ADC Telecommunications UNS-IDEN-1 InterReach Unison IDEN User Manual unison

Download:
Mirror Download [FCC.gov]
Document ID	173753
Application ID	V6XZ3nLGwoN+g4f1dS27DA==
Document Description	User Manual 2
Short Term Confidential	No
Permanent Confidential	No
Supercede	No
Document Type	User Manual
Display Format	Adobe Acrobat PDF - pdf
Filesize	70.84kB (885479 bits)
Date Submitted	2001-10-10 00:00:00
Date Available	2001-10-09 00:00:00
Creation Date	2001-10-04 10:29:44
Producing Software	Acrobat Distiller 4.0 for Windows
Document Lastmod	2001-10-04 10:29:55
Document Title	unison.book
Document Creator	FrameMaker 5.5.6p145

PRELIMINARY
SECTION 7
Installing and Using the
AdminManager Software
The AdminManager software is used to install, configure, and maintain the Unison
system from a PC or laptop that you connect directly to a Main Hub’s front panel
serial port.
You can use the AdminManager to remotely view system status by connecting a PC
or laptop to the Unison system via a dialup modem.
Figure 7-1
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PC Connected to Main Hub
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
7-1
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
7.1
7.1.1
PRELIMINARY
Installing the AdminManager Software
PC/Laptop Requirements
• Operating System:
• Windows 2000 Professional (recommended)
• Windows 98 SE with IE 5.0
• 1 Communication Port (COM1–COM4)
• 133 MHz or higher Pentium-compatible CPU
• 64 MB memory (Windows 2000) or 32 MB (Windows 98 SE)
• At least 150 MB free disk space
• VGA or higher resolution
• Standard 9600 Modem
• CD-ROM drive
• DB-9 female-to-DB-9 female NULL modem cable
7-2
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
PC/Laptop Requirements
Installing AdminManager
Install the AdminManager software on a PC/laptop that meets the requirements as
described in Section 7.1.1.
1.
Turn on the PC/laptop and insert the AdminManager CD into the PC/laptop’s CD
drive.
setup.exe should automatically start. If it does not, double-click “setup.exe” on
the CD-ROM.
The following pop-up window is displayed while InstallShield checks the PC’s
system.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-3
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
PRELIMINARY
The Welcome to InstallShield Wizard window is displayed.
2.
7-4
Click the NEXT button to begin the AdminManager installation.
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
PC/Laptop Requirements
The License Agreement window is displayed.
If you select the “I do not accept” radio button, the InstallShield Wizard stops and
the windows close.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-5
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
3.
PRELIMINARY
Read the agreement and select the “I accept” radio button, and then click the NEXT
button.
The Customer Information window is displayed.
7-6
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
PC/Laptop Requirements
4.
Enter a User Name and Organization in the text boxes, and then click the NEXT
button.
The Destination Folder window is displayed
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-7
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
5.
PRELIMINARY
Click the NEXT button to accept the default destination.
The Ready to Install the Program window is displayed.
NOTE: To change information that is displayed in the Ready to Install the Program
window, click the BACK button and make changes in previous windows.
7-8
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
PC/Laptop Requirements
6.
Click the INSTALL button if the information that is displayed in the Ready to Install
the Program window is correct.
The Installing AdminManager window is displayed.
PDF files are used for Help. If the InstallShield Wizard detects that the PC does
not have software for viewing PDF files, the following pop-up is displayed.
• Click CONTINUE to install Acrobat Reader from the CD onto your PC.
• Click QUIT to skip the installation of Acrobat Reader.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-9
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
PRELIMINARY
When the installation is finished, the InstallShield Wizard Completed window is
displayed.
7.
Click the FINISH button to end the InstallShield Wizard session and close the window.
An AdminManager shortcut is added to your PC’s Start menu and an icon is
added to your desktop.
7-10
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
PC/Laptop Requirements
Starting AdminManager
1.
Using the NULL modem cable, connect the PC/laptop to the Main Hub’s front
panel RS-232 connector.
2.
Turn on the power to the Main Hub, if it is not already on.
3.
Double-click the AdminManager icon to start the software.
