmed intygar ZyXEL att denna utrustning står I överensstämmelse med de väsentliga egenskapskrav och övriga relevanta bestämmelser som framgår av direktiv 1999/5/EC.Norsk (Norwegian) Erklærer herved ZyXEL at dette utstyret er I samsvar med de grunnleggende kravene og andre relevante bestemmelser I direktiv 1999/5/EF.
Appendix B Legal InformationNBG6515 User’s Guide187The outdoor usage of the 2.4 GHz band requires an authorization from the Electronic Communications Office. Please check http:// www.esd.lv for more details.2.4 GHz frekvenèu joslas izmantoðanai ârpus telpâm nepiecieðama atïauja no Elektronisko sakaru direkcijas. Vairâk informâcijas: http://www.esd.lv.Notes:1. Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states, the EU Directive 2014/53/EU has also been implemented in those countries.2. The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP. The EIRP level (in dBm) of a device can be calculated by adding the gain of the antenna used(specified in dBi) to the output power available at the connector (specified in dBm).List of national codes Safety Warnings• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.• Do NOT store things on the device.• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device. Connect it to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe).• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source.• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. • CAUTION: RISK OF EXPLOSION IF BATTERY (on the motherboard) IS REPLACED BY AN INCORRECT TYPE. DISPOSE OF USED BATTERIES ACCORDING TO THE INSTRUCTIONS. Dispose them at the applicable collection point for the recycling of electrical and electronic equipment. For detailed information about recycling of this product, please contact your local city office, your household waste disposal service or the store where you purchased the product.• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device. • Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s).• If you wall mount your device, make sure that no electrical lines, gas or water pipes will be damaged. • The PoE (Power over Ethernet) devices that supply or receive power and their connected Ethernet cables must all be completely indoors.• This product is for indoor use only (utilisation intérieure exclusivement). • FOR COUNTRY CODE SELECTION USAGE (WLAN DEVICES)Note: The country code selection is for non-US model only and is not available to all US model. Per FCC regulation, all Wi-Fi product marketed in US must fixed to US operation channels only.The following warnings apply if product is disconnect device:• A readily accessible disconnect device shall be incorporated external to the equipment; and/or• The socket-outlet shall be installed near the equipment and shall be easily accessible.COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODEAustria AT Liechtenstein LIBelgium BE Lithuania LTBulgaria BG Luxembourg LUCroatia HR Malta MTCyprus CY Netherlands NLCzech Republic CR Norway NODenmark DK Poland PLEstonia EE Portugal PTFinland FI Romania ROFrance FR Serbia RSGermany DE Slovakia SKGreece GR Slovenia SIHungary HU Spain ESIceland IS Sweden SEIreland IE Switzerland CHItaly IT Turkey TRLatvia LV United Kingdom GB
Appendix B Legal InformationNBG6515 User’s Guide188Environment statementErP (Energy-related Products)ZyXEL products put on the EU market in compliance with the requirement of the European Parliament and the Council publishedDirective 2009/125/EC establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products (recast), so calledas "ErP Directive (Energy-related Products directive) as well as ecodesign requirement laid down in applicable implementing measures, power consumption has satisfied regulation requirements which are:Network standby power consumption < 12W, and/orOff mode power consumption < 0.5W, and/orStandby mode power consumption < 0.5W.Wireless setting, please refer to "Wireless" chapter for more detail.WEEE DirectiveYour product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately. "INFORMAZIONI AGLI UTENTI"Ai sensi della Direttiva 2012/19/UE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 4 luglio 2012, sui rifiuti di apparecchiature elettriche ed elettroniche (RAEE)Il simbolo del cassonetto barrato riportato sull’apparecchiatura o sulla sua confezione indica che il prodotto alla fine della propria vita utiledeve essere raccolto separatamente dagli altri rifiuti.La raccolta differenziata della presente apparecchiatura giunta a fine vita e organizzata e gestita dal produttore. L’utente che vorra disfarsidella presente apparecchiatura dovra quindi contattare il produttore e seguire il sistema che questo ha adottato per consentire la raccoltaseparata dell’apparecchiatura giunta a fine vita.L’adeguata raccolta differenziata per l’avvio successivo dell’apparecchiatura dismessa al riciclaggio, al trattamento e allo smaltimentoambientalmente compatibile contribuisce ad evitare possibili effetti negativi sull’ambiente e sulla salute e favorisce il reimpiego e/o riciclodei materiali di cui e composta l’apparecchiatura.Lo smaltimento abusivo del prodotto da parte del detentore comporta l’applicazione delle sanzioni amministrative previste dalla normativavigente."
