Adobe FrameMaker_User_Guide Frame Maker 8.0 User Guide Framemaker 8 En
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ADOBE FRAMEMAKER 8
USER GUIDE
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Adobe® FrameMaker® 8 User Guide for Windows® and UNIX®.
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iii
Contents
Chapter 1: Getting started
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Adobe Help
............................................................................... 2
What's new
............................................................................... 3
Chapter 2: FrameMaker basics
The Welcome Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
About the workspace
..................................................................... 5
Understanding the structured workspace
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Working with unstructured FrameMaker documents
Working with structured FrameMaker documents
About structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Working with XML documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Word processing
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Text formatting
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Multiple Undo/Redo
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Chapter 3: Unicode support
About Unicode support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
FrameMaker features supporting Unicode content
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Setting up your computer and keyboard to work with multiple languages
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Chapter 4: FrameMaker tables
About tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Inserting tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Converting between text and tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Copying, moving, and removing tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Changing the look of tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Positioning tables on a page
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Adjusting rows and columns
Sorting columns and rows
Rotating cells and tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Controlling page breaks in tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Positioning and autonumbering text within cells
Working with ruling and shading
Redefining (updating) table formats
Renaming and deleting table formats
Creating table formats
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Working with tables in structured documents
Inserting structured tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Filling in structured tables with text and graphics
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Copying, moving, and removing structured tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
iv
Applying different formats to structured tables
Positioning structured tables on a page
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Adjusting rows and columns in structured tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Rotating cells and tables in structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Chapter 5: Cross-references and footnotes
Inserting cross-references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Working with cross-reference markers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Displaying the source of a cross-reference
Editing cross-references
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Creating cross-reference formats
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Using building blocks for source information
Editing cross-reference formats
Maintaining cross-references
Resolving cross-references
Working with footnotes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Changing footnote formats
Working with endnotes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Working with cross-references in structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Inserting element-based cross-references in structured documents
Working with ID values in structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Resolving cross-references in structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Working with footnotes in structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Working with endnotes in structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Chapter 6: Variables and equations
About variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Inserting variables
Editing variables
Deleting variables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Converting variables to text
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Updating system variables on body or reference pages
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Importing variable definitions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Changing variable definitions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Creating variables for running headers and footers
Working with variables in structured documents
About Equations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Using the Equations palette
Inserting math elements
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Creating equations in structured documents using elements
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Chapter 7: Filter By Attribute
About Filter By Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Build a filter
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Apply a filter
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Save a document after applying a filter
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
v
Modify a filter
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Delete a filter
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Additional information
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Chapter 8: Conditional text
About conditional text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Planning conditional documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Creating, changing, and deleting condition tags
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Using Boolean expressions to generate conditional output
Applying and removing condition tags
Working in conditional documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Editing elements in conditional structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Chapter 9: Graphics and anchored frames
About Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Using the drawing tools
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
About graphic elements in structured documents
About Anchored Frames
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Creating anchored frames
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Editing anchored frames
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Preparing anchored frames for tagged PDF
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Anchored frames in structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Chapter 10: Color
About Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Color models
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Planning to use color
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Using color libraries
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Applying colors and tints
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Defining and modifying colors and tints
Viewing colors
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Printing color documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Postprocessing color documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Printing to typesetters (Windows)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Chapter 11: Page layout and templates
About page layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Changing the basic page layout of a document
Creating and editing custom master pages
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Aligning text across columns
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
About multiflow documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Working with reference pages
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
About Templates
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Using templates
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Creating templates
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Organizing templates in a folder
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Creating templates for generated files
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
vi
Creating templates to change conditional text settings
Changing templates for blank paper and text files
Importing and updating formats
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
About import and update settings
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Chapter 12: Tables of contents and indexes
About Tables of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
About generated files
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Preparing the sources for TOCs and other generated lists
Generating TOCs and other lists
Updating and editing TOCs and lists
Troubleshooting TOCs and lists
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Embedding TOCs in a document
About indexes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Adding index markers
Generating indexes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Updating and editing indexes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Creating a master TOC or index for several books
Troubleshooting indexes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Adding custom marker types
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Adding titles and other static text to lists and indexes
Formatting lists and indexes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Changing the sort order of indexes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Working with group titles in indexes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Working with TOCs in structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Generating TOCs and other lists in structured documents
Updating and editing lists in structured documents
Adding index marker elements in structured documents
Formatting lists and indexes in structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Troubleshooting TOCs and lists in structured documents
Embedding TOCs in structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Chapter 13: Books
About book files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Building books
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Working with files in a book window
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Determining how documents and pages are numbered
Inserting numbering in your documents
Changing the format of files in a book
Using book-wide commands
Updating books
Comparing books
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Troubleshooting books
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
About structured book files
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Generating and updating structured books
Working with book structure
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
vii
Chapter 14: Revision management
About revision management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
About change bars
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Comparing document versions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Determining the number of words and characters
Track Edited Text
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Chapter 15: Managing files using WebDAV
File management using WebDAV (Windows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Getting started with workgroup management
Managing document links
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Chapter 16: Importing, linking, and exporting
About importing files into FrameMaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Choosing the right method for importing and linking
Using Copy and Paste
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Using the Import command to import text
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Using the Import command to import graphics
Using drag and drop (Windows)
Using OLE (Windows)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Using graphic insets (UNIX)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Exporting text and graphics
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Importing text into structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Inserting imported graphic elements into structured documents
Using the File Import feature
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Importing SWF files into FrameMaker documents (Windows)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Importing three-dimensional objects into FrameMaker documents (Windows)
. . . . . . . . . . . 524
Chapter 17: Hypertext and view-only documents
About online systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Preparing areas for becoming active
Inserting hypertext commands
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
Creating hypertext links
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Creating button matrices
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Creating pop-up menus
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Creating alert messages
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Creating ways to start or open
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Creating ways to close or exit
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Testing and troubleshooting hypertext documents
Adding hypertext links to generated files
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Working in view-only documents and books
Working with FluidView format
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Inserting hypertext command elements in structured documents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Chapter 18: HTML, XML, and Adobe PDF conversion
About HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
About Adobe PDF
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
About tagged Adobe PDF
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
viii
Defining a tagged Adobe PDF file
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Troubleshooting and tips on PDF conversion
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Saving structured documents as Adobe PDF
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Defining PDF job options
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Chapter 19: Processing XML
Migration from unstructured FrameMaker to XML
XML with FrameMaker
XML with XSL transformation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
XML with Cascading Style Sheets
XML with Schema
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Chapter 20: UNIX macros and utilities
About the UNIX version of FrameMaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Using UNIX keyboard macros
Capturing UNIX screen images
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Performing command-line operations with fmbatch (UNIX)
Printing with fmprint (UNIX)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Copying file hierarchies with fmcopy (UNIX)
Inverting images with fminvert (UNIX)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Converting color images to monochrome (UNIX)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Chapter 21: Creating accessible documents (Windows)
Authoring for accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Using accessibility features in FrameMaker
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Setting your FrameMaker workspace for high-contrast viewing
Preparing documents for accessibility
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Testing accessibility in files using a screen reader
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Chapter 22: Structured authoring using DITA
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
About DITA in FrameMaker 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Using DITA in FrameMaker 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Tips
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Chapter 23: Adobe Technical Communication Suite features in Adobe FrameMaker
Creating and editing images using RoboScreen Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Inserting and editing Adobe Captivate demos
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Launch Adobe Acrobat Connect from Adobe FrameMaker
Sending PDFs for review
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Appendix A: Typing in dialog boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
About typing in dialog boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Windows
UNIX
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Appendix B: Keyboard shortcuts
Keyboard shortcuts for Windows
Keyboard shortcuts for UNIX
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .681
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
ix
Shortcuts for specific keyboards
Working with structure
Index
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
1
Chapter 1: Getting started
If you haven't installed your new software, begin by reading some information on installation and other preliminaries. Before you begin working with your software, take a few moments to read an overview of Adobe® Help® and
of the many resources available to users. You have access to plug-ins, templates, user communities, seminars,
tutorials, RSS feeds, and much more.
Installation
Requirements
To review complete system requirements and recommendations for your Adobe software, see the Read Me file on
the installation CD.
Install the software
1 Close any other Adobe applications open on your computer.
2 Insert the installation disc into your CD drive, and follow the on-screen instructions.
Note: For more information, see the Read Me file on the installation CD.
Activate the software
If you have a single-user retail license for your Adobe software, you will be asked to activate your software; this is a
simple, anonymous process that you must complete within 30 days of starting the software.
For more information on product activation, see the Read Me file on your installation CD, or visit the Adobe website
at www.adobe.com/go/activation.
1 If the Activation dialog box isn't already open, choose Help > Activate.
2 Follow the on-screen instructions.
Note: If you want to install the software on a different computer, you must first deactivate it on your computer. Choose
Help > Deactivate.
Register
Register your product to receive notifications of updates and other services.
To register, follow the on-screen instructions in the Registration dialog box, which appears after you install and
activate the software.
If you postpone registration, you can register at any time by choosing Help > Registration.
ADOBE FRAMEMAKER 8 2
User Guide
Adobe Help
Adobe Help resources
Documentation for your Adobe software is available in a variety of formats.
In-product and LiveDocs Help
In-product Help provides access to all documentation and instructional content available at the time the software
ships. It is available through the Help menu in your Adobe software.
LiveDocs Help includes all the content from in-product Help, plus updates and links to additional instructional
content available on the web. For some products, you can also add comments to the topics in LiveDocs Help. Find
LiveDocs Help for your product in the Adobe Help Resource Center, at www.adobe.com/go/documentation.
Think of Help, both in the product and on the web, as a hub for accessing additional content and communities of
users. The most complete and up-to-date version of Help is always on the web.
PDF documentation
The in-product Help is also available as a PDF that is optimized for printing. Other documents, such as installation
guides and white papers, may also be provided as PDFs. All documents available in the OnlineManuals folder in the
previous versions of Adobe FrameMaker® are posted on the Adobe web.
All PDF documentation is available through the Adobe Help Resource Center, at www.adobe.com/go/
documentation.
To see the PDF documentation included with your software, look in the Documents folder on the installation or
content CD.
Printed documentation
Printed editions of the product Help are available for purchase in the Adobe Store, at www.adobe.com/go/store. You
can also find books published by Adobe publishing partners in the Adobe Store.
A printed Getting Started Guide is also included with the software.
Customer support
Visit the Adobe Support website, at www.adobe.com/support, to find troubleshooting information for your product
and to learn about free and paid technical support options. Follow the Training link for access to Adobe Press books,
a variety of training resources, Adobe software certification programs, and more.
Downloads
Visit www.adobe.com/go/downloads to find free updates, tryouts, and other useful software. In addition, the Adobe
Store (at www.adobe.com/go/store) provides access to thousands of plug-ins from third-party developers, helping
you to automate tasks, customize workflows, create specialized professional effects, and more.
ADOBE FRAMEMAKER 8 3
User Guide
Adobe Labs
Adobe Labs® gives you the opportunity to experience and evaluate new and emerging technologies and products
from Adobe.
At Adobe Labs, you have access to resources such as these:
• Prerelease software and technologies
• Code samples and best practices to accelerate your learning
• Early versions of product and technical documentation
• Forums, wiki-based content, and other collaborative resources to help you interact with like-minded developers
Adobe Labs fosters a collaborative software development process. In this environment, customers quickly become
productive with new products and technologies. Adobe Labs is also a forum for early feedback, which the Adobe
development teams use to create software that meets the needs and expectations of the community.
Visit Adobe Labs at www.adobe.com/go/labs.
User communities
User communities feature forums, blogs, and other avenues for users to share technologies, tools, and information.
Users can ask questions and find out how others are getting the most out of their software. User-to-user forums are
available in English, French, German, and Japanese; blogs are posted in a wide range of languages.
To participate in forums or blogs, visit www.adobe.com/communities.
What's new
Top new features of Adobe FrameMaker 8
Unicode support Support for the Unicode text encoding standard lets you author content in multiple languages. All
features in FrameMaker, such as find and change, markers, hypertext, and catalog entries, support Unicode. You can
export to PDF with Unicode bookmarks, tags, comments, and so on. You can import or export Unicode content from
other applications. Additional dictionaries help you author content in more languages.
Enhanced conditional text features Single-sourcing of documents is enhanced by the following features:
• Manage condition tags, using the new Manage Conditional Tag dialog box.
• Add new condition tags, using the new Add Conditional Tag dialog box.
• Rename condition tags.
• Use the New Color button in the Edit Conditional Tag dialog box to define a new color for a condition tag.
• Visually distinguish text with multiple condition tags, as the color of the text depends on the set of tags applied to
the text. For more information, see “Appearance of text with multiple condition tags” on page 307.
• Build Boolean expressions with complex combinations of condition tags and Boolean operators to generate conditional output.
ADOBE FRAMEMAKER 8 4
User Guide
Enhanced Structured/XML authoring Structured authoring is improved with the following enhancements:
• XML roundtripping is enhanced to preserve XML comments as markers. System variables and Processing
Instructions (PIs) are also roundtripped.
• You can import element formatting from CSS into DTD, so you can ensure consistent formatting across different
XML applications. The CSS file can be referenced in the XML document or manually imported. Multiple CSS files
can be imported sequentially, for multi-level formatting.
• Support for single-sourcing workflows lets you filter structured documents. The single-sourcing workflows are
preserved across other XML applications, which use attribute values for filtering XML documents.
Filter By Attribute You can filter structured documents based on attribute values using complex Boolean expres-
sions. Multiple expressions can be created and saved for generating different outputs.
Track Text Edits You can track text edits made in a document. The added and deleted text are highlighted for visual
distinction. You can navigate through the edited sections and accept or reject specific changes. You can also preview
the document to see its original or final state. The changed information is preserved in the XML roundtrip.
DITA application pack The in-built DITA application pack and a DITA menu, facilitate DITA authoring. You can
generate a FrameMaker document directly from a DITA Map. You can use the standard FrameMaker features while
authoring DITA content.
3D workflows (Windows® only) You can insert 3D objects (U3D format) in FrameMaker 8 documents only. You can
also set parameters, such as default view, rendering mode, background color, and lighting scheme for the 3D object.
You can publish the document in PDF format with active 3D models. The 3D objects are preserved in the XML
roundtrip.
Support for SWF files (Windows only) You can create documents with SWF files, such as Adobe Captivate® movies.
The SWF object is preserved in the XML roundtrip.
HTTP file path support (Windows only) You can specify an HTTP path to import graphics into a document, either
by copying or by reference. The HTTP path is preserved in the XML roundtrip.
Enhanced WebDAV support The WebDAV support is extended to allow authoring and editing of XML files located
on the Web-based Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) server.
Import of Office 2007 content (Windows only) You can import content from Microsoft® Word® and Microsoft
Excel® 2007.
5
Chapter 2: FrameMaker basics
The Welcome Screen
By default, the Welcome Screen appears when you open FrameMaker only when Adobe Flash® Player is installed in
your machine. If you want, you can prevent the Welcome Screen from appearing using the following steps.
To prevent the display of the Welcome Screen:
1 Select File > Preferences > General.
The Preferences dialog box appears.
2 Select the Don't Show Welcome Screen option if you don’t want this dialog box to appear when you open
the software.
3 Click Set.
The Welcome Screen isn’t displayed the next time you open FrameMaker.
Note: You can also select the Don’t Show Welcome Screen Again option in the Welcome Screen.