Alternately, you can click the Start button that is on the PC’s taskbar, click Programs, click AdminManager, and then click the AdminManager application.
The following window is displayed when AdminManager starts.
Figure 7-2
AdminManager Start Window
You can display the AdminManager User Guide at any time while the software is
running by pressing the F1 key.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-11
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
PRELIMINARY
AdminManager Operation Modes
You can choose one of four operation modes from the AdminManager Start window.
• Section 7.2 Installation Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13
Select this option when you are installing a system or a Main Hub for the first time.
Also, when you are replacing a Main Hub select this option to set the frequency
band.
• Section 7.3 Configuration & Maintenance Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25
• Section 7.3.2 Options when Connected Locally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-29
Select this option when you want to perform specific tasks, such as perform the
system test and set system parameters, or check the status of an operating system. All options are available when you are connected locally.
• Section 7.3.3 Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely . . . . . . . 7-34
The Configuration Panel is displayed in a read-only state. When you are connected remotely there are a limited number of options available. The options let
you check the status of the system and determine if a site visit is required. (This
is the only operation mode you can choose when you are connected remotely.)
• Section 7.4 Upgrading Firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-38
Select this option when you are upgrading a component’s firmware.
Buttons
• Settings
Clicking the SETTINGS button displays the Application Setting dialog box in which
you enter the communications port number that the modem will connect to for
remote monitoring and that the PC will use for connecting directly to a Main Hub
• Run
Depending on the operation option that you selected, clicking the RUN button displays the Step 1 panel of the Installation Wizard, the Configuration & Maintenance
window, or the Firmware Update window.
• Quit
Clicking the QUIT button stops the AdminManager and closes the panel.
7-12
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Installation Wizard
7.2
Installation Wizard
Use the Installation Wizard when you are installing a new system or a new Main Hub
to a system. Installation consists of four steps; each one is displayed in a separate
panel of the Wizard.
• Section 7.2.1 Step 1: Verify Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14
• Section 7.2.2 Step 2: Set Operation Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16
• Section 7.2.3 Step 3: Configure System Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20
• Section 7.2.4 Step 4: Final System Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-22
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-13
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
7.2.1
PRELIMINARY
Step 1: Verify Hardware
During this step, the AdminManager software is in a listening mode. The Main Hub
detects downstream units (Expansion Hubs and RAUs) and automatically reports the
system configuration, which AdminManager displays as a configuration tree in the
System Status pane of the Step 1 panel.
Figure 7-3
Step 1: Verify Hardware Panel
Verify Hardware Configuration
1.
Enter a system label (up to 8 characters) in the System Label text box.
This label is assigned to the Main Hub and appears in the System Status tree.
2.
Click the NEXT button when the configuration is displayed correctly in the System
Status pane.
The Main Hub automatically reports any change in system status to the AdminManager, which automatically updates the System Status tree.
7-14
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Step 1: Verify Hardware
7.2.1.1
Description of Step 1 Panel
Panes
• System Status
A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System
Status pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System
Status tree.
• Messages
Status and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay,
the NEXT button is selectable.
Command Buttons
• Help
Clicking the HELP button displays the Unison Hardware Troubleshooting Guide.
• Refresh
Clicking the REFRESH button issues a query status command to the Main Hub and
the System Status tree is updated. Also, any disconnect status is cleared. While the
Main Hub does report system status to the AdminManager automatically, you can
use this button to force an update if communications fail or if there has been a status change that is not showing in the System Status tree.
• Next
Clicking the NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Step 2 panel.
• Cancel
Clicking the CANCEL button quits the Installation Wizard and displays the AdminManager Start window (Figure 7-2).
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-15
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
7.2.2
PRELIMINARY
Step 2: Set Operation Band
The Main and Expansion Hubs are manufactured and shipped without a band of operation programmed into them. The RAUs, on the other hand, are manufactured to a specific band or set of bands. In order for the system to perform, you must program the
Main and Expansion Hubs to the band that the downstream RAUs are intended for.
Figure 7-4
7-16
Step 2: Set Operation Band
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Step 2: Set Operation Band
Set Operation Band
1.