Appendix B Legal InformationNBG6515 User’s Guide189Environmental Product Declaration
Appendix B Legal InformationNBG6515 User’s Guide190󰪙灣以下訊息僅適用於產品銷售至󰪙灣地󰧩第󰧪二條經型式認證合格之低󰥈率射頻電機，非經許󰪘，公司商號或使用者均不得擅自變更頻率󰥉大󰥈率或變更原設計之特性及󰥈能第󰧪四條低󰥈率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信；經發現有干擾現象時，應立即停用，並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用前項合法通信，指依電信法規定作業之無線電通信低󰥈率射頻電機須忍受合法通信或工業科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾電磁波暴露量 MPE 標準值 1mW/cm2，送測產品實測值為 : 0.1996 mW/cm2Viewing CertificationsGo to http://www.zyxel.com to view this product’s documentation and certifications.ZyXEL Limited WarrantyZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in material or workmanship for a specific period (the Warranty Period) from the date of purchase. The Warranty Period varies by region. Check with your vendor and/or the authorized ZyXEL local distributor for details about the Warranty Period of this product. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.NoteRepair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.To obtain the services of this warranty, contact your vendor. You may also refer to the warranty policy for the region in which you bought the device at http://www.zyxel.com/web/support_warranty_info.php.RegistrationRegister your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com.Open Source LicensesThis product contains in part some free software distributed under GPL license terms and/or GPL like licenses. Open source licenses are provided with the firmware package. You can download the latest firmware at www.zyxel.com. If you cannot find it there, contact your vendor or ZyXEL Technical Support at support@zyxel.com.tw. To obtain the source code covered under those Licenses, please contact your vendor or ZyXEL Technical Support at support@zyxel.com.tw.
NBG6515 User’s Guide191APPENDIX CSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNote: Your specific NBG may not support all of the operating systems described in this appendix. See the product specifications for more information about which operating systems are supported.This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in order for it to be able to communicate with the other devices on your network. Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to use TCP/IP on your computer. If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure that your network’s computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet.In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:•Windows XP/NT/2000 on page 191•Windows Vista on page 195•Windows 7 on page 199•Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4 on page 203•Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6 on page 206•Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 209•Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) on page 213Windows XP/NT/2000The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also apply to Windows 2000 and Windows NT.1Click St a rt > Cont r ol Pa n el.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide1922In the Cont r ol Pan el, click the N et w ork Con ne ct ions icon.3Right-click Loca l Area Conne ct ion and then select Pr ope r t ie s.4On the Gen e ra l tab, select I nt er n et Prot ocol ( TCP/ I P) and then click Pr ope r t ie s.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide1935The I nt e rne t Pr ot ocol TCP/ I P Prope rt ies window opens.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide1946Select Obt ain a n I P addre ss aut om at ica lly if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.Select Use t h e follow ing I P Addre ss and fill in the I P a ddre ss, Subne t m ask, and D e fau lt ga t e w a y fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Pre fe r r e d D N S se rve r and an Alt e rn a t e DN S ser ver , if that information was provided.7Click OK to close the I nt erne t Prot ocol ( TCP/ I P) Proper t ie s window.8Click OK to close the Loca l Area Conn ect ion Pr oper t ies window.Verifying Settings1Click St a rt > All Pr ogra m s > Acce ssor ies > Com m a nd Pr om pt .2In the Com m a nd Pr om pt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also go to St ar t > Cont r ol Pa n el > N e t w ork Conne ct ions, right-click a network connection, click St a t u s and then click the Suppor t tab to view your IP address and connection information.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide195Windows VistaThis section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional.1Click St a rt > Cont rol Pa nel.2In the Cont r ol Pan el, click the N et w ork a n d I nt er net icon.3Click the N et w or k a nd Sha ring Ce n t e r icon.4Click M ana ge ne t w or k connect ions.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide1965Right-click Loca l Area Conne ct ion and then select Pr ope r t ie s.Note: During this procedure, click Cont inue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.6Select I nt ern et Prot ocol Ve rsion 4 ( TCP/ I Pv4 ) and then select Pr op er t ie s.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide1977The I nt e rne t Pr ot ocol Ver sion 4 ( TCP/ I Pv4 ) Prope rt ies window opens.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide1988Select Obt ain a n I P addre ss aut om at ica lly if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.Select Use t h e follow ing I P Addre ss and fill in the I P a ddre ss, Subne t m ask, and D e fau lt ga t e w a y fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Pre fe r r e d D N S se rve r and an Alt e rn a t e DN S ser ver , if that information was provided.Click Adva nce d .9Click OK to close the I nt erne t Prot ocol ( TCP/ I P) Proper t ie s window.10 Click OK to close the Loca l Area Conn ect ion Pr oper t ies window.Verifying Settings1Click St a rt > All Pr ogra m s > Acce ssor ies > Com m a nd Pr om pt .2In the Com m a nd Pr om pt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also go to St ar t > Cont r ol Pa n el > N e t w ork Conne ct ions, right-click a network connection, click St a t u s and then click the Suppor t tab to view your IP address and connection information.