About the workspace
The Adobe FrameMaker workspace comprises structured and unstructured interfaces. A workspace includes a
Document window with formatted contents or the Structure View window with the Element Catalog. When you
work in the unstructured workspace, the only window available is the Document window, which displays the content
of your document as it will appear on a printed page or online. Alternatively, the Document window and the
Structure View window are available when you work in the structured workspace. These windows help you organize
elements in a valid structure.
When you open the application for the first time, FrameMaker provides you with the option to work in the Unstructured FrameMaker workspace, or in the Structured FrameMaker workspace. You can change the interface you work
in by selecting the desired workspace. After you select the workspace, FrameMaker opens in the selected mode in
each successive launch of the application, regardless of the structure status of the document you open.
To switch between unstructured FrameMaker and structured FrameMaker:
1 Select File > Preferences > General (Windows), or File > Preferences (UNIX®).
2 In the Product Interface list, select FrameMaker or Structured FrameMaker.
3 Click Set. You are prompted to restart FrameMaker for the preference change to take effect.
Components of the FrameMaker workspace
FrameMakercomprises several components and operations common to the structured and unstructured
workspaces.
ADOBE FRAMEMAKER 8 6
User Guide
Document window
A Document window appears when you open a structured or unstructured FrameMaker document. The window
shows the document with its text formatted, its graphics and other items in place, and everything laid out in a page
design. If more than one document is open, a Document window appears for each one.
Customizing the document display in the Document window
You can change the way each document window looks in the following ways:
• Zooming in and out
• Changing the preset display units
• Showing and hiding window guides
• Changing the set of menu commands
Zooming in and out
You can zoom in to focus on details or zoom out to see more. The Zoom pop-up menu, in both the Document
window and Structure View for structured documents, shows the current zoom setting.
B
C
A
A. Zoom pop-up menu B. Zoom Out button C. Zoom In button
You can change the zoom setting of one or more documents in a book by selecting the documents in the book
window and choosing a command from the View > Zoom menu.However, the Fit Page In Window, Fit Window to
Page, and Fit Window To Text Frame will affect only selected documents that are open.
To change the zoom setting:
❖ Do one of the following:
• To magnify text and objects, click the Zoom In button. FrameMaker zooms in on the area of the page containing
the insertion point or selection. If the document doesn’t contain an insertion point or a selection, FrameMaker
zooms in on the center of the page.
• To decrease the magnification, click the Zoom Out button.
• To display text and objects at a particular magnification, select a percentage from the Zoom pop-up menu.
• To display the entire page in the current window, select Fit Page In Window from the Zoom pop-up menu.
To resize the window to the size of the page:
❖ Select Fit Window To Page from the Zoom pop-up menu. If the view options are set to display facing pages, the
window is resized to accommodate two pages side by side.
To resize the window to the size of the text frame:
❖ Select Fit Window To Text Frame from the Zoom pop-up menu.
ADOBE FRAMEMAKER 8 7
User Guide
To change the available zoom settings:
1 Select Set from the Zoom pop-up menu.
2 Do one of the following:
• To change the available zoom settings, select the percentage you want to change and enter the new percentage.
Enter any percentage from 25% to 1600%. The values are sorted in the ascending order, so you can enter values in
any text box.
• To return to the default percentages, click Get Defaults.
Note: You can customize the default zoom settings. For information, see the online manual Customizing FrameMaker
on the Adobe website: www.adobe.com/devnet/framemaker/pdfs/Customizing_Frame_Products.pdf.
3 Click Set.
To make 100% zoom match the page size in Windows:
1 Select File > Preferences > General.
2 For Monitor Size, specify the diagonal size of your monitor, and then click OK.
If screen-to-paper fidelity is not critical, you may want to leave Monitor Size set to Default. This ensures cross-application compatibility, which is important if you frequently edit embedded OLE objects within a document.
Changing the preset display units
Some text boxes in dialog boxes require a unit of measurement (such as points or inches) for the value you enter. You
can specify the default units for font size and line spacing (font size units) and for other measurements (display
units). The default units of measurement appear after the values in the text boxes. If you enter a value without a unit
of measurement, FrameMaker uses the default unit.
To change the preset units:
1 Make the appropriate document window or book window active. If a book window is active, select the documents
you want to work in.
2 Select View > Options.
3 Specify values for Display Units and Font Size Units, and then click Set.
To enter different units in a text box:
❖ Enter one of the following abbreviations for the units along with the numeric value:
• cm to specify centimeters
• mm to specify millimeters
• " or in to specify inches
• pc, pi, or pica to specify picas
• pt or point to specify points
• dd to specify didots
• cc or cicero to specify ciceros
• Q to specify Q units (refers to font size and line spacing for Japanese language only)
FrameMaker converts the entry to the preset display units when you click a command button in the dialog box.
ADOBE FRAMEMAKER 8 8
User Guide
For example, if your document’s display units are picas and if you want to set a paragraph indent of 1 inch, enter 1"
in the First Indent text box. When you click Apply, the measurement changes to the number of picas that corresponds to 1 inch.
Showing and hiding window guides
You may want to show several visual guides in the document window. The following types of guides are available:
• Borders around text frames, graphic frames, and imported objects
• Markers, paragraph returns, and other symbols in running text
• Rulers along the top and left side of the window
You can also show a grid of horizontal and vertical lines for drawing, resizing, and aligning graphics. For information
on this grid, see “Using grids” on page 311.
The visual guides are all nonprinting, so you do not need to hide them when you print.
To show or hide visual guides:
1 Make the appropriate document window or book window active. If a book window is active, select the documents
you want to affect.
2 Do the following:
• To show or hide borders, select View > Borders. (If the book window is active, select View > Show Borders or
View > Hide Borders.)
• To show or hide the text symbols, select View > Text Symbols. The following symbols may appear in the
document window.
• To show or hide the rulers, select View > Rulers.
Text symbol
Meaning
End of paragraph
End of flow and end of table cell
Tab
Anchored frame and table anchor
Marker
Forced return
Manual equation alignment point
Nonbreaking space
Discretionary hyphen
Suppress hyphenation
To change the spacing of ruler or grid intervals:
1 Make the appropriate document window or book window active. If a book window is active, select the documents
you want to affect.
2 Select View > Options.
3 Select a new setting from the Rulers pop-up menu or from the Grid pop-up menu, and click Set.
ADOBE FRAMEMAKER 8 9
User Guide
Changing the set of menu commands
You can display a subset of menu commands called quick menus. The quick menus do not have commands for
formatting text, editing some aspects of graphics, and inserting some objects such as markers and variables.
If you do not see all the menu commands described in this manual, you may have the quick menus displayed.
Note: If you’re using a structured document, your application developer may have changed the commands available in
the complete menus.
To display the quick menus:
❖ Select View > Menus > Quick.
To return to the complete menus:
❖ Select View > Menus > Complete.
To customize menus:
❖ Add, move, or remove menus and commands as described in the online manual Customizing FrameMaker.
This manual is available on the Adobe website: www.adobe.com/devnet/framemaker/pdfs/
Customizing_Frame_Products.pdf.
File display options
FrameMaker contains an option that allows you to display the file name before the path in the frame titles of
document windows, so that you can see the file name if a long path name would otherwise hide it.
• In Windows, there is a new flag, Disp lay Fil eLea fFi rst , in the initialization file, m ake r.in i . If the value
is On , the file name in the document or book window title is shown in the format filename pathname. This format
is also used to display the file name in the dialog that lists all open files. By default the value is set to Of f , the line
is marked as a comment, and the file name is displayed in the format pathname filename, as previously.
• In UNIX, there is a new boolean xresource, M ake r.di spl ayF ileL eaf Firs t . When this is set to Tr ue , the
file name in the document or book window title is shown in the format filename pathname. By default the value
is set to Fa lse , and the file name is displayed in the format pathname filename, as previously.
The flag does not affect how the root name of the folder or directory tree is shown in individual file names inside the
book window.
Paging through a document in the Document window
You can page through a Document window using controls in the status bar.
A
B
A. Previous Page button B. Next Page button
You can also define how FrameMaker displays pages when you scroll—up and down, left and right, or two pages at
a time.
If the document you are paging through is part of an open book, FrameMaker may display an alert message
prompting you to choose to open the next or previous document in the book. For example, if you click the Previous
Page button on the first page of a document, clicking Yes in the alert message box will open the previous document
in the book. The last page of that document will appear.
ADOBE FRAMEMAKER 8 10
User Guide
To go to another page:
❖ Do one of the following:
• To go to the next page, click the Next Page button.
• To go to the previous page, click the Previous Page button.
• To go to the first page in the document, Shift-click the Previous Page button.
• To go to the last page in the document, Shift-click the Next Page button.
• To go to a specific page or the page containing a specific line number, click in the Page Status area, specify the page
or line number you want to display, and click Go.
• To go to the page containing the insertion point, click in the Page Status area, click Page Containing the Insertion
Point, and click Go.
• To move quickly through the pages, scroll vertically.
You can click or select in the Structure View to display the corresponding page in the document window.
This is often the quickest way to go to the page you want. For information on working in Structure View, see “The
Structure View window” on page 12.
To set how pages scroll:
1 Make the appropriate document window or book window active. If a book window is active, select the documents
you want to affect.
2 Choose View > Options.
3 Choose one of the following options from the Page Scrolling pop-up menu:
• To display pages from top to bottom (for example, page 2 below page 1), choose Vertical.
• To display pages from left to right (for example, page 2 to the right of page 1), choose Horizontal.
• To display pages two at a time, side by side, choose Facing Pages.
• To display as many pages as will fit in the window from left to right, choose Variable.
4 Click Set.
To make pages display more quickly:
❖ Do the following:
• Open the document by bypassing the update of imported graphics, cross-references, and text insets. (Opening a
document without updating references makes a document open faster but may slow down the display of
individual pages.) For more information on this, see “Opening documents without updating references” on
page 23.
• Turn off the display of graphics by choosing View > Options, deselecting the Graphics option, and clicking Set.
The graphics also do not appear in print.
• Display small text as gray bars by choosing File > Preferences > General, entering a point size in the Greek Screen
Text Smaller text box, and clicking Set. Whenever text in your document is displayed in a point size smaller than
the size you specified, it appears on the screen as a gray bar.
Using command shortcuts
You can use the following types of shortcuts in a structured or unstructured document:
• Keyboard shortcuts for all commands (for a list of these shortcuts, see the online Help).
ADOBE FRAMEMAKER 8 11
User Guide
• The QuickAccess bar, which has several pages of commands for working with documents and editing text,
graphics, and tables
• The Formatting bar, which contains text formatting commands
• The Track Text Edit bar, which contains commands for tracking, accepting, and rejecting text edits
• The context pop-up menus, which have commands that are useful at the location of the pointer
Important: When using structured documents, keep in mind that shortcuts have the same effect on your document’s
structure as their menu-command equivalents. For example, if you paste an element using a context menu, the element
may not be valid at its new location. Or if you change text to italics using a QuickAccess command, you may be
overriding an element’s format rules.
You can view multiple documents in different tabs. When you select the Tabbed Bar option in the View menu, the
tabs of open FrameMaker document windows appears.
FrameMaker also provides a formatting bar for quickly modifying a paragraph’s spacing, alignment, or tab stops. You
should use this bar only in an unstructured document, because in structured documents these properties are usually
handled by elements. For more information, see “Changing text without using the catalogs” on page 103.
Note: If you select text to which different font types, font sizes, and paragraph tags have been applied, the Paragraph
Format, Font Name, and Font Size menus in the Formatting bar will display blank entries. For example, if you select
text containing font sizes 12 and 14, the entry in the Font Size menu will appear blank.
Using the QuickAccess bar
You can keep the QuickAccess bar open in the workspace and click commands as you need them. See the Quick
Reference Card for a list of the available commands.
To display the QuickAccess bar:
❖ Select View > QuickAccess bar.
To use the QuickAccess bar:
❖ Do any of the following:
• To select a command from the bar, click the command button.
• To display a different group of commands, click on the bar.
• To change to vertical or horizontal orientation, click on the bar.
• To view help for the commands, click on the bar.
To close the QuickAccess bar:
❖ Do one of the following:
• (Windows) Select View > QuickAccess bar.
• (UNIX) Place the pointer on the bar and press Control+c.
Using context menus
The context menus contain commands for the item under the pointer—for example, text, a graphic, selected table
cells, or the document as a whole when the pointer is in the margin.
To display a context menu:
❖ Right-click.
ADOBE FRAMEMAKER 8 12
User Guide
Understanding the structured workspace
About the structured workspace
When you work with structured documents, you’ll use the Document window and the Structure View window with
the Element Catalog. These windows help you organize elements in a valid structure.
Contents and structure information
To work with the structured workspace, you must be in the Structured FrameMaker interface. For information on
working in Structured FrameMaker, see “About the workspace” on page 5.
The Structure View window
The Structure View window shows a hierarchy of elements for the document (or the flow within a document) that
has the insertion point or selection. The view uses bubbles to represent elements and their relationship to one
another, and it identifies errors in the document’s structure. You can also display attributes in the Structure View.
The document window and Structure View are both editable, and anything you do in one is mirrored in the other.
You can have the two views open side by side, to keep track of both contents and structure. If you click or select in
one view, an insertion point or selection appears at the equivalent place in the other view, and any editing you do in
one is reflected in the other. If you click or select in an unstructured flow in a document window, the Structure View
is empty.
Note: If you are using the OpenWindows windows system for UNIX, you cannot resize the Structure View window when
the pushpin feature is turned on.
To display the Structure View:
❖ Click the Structure View button at the upper right corner in the document window.
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You edit text and other contents in the document window. You can edit the structure of a document in either view,
but it’s usually easier to make your changes in the Structure View, where you can drag and drop bubbles to rearrange
elements or select bubbles to edit them in other ways.
The structured document’s Element Catalog
A structured document’s Element Catalog lists the elements you can use at the current location, provides commands
for adding and editing elements, and may display other information about the current location, such as whether you
can type text.
Element Catalog
To display the Element Catalog:
❖ Click the Element Catalog button at the upper right in the document window.
The information in the Element Catalog comes from content rules in the definition for the current element—
the element with the insertion point or selection. The current location is the position of the insertion point or
selection in that element.
The catalog is initially preset to show only the elements that are valid at the current location, though you can have it
display more elements if you want greater flexibility (see “Changing the scope of elements available in a structured
document” on page 18).
The catalog is empty if you click or select in an unstructured flow, if the document does not have any element definitions, or if no more elements are required at the current location and no optional elements are available.
The Element Catalog uses the following symbols to identify whether an element is valid:
Heavy check mark The element is valid at the current location. If you insert the element, the current (parent)
element will be correct and complete up to this location.
Plus sign (+) The element is an inclusion (SGML only) in the current element and is valid at the current location.
The plus sign always appears next to a heavy check mark. Inclusions are valid only in SGML documents, so this sign
will not appear in XML documents.
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Even though inclusions are as valid as elements identified with just a heavy check mark, you might find it helpful
to list inclusions separately (see “Changing the scope of elements available in a structured document” on page 18).
If a document has many inclusions, it can be difficult to find other valid elements in the catalog.
Question mark (?) The element is a possible replacement for the element right after the insertion point or for the
selected elements. It is valid at the current location, but will make child elements after it invalid. If you insert an
element with a question mark, the current (parent) element will be complete and correct up to this location, but
you’ll have to correct errors after the new element.
Light check mark The element is valid later in the current element. If you insert one of these elements, the current
(parent) element will be correct but incomplete up to this location. You’ll have to go back and fill in missing
child elements.