Select a band from the Select Band drop-down list box.
2.
Click the APPLY button.
3.
Click the NEXT button if:
a.
The configuration is displayed correctly in the System Status pane.
b.
There are no error messages in the Messages pane.
If a band setting error message is displayed, you can:
1.
Disconnect the unit from the system.
2.
Click the BACK button to return to Step 1.
3.
Click the REFRESH button to clear the disconnected unit.
4.
Click the NEXT button to continue to Step 2.
NOTE: “Band not initialized” faults can only be cleared by performing Step 2. The
Configuration & Maintenance panel does not provide a way to clear these faults.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-17
PRELIMINARY
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
7.2.2.1
Description of Step 2 Panel
Panes
• System Status
A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Status pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Status tree.
• Messages
Status and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay,
the NEXT button is selectable.
Drop-Down List Box
• Select Band
Choose from:
RF Passband
7-18
Unison
Band
Downlink (MHz)
Uplink (MHz)
Cellular
869–894
824–849
DCS1
1805–1842.5
1710–1747.5
DCS2
1842.5–1880
1747.5–1785
DCS3
1840–1875
1745–1780
EGSM
925–960
880–915
GSM
935–960
890–915
iDEN
851–869
806–824
PCS A&D
1930–1950
1850–1870
PCS B&E
1945–1965
1865–1885
PCS D&B
1950–1970
1870–1890
PCS E&F
1965–1975
1885–1895
PCS F&C
1970–1990
1890–1910
UMTS 1
2110–2145
1920–1955
UMTS 2
2125–2160
1935–1970
UMTS 3
2135–2170
1945–1980
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Step 2: Set Operation Band
Command Buttons
• Apply
Clicking the APPLY button issues the set band command to the Main Hub and all
downstream components, and initiates a system test.
In order for the system to complete the band configuration, the factory-set band of
all the attached RAUs must match the band command issued by the AdminManager software. If the band command matches the RAU’s, then the system band is
set. If the band command does not match, the command is rejected and a “Set band
error” message for that RAU is displayed.
• Back
Clicking the BACK button returns AdminManager to the Step 1 panel.
• Next
Clicking the NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Step 3 panel. This button
is selectable only when the APPLY function is successful.
• Cancel
Clicking the CANCEL button quits the Installation Wizard and displays the AdminManager Start window (Figure 7-2).
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-19
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
7.2.3
PRELIMINARY
Step 3: Configure System Parameters
From this panel, you can set uplink and downlink system gain from 0 dB to 15 dB in
1 dB steps. By default, the UL and DL System Gain is set at 15 dB. Current hardware
settings are shown in the text boxes when the panel is first displayed. Figure 7-5
shows the display after the UL System Gain was changed to 11 dB.
Figure 7-5
Step 3: Configure System Parameters
Configure System Parameters
If you want to keep the values as they are initially displayed, click the NEXT button.
If you want to change the values:
1.
Enter a value in the UL System Gain text box, if desired.
2.
Enter a value in the DL System Gain text box, if desired.
3.
Enter the callback number if a callback number text box is displayed.
If a callback number is set in the Main Hub, this panel displays an additional callback number text box, letting you change the number, if desired.
7-20
4.
Click the APPLY button when you are ready.
5.
Click the NEXT button if:
a.
The configuration is displayed correctly in the System Status pane.
b.
There are no error messages in the Messages pane.
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Step 3: Configure System Parameters
7.2.3.1
Description of Step 3 Panel
Panes
• System Status
A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Status pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Status tree.
• Messages
Status and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay,
the NEXT button is selectable.
Text Boxes
• UL System Gain and DL System Gain
Both the uplink and the downlink system gain can be adjusted from 15 dB to 0 dB
in 1 dB increments using these text boxes.
Command Buttons
• Apply
Clicking the APPLY button sets the selected value.
• Back
Clicking the BACK button returns AdminManager to the Step 2 panel.
• Next
Clicking the NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Step 4 panel.
• Cancel
Clicking the CANCEL button quits the Installation Wizard and displays the AdminManager Start window (Figure 7-2).