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide199Windows 7This section shows screens from Windows 7 Enterprise.1Click St a rt > Cont rol Pa nel.2In the Cont r ol Pan el, click View ne t w or k st at us a nd t ask s under the N e t w ork an d I nt e r n et category.3Click Cha nge a da pt e r se t t ings.4Double click Local Ar ea Con nect ion and then select Pr op er t ie s.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide200Note: During this procedure, click Cont inue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.5Select I nt ern et Prot ocol Ve rsion 4 ( TCP/ I Pv4 ) and then select Pr op er t ie s.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide2016The I nt e rne t Pr ot ocol Ver sion 4 ( TCP/ I Pv4 ) Prope rt ies window opens.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide2027Select Obt ain a n I P addre ss aut om at ica lly if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.Select Use t h e follow ing I P Addre ss and fill in the I P a ddre ss, Subne t m ask, and D e fau lt ga t e w a y fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Pre fe r r e d D N S se rve r and an Alt e rn a t e DN S ser ver , if that information was provided. Click Adva nced if you want to configure advanced settings for IP, DNS and WINS. 8Click OK to close the I nt erne t Prot ocol ( TCP/ I P) Proper t ie s window.9Click OK to close the Loca l Area Conn ect ion Pr oper t ies window.Verifying Settings1Click St a rt > All Pr ogra m s > Acce ssor ies > Com m a nd Pr om pt .2In the Com m a nd Pr om pt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. 3The IP settings are displayed as follows.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide203Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3.1Click Apple > Syste m Prefer e nces.2In the Syst e m Prefere nces window, click the Net w or k icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide2043When the N e t w o rk preferences pane opens, select Built - in Et h e rne t from the network connection type list, and then click Configure.4For dynamically assigned settings, select Usin g D H CP from the Configur e I Pv4 list in the TCP/ I P tab.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide2055For statically assigned settings, do the following:•From the Configu re I Pv4 list, select M anu a lly.•In the I P Addre ss field, type your IP address.•In the Subne t M ask field, type your subnet mask.•In the Rou t e r field, type the IP address of your device.6Click Apply N ow and close the window.Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applicat ions > Ut ilit ie s > N e t w or k Ut ilit ie s, and then selecting the appropriate N et w or k I nt er face from the I nfo tab.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide206Figure 136 Mac OS X 10.4: Network UtilityMac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5 but can also apply to 10.6.1Click Apple > Syste m Prefer e nces.2In Syst e m Pr e fer en ces, click the N e t w or k icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide2073When the N et w ork preferences pane opens, select Et h e rn e t from the list of available connection types.4From the Configu r e list, select Using DH CP for dynamically assigned settings.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide2085For statically assigned settings, do the following:•From the Configu re list, select M a nua lly.•In the I P Addre ss field, enter your IP address.•In the Subne t M ask field, enter your subnet mask.•In the Rou t e r field, enter the IP address of your NBG.6Click Apply and close the window.Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applicat ions > Ut ilit ie s > N e t w or k Ut ilit ie s, and then selecting the appropriate N et w or k in te rfa ce from the I nfo tab.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide209Figure 137 Mac OS X 10.5: Network UtilityLinux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME)This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME: 1Click Syste m > Adm in ist r at ion > N et w ork .2When the N et w ork Se t t ings window opens, click U nlo ck to open the Au t h en t ica t e window. (By default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.) You cannot make changes to your configuration unless you first enter your admin password.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide2103In the Au t he n t ica t e window, enter your admin account name and password then click the Au t h en t ica t e button.4In the N et w or k Set t ings window, select the connection that you want to configure, then click Pr ope r t ie s.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide2115The Pr ope r t ie s dialog box opens.•In the Configu r at ion list, select Aut om at ic Configur at ion ( DH CP) if you have a dynamic IP address.•In the Con figur at ion list, select Sta t ic I P addr ess if you have a static IP address. Fill in the I P a ddre ss, Subnet m a sk , and Ga t ew a y addre ss fields. 6Click OK to save the changes and close the Pr op er t ie s dialog box and return to the N et w ork Se t t in gs screen. 7If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the D N S tab in the N et w or k Set t in gs window and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide212 8Click the Close button to apply the changes.Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties by clicking Syst e m > Adm inist r at ion > N et w ork Tools, and then selecting the appropriate N et w or k device from the De vice s tab. The I nt e r fa ce St a t ist ics column shows data if your connection is working properly.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide213Figure 138 Ubuntu 8: Network ToolsLinux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE)This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the K Desktop Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:1Click K Me n u > Com put er > Adm in ist ra t or Set t ings ( YaST) .
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide2142When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and click OK.3When the Ya ST Cont rol Cent e r window opens, select N et w ork De vices and then click the N et w ork Ca r d icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide2154When the N et w ork Se t t ings window opens, click the Ove rvie w tab, select the appropriate connection N a m e from the list, and then click the Configure button. 5When the N et w ork Ca r d Se t u p window opens, click the Addre ss tab