No symbol If an element in the catalog has no symbol, it is not valid at the current location or later in the current
element. It may be valid earlier in the current element or outside the element.
The Element Catalog may also include the following indicators to provide other information about the
current location:
You can type text at this point.
The current element does not have a definition in the document. The element was probably pasted
from a document with different element definitions. (This does not appear when the catalog is set to display all
elements.)
The contents of the current element are invalid. (This does not appear when the catalog is set to display
all elements.)
You can use buttons in the Element Catalog to insert an empty element, wrap an element around contents, and
change the type of an existing element. For details on working with the catalog, see “About elements” on page 521.
Customizing the display of the structured workspace
You can customize the FrameMaker workspace by showing element boundaries and other guides in a document
window, showing attributes for new elements in the Structure View, and changing the set of menus in the menu bar.
Collapsing and expanding elements
You can collapse an element bubble in the Structure View to stack the element and all of its descendants into a single
bubble. This does not affect the placement of the insertion point, the contents of the element, or the way in which
the element appears in the document window.
Collapsed element
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Expanding an element shows all the bubbles again.
Expanded element
Collapsing elements gives you a higher-level look at a document’s structure and makes it easier to move elements
around. You may find it especially helpful to collapse long lists of items and procedures with many steps.
When an element has descendants, a plus sign or minus sign appears on the left side of the element’s bubble:
• A plus sign (+) appears when the element is collapsed, indicating that more element bubbles are available for
viewing. The plus sign is red if there is invalid content anywhere inside the collapsed element.
• A minus sign (–) appears when the element is expanded.
To collapse or expand an element:
❖ Click the minus sign or plus sign on the left side of the element’s bubble.
To collapse or expand an element and all its siblings:
❖ Shift-click the minus sign or plus sign on the left side of the element’s bubble.
Showing and hiding attributes for an element
An element may be defined to have attributes, which provide supplemental information about the element. For
example, an attribute might describe the draft version of a Chapter element or the level of classification of a Memo
element. For more information on the uses of attributes, see “Attributes for elements” on page 522.
You can show all of an element’s attributes, none of its attributes, or only the attributes that are required or have a
value. You can also show or hide attributes for all new elements you add to a document (see “Changing the scope of
elements available in a structured document” on page 20).
When an element is defined to have attributes, a plus sign or minus sign appears on the right side of the
element’s bubble:
• A plus sign (+) appears when some or all of the attributes are hidden, indicating that more attributes are available
for viewing.
• A minus sign (–) appears when all the attributes are showing.
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To show or hide attributes for an element:
❖ Click the plus sign or minus sign on the right side of the element’s bubble.
As you click the sign, you cycle through three possible displays. Clicking a minus sign hides the attributes. If no
attributes are showing, clicking a plus sign shows attributes that are required or have a value. If some attributes are
already showing, clicking a plus sign shows all the attributes.
Click the minus sign to the right of the element to hide attributes. The sign will become a plus sign. Click the plus sign to show attributes that
are required or have an attribute. The sign then becomes a minus sign. Click the minus sign again to show all attributes.
To show or hide attributes for an element and all its siblings:
❖ Shift-click the plus sign or minus sign on the right side of the element’s bubble.
Showing and hiding element boundaries
Element boundaries mark each element’s beginning and end in a document window. Working with boundaries
showing can help you see how a document’s contents fit into its elements, and can make it easier to place an insertion
point properly or to make the right selection.
For most elements, the boundaries can appear as opening and closing brackets ( [ ] ) or as two boxes with an element
tag. For some elements (graphics, footnotes, markers, tables, and equations), the element’s location can be marked
only by one box with a tag. Table parts themselves, such as table titles and cells, do not display element boundaries.
However, element boundaries do display inside of table parts.
When elements are inside other elements, their brackets or tags nest to show the hierarchy.
Note: The brackets and tags that mark element boundaries are characters that both print and occupy document space.
You may wish to hide them before printing to prevent them from printing and to view a document layout that is not
altered by the element boundaries.
To show or hide bracket element boundaries:
1 Make the appropriate document window or book window active. If a book window is active, select the documents
you want to affect.
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2 Select View > Element Boundaries. (If the book window is active, select View > Show Element Boundaries or
View > Hide Element Boundaries.)
Most types of elements have an opening bracket ( [ ) and a closing bracket ( ] ).
A
B
C
A. Section element B. Head element C. Para element
To show or hide tag element boundaries:
1 Make the appropriate document window or book window active. If a book window is active, select the documents
you want to affect.
2 Select View > Element Boundaries (as Tags). If the book window is active, select View > Show Element Boundaries
(as Tags) or View > Hide Element Boundaries (as Tags).
Most types of elements have an opening boundary tag and a closing boundary tag. Some elements, such as footnotes,
have no boundary tags. They appear as a single tag.
Tag element boundaries
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Showing and hiding attributes for new elements
You can show or hide attributes for new elements in the Structure View. The view can display all the attributes in the
flow, none of the attributes, or only the attributes that are required or have a value. This setting applies to new
elements as you enter them.
You can also show or hide attributes for an individual element (see “Showing and hiding attributes for an element”
on page 17).
To show or hide attributes for new elements:
1 Make the appropriate document window or book window active. If a book window is active, select the documents
you want to affect.
2 Select View > Attribute Display Options, choose the display option you want, and click Set.
Changing the scope of elements available in a structured document
When adding elements to a structured document, you may want to insert only elements that are valid at the current
location. (These are the elements that have heavy check marks, heavy check marks and a plus sign, and question
marks in the Element Catalog.) If you prefer to add elements this way, you can work from the beginning of a
document to the end and be sure that its structure is valid at every point along the way.
There may be times when you want to work more loosely though, and in these cases you can make more elements
available. For example, some draft documents may not need to adhere strictly to a predefined structure, but will
follow the structure only as a guideline. Or you may plan to make your document conform to a structure but do not
have all the information you need to complete it from start to finish.
When more elements are available, the additional elements appear in the Element Catalog and are available if you
insert elements from the keyboard. You can also list inclusions after other valid elements in the catalog.
The Element Catalog displays symbols to identify valid elements (see “Using the structured document’s Element
Catalog” on page 15). When showing invalid elements, you can still use the symbols as suggestions for building a
valid structure.
To change the scope of elements available:
1 Make the appropriate document window or book window active. If a book window is active, select the documents
you want to affect.
2 Select Element > Set Available Elements. You can also click Options in the Element Catalog.
3 Select one of the following options in the Show Tags For area:
• To show only elements that are valid for the current location, select Valid Elements for Working Start to Finish.
Use this option if you plan to go through a document from start to finish and fill in the elements in their correct
order and hierarchy.
• To show elements that are valid for the current location or later in the current element, select Valid Elements for
Working in Any Order. Use this setting if you plan to build a valid document but not necessarily by working from
start to finish. This is helpful if you don’t have all the information you need.
• To show elements allowed anywhere in the current element, select Elements Allowed Anywhere in Parent.
Use this setting if you want more flexibility for filling in elements. You can insert elements that are invalid and
correct the errors later.
• To show all elements defined for the document, select All Elements. Use this setting if you’re not building a valid
document, if you want flexibility and will correct errors later, if you’re wrapping elements around contents, or if
you want to see what’s available elsewhere in the document.
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• To show a set of elements that you specify, select Customized List. Use this setting to work with a subset of the
elements, to display elements in a fixed order, or to work with a list that is static instead of context-sensitive.
4 If you selected Customized List, click Edit and create or change a list of elements.
To move element tags between the Show and Don’t Show lists, use the arrow buttons or double-click the element tags.
Transfer all of the elements from one list to another by holding down Shift as you click an arrow button. Click the
Move Up and Move Down buttons to arrange the elements in the Show list in the order you want them to appear in
the Element Catalog. Click Set when the list is the way you want it.
Note: A customized list of tags is always the same regardless of the location of the insertion point, so be careful to include
all the tags you’ll need. The only indication of validity is a check mark next to a tag.
5 To list inclusions separately in the Element Catalog, turn on List After Other Valid Elements.
This groups the inclusions right after the other valid elements. Use this setting if you have a large number of inclusions that you rarely need.
6 Click Set.
Working with unstructured FrameMaker documents
Creating documents
You can create a document by using a template that defines how a document looks. Or you can start with the equivalent of a blank paper. When you create a document, a document window appears. For information about the
Document window, see “Document window” on page 6.
In FrameMaker, you can create either structured or unstructured documents. Structured documents are required for
working with SGML and XML formats, while unstructured documents are not set up for exporting to SGML or
XML. For information on working with structured documents, see “Working with structured FrameMaker
documents” on page 32.
Creating documents from templates
Templates are the foundation of the FrameMaker approach to document publishing. They affect every aspect
of a document’s appearance and help to keep that appearance consistent from one page to the next and from
one document to another. Unstructured FrameMaker comes with Standard Templates for letters, memos, fax,
envelope, reports, outlines, pagination sheet, newsletters, and books. However, you can use any document as a
template. If the document contains text and graphics, you can delete them and then insert your own.
To create a document from a template:
1 Choose File > New > Document. In UNIX, you can also click New in the main FrameMaker window.
2 Navigate to the document you want to use as a template (either the standard ones or your own). If you want to use
a standard template—one in the FrameMaker Templates folder—but the contents of another folder appear in the
New dialog box, navigate to the Templates folder in one of the following locations:
• (Windows) The FrameMaker8 folder.
• (UNIX) The fminit/language/Templates directory within the FrameMaker installation location. (In the path
above, replace language with the name of the language you’re using—for example, usenglish or ukenglish.)
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3 Select a template and click New (Windows) or Create (UNIX). The new, untitled document contains the formats
and content from the template.
To view information about the standard templates, choose File > New > Document, click Explore Standard
Templates, and select a template in the scroll list. After viewing the information, click Create to create an
empty document from the selected template, or click Show Sample to view a document that contains sample text
and graphics.
Creating documents from blank paper
If no standard template or other existing document looks the way you want, you can use a blank paper document. A
document created from blank paper includes a few basic formats. You can use these formats as is, change them, or
create new ones.
You can customize the document FrameMaker uses to create portrait, landscape, and custom documents.
For details, see “Changing templates for blank paper and text files” on page 414.
To create a document from blank paper:
1 Choose File > New > Document. In UNIX, you can also click New in the main FrameMaker window.
2 Do one of the following:
• To create a standard one-column document, click Portrait or Landscape.
• To create a document with exactly the page size, margins, and number of columns you want, click Custom.
3 If you clicked Custom, do the following and then click Create:
• Choose a preset page size or enter the width and height for the pages.
• Enter the number of columns and a gap. The gap is the space between columns.
• Enter values for the margins, as measured from the edge of the page.
• Select a pagination option. If you select Double-Sided, choose Right 1st Page or Left 1st Page from the pop-up
menu to determine the side on which the document starts.
• Choose the display units for the document. Display units are the units that FrameMaker uses when it measures
distances in your document. These display units appear in dialog boxes and in the document window’s status bar.
For information, see “Changing the preset display units” on page 7.
Opening documents
In addition to FrameMaker documents, you can open text files, files in MIF (Maker Interchange Format), files in
MML (Maker Markup Language), and XML and SGML documents in Structured FrameMaker. You can also open
files created in other applications, such as Microsoft Word, if the required filter is installed. Much of the file’s
formatting is retained when you open the file. For information on filters, see the online manual Using Filters.
When you open a document, a Document window appears.
To open a file:
1 Select File > Open. In UNIX, you can also click Open in the main FrameMaker window.
2 Locate the document you want to open and click Open. If FrameMaker displays an alert message or a dialog box
before opening the document, see “Messages and dialog boxes that may appear when opening documents” on
page 21.
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Opening a document usually updates graphics imported by reference, text insets, cross-references, and system
variables (if there are any). For information on preventing automatic updating of references, see “Opening
documents without updating references” on page 23 and “Suppressing automatic updating of cross-references” on
page 209.
You can limit the files listed in the Open dialog box by entering wildcards (regular expressions in UNIX) in
the Open File Named text box. For example, if you enter *.new, you see any folder or document that has the
extension .new. If you enter Chapter?, you see any folder or document whose name consists of Chapter followed by
a single character. To re-display the entire contents of the folder, enter * in the text box.
To open a recently opened document:
1 Go to the bottom of the File menu, which lists the last five files you opened.
2 Select the file.
Messages and dialog boxes that may appear when opening documents
If one of the following alert messages or dialog boxes appears, you must click OK or provide more information before
continuing.
Missing fonts or font metric information If you click OK to continue, new fonts replace the missing ones. As a result,
line breaks, page breaks, and the width of text lines may change (see “Troubleshooting unavailable fonts” on page 21).
Missing imported graphics Skip the missing graphic or specify a new location for it (see “Locating missing graphics”
on page 510).
Missing text insets Click OK to continue opening the file. You can locate the insets later (see “Locating the source
of unresolved text insets” on page 507).
Text file Specify how to convert the text lines to paragraphs. For details, see “Opening text files” on page 22.
Unresolved cross-references Click OK to continue opening the file. You can resolve the cross-references later
(see “Resolving cross-references” on page 209).
Unknown file type Select a file type in the list and click Convert to continue opening the document.
Troubleshooting unavailable fonts
You may get an alert message that indicates the document you’re opening uses unavailable fonts. Fonts can become
unavailable for a number of reasons: the document may have been edited on a different system with fonts not
installed on the system you’re using; a font may have been removed or become damaged; the default printer for your
system may have been changed.
If the Remember Missing Font Names option in the Preferences dialog box is selected, FrameMaker preserves the
names of unavailable fonts. If missing font names are remembered, the original fonts will reappear when you open
the document on a computer that has the fonts installed, even if you save the document with substitute fonts.
To fix the problem of missing fonts, consider the following options:
Check for damaged fonts Determine whether the fonts that are unavailable in FrameMaker are installed on your
system and available in another application. If another application can use fonts that FrameMaker cannot use, the
fonts may be damaged. Reinstall them using the original media. For more information on troubleshooting font
problems, isolating damaged fonts or a damaged fonts folder, or reinstalling Type 1 fonts, see the Adobe Web site.
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Remap unavailable fonts If you cannot install or reinstall the unavailable fonts, you may want to permanently remap
the unavailable fonts to available fonts, so that the alert message does not appear when you open the document. You
do this by deselecting the Remember Missing Font Names option in the Preferences dialog box before you open the
file. However, be aware that doing this will cause you to lose the original font information referenced in the
document.
Switch printers (Windows only) FrameMaker reads font information stored in the printer driver so that it can make
fonts stored at the printer available for use within FrameMaker. In some cases, changing the default printer can
change one or more fonts available in FrameMaker.
Obtain and install the missing fonts For example, if you and a co-worker are editing the same documents, and you
would like to use the same fonts as your co-worker, consider purchasing and installing copies of the fonts.
Opening text files
Text-only files do not contain graphics or formatting information. When you open a text-only file, you may be asked
to confirm that it is a text file.
To open a text file:
1 Select File > Open, and open a .txt file (see “Opening documents” on page 20). The Unknown File Type dialog
box appears.
2 Select the Text option.
3 Click Convert. The Reading Text File dialog box appears.
4 Select one of the following options:
• To break the text into paragraphs only at blank lines, select Merge Lines into Paragraphs. Use this option for a
paragraph-oriented text file such as a file containing document text.
• To break the text into paragraphs at the end of each line, select Treat Each Line As a Paragraph. Use this option
for a line-oriented text file, such as a file containing computer code.