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-21
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
7.2.4
PRELIMINARY
Step 4: Final System Test
This step performs an end-to-end RF path functional test that includes cable length
estimation and system gain refinement. Any disconnect status is cleared and all fault
logs are cleared.
Figure 7-6
Step 4: Final System Test
Perform Final System Test
1.
Click the APPLY button if the configuration is displayed correctly in the System
Status pane.
For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it
can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.
2.
Click the NEXT button when a successful test message is displayed in the Messages pane.
You can use the BACK button to return to previous steps and make changes if an error
is displayed in the Messages pane.
7-22
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Step 4: Final System Test
7.2.4.1
Description of Step 4 Panel
Panes
• System Status
A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Status pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Status tree.
• Messages
Status and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay,
the NEXT button is selectable.
Command Buttons
• Apply
Clicking the APPLY button starts the final system test.
• Back
Clicking the BACK button returns AdminManager to the Step 3 panel.
• Next
Clicking the NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Finish panel. This button
is selectable only when the APPLY function is successful.
• Cancel
Clicking the CANCEL button quits the Installation Wizard and displays the AdminManager Start window (Figure 7-2).
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-23
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
7.2.5
PRELIMINARY
Finish Panel
The Finish panel is displayed when the final system test is successfully completed.
Figure 7-7
1.
Finish Panel
Click the FINISH button.
A Save As dialog box is displayed.
2.
Specify a file name and where to save the command file.
All of the commands that were issued during the installation are saved in the command file.
7.2.5.1
Description of Finish Panel
Command Button
• Finish
Clicking the FINISH button displays a Save As dialog box for saving the configuration file and then quits the session.
7-24
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Configuration & Maintenance Panel
7.3
Configuration & Maintenance Panel
The Configuration & Maintenance Panel is used after the initial installation of a system. From this panel you can check status of the system, get current errors and warnings, get information about a particular unit in the system, set system parameters, and
perform a system test, for example.
Figure 7-8
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Configuration & Maintenance Window
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-25
PRELIMINARY
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
7.3.1
Window Description
Panes
• System Status
A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Status pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Status tree.
• Messages
Status and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane.
Drop-Down List Box
Table 7-1
Configuration and Maintenance Window Options
Connection
Local
7-26
Remote
Option
Advanced RAU Settings
Clear All Disconnect Status
Command Unit In-Service
Command Unit Out-of-Service
Get Current Errors
Get Current Warnings
Get System Parameters
Get Unit Info
Refresh System Status
Set Callback Number
Set Contact Sense Properties
Set System Parameters
System Test
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Window Description
Command Buttons
• Execute
Clicking the EXECUTE button starts the command that is selected in the Command
list box.
• Save Config
Clicking the SAVE CONFIG button displays the Save Configuration Notes dialog
box. Any additional information that you type into the text box is saved at the top
of the configuration file.
After you click OK in this dialog box, the Save As dialog box is displayed, in
which you specify the name of the file and where to save the configuration file.
Following is an example configuration file that includes notes:
Begin Notes *******************************************
LGC HQ
05/23/01 MH configuration L010MH11
System configuration
End Notes *********************************************
Frequency Band is DCS Low.
System Gain: UL = 12 dB, DL = 4 dB.
Callback Number is 1234567.
System label is LGC.
Main Hub Information:
Serial Number: L010BMH1
Part Number: 7405101
Revision Number: 03
Firmware Revision: 010526
Expansion Hub LGC-1 Information:
Serial Number: L010BEH9
Part Number: 7405101
Revision Number: 03
Firmware Revision: 010513
RAU LGC-1-5 Information:
Serial Number: L010BRU1
Part Number: 7405101
Revision Number: 03
Firmware Revision: 010021
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-27
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
PRELIMINARY
• Save Msg
Selecting the SAVE MSG button displays the Save As dialog box in which you specify the name of the file and where to save the contents of the Message text box.
• Exit
Selecting the EXIT button quits the session and displays the AdminManager Start
window (Figure 7-2).