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide216Figure 139 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup6Select Dyna m ic Addre ss ( D HCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.Select St a t ically a ssigne d I P Addr e ss if you have a static IP address. Fill in the I P a ddr ess, Subne t m ask , and H ost na m e fields.7Click N e x t to save the changes and close the N e t w ork Ca rd Set up window. 8If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the H ost n am e / D N S tab in N et w or k Set t ings and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide2179Click Finish to save your settings and close the window.Verifying SettingsClick the KNe t w or k M ana ger icon on the Ta sk bar to check your TCP/IP properties. From the Opt ion s sub-menu, select Sh ow Connect ion I nfor m a t ion.Figure 140 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork ManagerWhen the Conne ct ion St a t us - KN e t w or k M a n ager window opens, click the St a t ist ics t a b to see if your connection is working properly.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG6515 User’s Guide218Figure 141 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager
NBG6515 User’s Guide219APPENDIX DWireless LANsWireless LAN TopologiesThis section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.Ad-hoc Wireless LAN ConfigurationThe simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN. Figure 142 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc NetworkBSSA Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG6515 User’s Guide220Figure 143 Basic Service SetESSAn Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood. An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG6515 User’s Guide221Figure 144 Infrastructure WLANChannelA channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance.Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.RTS/CTSA hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG6515 User’s Guide222Figure 145 RTS/CTSWhen station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.RTS/ CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/ CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.When a data frame exceeds the RTS/ CTS value you set, the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/ CTS directly to the AP without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. You should only configure RTS/ CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. If the RTS/ CTS value is greater than the Fr agm en t a t ion Thre shold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/ CTS size. Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.Fragmentation ThresholdA Fr a gm ent a t ion Th resh old is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames.A large Fra gm ent a t ion Thr esh old is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.If the Fr agm en t at ion Thre shold value is smaller than the RTS/ CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/ CTS size.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG6515 User’s Guide223Preamble TypePreamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of the synchronization field in a packet.Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short preamble. Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks. Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide more efficient communications.Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the network support it, otherwise the NBG uses long preamble.Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.Wireless Security OverviewWireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network.Wireless security methods available on the NBG are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the NBG identity.The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your NBG.Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the NBG and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it. Table 92 Wireless Security LevelsSECURITY LEVEL SECURITY TYPELeast Secure Most SecureUnique SSID (Default)Unique SSID with Hide SSID EnabledMAC Address FilteringWEP EncryptionIEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server AuthenticationWi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)WPA2
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG6515 User’s Guide224IEEE 802.1xIn June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:• User based identification that allows for roaming.• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server. • Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients. RADIUSRADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:• Authentication Determines the identity of the users.•AuthorizationDetermines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.• AccountingKeeps track of the client’s network activity. RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server. Types of RADIUS MessagesThe following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:• Access-RequestSent by an access point requesting authentication.• Access-RejectSent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.• Access-AcceptSent by a RADIUS server allowing access. • Access-ChallengeSent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message. The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG6515 User’s Guide225• Accounting-RequestSent by the access point requesting accounting.• Accounting-ResponseSent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting. In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access. Types of EAP Authentication This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types. EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication. The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. .For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text. However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption. EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity. However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG6515 User’s Guide226EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service) EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2. PEAP (Protected EAP) Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco.LEAPLEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x. Dynamic WEP Key ExchangeThe AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key ExchangeFor added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types.Table 93 Comparison of EAP Authentication TypesEAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAPMutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes YesCertificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional NoCertificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes NoDynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes YesCredential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong ModerateDeployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate ModerateClient Identity Protection No No Yes Yes No