• To convert the text into a table, select the Convert Text to Table. Use this option if the content of your source file
is tabulated.
5 Select the desired Encoding scheme. By default, the Japanese encoding scheme is selected.
6 Click Read. The text appears in a document that is created from a special template. You can customize the template
so that documents created from text files are formatted differently (see“Changing templates for blank paper and text
files” on page 414).
7 If you selected the Convert Text to Table option, the Convert to Table dialog box appears.
8 Select the desired options and click Convert. The text file content is converted into a table and opened as a
FrameMaker document.
Opening documents that are in use
You can avoid making changes to documents that are already opened by others.
A lock file (*.lck) is created every time you open a document. This lock file prevents others from making changes to
the file while you work in it. A lock file is in the same folder as the original document, and is removed when you close
the document.
In Windows, you can turn off file locking. For details, see “Using files across platforms” on page 31.
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If you try to open a document that’s already open and if you have write permission to the document, a dialog box
appears, showing the name of the document, who opened it last and when, and the computer on which it is open.
You might also see this dialog box after a system crash when you open a document you were last using.
To open a document that’s already in use:
1 Open the file (see “Opening documents” on page 20).
2 Do one of the following:
• If you want to look at the file but not change it, click Open for Viewing Only, and then click Continue. The
document appears in View Only format.
• If you want to edit a copy of the file, click Open Copy for Editing, and then click Continue.
• If you want to edit the file and you know that no one else is using it, click Reset File Lock and Open, and then click
Continue. Use this option after a system crash to open a document that was open at the time of the crash.
Opening documents in an earlier version of FrameMaker
Using FrameMaker 8 you can open .fm files you created using FrameMaker 7. However, if you want to open .fm files
you created using FrameMaker 6 or earlier, you must save them as MIF files. You can then open these MIF files in
FrameMaker 8.
Opening documents without updating references
A document can open slowly if it contains many cross-references to other files, large imported graphics, or many text
insets. You can open a document faster by bypassing the update of imported graphics, cross-references, and text
insets. However, if you use this method to open documents, keep in mind that FrameMaker will not warn you about
missing items or unresolved cross-references. For this reason, you should occasionally open a document in the
normal way.
To open a document without updating references:
1 Choose File > Open, and select the file you want to open.
2 Do one of the following:
• (Windows) Control-click Open.
• (UNIX) Shift-click Open.
After the file is open, FrameMaker will import and display graphics as needed on a page-by-page basis. You can
manually update cross-references and text insets by using Edit > Update References. If the page display is too slow,
reopen the document in the usual way. For displaying pages faster, see “Customizing the document display in the
Document window” on page 6.
Opening files after a system crash
If your system crashes, an automatically saved file will contain recent changes to the file. A file is saved
automatically in the following situations:
• If you selected Automatic Save in the General Preferences dialog box, autosave files (whose filename contains
.auto) are created at regular intervals.
• If your system becomes unstable, FrameMaker tries to create a recover file (whose filename contains .recover) with
your most recent changes.
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To reopen a file after a system crash:
1 Open the file you were working on last (see “Opening documents” on page 20).
2 Do one of the following:
• If a recover file exists, open it when prompted and check whether your latest changes are there. If they are, save the
recover file with the same name as the document you were originally working on and then delete the recover file.
• If no recover file exists, open the autosave file when prompted and save it with the same name as the file you were
originally working on. The autosave file contains all the changes you made up until the time of the last automatic
save. The amount of work lost depends on the time interval you set between saves and when your system crashed.
Saving documents
You can save a document using its current name and location, or save a copy of the document using a different name
or location. You can save a document in several formats, including Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Extensible
Markup Language (XML), and Portable Document Format (PDF).
When a document or a book needs to be saved, an asterisk (*) appears in the Page Status area of the status bar.
An asterisk indicates unsaved changes.
It’s a good idea to avoid using accented characters, symbols, and other special characters in your filenames.
You may encounter problems if you try to open the file in another operating system.
To save a document:
1 Do one of the following:
• To overwrite the current version on the disk, choose File > Save.
• To save the file in a different folder or using a different name, choose File > Save As.
2 If you choose the Save As command, or if the file has never been saved, specify the new filename and location. If
you want to save the file in a different format, choose the format from the pop-up menu (see “File formats you can
save in” on page 25).
3 Click Save. If you choose Text Only format, you must specify how to treat the text and tables in the document (see
“Saving documents in Text Only format” on page 26).
To save a book:
1 Do one of the following:
• To overwrite the current version on the disk, choose File > Save Book.
• To save the file in a different folder or using a different name, choose File > Save Book As.
2 If you choose the Save Book As command, or if the file has never been saved, specify the new filename
and location.
Note: The Save Book As command saves the book file only, not the files in the book. If you are saving the book to a new
location, you will need to open and save each file individually.
To save all open documents:
❖ Hold down Shift and choose File > Save All Open Files.
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To return to the saved version of your document:
❖ Choose File > Revert to Saved and click OK.
File formats you can save in
You can use the Save As command to save a file in the following formats:
Document 8.0 Saves the FrameMaker 8 document or book as a document or book that you can open and edit in
FrameMaker 8.
View Only 8.0 Produces a book or document that users can open but can’t edit. If you accidentally save a file in View
Only format, you can make it editable by pressing Esc Shift+f l (lowercase L) k. Then you can save the document or
book in Document or Book format.
Document 7.0 Saves the FrameMaker 8 document or book as a 7.0 document or book that you can open and edit in
FrameMaker 7.0. FrameMaker 8 specific features are ignored in FrameMaker 7.0.
MIF 8.0 Creates a text file containing FrameMaker 8 statements that describe all text and graphics. To avoid
overwriting your original document, save the MIF file under a different name. (For example, add a .mif extension to
the name.) For information on MIF, see the online manual MIF Reference.
MIF 7.0 Creates a text file containing FrameMaker 7.0 statements that describe all text and graphics. To avoid
overwriting your original document, save the MIF file under a different name. (For example, add a .mif extension to
the name.) For information on MIF, see the online manual MIF Reference.
Text Only Creates a text file without graphics or formatting information. To avoid overwriting your original
document, save the text file under a different name. (For example, add a .text extension to the name.) For information, see “Saving documents in Text Only format” on page 26.
PDF Creates a Portable Document Format (PDF) file that can be viewed in Adobe Acrobat® and other applications
that support PDF files (see “About Adobe PDF” on page 575).
SGML Creates an SGML file with the contents, elements, and attributes from your document (see “Opening and
saving structured files” on page 60).
HTML Creates an HTML document that can be viewed on the World Wide Web. For information on adjusting the
mapping of paragraph and character tags to predefined HTML elements, see “Adjusting HTML mappings” on
page 561.
Note: When you save a structured FrameMaker document as HTML, all attributes with the same name are mapped to
the same value, even if the attributes have different values for different elements. To use different values for these
attributes after exporting, use a text editor to edit the resulting file.
XML Creates an XML document that can be used for data exchange and viewed on the World Wide Web. For more
information, see “Saving a structured document in SGML or XML format” on page 63.
Other file formats Create files that can be read by other applications. For example, you can save in Rich Text Format
(RTF), which is supported by many word processors, or in any other format for which an export filter is installed.
Most formatting is preserved, and formats are usually converted to word-processing styles. For details, see the online
manual Using Filters and “Using Save As to export to other formats” on page 515.
Note: You can use the Print command to save a PostScript® file (see “Creating PostScript files” on page 30).
Filename extensions for saved files (Windows)
When you save a file for the first time in Windows, FrameMaker automatically adds these extensions: .fm for
documents, .book for book files, and .mif for MIF files. With these extensions, the files will continue to be recognized
as FrameMaker files by the Windows operating system.
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If you don’t want these special extensions to be added to the filenames you assign, enclose the filenames in double
quotation marks. Windows won’t recognize a file without one of these extensions as a FrameMaker file, but you’ll
still be able to open the file in FrameMaker.
If you assign an extension that’s registered by another application (for example, .doc), your extension won’t be
replaced by the FrameMaker extension.
Saving documents in Text Only format
Saving a document in Text Only format creates a text file with the text encoding of your choice: ANSI (Windows),
ISO Latin-1 (UNIX), or ASCII. (On Japanese-language systems, you can also use JIS, Shift-JIS, or EUC. On other
Asian-language systems, you can use encodings for the supported languages.) Only ordinary text—text in text
frames and tables—is saved; graphics, text in graphic callouts, footnotes, and formatting information are not saved.
Reformat line lengths and hyphenation as needed before saving the file (see“Changing indents and alignment” on
page 111 and “Changing hyphenation and line breaks” on page 119).
If some characters are not available in the text encoding that you choose, those characters will be replaced in the text
file. For example, when you save a document in Text Only format using ANSI (Windows), ISO Latin-1 (UNIX), or
ASCII encoding, spaces (including thin, en, em, and numeric spaces) are converted to regular spaces.
To save a document as text only:
1 Choose File > Save As.
2 Specify the filename and location, and choose Text Only format.
3 Click Save.
4 Do one of the following:
• To break each line into a separate paragraph, click At the End of Each Line. This option maintains a file’s original
line breaks and blank lines. Use this option for a line-oriented file such as computer code.
• To merge adjacent lines into paragraphs and insert a carriage return only at blank lines, click Only Between
Paragraphs. Use this option for paragraph-oriented files, such as files containing document text.
5 If you want to save table text, select Include Text from Table Cells. Then do the following:
• Specify the order in which you want the table cells saved (row by row or column by column).
• Choose whether to separate cells with tabs or with carriage returns by choosing items from the pop-up menus.
6 If the text file will be used on a platform that uses a different text encoding, choose an appropriate encoding from
the Text Encoding pop-up menu.
7 Click Save.
Exporting XML from unstructured documents
You can export both structured and unstructured files to XML. The mapping used by the export to specify what
element to create for each paragraph tag in the source FrameMaker file is defined on a reference page, and the export
function creates an XML file and a corresponding cascading style sheet (CSS), which can be used with the document.
For information on exporting structured documents as XML, see “Saving a structured document in SGML or XML
format” on page 63.
To save a document in XML format:
1 Do one of the following:
• Select File > Save As XML.
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• Select File > Save As and choose XML from the pop-up menu. Give the filename an extension of .xml.
2 Specify the file location.
3 Click Save.
Backing up and saving automatically
FrameMaker can back up and save your work automatically.
To specify an automatic save option:
1 Do one of the following:
• (Windows) Choose File > Preferences > General.
• (UNIX) Choose File > Preferences.
2 Do the following:
• To create a backup file every time you save, select Automatic Backup on Save. This creates a copy of the file before
your latest changes are saved. If a backup file already exists, the new backup file overwrites it. (The filenames of
backup files contain .backup.)
• To create an autosave file at regular intervals, select Automatic Save and enter an interval (in minutes) in the text
box. This causes a copy of the file to be saved periodically without your having to choose File > Save. (The
filenames of autosave files contain .auto.) When you save manually or revert to the last-saved version with the
Revert to Saved command, the autosave file is deleted.
3 Click Set.
Adding metadata to a document
FrameMaker includes built-in support for Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP). Metadata, or file information,
is descriptive information that can be searched and processed by a computer. Use it to provide information about the
contents of a document, and to preserve information about a document that will be opened in other Adobe applications. If you export the file to PDF, much of this metadata will appear in Acrobat.
Metadata tags travel with the document and describe its content. By embedding them in your documents, you make
the documents easier to track, manage, and retrieve.
Note: Metadata in a book file may override metadata in a document file. If your document is part of a book file, you
may want to open the book file and select the document before you add metadata.
To add metadata to a document:
1 Make the appropriate document window or book window active. If a book window is active, select the documents
you want to affect.
2 Choose File > File Info.
3 Enter the desired information in the text box next to any or all categories.
4 For Marked, choose Yes if the document is copyrighted, or No if the document is explicitly in the public domain.
Choose Unknown if you’re not sure.
5 Click Set.
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Printing documents
When you print a document, you can specify options such as how many copies to print and whether to print crop
marks and registration marks. The available options vary slightly with the platform and the printer you are using.
When you’re working with structured documents, element boundaries, either as brackets or as tags, are printable
characters. If you’re showing these boundaries in the document window, you may want to hide them before you print
(see “Showing and hiding element boundaries” on page 16).
Note: For PostScript printing, FrameMaker recommends a PostScript Level 2 or higher output device. Make sure you use
a print driver and PPD for such a device.
For information on printing a book made up of several documents, see “Printing from a book window” on page 467.
Important: If you have turned off graphics in the View Options dialog box, graphics will not appear in the
printed document.
Note: The Printing feature supports the Unicode text encoding standard.
To print a document:
1 Choose File > Print.
2 Specify the page range you want to print.
3 Select other print options, and then click Print.
In UNIX, if you want to change the print settings for a document but don’t want to print it yet, change the settings
in the Print dialog box and click Save Settings Only.
Print options
The following print options are available for all printers. All these options are in the Print dialog box. For information
on additional options available for your printer, see your printer documentation.
Note: (Windows) FrameMaker products for Windows have no control over the abilities or limitations of any printer
driver. FrameMaker products can only support printer drivers that have been approved for use in the version of Windows
FrameMaker is running on. If you are using an outdated printer driver, you may experience problems, such as lost
graphics and characters and the inability to open documents. See the Adobe Web site for information on installing the
latest PostScript drivers.
Collating To print one complete copy before printing the next copy, select Collate when you’re printing multiple
copies. Printing might be slower when Collate is selected.
Printing double-sided To print a double-sided document when you’re not using a duplex printer, print the odd-
numbered pages, turn the paper over in the printer, and print the even-numbered pages. Depending on how your
printer produces pages, you may need to select Last Sheet First before you click Print, because turning the paper over
in the printer may reverse the page order.
Changing page order To print a document starting with the last page, select Last Sheet First.
Printing more quickly To print a document more quickly, select Low-Resolution Images. In Windows, imported
images are printed as gray boxes. In UNIX, they are printed with lower resolution.
Printing crop marks and registration marks To print a document with crop marks and registration marks, choose an
option from the Registration Marks pop-up menu. In some instances, you may want to scale down the printed page
image so that crop marks and registration marks will fit on the page.
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You can choose between Western and Tombo (Japanese) crop marks.
1
1
Chapter 1: Color and
Commercial Printing
Chapter 1: Color and
Commercial Printing
Western and Tombo crop marks
Reducing or enlarging the page image To print a reduced or enlarged page image centered on the page, enter a
percentage in the Scale text box.
Printing thumbnails To print thumbnails (small images of several pages on one page), enter values in the Thumb-
nails text boxes. In the Rows text box, enter the number of thumbnails you want to print down the page. In the Cols
text box, enter the number of thumbnails you want to print across the page.
Chapter
1
COLOR AND
COMMERCIAL
PRINTING
1
1
1
1
1
Thumbnails
Skipping blank pages (Windows) To prevent printing blank pages, select Skip Blank Pages.
Printing colors in black and white To ensure that colored items (FrameMaker drawn images and text) are printed in
black and white rather than in shades of gray, do one of the following:
• (Windows) Select Spot Color As Black/White.
• (UNIX) Edit the beginning of the ps_prolog file in $FMHOME/fminit. The ps_prolog file contains instructions
for changing print settings. Changes to the file take effect immediately. To make changes without affecting other
users, save a copy of the file with the changes to your personal fminit folder (~/fminit/ps_prolog).