7-28
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Options when Connected Locally
7.3.2
Options when Connected Locally
When you are locally connected to the Main Hub, you can choose the following
options in addition to those listed in Section 7.3.3, “Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely,” on page 7-34 (also, see Table 7-1 on page 7-26).
Advanced RAU Settings
• Set uplink and downlink 10 dB attenuation for an individual RAU
Refer to “Using the 10 dB Attenuation Setting” on page 7-30 for a description
of this setting.
• Select a UL ALC setting for an individual RAU
Refer to “Using the Uplink ALC Setting” on page 7-31 for a description of this
setting.
1. Enter the Expansion Hub number and the
RAU number in the text boxes on the RAU
Selection dialog box and click OK.
The Advanced RAU Settings dialog box is
displayed.”
In the Advanced RAU Settings example
shown below, Demo-1-1 indicates that RAU
number 1 that is connected to Expansion
Hub number 1 in the “Demo” Main Hub system is selected.
2. Select the Uplink and Downlink check box
to enable the 10 dB attenuation setting.
3. Select a radio button from the UL ALC Setting list.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-29
PRELIMINARY
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
Using the 10 dB Attenuation Setting
By selecting the Uplink and Downlink checkbox in the Advanced RAU Settings dialog box, the uplink and downlink signals in the individual RAU, which you specified
in the RAU Selection dialog box, are both reduced by 10 dB. One reason you may
want to use this setting is to reduce the RAU’s output power when an RAU is located
near an exterior wall of a building and its RF signal is going beyond the wall to the
outside of the building, where it can negatively affect the outdoor macro system.
The following table shows some examples of how the 10 dB attenuation setting
affects coverage distance. These examples assume a 0 dB gain system, a 3 dBi gain
antenna, and the difference between a –85 dB and a –75 dB design.
Frequency
Environment
Reduction in Coverage Distance
800 MHz
Open, like a parking garage
24 meters (80 feet)
800 MHz
Heavily walled, like a Hospital
12.5 meters (41 feet)
1900 MHz
Open, like a parking garage
24 meters (80 feet)
1900 MHz
Heavily walled, like a Hospital
9 meters (30 feet)
You can use the following formula to calculate the reduction in distance covered.
• dorig = original distance
• dnew = new distance with 10 dB attenuation enabled
• PLS = path loss slope [dB]
dnew = (10–10/PLS)dorig
Examples:
dnew = 0.31 dorig for PLS = 20 dB (free space)
dnew = 0.46 dorig for PLS = 30 dB
7-30
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Options when Connected Locally
Using the Uplink ALC Setting
Uplink automatic level control (UL ALC) circuitry within the RAU provides automatic level control on high-power signals in the uplink path. This functionality is
required to prevent compression caused by a single or multiple wireless devices that
are in very close proximity to an RAU. Compression causes signal degradation and,
ultimately, bit errors, and should be prevented. Two settings are available to optimize
UL ALC performance:
• Single Operator and Protocol: Use when only one operator and protocol is
on-the-air within the Unison system’s configured and adjacent frequency bands.
• Multiple Operators and/or Protocols: Use when more than one operator and/or
protocol is present in the Unison system’s frequency and adjacent frequency
bands.
The following table shows the frequency bands that are adjacent to the bands that the
system is configured for.
Table 7-2
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Frequency Bands Adjacent to System Configured Bands
System
Configuration
Adjacent Bands
iDEN
Cellular
Cellular
iDEN
PCS AD
PCS B
PCS DB
PCS A, PCS E
PCS BE
PCS D, PCS F
PCS EF
PCS B, PCS C
PCS FC
PCS E
GSM
–
EGSM
–
DCS 1
DCS 2
DCS 2
DCS 1, DCS 3
DCS 3
–
UMTS 1
UMTS 2, UMTS 3
UMTS 2
UMTS 1, UMTS 3
UMTS 3
UMTS 1, UMTS 2
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-31
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
PRELIMINARY
• Clear All Disconnect Status: clears a port disconnect fault when an Expansion
Hub or an RAU is disconnected and will not be re-connected.
• Command Unit In-Service: returns a unit to service that was previously removed
from service; restores a component to the system’s alarm monitoring; displays the
unit lock, unit not system tested, or normal operation icon.