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG6515 User’s Guide227WPA and WPA2Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication.If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN. If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.Encryption WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism.WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice. The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically.The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped. By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network. The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG6515 User’s Guide228password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP)User Authentication WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices.Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again.Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.Wireless Client WPA SupplicantsA wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client. The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it. WPA(2) with RADIUS Application ExampleTo set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.1The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.2The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies network access accordingly.3A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS server and the client.4The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG6515 User’s Guide229Figure 146 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application ExampleWPA(2)-PSK Application ExampleA WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.1First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols).2The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches.3The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID. 4The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG6515 User’s Guide230Figure 147 WPA(2)-PSK AuthenticationSecurity Parameters SummaryRefer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features.Antenna OverviewAn antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air. Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN. Table 94 Wireless Security Relational MatrixAUTHENTICATION METHOD/ KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLENCRYPTION METHODENTER MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1XOpen None No DisableEnable without Dynamic WEP KeyOpen WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP KeyYes Enable without Dynamic WEP KeyYes DisableShared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP KeyYes Enable without Dynamic WEP KeyYes DisableWPA TKIP/AES No EnableWPA-PSK TKIP/AES Yes DisableWPA2 TKIP/AES No EnableWPA2-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG6515 User’s Guide231Antenna CharacteristicsFrequencyAn antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz or 5GHz is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LANRadiation PatternA radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage area. Antenna GainAntenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications. For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment. Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides. Types of Antennas for WLANThere are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points. • Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.Positioning AntennasIn general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible. For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
NBG6515 User’s Guide232APPENDIX ECommon ServicesThe following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers. For a comprehensive list of port numbers, ICMP type/code numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) web site. •N a m e : This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like.•Pr ot ocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/ UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER- D EFI N ED , the Po rt ( s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number.•Por t ( s) : This value depends on the Pr ot o col. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.•If the Pr ot oco l is TCP, UD P, or TCP/ UD P, this is the IP port number.•If the Pr ot oco l is USER, this is the IP protocol number.•D e scr ip t ion : This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used.Table 95 Commonly Used ServicesNAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTIONAH (IPSEC_TUNNEL)User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling protocol uses this service.AIM/New-ICQ TCP 5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service. It is also used as a listening port by ICQ.AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some servers.BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol.BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client.BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server.CU-SEEME TCPUDP764824032A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software.DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (for example www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers.ESP (IPSEC_TUNNEL)User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service.FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on.FTP TCPTCP2021File Transfer Program, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail.H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.