Feeding paper manually To print the document on paper that is not in your printer’s paper cassette, do one of
the following:
• (Windows) Choose File > Print Setup. Choose Manual Feed from the Source pop-up menu, and click OK.
• (UNIX) Select Manual Feed.
Note: (Windows) The Print Document dialog box in FrameMaker contains some options that may also appear in the
Windows printer Properties dialog box, such as the number of copies. When you print a document, FrameMaker printer
settings override Windows printer settings.
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Changing paper size (UNIX) To print the document on a different paper size, choose a paper size from the Paper Size
pop-up menu, or type the dimensions in the Width and Height text boxes. Because these dimensions describe the
physical size of the paper in the printer’s paper cassette (not the orientation of the document), the Width setting
should always match the width of the edge of the paper that feeds into the printer.
If your document’s pages are larger than the size of the paper, you’ll see an alert message. If you decide to print the
document, the printer crops the document.
Downloading fonts (UNIX) To choose the fonts to download to the printer, choose from the Download Roman Fonts
pop-up menu. You don’t need to download fonts that are already in the printer’s memory or on a hard disk attached
to the printer. For example, if your printer contains the Standard 35 fonts, choose All but Standard 35. To enable
subsetting and downloading of Asian fonts, select the Download Asian Fonts option. If your document includes
TrueType fonts and you’re printing to a PostScript Level 1 printer, select the Download TrueType as Type 1 option.
The Standard 35 fonts (Avant Garde, Bookman, Courier, Helvetica, Helvetica Narrow, New Century Schoolbook,
Palatino, Symbol, Times, Zapf Chancery, and Zapf Dingbats font families) are usually included with
PostScript printers.
You can modify the UNIX font configuration file (fontlist) to override the Download options in the Print dialog box.
To print out a list of resident fonts on a PostScript printer, print the printerfont.ps script located in the
$FMHOME/fminit/pstools folder.
Using a different printer (UNIX) To use a different printer, choose the printer name from the Destination pop-up
menu. All printers configured for your computer should appear in the pop-up menu. If a printer doesn’t appear, or
if you’re using a special printing script (for example, to send a fax), choose Other Printer from the pop-up menu and
type the appropriate parameters into the text box that appears.
Creating PostScript files
You can create a description of a document called a PostScript file (also called a print file). You might use a PostScript
file to download the document later to a PostScript printer or to send the document to a service provider for
typesetting. In addition, you can create an Adobe PDF file; see “Enabling and disabling SWF file embedding in
PDFs” on page 580.
To create a single print file from a document:
1 Choose File > Print.
2 Do one of the following and then click Print:
• (Windows) Select Print to File and enter the path and filename in the text box, or click Browse to specify a folder
and filename.
• (UNIX) Choose PostScript File from the Destination pop-up menu and enter the path and filename in the text
box, or click Browse to specify a directory and filename.
You might want to enter a .ps extension for your PostScript file.
To create a single print file for a book:
1 In the book window, choose File > Print Book, or select the documents you want to print and choose File > Print
Selected Files.
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2 Do one of the following and then click Print:
• (Windows) Select Print to File and enter the path and filename in the text box, or click Browse to specify a folder
and filename. Choose Single File from the Save Book As (or Save Selected Files As) pop-up menu. Then click
Print.
• (UNIX) Choose Single PostScript File from the Destination pop-up menu and enter the path and filename in the
text box, or click Browse to specify a directory and filename. Then click Print.
To create a series of separate print files for a book:
1 In the book window, choose File > Print Book, or select the documents you want to print and choose File > Print
Selected Files.
2 Do one of the following:
• (Windows) Select Print to File and enter the path and filename in the text box, or click Browse to select a folder
and type a filename. Choose Single File or Separate File for Each Document from the Save Book As or Save
Selected Files As pop-up menu. Then click Print.
• (UNIX) Choose PostScript File for Each Document from the Destination pop-up menu, and then click Print.
Using files across platforms
You help keep FrameMaker files fully compatible across platforms with compatibility preferences. For more information on cross-platform and network compatibility, see the online manual Working on Multiple Platforms, which
is located in the OnlineManuals folder.
To change compatibility preferences:
1 Do one of the following:
• (Windows) Choose File > Preferences > General.
• (UNIX) Choose File > Preferences.
2 Do the following:
• To preserve the names of unavailable fonts when FrameMaker substitutes existing fonts, select Remember Missing
Font Names. The original fonts will reappear when you open the document on a system that has the missing fonts
installed. For more information, see “Troubleshooting unavailable fonts” on page 21.
• (Windows) To display errors that FrameMaker finds as it opens files, select Show File Translation Errors.
• (Windows) To specify another platform with which to maintain filename compatibility, choose a setting from the
Cross-Platform pop-up menu.
• (Windows) To warn a user on a network before opening and modifying the document if it is already open for
another user, select Network File Locking.
• (Windows) To add a FrameImage facet to bitmap graphics imported by copying, select Save FrameImage with
Imported Graphics. Each graphic will be saved in its native format and in FrameImage format (a format that is
supported on all platforms). When you open the document on another computer or on a platform that doesn’t
support the native format, the FrameImage copy will be used.
3 Click Set. The settings take effect immediately.
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Closing documents
You can close a document at any time. If you have unsaved changes, you’ll be asked whether you want to save the
changes. (A document with unsaved changes contains an asterisk in the Page Status area of its status bar.)
If imported graphics, text insets, cross-references, or system variables were updated when you opened your
document, the document is marked as changed (with an asterisk in the status bar) when it opens. Similarly, because
printing a document causes cross-references (if there are any) to be updated, printing a file may also cause a
document to be marked as changed.
To close a document:
❖ Choose File > Close.
To close all open documents:
❖ Hold down Shift and choose File > Close All Open Files.
Working with structured FrameMaker documents
Elements in structured documents
You can add elements to a document to build its structure, and you can edit existing elements in many ways.
The Structured FrameMaker interface guides you so that you build a structure that is valid.
If you create a FrameMaker document by opening a structured file, you do not need to add elements to it. The
document already has elements generated from the structured markup. But you can edit the document’s elements,
and add more elements, just as if you had created the document in FrameMaker.
About elements
To build a document’s structure, you can either add elements to the document and then fill in the contents, or select
existing contents and wrap them in elements.
A structured document has element definitions stored in its Element Catalog. These definitions describe the
allowable contents for each type of element the document can have, and they may also specify attributes and
formatting for the elements. If all the elements in a document have contents and attributes that meet these specifications, the document is valid.
Valid contents for elements
An element’s definition has content rules that determine what the element can contain. For example, the definition
of a Section element might specify that a Section must begin with a Head element, then must have a Para element,
and then can have any combination of Para, Figure, and other Section elements. A Para element might allow text and
CrossRef elements, in any order.
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You don’t need to know the specifics about whether or where your contents will be valid. Use the Element Catalog
as a guide—it lists elements that are valid for the current location and tells when text is allowed. (Valid elements have
a heavy check mark in the catalog.)
Valid contents for the current location
Two classes of elements
Elements fall into two basic classes determined by their allowable contents:
• A container element can hold text, other elements, or both. Container elements build the document’s structure.
In a typical document, most elements are containers—such as heads, paragraphs, sections, and tables. These
elements are represented in the Structure View by bubbles with round corners.
• An object element is a single object—a marker, cross-reference, system variable, equation, or anchored frame. You
cannot type in these elements or add child elements to them. Object elements are represented by bubbles with
square corners.
Section
Head
Para
A
CrossRef
B
A. Containers have round-cornered bubbles.
B. Object elements have square-cornered bubbles.
A container element can be defined to remain empty. For example, a table cell might be empty as part of a table’s
design. If an element is defined as empty, its text snippet in the Structure View is . If an element contains
only spaces or nonprintable characters such as tabs, the snippet is .
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Attributes for elements
An element can have attributes, which provide information about the element that is not part of the element’s
contents. You can show attributes and their values in the Structure View.
Attributes are optional—it is up to the developer to define them for an element. Your document might use attributes
for several purposes:
• To control the formatting of an element. For example, a Type attribute in a List element might have two possible
values—Bulleted and Numbered—that determine whether the list has bulleted or numbered items. Or a Prefix
attribute in a Note element might provide text such as Important to display at the beginning of the note.
List
Type
= Numbered
ListItem
1. when a door panel has been
ListItem
2. when a damaged door panel
9.2.2.1 When to Install Door Panels
Install door panels under the following conditions:
1. when a door panel has been removed to be repaired or unjammed
2. when a damaged door panel is being replaced with a new one
Attributes can provide formatting information.
• To record descriptive information about an element. For example, an attribute called Security in a Memo element
might describe the level of classification for the memo, such as TopSecret. An attribute value can even affect how
the file is processed—a TopSecret value, for example, might trigger a custom routine that hides the element when
the document is displayed.
• To store source and destination information for elements, typically for cross-referencing. For example, a Section
element might have an ID attribute that stores a unique value. A Cross-Reference element that points to the
Section stores the same value in a Reference attribute, to maintain the connection between the elements. This use
of attributes conforms to structured requirements.
You typically enter and edit the values for attributes, unless the attributes are defined to be read-only. (ID attributes
used in cross-references are often read-only so that they will be generated by FrameMaker.)
Adding elements
To add an element to a document, you either insert an empty element and enter contents, or wrap an element around
existing contents. If the element has been defined to have attributes, you can also provide attribute values as you add
the element.
Note: Before you can begin, your document must have element definitions in its Element Catalog. If necessary, import
the element definitions from a structured template (see “Importing element definitions” on page 44).
The Element Catalog shows the elements that are available at the current location. You can change the scope of
elements available—for example, to show elements that are not valid at the current location (see “Changing the scope
of elements available in a structured document” on page 18).
Ask your application developer for a summary of what each element can contain. It may be helpful to refer to this
information as you work.
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When you add an element, you may see text or other elements inserted along with it. For example, if you insert
a Note element, the word Note may appear, or if you insert a List element, a ListItem child element may appear. An
element’s definition determines whether text or child elements are inserted automatically.
Note: Element names support the Unicode text encoding standard.
Adding elements to an empty document
You add structure to an empty document by inserting elements one at a time. You can enter all the elements in their
correct order and hierarchy as you go along, or you can work more loosely, concentrating on contents rather than on
structure, and then validate later to correct errors.
To add elements to an empty document:
1 If the document does not have element definitions, import the definitions (see “Importing element definitions”
on page 44).
2 Specify the scope of elements available (see “Changing the scope of elements available in a structured document”
on page 18).
3 Insert elements from the Element Catalog (see “Adding elements” on page 34). Begin at the highest-level element
and then let the catalog guide you.
4 If necessary, supply attribute values (see “Assigning attribute values” on page 46).
5 Add contents to the elements. You can add contents as you insert elements, or later.
Validate the document and correct any errors (see “Validating documents” on page 52).
Adding elements to a document with contents
You add structure to an existing unstructured document by wrapping its contents in a hierarchy of elements.
The conversion process retains formatting in paragraphs, tables, and in objects of all types (cross reference, marker,
graphic, equation, footnote, system variable, Rubi and Rubi group). (If the document has a conversion table, you can
apply the table to the document to give it structure, rather than adding structure manually. See “Adding structure to
documents using conversion tables” on page 66.)
Enhanced conversion to structure
The conversion tool that allows you to add structure to unstructured documents is enhanced in several ways:
• The root element can now be specified in the conversion table and added automatically, where it was previously
necessary to add it manually after performing the conversion.
Specify “R E:Ro otE leme nt ” in the first column of the conversion table, and the name of the root element in the
second column.
• The conversion process can now retain formatting in paragraphs, tables, and in objects of all types (cross
reference, marker, graphic, equation, footnote, system variable, Rubi and Rubi group).
Use the FrameMaker utility "Create and Apply Formats" before conversion to turn format overrides and untagged
formatted text into named paragraph and character formats, which can be carried forward into the structured
document and EDD.
For additional details of conversion table specifications and how the conversion is performed, see Appendix A,
“Conversion Tables for Adding Structure to Documents,” in the Structure Application Developer’s Guide.
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To add elements to a document with contents:
1 If the document does not have element definitions, import the definitions (see “Importing element definitions”
on page 44).
2 Specify the scope of elements available (see “Changing the scope of elements available in a structured document”
on page 18). You may find it easier to use the All Elements option.
3 Select contents and wrap them in elements from the Element Catalog (see “Adding elements” on page 34). Begin
at the lowest levels and work your way up.
4 If necessary, supply attribute values (see “Assigning attribute values” on page 46).
5 Change the NoName element to the valid highest-level element. The NoName element is created as the
highest-level element once you wrap your initial content. Change elements with default tags (such as TABLE)
to valid elements.
6 Validate the document and correct any errors (see “Validating documents” on page 52).
Inserting elements
You can insert an empty element and then fill it in with contents. If you have turned on element boundaries, then
once you insert an element, a pair of element boundaries appears in the document window, and a new bubble appears
in the Structure View.
Section
9.1.1 [[Chapter Ove
9.1.1.1 [[Procedu
[This chapter descr
AstroLiner T440B
Head
Para
Para
[ ]]
Empty element boundaries (left) and bubble for the new element (right)
If you haven’t yet fully planned your document, you may want to insert just the high-level elements, such as Section
and Head elements, and then use this structure as an outline for developing the document.
To insert an element using the Element Catalog:
1 Click where you want to insert the element. If you’re inserting it between other elements, you might find it easier
to work in the Structure View rather than the document window.
2 Select an element tag in the Element Catalog, and click Insert. If only one element appears in the catalog, you can
click Insert without selecting it.
You can also double-click an element tag to insert the element.
3 If the Attributes for New Element dialog box appears, enter attribute values for the element and click Insert
Element (see “Entering attribute values as you insert elements” on page 46).
This dialog box appears only if the element has attributes and if an option is set in the New Element Options dialog
box to prompt for attribute values when you insert new elements.
4 If you inserted a table, a marker, a graphic, or a cross-reference, provide more information about the element in
the dialog box that appears.
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To insert an element using the keyboard:
1 Click where you want to insert the element, and press Control+1 (one).
2 Start typing the element’s tag until it appears in the Tag area of the document window’s status bar. The elements
available are the same ones that currently appear in the Element Catalog.
Element tag
You can also type lowercase letters to search forward or uppercase letters to search backward through the elements
that begin with those letters, or you can use the up and down arrow keys to scroll through all the elements.
3 Press Return. If you decide to cancel, press Esc (Windows) or Control+c (UNIX).
Pressing Return to insert elements
In many cases, pressing Return inserts an element automatically. Whenever you press Return, FrameMaker
checks the current element’s definition for the following conditions—in the following order—and may insert a
child element:
One valid element If only one child element is valid at the current location, pressing Return adds that element. For
example, after you add a Section, a Head might be the only element permitted next. This technique can also work to
create repeating elements, where pressing Return inserts the same type of element. Body paragraphs and list items
are often defined as a repeating element.
More than one valid element If more than one child element is valid, pressing Return highlights the Tag area
to prompt you for an element tag. You can type until the tag you want appears, and then press Return to insert
the element.
End of an element If the insertion point is at the end of an element and no more child elements are valid, pressing
Return looks for valid elements in ancestors after this location. If a valid element is found, the insertion point moves
to the ancestor and the element is inserted (if only one is valid) or the Tag area is highlighted (if more than one
element is valid).
Other conditions If none of the preceding conditions are true, pressing Return causes a beep and no element
is inserted.
Wrapping elements around existing contents
You can add structure to contents already in a document by wrapping a new element around the contents.