• Command Unit Out-of-Service: removes a unit, and all of its downstream units,
from service, there is no RF transmission; lets you temporarily remove a component from the system’s alarm monitoring; displays unit “lock” icon.
• Set Callback Number: displays a dialog box in which you enter the phone number that the system uses to communicate with OpsConsole users. You can use up to
64 characters: 0 through 9, and the comma (,) for a pause. Leave the field blank if
you do not want the unit to call out. Refer to your modem documentation for other
characters that you can use. To disable callback, leave the text box empty.
• Set Contact Sense Properties: enables/disables the external sensing of either normally open or normally closed contact closures; displays “contact sense alarm” or
“contact sense okay” icon.
7-32
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Options when Connected Locally
• Set System Parameters: displays a dialog box from which you select uplink and
downlink gain settings, and/or specify a system label. If the system label text box
is left empty, the System Status tree displays the default label “1”.
• System Test: An end-to-end RF path functional test that includes cable length estimation and system gain refinement is performed during the system test. System
operation is suspended while the test is being performed. For a fully loaded system
(one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to
complete the test.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-33
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
7.3.3
PRELIMINARY
Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely
You can only choose read-only options and view system status when you are
remotely connected to the Main Hub. You cannot set parameters or change system
configuration remotely. (See Table 7-1 on page 7-26.)
• Get Current Errors: displays the highest priority error with a recommendation
for resolving it
7-34
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely
• Get Current Warnings: displays the highest priority warning with a recommendation for resolving it
• Get System Parameters: displays the frequency band, callback number, uplink
and downlink system gain, and system label
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-35
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
PRELIMINARY
• Get Unit Info: displays the Options dialog box in which you select a unit.
Select a unit and click the OK button to display that unit’s serial number, part number, revision number and firmware version. Additionally, the advanced settings for
the RAU are displayed when RAU information is requested.
7-36
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely
• Refresh System Status: requests system status and updates the System Status tree
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-37
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
7.4
PRELIMINARY
Upgrading Firmware
The firmware update program automatically detects which unit the firmware is
intended for and displays the firmware ID and version number in the Firmware
Update window, as shown in the following figure.
Figure 7-9
Firmware Update Window
Updating Firmware
1.
Copy the firmware program to the PC.
2.
Start AdminManager and select the Firmware Update radio button on the Start
window, and then click run.
An Open File dialog box is displayed.
3.
Choose the .m19 file you want to open from the Open File dialog box and click
OPEN.
The firmware ID and version number are displayed in the Firmware Update window.
4.
Click the PROGRAM button to start the download.
This button changes to CANCEL during the download, click it to stop the firmware
update.
5.
Click the DONE button.
This button is enabled when the download is completed.
7-38
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
System Status Tree
7.5
System Status Tree
A hierarchical tree of the detected system components is displayed in the System Status pane.
7.5.1
System Status Tree Icons
The following table shows the icons that may appear in the System Status tree.
Table 7-3
Icon
System Status Tree Icons
Description
Main Hub normal operation
Main Hub fault
Main Hub lock (unit and all downstream units are out-of-service)
Main Hub has not been system tested
Main Hub warning
Expansion Hub normal operation
Expansion Hub fault
Expansion Hub lock (unit and all downstream RAUs are out-of-service)
Expansion Hub has not been system tested
Expansion Hub warning
RAU normal operation
RAU fault
RAU lock
RAU has not been system tested
RAU warning
No communication
Contact sense alarm
Contact sense okay
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
7-39
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software
7-40
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PRELIMINARY
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
SECTION 8
Designing a Unison Solution
Designing a Unison solution is ultimately a matter of determining coverage and
capacity needs. This requires the following steps:
1.
Determine the wireless service provider’s requirements.
This information is usually supplied by the service provider:
• Frequency (i.e., 850 MHz)
• Band (i.e., “A” band in the Cellular spectrum)
• Protocol (i.e., TDMA, CDMA, GSM, iDEN)
• Peak capacity requirement (this, and whether or not the building will be split
into sectors, determines the number of carriers that the system will have to
transmit)
• Design goal (RSSI, received signal strength at the wireless handset,
i.e., –85 dBm)
The design goal is always a stronger signal than the cell phone needs. It
includes inherent factors which will affect performance (see Section 8.4.1 on
page 8-33).