Appendix E Common ServicesNBG6515 User’s Guide233HTTP TCP 80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/server protocol for the world wide web.HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-commerce.ICMP User-Defined 1Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for diagnostic or routing purposes.ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat program.IGMP (MULTICAST) User-Defined 2Internet Group Management Protocol is used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts.IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for key distribution and management.IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat program.MSN Messenger TCP 1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger service uses this protocol. NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program.NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups.NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments.NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service.PING User-Defined 1Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable.POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other).PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel.PPTP_TUNNEL (GRE)User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel.RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service.REAL_AUDIO TCP 7070 A streaming audio service that enables real time sound over the web.REXEC TCP 514 Remote Execution Daemon.RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login.RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet.RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the Internet. SFTP TCP 115 Simple File Transfer Protocol.Table 95 Commonly Used Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
Appendix E Common ServicesNBG6515 User’s Guide234SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another.SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management Program.SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an interface to access data on many different types of database systems, including mainframes, midrange systems, UNIX systems and network servers.SSH TCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program.STRM WORKS UDP 1558 Stream Works Protocol.SYSLOG UDP 514 Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX server.TACACS UDP 49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System).TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and in UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log into remote host systems.TFTP UDP 69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an Internet file transfer protocol similar to FTP, but uses the UDP (User Datagram Protocol) rather than TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).VDOLIVE TCP 7000 Another videoconferencing solution.Table 95 Commonly Used Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
IndexNBG6515 User’s Guide235IndexAAddress Assignment 102Advanced Encryption StandardSee AES.AES 227alternative subnet mask notation 176antennadirectional 231gain 231omni-directional 231AP 12AP (access point) 221AP Modemenu 60, 67status screen 58AP+Bridge 12BBandwidth managementoverview 136priority 138Basic Service Set, See BSS 219Bridge/Repeater 12bridged APs, security 83BSS 219CCA 225Certificate AuthoritySee CA.certificationsviewing 190Channel 52, 59, 60, 66channel 81, 221interference 221CIFS 153Common Internet File System, see CIFSConfigurationrestore 165content filtering 134by keyword (in URL) 134by web feature 134copyright 184CPU usage 53, 60, 66CTS (Clear to Send) 222DDaylight saving 163DDNS 123see also Dynamic DNSservice providers 123DHCP 32, 114DHCP serversee also Dynamic Host Configuration ProtocolDHCP server 112, 114DHCP table 32DHCP client informationDHCP statusDHCP Unique IDentifier 98DHCPv6DHCP Unique IDentifier 98Digital Living Network Alliance 152disclaimer 184DLNA 151, 152indexing 155overview 151rescan 155DLNA-compliant client 152DNS 116DNS Server 102DNS server 116documentationrelated 2