The contents can be any part of a document, including other elements.
When you wrap an element, a pair of element boundaries appears around the contents in the document window (if
element boundaries are showing), and a new bubble appears in the Structure View. The element’s contents are
formatted as specified in the element’s format rules.
Section
9.1.1 [[Chapter Ove
9.1.1.1 [[Procedu
[This chapter descr
AstroLiner T440B
Head
Para
Para
The pr
[The procedures f ]
Element boundary (left) and Bubble for the new element (right)
ADOBE FRAMEMAKER 8 38
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Note: You cannot wrap contents in elements that are for parts of tables (such as rows or cells), but you can wrap text or
other elements that are within a cell or a table title element. If you want to convert text and elements to a table,
use Table > Convert to Table rather than wrapping (see “Converting text to tables” on page 162).
After wrapping an element, you may need to edit the document to correct structure errors. For example, if you wrap
Para elements in a Section element that requires a Head element, you’ll need to insert the Head. For help on finding
and correcting structure errors, see “Finding and correcting errors” on page 51.
To wrap an element using the Element Catalog:
1 Select the contents you want to wrap in an element. If you’re selecting text, use the document window. If you’re
selecting entire elements, you may find it easier to use the Structure View.
2 Select an element tag in the Element Catalog, and click Wrap. If only one element appears in the catalog, you can
click Wrap without selecting it.
You can also double-click an element tag to wrap an element around the selection.
3 If the Attributes for New Element dialog box appears, enter attribute values for the element and click Insert
Element (see “Entering attribute values as you insert elements” on page 46).
This dialog box appears only if the element has attributes and if an option is set in the New Element Options dialog
box to prompt for attribute values when you insert elements (see “Setting options for inserting new elements” on
page 39).
To wrap an element using the keyboard:
1 Select the contents you want to wrap in an element and press Control+2.
2 Start typing the element’s tag until it appears in the Tag area of the document window’s status bar. The elements
available are the same ones that currently appear in the Element Catalog.
Element tag
You can also type lowercase letters to search forward or uppercase letters to search backward through the elements
that begin with those letters, or you can use the up and down arrow keys to scroll through all the elements.
3 Press Return. If you decide to cancel, press Esc (Windows) or Control+c (UNIX).
When wrapping elements throughout a document
Wrapping is useful for providing an existing unstructured document with a structure. (For an overview of this
process, see “Adding elements to a document with contents” on page 35.) It’s easiest to wrap the document’s contents
by starting at the lowest levels and working your way up, as follows:
• Begin by working in the document window and wrapping text ranges, system variables, and other items that are
inside paragraphs. Don’t worry about errors you see in the Structure View. You’ll correct many of these errors
when you wrap the lowest levels in parent elements, and you can correct the other errors when you’re finished.
• Next, wrap paragraphs, headings, and other paragraph-level items in their elements.
• Finally, work in the Structure View and wrap the elements you have so far in parent elements, such as Section
and List.
If you find yourself wrapping selections in the same type of element over and over again, you can repeat the last
Element Catalog command by pressing Esc e e.
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User Guide
When you wrap the first element in the document, the Structure View immediately changes to show a default invalid
structure, as follows:
• A highest-level element is added with the tag NoName, unless you begin by wrapping the contents in a valid
highest-level element. NoName is a placeholder for your valid highest-level element.
• All tables become structured and are given default element tags, such as TABLE and ROW.
• Objects become elements with default tags such as CROSSREF, GRAPHIC, and EQUATION.
• Footnotes become FOOTNOTE.
• Rubi text becomes RUBI and RUBIGRP elements.
Note: Variables and markers do not become structured object elements.
You can correct the structure of the document when you’re finished wrapping elements.
If your application developer has set up a conversion table for the document, you can apply the table to wrap
elements throughout the document all at one time (see “Adding structure to documents using conversion tables” on
page 66). This is much faster than wrapping manually.
Setting options for inserting new elements
There is seldom a right or wrong way to add new elements to a document. For example, you might prefer to enter
attribute values later rather than when you first add elements. And you might find it distracting to have child
elements inserted automatically along with the elements you add.
To set options for inserting new elements:
1 Make the appropriate document window or book window active. If a book window is active, select the documents
you want to affect.
2 Choose Element > New Element Options.
3 Specify how you want to be prompted for attribute values when you add new elements:
• To enter all possible attribute values as you add elements, select Always Prompt for Attribute Values.
• To enter only required attribute values as you add elements, select Prompt for Required Attribute Values.
• To enter attribute values after adding elements, select Do Not Prompt for Attribute Values.
4 To allow FrameMaker to insert child elements automatically for new elements, select Allow Automatic Insertion
of Children.
An element’s definition may specify a sequence of child elements to insert. For example, a List might have an Item
that is inserted along with it, and that Item might have a Para.
5 Click Set.
To speed up the process of adding new elements, select Do Not Prompt for Attribute Values and Allow Automatic
Insertion of Children.
Editing elements
You can edit a document’s structure in many ways—including changing an element to a different type, rearranging
elements, and splitting and merging elements.
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User Guide
After editing one part of a document, you may need to edit the document further to correct content errors. For
example, if you split a Section element in two, you may need to add a Head element for the new second Section. Use
the Structure View as a guide for finding errors as you work, or validate the document when you’re finished.
Changing elements to another type
You can change an existing element to another element of the same type. For example, you may want to convert a
Para element into a Head element, or a series of Para elements into ListItem elements that you plan to wrap in a List
element.
However, not all elements can be converted to other elements. For example, if you change a Para element containing
text to a Marker element containing the same text, the name of the element will change, but the text will not be
converted to marker text.
Note: If you want to change contents to a table, use Table > Convert to Table to convert text rather than changing an
element (see “Converting text to tables” on page 162).
To change an element using the Element Catalog:
1 Select the element. You can select more than one element, even if the elements do not have the same tag. All the
elements will be changed to the new type of element. However, the elements’ children are not changed, but they may
become invalid due to the changed parent.
2 Select an element tag in the Element Catalog and click Change. The element’s bubble in the Structure View
changes to the new tag, and the contents are formatted as specified in the new element’s format rules. Attributes in
the element may become invalid.
To change an element using the keyboard:
1 Select the element and press Control+3.
2 Start typing the tag of the new element until it appears in the Tag area of the document window’s status bar.
The elements available are the same ones that currently appear in the Element Catalog.
Element tag
You can also type lowercase letters to search forward or uppercase letters to search backward through the elements
that begin with those letters, or you can use the up and down arrow keys to scroll through all the elements.
3 Press Return. If you decide to cancel, click in the document without pressing Return.
You can use Edit > Find/Change to change many occurrences of an element at one time (see “Finding elements and
attributes” on page 49). For example, if you’ve imported new element definitions that use an element named Par
instead of Para, you can change all Para elements to Par.
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User Guide
Merging two or more elements into one
You can merge two or more elements into a single element. For example, you might combine two Section
elements into one. Merging puts the contents of the second element (including any child elements) at the end of the
first element.
Section
Section
Head
Head
Para
Para
Head
Section
Para
Head
List
Merging two Sections, before and after
You may need to edit the document after merging elements.
Note: If you want to combine table cells, use Table > Straddle rather than merging the cells (see “Straddling and unstraddling cells in structured tables” on page 198). You cannot combine other table parts.
To merge two or more elements into one:
1 Select the elements you want to merge. The elements can be of different types, but they must be siblings and next
to each other in their parent element.
2 Choose Element > Merge.
Merging retains the attributes for the first element only.
Splitting elements in two
You can split an element into two elements that have the same tag and are at the same level. For example, you might
split a Section element in two.
Section
Section
Head
Head
Para
Para
Para
List
Section
Para
List
Splitting a Section, before and after
You may need to edit the document after splitting an element. In the example above, after splitting you would add a
Head for the new second Section.
Note: You cannot split an element that is a table part (such as a row or cell).
To split an element in two:
1 Click where you want to split the element. The contents after the insertion point will go in the new
second element.
2 Choose Element > Split.
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User Guide
Splitting might result in two elements with identical attributes. However, if the original attribute had a Unique ID
attribute, the second element loses its ID value.
Unwrapping the contents of elements
Unwrapping deletes an element but leaves its contents in the same place in the document. You usually unwrap
elements as part of a larger editing process. For example, if you plan to convert ListItem elements into Para elements,
you might need to unwrap the parent List element first. Then use Edit > Find/Change to convert the ListItem
elements to Para elements.
Para
Para
ListItem
List
ListItem
ListItem
ListItem
ListItem
ListItem
ListItem
ListItem
Unwrapping ListItems, before and after
You may need to edit the document after unwrapping an element. For this example, you would change the ListItem
elements to valid elements or rewrap them.
Note: You cannot unwrap an element that is a table part (such as a row or cell).
To unwrap the contents of an element:
1 Select the element with the contents you want to unwrap. For example, if you’re unwrapping ListItem elements in
a List, select the List element.
2 Choose Element > Unwrap.
Moving elements
You can move an element to another location in a document by dragging its bubble in the Structure View. When you
move an element, its contents, including descendants, all move along with it. This does not affect the contents of the
Clipboard.
If you’re moving an element that has many descendants, collapse the element first (see “Collapsing and expanding
elements” on page 14).
You can also move an element by cutting it to the Clipboard and pasting, even across documents. If you paste an
element from another document, the element may not be defined in your document. If you don’t plan to add a
definition for the element, change the element to a valid one. You cannot cut and paste elements in a book file.
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To move an element by dragging:
❖ Drag the element’s bubble to the location you want. As you drag, the pointer changes to a solid up-and-down
arrowhead, and an arrow moves to indicate where the bubble will go if you release the mouse button.
Section
Section
Head
Head
Para
Para
List
Para
Para
Para
List
Para
List
Moving a List, before and after
If the element is valid in the location where the arrow points, a check mark or question mark appears in the bubble.
These symbols have the same meanings as they do in the Element Catalog (see “The structured document’s Element
Catalog” on page 13).
To nudge an element one place:
❖ Drag the element’s bubble slightly to one side or up or down. As you drag a small distance, the pointer changes to
a single arrow. (If you drag too far, the arrow changes to an up-and-down arrowhead.)
Section
Section
Head
Head
Para
Para
List
Para
Para
List
Nudging a List one place, before and after
When you release, the element moves one place in the indicated direction, as follows:
• Moving an element up puts it right above the sibling right before it. Moving an element down puts it below the
sibling after it.
• Moving an element to the left makes it a child of its parent. Moving an element to the right makes it a child of the
sibling after it.
Copying elements
You can use the Structure View to make a copy of an existing element and put the copy in a new location. This does
not affect the contents of the Clipboard.
When you copy an element, the element’s contents are copied along with it. Generally, the element’s attributes are
also copied—but if you duplicate an element with an ID attribute, the ID value is discarded in the copy.
If you’re copying an element that has many descendants, collapse the element first (see “Collapsing and expanding
elements” on page 14).
You can also copy an element by copying it to the Clipboard and pasting, even across documents. If you paste an
element from another document, the element may not be defined in your document. If you don’t plan to add a
definition for the element, change the element to a valid one. You cannot copy and paste elements in a book file.
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To copy an element by dragging:
❖ Do one of the following:
• (Windows) Hold down Alt and drag the bubble to the location you want.
• (UNIX) Hold down Control and use the middle mouse button to drag the bubble to the location you want.
As you drag the bubble, the pointer changes to a hollow, stacked up-and-down arrowhead, and a horizontal arrow
moves to indicate where the copy will go if you release the mouse button.
Section
Section
Head
Head
Para
Para
List
List
Para
Para
List
List
Copying a List, before and after
If the element is valid in the location where the arrow points, a check mark or question mark appears in the bubble.
These symbols have the same meanings as they do in the Element Catalog (see “The structured document’s Element
Catalog” on page 13).
Importing element definitions
A document’s element definitions describe allowable contents for each type of element, and may also describe how
the elements are formatted and whether they have attributes for storing supplemental information. Before you can
add elements to a document, the document must have element definitions in its Element Catalog.
If you’re not sure whether a document has element definitions, open the Element Catalog and click in a text flow.
If you see elements in the catalog, the document has definitions. You may need to select the All Elements option to
get elements to appear (use Element > Set Available Elements).
Usually you import definitions from a template, but your developer may ask you to import them directly from
the EDD.
To import element definitions:
1 Open the template or EDD with the element definitions. The template or EDD must be named and saved.
2 Open the document or book that you want to update. If a book window is active, select the documents you want
to update.
3 In the document or book you’re updating, choose File > Import > Element Definitions.
4 Choose the template or EDD from the Import from Document pop-up menu. The menu lists all open,
named documents.
5 If you want to remove special formatting and book-related changes in the document, do the following:
• To remove format rule overrides, select While Updating, Remove Format Rule Overrides. Use this setting if you
have made text or paragraph formatting changes to elements and now want to return to the formatting described
in the element definitions. See “About formatting overrides” on page 52 for cautions on this.
• To remove element information derived from a book file, select While Updating, Remove Information Inherited
from Book. Use this setting if the document used to be included in a book but is now a stand-alone document.
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6 Click Import. FrameMaker adds the definitions to the document’s Element Catalog, replacing any definitions that
are already there. Then it validates the document so that errors are identified in the Structure View, and reapplies
format rules from the definitions.
Removing elements
You can remove any element, with or without its contents. For example, you may want to delete a Section element
and its contents, or delete the Section but leave the contents in place, so you can put them in a different element.
For elements that are defined to contain text or other elements (round-cornered bubbles in the Structure View), you
can also delete the contents and leave the empty element in the document. But you cannot do this for elements that
are a single object (square-cornered bubbles). Because these elements do not have contents, you must delete the
entire element.
To remove an element and its contents:
❖ Select the element and press Delete.
To remove an element but not its contents:
❖ Select the element and choose Element > Unwrap. The contents may be reformatted as defined by their
new context.
To remove the contents of an element but not the element itself:
❖ Select the contents and press Delete. For details on selecting contents, see “Placing the insertion point” on page 71
and “Selecting text” on page 75.
To remove an element and its contents and replace it with another element:
❖ Select the element. Then select the replacement element in the Element Catalog, and click Insert. A new empty
element replaces the selected element and its contents.
Removing all elements from a document
There may be times when you want to remove all elements from a document so you can base the document on
paragraph and character formats rather than on elements.
To remove all elements from a document:
❖ Choose Special > Remove Structure from Flow. If the document has additional structured flows, repeat this
command for each flow.
FrameMaker removes all elements from the current text flow. If the formatting was created or modified by format
change lists in the element catalog, the removed elements become format overrides in the document.
Note: If you want to create named formats for each removed element variation and save them in the catalog, use the
Create & Apply Formats command.
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Assigning attribute values
Attributes store supplementary information about an element that does not appear with the contents of the
document. You can see attributes and their values in the Structure View. (See “Showing and hiding attributes for new
elements” on page 18 for details on displaying attributes.)
Chapter
ID =
DraftVersion = Alpha Draft
XRefLabel =
Title
ChapNumber
ChapName
Attributes in the Structure View
An attribute’s definition specifies the type of values that are acceptable (such as text or numeric) and might include
a list of possible values or a numeric range.
The definition also determines whether the value is optional, required, or read-only, and it might provide a default
value. You can assign values to an attribute if the attribute is not read-only.
If an attribute’s current value does not conform to the specifications in its definition, the attribute is invalid. For
information on finding and correcting problems with attributes, see “Finding and correcting errors” on page 51.
Note: You may want to let FrameMaker provide the values for ID and ID Reference attributes used in cross-referencing.
(In fact, these attributes are often defined to be read-only.)
Entering attribute values as you insert elements
You may want to enter some attribute values as you insert elements, particularly for required attributes and attributes
that affect formatting. Optional attributes might wait for a later pass.
Some font property values used in an element definition document (EDD) require that you use specific units.
For example, if the Offset Horizontal value is set as a percentage of an em space, typing 5pt will create an offset of 5
em spaces instead of 5 points.
Do not use multibyte (Asian-language) characters when entering attribute values. These characters may not be
exported to SGML correctly because multibyte characters are not supported in the SGML workflow.
Note: Attribute names support the Unicode text encoding standard.
To enter attribute values as you insert an element:
1 Make sure you are prompted for attribute values when you insert elements (see “Setting options for inserting new
elements” on page 39).
2 Insert the element (see “Inserting elements” on page 36). If attributes are defined for the element, the Attributes
for New Element dialog box appears, listing all the attributes (except read-only ones) defined for the element.
3 For each attribute value you want to provide, select the attribute in the Attribute Name scroll list, enter the value
in the Attribute Value text box, and click Set Value. If an attribute is required, you must enter a value for the element
to be valid.
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If an attribute has a set of predefined values, choose from the Attribute Value pop-up menu rather than entering
a value.
Attribute Value pop-up menu
The value you can enter, such as text or a number, is determined by the attribute’s type. For details on attribute types,
see “Types of attributes” on page 48.
A description of the selected attribute (its type, whether a value is required, and so on) appears in the dialog box
below the Attribute Value area.
4 Click Insert Element.
Entering or editing attribute values for elements already in a document
You can enter and edit attribute values for elements already in a document if the attributes are not read-only.
If you need to change an attribute name rather than a value, use Edit > Find/Change (see “Changing elements or
attributes you find” on page 50). You may need to do this if you imported element definitions that use different
attribute names with identical meanings, such as Security instead of SecurityLevel. The new attribute name must be
defined for the element.
To enter or edit an attribute value for an element already in a document:
1 Select the element with the attribute value you want to change.
You can select more than one element of the same type, and apply the change to all. The elements must be
contiguous. For example, if several Para elements in a row have a Security attribute, you can change the value of that
attribute for all the Para elements at one time.
2 Display the Attributes dialog box by doing one of the following:
• Click the Attributes button at the upper right corner in the document window. When you open the dialog box
this way, you can keep it open to edit attribute values for more than one element.
• Double-click an attribute name or value in the Structure View. Or, click in the element, press Control+7, type the
name of the attribute to edit, and press Return. When you open the dialog box this way, you’ll close it after editing
attribute values for the element.
3 For each attribute value you want to enter or edit, select the attribute in the Attribute Name scroll list, enter the
value in the Attribute Value text box, and click Set Value.
If an attribute has a set of predefined values, choose from the Attribute Value pop-up menu rather than entering
a value.
4 If you displayed the Attributes dialog box by double-clicking in the Structure View or pressing Control+7,
click Done.
To remove an attribute value:
❖ Select the value in the Attributes dialog box, and click Delete Value.
You can use Edit > Find/Change to edit attribute values for many occurrences of an element at one time (see
“Changing elements or attributes you find” on page 50).
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Types of attributes
An attribute’s type determines the kind of values that are allowed in the attribute. For example, the value version 1 is
not valid for an attribute defined as an integer, but the value 1 is valid. Numeric types (such as integer or real) can
also be limited to a predefined range by their attribute definition.
Choice An attribute with a list of predefined values.
ID Reference An attribute with a value that is a Unique ID value from another element. It is typically used for
element-based cross-references.
ID References An attribute with a value of one or more Unique ID values from another element. (Your
developer may specify this attribute if you’re exporting to a structured application that uses multiple values for
source information.)
Integer An attribute with a whole number value (no decimal parts). Examples of valid integers are 22, -22, and +322.
An integer can be defined to fall within a range.
Integers An attribute with a value of one or more integers. Enter each number on a separate line in the Attribute
Value text box.
Real An attribute with a real number value, with or without a decimal part (the value can also be expressed in scien-
tific notation). Examples of valid real numbers are 2, 22.4, -0.22, and 2.3e-1. A real number can be defined to fall
within a range.
Reals An attribute with a value of one or more real numbers. Enter each number on a separate line in the Attribute
Value text box.
String An attribute with a value of a series of characters (text).
Strings An attribute with a value of one or more strings. Enter each string on a separate line in the Attribute Value
text box.
Unique ID An attribute with a value of a unique text string. An element can have only one ID attribute (which can
be of type Unique ID or Unique IDs). All ID values must be unique in the document or book. An element with a
Unique ID attribute can be the source for an element-based cross-reference.
Unique IDs An attribute with a value of one or more unique text strings. Enter each string on a separate line in the
Attribute Value text box. (Your developer may specify this attribute if you’re exporting to a structured application
that uses multiple values for source information.)
Copying attribute values
You can use the Clipboard to copy and paste attribute values from one element to another. If you paste values to an
element that does not have corresponding attributes defined, the attributes will be invalid. To preserve elementbased cross-references, an ID attribute value is not pasted.
If you copy an attribute from another document, the attribute may not be defined in the current document.
To copy attribute values:
1 Select the element with the attribute values you want to copy, and choose Edit > Copy Special > Attribute Values.
All attribute values associated with the element are copied to the Clipboard.
2 Select a different element and choose Edit > Paste.
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To delete an undefined attribute copied from another document:
❖ Select the element with the undefined attribute, open the Attributes dialog box, select the attribute, and click
Delete Attribute. In the next dialog box that appears, remove the attribute for the current element or for all elements
that have the attribute.
Improved validation of EDD attributes
When validating the elements in an EDD, attributes in if-then clauses were not validated in earlier versions of
FrameMaker. For example, suppose that the possible values of an attribute are A or B or C, and a context rule says If
[attrval = “D”]. This was not previously flagged as an error when the element definitions were imported. It is
now correctly reported as an invalid structure.
Similarly, if an element’s text formatting rules or prefix/suffix rules use attribute names in the context specifications,
the attribute name and case must match the attribute definition in the element’s definition.
If an attribute’s value is changed to the same value it previously had, the action is not flagged as a change. This
enhances performance by eliminating unnecessary value checking.
Finding elements and attributes
You can search for elements and attributes in a structured document to help keep track of these items or to make
changes to them quickly. This is especially useful when you want to apply the same change to more than one occurrence of an element or attribute.
You can also search for many other items in FrameMaker, including strings of text, specific formatting, unresolved
cross-references, and objects (such as anchored frames) that are not elements. See “Searching for any item” on
page 77.
Note: The Find/Change feature supports the Unicode text encoding standard.
Searching for element tags, attribute names, or attribute values
You can search for an element tag, attribute name, and attribute value either separately or in combination. For
example, you can search for an element tagged List to find each List element, or you might limit the search to find
only List elements that have a Security attribute set to Classified.
To search for an element tag, attribute name, or attribute value:
1 Choose Edit > Find/Change.
2 Choose Element from the Find pop-up menu.
3 Select the options you want in the Find Element dialog box.
The settings can be used in many combinations. These are a few examples:
• To find any element, leave all three text boxes empty.
• To find a specific element, type an element tag but leave the Attribute Name and Attribute Value text boxes empty.
• To find any element with a specific attribute, type an attribute name but leave the Element Tag and Attribute Value
text boxes empty.
• To find any element with a specific attribute value, type an attribute value but leave the Element Tag and Attribute
Name text boxes empty.
• To find a specific combination of element and attribute, type an element tag and choose an attribute name.
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User Guide
• To find a specific combination of element and attribute value, type an element tag and choose an attribute name
and an attribute value. (If the attribute type is Choice, type the value.)
• To find a specific element with an attribute that has no value, type an element tag, choose an attribute name, and
choose from the Attribute Value pop-up menu.
Leave a text box empty if you do not want to restrict the search. An empty text box has the same effect as searching
for any element, or choosing either or .
4 Click Set.
5 In the Find/Change dialog box, select Consider Case, Whole Word, Use Wildcards, or Find Backward.
6 Click Find.
Note: FrameMaker normally begins searching at the insertion point and continues throughout the document. When a
search reaches the end of the document, it continues at the beginning. After searching the main flow, it looks at other text
frames and text lines. Because a search is flow by flow, it may appear to jump around the document.
To search for the next occurrence of the item:
❖ Click Find Again in the Find/Change dialog box, or choose Edit > Find Next.
To reverse the search direction:
❖ Select Find Backward in the Find/Change dialog box and click Find.
To cancel a search:
❖ Do one of the following:
• (Windows) Press Esc.
• (UNIX) Press Control+c.
Changing elements or attributes you find
After you find an element, attribute, or attribute value, you can change it to another element, attribute, or value. For
example, you can quickly and globally change the value of a SecurityLevel attribute from Declassified to Top Secret.
When changing items in a document, you can change each occurrence of the item as it is found or have FrameMaker
automatically make the change throughout the document.
If you’ve pasted material from another document or have imported new element definitions, the Find/Change
command is a powerful clean-up tool for returning your document to its proper state. For example, if you paste a
table from an unstructured document, the table and its parts receive default, invalid element tags. You can use
Find/Change to change CELL elements, for example, to TableCell elements.
To change an element or attribute you find:
1 Choose Edit > Find/Change.
2 In the Find/Change dialog box, choose Element from the Find pop-up menu.
3 Select the options you want in the Find Element dialog box, and click Set. Then choose an option from the Change
pop-up menu in the Find/Change dialog box, and type the replacement tag or value.
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The Find Element dialog box and the Change pop-up menu work together. These are a few examples of combinations you can use:
• To change one element to another, type an element tag in the Find Element dialog box but leave Attribute Name
and Attribute Value empty. Then choose Element Tag To in the Change pop-up menu and type an element tag.
• To change one attribute to another, type an attribute name but leave Element Tag and Attribute Value empty. Then
choose Attribute Name To and type an attribute name that is defined for this element.
• To change one attribute value to another, type an attribute value but leave Attribute Name and Attribute Value
empty. Then choose Attribute Value To and type a value.
• To change an attribute with a specific name to a certain value, type an attribute name but leave Element Tag and
Attribute Value empty. Then choose Attribute Value To and type a value.
• To change a specific element with a specific attribute value to another element, type an element tag and choose
an attribute name and attribute value. Then choose Element Tag To in the Change pop-up menu and type an
element tag.
• To remove an attribute value, type an attribute value but leave Element Tag and Attribute Name empty. Then
choose Attribute Value To and leave the Choose text box empty.
If you try to make a change that is not allowed—for example, if you try to remove an element tag—an alert message
appears explaining the problem.
4 Click Find.
5 When FrameMaker finds the element or attribute, do one of the following:
• To make the change but not continue searching for other occurrences of the item, click Change.
• To make the change and continue searching for other occurrences, click Change & Find.
• To change all occurrences of the item, specify all occurrences in the document or only occurrences in the current
selection and click Change All.
Important: When you change all occurrences, you cannot undo the changes with Edit > Undo. Consider saving the
document and then manually changing several occurrences of the text. When you’re confident that the changes are
exactly what you want, click Change All.
To delete an element you find:
❖ Choose To Text from the Change pop-up menu, leave the Change text box empty, and click Change. You can also
simply press Delete.
Finding and correcting errors
An error in a structured flow can be a structure problem, such as an element in an invalid location, or an invalid
attribute, such as an attribute with a missing required value. Your element definitions have content rules and attribute
information that describe what is correct for your document.
You can use the Structure View to find errors in elements and attributes. When a collapsed element has invalid
content in its structure, the plus sign on the left of the element name is red. You can also validate a document to find
errors. After you know where the errors are located, use the Element Catalog and the Structure View as guides to
help you correct them.
If you’ve made any formatting changes to text in elements, the elements may not conform to their format rules. For
information on removing format rule overrides, see “Removing format rule overrides in structured documents” on
page 140.
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Using the Structure View to find errors
When an element doesn’t conform to content rules and attribute descriptions in the document’s element definitions,
the Structure View identifies the error for you.
Missing elements If an element is missing one or more child elements required by the element definitions, a small
red hole appears on the vertical line where the child element should be.
Section
Para
At least one required child element is missing.
Elements at an invalid location If an element is at a location not allowed by the content rules, the vertical line next
to it is broken from the position of that element to the end of the parent element.
ListItem
Para
ListItem
The Para element is invalid at this location.
Undefined elements If an element is not defined for the document, its bubble is red. This may happen if you have
pasted the element from another document.
Invalid attributes If an attribute has an invalid value or is not defined for the document, it appears with a red x to
the left of the attribute name and its value is red.
Chapter
x DraftVersion = Alpha Draft
XRefLabel =
The DraftVersion attribute is invalid.
Attributes missing a required value If an attribute does not have a value, appears to the right of the
attribute name. If the attribute requires a value, is red and a red hole appears to the left of it.
Chapter
DraftVersion = Alpha Draft
XRefLabel =
The XRefLabel attribute is missing a required value.
Validating documents
When FrameMaker validates a document, it searches for elements that do not conform to content and attribute rules
in the document’s element definitions. If FrameMaker finds an error, it selects the element and describes the error.
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You can validate an entire document, the current flow, or the current element. If you validate the current element,
FrameMaker does not check the descendants of the element’s child elements. For example, if you validate the Section
element below, FrameMaker makes sure that the Head element, the two Para elements, and the List element are valid,
but does not check the List Item elements in List.
Section
Head
Para
When a door
Para
When a floor
List
ListItem
ListItem
Only the section’s child elements are validated.
If the document has conditional text, only the versions that are showing are validated.
You can also validate an entire book including all its files, only the book file, or only the current element in the book
file (see “Validating structured books” on page 480).
To validate a document:
1 Choose Element > Validate.
2 Select Entire Document, Entire Book, Current Flow, or Current Element to specify the scope of the validation.
3 To exclude missing elements or attribute values from the search, select Ignore Missing Elements or Ignore Missing
Attribute Values.
If these settings are selected, FrameMaker does not look for places where a required child element or a required
attribute value is missing. You may want to select these if you are not trying to build a complete document yet.
4 Click Start Validating.
FrameMaker starts checking at the beginning of the current element. If you’re validating only the current element,
it checks the element with the insertion point or the selected element. If more than one element is selected, it checks
the first element in the selection.
5 If FrameMaker finds an error, click Start Validating again when you’re ready to continue validating.
The top of the Element Validation dialog box shows the tag of the element and a brief message about the problem.
(See “Validation error messages” on page 54 for descriptions of the messages that can appear.)
Element and error identified
You can correct the error, ignore it, or click Allow as Special Case. If you mark it as a special case, FrameMaker won’t
identify the error the next time you validate the document.
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6 Repeat step 5 until FrameMaker does not find any more errors.
When FrameMaker reaches the end of the document, it returns to the beginning and continues validating. When
FrameMaker reaches the end of a flow, it continues to the next one.
Note: When validating a book, FrameMaker tells you if a file in the book has invalid content, but for a more detailed
evaluation, you must open and validate the file.
While validating the elements in an EDD, attributes in if-then clauses are validated. For example, suppose that the
possible values of an attribute are A or B or C, and a context rule says If [attrval = “D”]. This is flagged as an
error and reported as an invalid structure when the element definitions are imported.
Similarly, if an element’s text formatting rules or prefix/suffix rules use attribute names in the context specifications,
the attribute name and case must match the attribute definition in the element’s definition.