IndexNBG6515 User’s Guide236Domain Name System 116Domain Name System. See DNS.DUID 98duplex setting 53, 60Dynamic DNS 123Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 114dynamic WEP key exchange 226DynDNS 123DynDNS see also DDNS 123EEAP Authentication 225encryption 82, 227key 82WPA compatible 82ESS 220ESSID 171Extended Service Set, See ESS 220FFCC interference statement 184file sharing 152access right 155, 156example 156FTP 155overview 152Samba 154user account 154, 156Windows Explorer 154work group 154FirewallICMP packets 129, 130Firmware upload 163file extensionusing HTTPfirmware version 52, 59fragmentation threshold 222GGeneral wireless LAN screen 83, 85GuideQuick Start 2Hhidden node 221IIANA 181IBSS 219IGMP 103see also Internet Group Multicast ProtocolversionIGMP version 103Independent Basic Service SetSee IBSS 219initialization vector (IV) 227interfaces 96Internet Assigned Numbers AuthoritySee IANA 181Internet Group Multicast Protocol 103Internet Protocol version 6, see IPv6IP Address 113, 118, 119IP alias 112IP Pool 114IPv6 96link-local address 97prefix 96prefix delegation 97prefix length 96stateless autoconfiguration 97LLAN 111IP pool setup 112LAN overview 111
IndexNBG6515 User’s Guide237LAN setup 111LAN TCP/IP 112Language 166Link type 53, 60, 66Local Area Network 111MMAC 89MAC address 81, 102cloning 102MAC address filter 81MAC address filtering 89MAC filter 89managing the devicegood habits 13using the web configurator. See web configurator.using the wireless switch.using the WPS. See WPS.MBSSID 12Media access control 89media client 151media file 151media server 151overview 151meida file play 151Memory usage 53, 60, 66Message Integrity Check (MIC) 227mode 12Multicast 103IGMP 103NNAT 117, 118, 181how it works 117overview 117see also Network Address TranslationNAT Traversal 144Navigation Panel 53, 60, 67navigation panel 53, 60, 67Network Address Translation 117, 118Ooperating mode 12other documentation 2PPairwise Master Key (PMK) 227, 229Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet 105Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 107Port forwarding 119default server 118local server 119port speed 53, 60, 67PPPoE 105dial-up connectionPPTP 107preamble mode 223prefix delegation 97product registration 190PSK 227QQuality of Service (QoS) 91Quick Start Guide 2RRADIUS 224message types 224messages 224shared secret key 225registrationproduct 190related documentation 2Remote managementand NAT 142limitations 142system timeout 143Reset button 30
IndexNBG6515 User’s Guide238Reset the device 30Restore configuration 165Roaming 90RTS (Request To Send) 222threshold 221, 222RTS/CTS Threshold 81, 90SSamba 153Scheduling 93Server Message Block, see SMBService and port numbers 130, 133, 141Service Set 47, 84Service Set IDentification 47, 84Service Set IDentity. See SSID.SMB 153SSID 47, 52, 59, 60, 66, 81, 84Static DHCP 115Static Route 125Status 50subnet 174Subnet Mask 113subnet mask 175subnetting 177SummaryDHCP table 32Packet statistics 33Wireless station status 34, 35System General Setup 160System restart 166TTCP/IP configuration 114Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) 227Time setting 162trademarks 184trigger port 120Trigger port forwarding 120example 121process 121UUniversal 63Universal Plug and Play 144Application 144Security issues 145Universal Repeater 63, 67UPnP 144URL Keyword Blocking 135USB media sharing 151User Name 124VVPN 107WWAN (Wide Area Network) 101WAN advanced 109WAN MAC address 102warranty 190note 190Web Configuratorhow to access 26Overview 26web configurator 12WEP Encryption 68, 70, 87, 88WEP encryption 86WEP key 86Wi-Fi Protected Access 227windows media player 151Wireless association list 34, 35wireless channel 171wireless client WPA supplicants 228wireless LAN 171wireless LAN scheduling 93Wireless networkbasic guidelines 80channel 81encryption 82example 80
IndexNBG6515 User’s Guide239MAC address filter 81overview 80security 81SSID 81Wireless security 81overview 81type 81wireless security 171, 223wireless switch 12Wireless tutorial 72WPS 72Wizard setup 17WLANinterference 221security parameters 230WLAN 2.4G 34WLAN 5G 35work group 153name 153Windows 153WPA 227key caching 228pre-authentication 228user authentication 228vs WPA-PSK 227wireless client supplicant 228with RADIUS application example 228WPA compatible 82WPA2 227user authentication 228vs WPA2-PSK 227wireless client supplicant 228with RADIUS application example 228WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 227WPA2-PSK 227application example 229WPA-PSK 227application example 229WPS 12

Navigation menu