If an attribute’s value is changed to the same value it previously had, the action is not flagged as a change. This
enhances performance by eliminating unnecessary value checking.
To clear all special cases:
1 Choose Element > Validate.
2 Click Clear Special Cases. FrameMaker clears the special cases in the document, the flow, or the element—
whichever scope is selected in the dialog box.
Validation error messages
The following error messages can appear at the top of the Element Validation dialog box. (In the descriptions, tag
represents an element tag, name represents an attribute name, and value represents an attribute value.)
Current flow is unstructured. The current flow does not have elements in it.
Element is undefined The element is not defined in the document. You may have copied this element from another
document.
Missing element before tag At least one required element is missing before the specified element.
More contents required at end At least one more child element is required at the end of the current element.
No current element There is no insertion point or selection. (This message appears when the scope is set to Current
Element.)
No current flow There is no insertion point or selection. (This message appears when the scope is set to
Current Flow.)
Not highest-level element The element is not permitted at the highest level in the document.
not permitted in this element The element contains text, but text is not allowed.
not valid at this position The element is allowed to have text but not at this location.
The name attribute refers to an undefined ID value The attribute is an ID Reference and refers to a Unique ID value
that doesn’t exist in the document (or in the book, if you’re validating a book).
The name attribute is undefined for this element The definition of this element does not include a name attribute.
This element should be a type The element is the wrong type, where type can be graphic, marker, cross-reference,
equation, or system variable. For example, a cross-reference element might consist of text instead of a cross-reference.
Value must be a type for name attribute The attribute value is the wrong type for the attribute.
Value for name attribute must be in the range from n to n The attribute’s numeric value is out of the specified range.
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Value for name attribute is not one of the allowed choices The attribute’s value must match a value from the pop-up
menu of valid choices.
Value for name attribute must be unique A Unique ID value must be unique for all elements in the document
or book.
Value required for name attribute. The attribute does not have a required value.
tag excluded in this element The tag element is not allowed because of an exclusion rule for the parent or one of
its ancestors.
tag not permitted in this element The tag element is not allowed anywhere in the parent element.
tag not valid at this position The tag element is allowed in the parent element but not at the current location.
Correcting errors in elements
After you have identified errors in elements and attributes, use the Element Catalog and Structure View as guides for
correcting them.
To correct an element in an invalid location:
❖ Move the element to a valid location (see “Moving elements” on page 42), or change it to an element that is valid
for its current location (see “Changing elements to another type” on page 40).
You can select an invalid element, or if you’re validating, FrameMaker selects the element for you. When the element
is selected, the Element Catalog shows which elements are valid at that location.
List
ListItem
ListItem
Head
ListItem
ListItem
ListItem is valid at this location.
To correct a structure with a missing child element:
❖ Insert the required element (see “Inserting elements” on page 36).
You can click where an element is missing, or if you’re validating, FrameMaker places the insertion point there
for you. When the insertion point is at the location of the missing element, the Element Catalog shows which
elements are valid at that location.
Section
Para
List
ListItem
ListItem
Head is required at this location.
To correct an element with invalid contents (with the text snippet ):
❖ Change it to an element that allows those contents (see “Changing elements to another type” on page 40).
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To correct an invalid attribute value:
❖ Change the value to one that is valid for the attribute (see “Entering or editing attribute values for elements already
in a document” on page 47).
To remove an undefined attribute:
❖ Select the element with the undefined attribute, open the Attributes dialog box, select the attribute, and click
Delete Attribute. In the next dialog box that appears, remove the attribute for the current element or for all elements
that have the attribute.
To resolve a cross-reference with an invalid ID:
❖ Select the cross-reference, choose Special > Cross-Reference, and change to a source that has a valid ID (see
“Maintaining cross-references” on page 208).
About structured documents
Almost all documents have an implicit structure. In each type of document, the contents naturally consist of logical
units that appear in a consistent order and with a particular hierarchy. In FrameMaker, you can work with a
document’s structure explicitly by organizing the contents of the document—its sections, heads, paragraphs, figures,
tables, and so on—in logical units called elements. (See “About elements” on page 32). Together, the elements form
the hierarchy that represents the structure.
For example, a Section element for a section of a book might include a Head element with heading text, a Para
element with body text, and a List element that contains several ListItem elements with text.
A
B
C
D
E
A. Section element that contains everything in the section B. Head element C. Para element D. List element
E. ListItem elements in the List element
Structured formats in FrameMaker
Using FrameMaker, you can import and export structured documents in either SGML or XML (including XHTML
1.0) format. Once you import a structured file, it is no longer an SGML or XML file; it is a structured FrameMaker
document. To return it to its original format, save it as SGML or XML (see “Saving a structured document in SGML
or XML format” on page 63).
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About SGML
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) is the international standard for all markup languages for data
exchange and storage.
SGML is a descriptive, rather than procedural, markup language, meaning the same document can be processed by
different systems, each applying different processing instructions to relevant sections. You can transfer SGML
documents from one system (hardware and software environment) to another without any loss of data.
SGML was the first language to instigate the Document Type Definition (DTD), which formally defines
the document by its components and structure. Documents of the same type can then be verified and
processed uniformly.
A document that conforms to the structure of a DTD is said to be valid.
About XML
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a generalized format for representing structured information, especially for
the Web. Like HTML and SGML, XML requires the use of elements and structure. However, XML differs from
HTML in that it is extensible—users may define custom sets of element tags. XML is a subset of SGML, and can be
used for essentially the same purposes as SGML, without many of the complex SGML features.
You can use XML for storing data in an XML repository, which lets you easily reuse materials, search for text, collaborate with other authors, and manage documents. You can also use XML and the template-driven workflow in
FrameMaker for multichannel publishing.
An XML document that conforms to the structure of a DTD is said to be valid. An XML document that uses tags
that conform to the standard XML specifications is said to be well-formed.
About XHTML 1.0
Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) is an extension of HTML that is based on XML and is designed
to work with XML-based applications. It can be viewed, edited, and validated with standard XML tools. Using
XHTML is an easy way to migrate from HTML to XML while retaining your content’s forward and backward
compatibility. For more information on HTML, see “About HTML” on page 556.
About structured templates
A template is a document that stores properties you use in more than one place. You can create a new document from
a template to give it all the template’s properties, or you can import specific properties from the template later.
FrameMaker templates give your documents their layout and formatting, and specify their structure requirements.
Structured FrameMaker comes with Structured Templates for letters, memos, fax, envelope, reports, outlines,
newsletters, books, FAQs, and Single source book.
Templates can store the following properties:
• Element definitions that specify allowable contents, attributes, and formatting for elements
• Paragraph, character, and table formats that work with formatting information in the element definitions
• Page layouts that determine the number and position of columns on pages, and background items such as
running headers
• Reference pages that store repeatedly used graphics and formatting information
• Variables you use as placeholders for text that FrameMaker updates
• Formatting information for cross-references, equations, and conditional text
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• Definitions for colors you can apply to text and objects
• Document-wide settings, including footnote properties, custom marker types, and feathering options for
line spacing
• Specifications for combined Japanese and Western fonts (on Japanese-language systems)
Note: If you’re working with structured files, an application developer may have set up special documents that handle the
translation to and from the structured application. These documents may include a template that formats the structured
files in FrameMaker. This template is applied automatically when you import from the structured application.
Using structured documents in FrameMaker
In the typical workflow, you begin working with structured documents by creating a new document (most often
from a template) or by opening an existing document in Structured FrameMaker.
A structured document contains more than just the elements and contents you add to it. It can also store page
layouts, catalogs of element definitions and formats, and other properties that facilitate and even automate your
work. These properties normally come from the document’s template.
A template provides a foundation for other documents.
Creating documents from a structured template
When you create a document from a structured template, the document is an exact copy of the template, including
its element definitions and other properties and any contents it might have.
Typically, you use a custom template that is part of your application, but FrameMaker also comes with some
predefined structured templates for reports, viewgraphs, and outlines.
As you work in the template, FrameMaker helps you organize elements in a valid structure and formats
everything for you automatically—you don’t need to know XML or SGML syntax to create XML- or SGMLcompatible documents.
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Your developer may provide documentation that describes how to work with the elements defined for the application. If you want to create a document that will not be structured, either use an unstructured template or start with
the equivalent of a blank piece of paper. For more information, see “Creating documents” on page 19.
To create a document from a structured template:
1 Make sure you are running Structured FrameMaker. If you are not running Structured FrameMaker, choose File
> Preferences > General, select Structured FrameMaker for Product Interface, click Set, and restart FrameMaker.
2 Choose File > New > Document. In UNIX, you can also click New in the main FrameMaker window.
3 Navigate to the template you want. If you want to use a structured template that came with Structured
FrameMaker, navigate to the Structured folder in the Templates folder in one of the following locations:
• (Windows) The FrameMaker8 folder
• (UNIX) The fminit/language/Templates/Structured folder within the FrameMaker installation folder (where
language is the name of the language you’re using—for example, usenglish)
4 Select the template and click New (Windows) or Create (UNIX).
5 When the template opens, resize the document window so that you can clearly see the page. Then click the
Structure View
button in the upper right corner of the document window to display the Structure View, which
shows the structure hierarchy. Position the two windows so that you can see both at once. You can also click the
Element Catalog button to display the Element Catalog.
A
B
C
A. Template in a document window B. Element catalog C. Structure view
6 Do any of the following:
• Add text for each required element and any optional elements you want. You can add text by clicking to place the
insertion point in the document window (see “Working with text in structured documents” on page 95 and
“Entering text in a structured document” on page 99).
• Add new elements from the Element Catalog (see “Adding elements” on page 34).
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• In the Structure View, expand the elements by clicking the + (plus sign) on the left side of the element bubbles;
collapse them by clicking the - (minus sign) on the left side (see “Collapsing and expanding elements” on page 14).
• View the element’s attributes by clicking the + (plus sign) on the right side of the element bubbles (see “Showing
and hiding attributes for an element” on page 15).
• Change an element’s attributes (see “Assigning attribute values” on page 46).
• Rearrange or restructure elements or sections in the document (see “Moving elements” on page 42).
• Add cross references (see “Working with cross-references in structured documents” on page 217).
• Manipulate the current structure—change an element to another type, merge two elements, split an element in
two, or wrap an element in a new parent element (see “Editing elements” on page 39).
• Validate the document to ensure that it has a valid structure for export to XML or SGML (see “Finding and
correcting errors” on page 51).
• Save or export the document to XML or SGML (see “Saving a structured document in SGML or XML format” on
page 63).
Creating a new structured document
To create a structured document from scratch, make sure you have an EDD and a structure application available (see
“About structured applications” on page 61). You can use the EDD file and sample structure application included
with FrameMaker (see the folders located in the Structure folder), or you can create your own. For information on
creating a structured application and EDD, see the Structured Application Developer’s Guide, located in the OnlineManuals folder in the FrameMaker8 folder.
To create a new structured document:
1 Make sure you are running Structured FrameMaker.
2 Choose File > New > Document.
3 Select Portrait, Landscape, or Custom to set the page dimensions.
4 Open a structured document or EDD that includes the elements you want to use, and then import elements into
the new document (see ““Importing element definitions” on page 44).
5 Add text and elements to the document (see “Adding elements” on page 34).
6 Save the document as a structured FrameMaker document or in the desired format (see “Saving a structured
document in SGML or XML format” on page 63).
Opening and saving structured files
You can open and work with any structured file in FrameMaker, as long as the file has an associated application.
The contents, elements, and attributes from the file are preserved, and the file appears just like a regular FrameMaker
document.
Using Structured FrameMaker you can open XML and SGML documents. After editing the structured file, you can
save it back to its original format, such as XML or SGML; any changes you made to contents, elements, and attributes
will usually be preserved. (See your developer about limitations your application may have on mapping between
structured files and FrameMaker.)
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About structured applications
A structured application is a collection of files that describes how to process a structured file in FrameMaker. The
application usually includes a DTD, which defines the elements and attributes, and other items, such as read/write
rules and an import template.
To be able to work with a structured file, you need to have an application associated with the file. A developer
typically sets up this application for you and may associate it with the appropriate files. You can also select the application yourself as you open or save, or change the application while the file is open.
Important: Use the application that was designed for the file. If you’re not sure which one to use, ask your
application developer.
You can open an SGML or XML file without using an application—for example, if you’re just browsing the file, or if
you don’t know which application to use and will select one later. The file will have structure but only basic default
formatting (with all text in body paragraphs), and objects such as tables and graphics will generally not be imported.
You’ll be able to edit the structure and contents of the file, but you may not be able to save it back to the structured
format (XML or SGML), because some mapping information may be unavailable.
An SGML or XML file does not include any specifications on how its contents are to be formatted, but your structured application may have a template that formats the file in FrameMaker. If you use an application that does not
have a template, the file opens using basic default formatting.
Opening structured files
You can open a structured file just as you open any other kind of file. A new FrameMaker document appears, with
all the contents of the structured file.
If you want to view or edit the structure markup directly, you can also open the file as text (see “Opening SGML,
XML, MIF, and MML files as text” on page 68).
Default encoding settings for opening structured files are ISO-8859-1 for SGML and UTF-8 for XML. If the original
files have different encoding settings, FrameMaker uses those settings instead of the default settings.
To open a structured file:
1 In Structured FrameMaker, choose File > Open. On UNIX systems, you can also click Open in the main
FrameMaker window.
2 Locate the file you want to open and click Open. If the file has an associated application, the document opens and
you’re ready to begin.
3 If the Use Structure Application dialog box appears, choose an application name from the Use Structured Application pop-up menu and click Set. Then do one of the following:
• To associate an application with the file, choose the name of an application.
• To use default mapping and no read/write rules, choose . You may want to use this option to
browse a file you don’t plan to save.
Note: When characters in an original XML file don’t map into the FrameMaker document, the characters are marked
as unknown. They don’t appear in FrameMaker, but they are preserved on XML export.
Converting structured files to FrameMaker format without opening
You can convert one or more structured files to FrameMaker without having to open them. The files you convert
should either be the only contents of a single folder or all have a unique filename extension in a folder, and they
should all use the same structured application.
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To convert structured files to FrameMaker format:
1 Choose StructureTools > Utilities > Convert Structured Documents.
2 Choose an application for the converted files from the Application pop-up menu.
3 In the Input Structured Documents area, specify the location and filename extension of the original files. If you
need to look for the location, click Browse and navigate to it.
The filename extension is required. You can type an asterisk (*) in the Suffix text box to convert all files in the folder.
4 In the Output FrameMaker Files area, specify a location and filename extension for the FrameMaker files. If you
need to look for the location, click Browse and navigate to it.
The filename extension is optional. If you leave the Suffix text box empty, the converted files will have no extension.
If you type *, the files will have the same extension as the original structured files. If you use *, store the structured
files in a different folder from the converted files.
5 To overwrite an existing batch of converted files in the output folder, select Allow Existing Files to Be Overwritten.
Important: Use this option for overwriting an earlier version of converted files with the same name. Be careful not to
overwrite the original structured files. Either store the structured files in a separate folder or give them a different
filename extension.
6 Click Convert.
Changing the associated structured application
After you open a structured file, you can change the application associated with it. The new application is used for
the file when you next open the file or save it as a structured document.
FrameMaker 8 allows you to associate a structured book with the DITA-Book- FM application, or a structured
document with a DITA-Map-FM or DITA-Topic-FM application. Use the DITA-Book- FM application to build a
FrameMaker book that contains all of the files in an open DITA map (, , or