• RF source (base station or BDA), type of equipment if possible
2.
Determine the power per carrier and input power from the base station or
BDA into the Main Hub: Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier
at RAU,” on page 8-3.
The maximum power per carrier is a function of the number of RF carriers, the
carrier headroom requirement, signal quality issues, regulatory emissions requirements, and Unison’s RF performance. The power per carrier decreases as the
number of carriers increases.
3.
Determine the in-building environment: Section 8.2, “Estimating RF Coverage,” on page 8-19.
• Determine which areas of the building require coverage (entire building, public
areas, parking levels, etc.)
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
8-1
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
• Obtain floor plans to determine floor space of building and the wall layout of
the proposed areas to be covered. Floor plans will also be useful when you are
selecting antenna locations.
• If possible, determine the building’s construction materials (sheetrock, metal,
concrete, etc.)
• Determine type of environment
– Open layout (e.g., a convention center)
– Dense, close walls (e.g., a hospital)
– Mixed use (e.g., an office building with hard wall offices and cubicles)
4.
Develop an RF link budget: Section 8.4, “Link Budget Analysis,” on page
8-32.
Knowing the power per carrier, you can calculate an RF link budget which is used
to predict how much propagation loss can be allowed in the system, while still
providing satisfactory performance throughout the area being covered. The link
budget is a methodical way to derive a “design goal”. If the design goal is provided in advance, the link budget is simply: allowable RF loss = max. power per
carrier – design goal.
5.
Determine the appropriate estimated path loss slope that corresponds to the
type of building and its layout, and estimate the coverage distance for each
RAU: Section 8.2, “Estimating RF Coverage,” on page 8-19.
The path loss slope (PLS), which gives a value to the RF propagation characteristics within the building, is used to convert the RF link budget into an estimate of
the coverage distance per antenna. This will help establish the Unison equipment
quantities you will need. The actual path loss slope that corresponds to the specific RF environment inside the building can also be determined empirically by
performing an RF site-survey of the building. This involves transmitting a calibrated tone for a fixed antenna and making measurements with a mobile antenna
throughout the area surrounding the transmitter.
6.
Determine the items required to connect to the base station: Section 8.6,
“Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station,” on page 8-46.
Once you know the quantities of Unison equipment you will use, you can determine the accessories (combiners/dividers, surge suppressors, repeaters, attenuators, circulators, etc.) that are required to connect the system to the base station.
The individual elements that must be considered in designing a Unison solution are
discussed in the following sections.
8-2
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU
8.1
Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU
The following tables show the recommended maximum power per carrier out of the
RAU SMA connector for different frequencies, formats, and numbers of carriers.
These limits are dictated by RF signal quality and regulatory emissions issues. The
maximum input power to the Main Hub is determined by subtracting the system gain
from the maximum output power of the RAU. System gain is software selectable
from 0 dB to 15 dB in 1 dB steps. Additionally, both the uplink and downlink RAU
gain can be reduced by 10 dB.
Therefore, when you connect a Main Hub to a base station or repeater, the RF power
per carrier usually needs to be attenuated in order to avoid exceeding Unison’s maximum output power recommendations.
Refer to Section 8.7, “Designing for a Neutral Host System,” on page 8-50 when
combining frequencies or protocols on a single Main Hub.
WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power could cause permanent damage to the Main Hub.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-3
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Table 8-1
800 MHz (AMPS) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.5
9.5
8.5
8.0
10
7.0
11
7.0
12
6.5
13
6.0
14
5.5
15
5.5
16
5.0
20
4.0
30
2.0
WARNING: For 800 MHz AMPS, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
8-4
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU
Table 8-2
800 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.5
8.5
8.0
10
7.5
11
7.0
12
6.5
13
6.5
14
6.0
15
5.5
16
5.5
20
4.5
30
2.5
WARNING: For 800 MHz TDMA, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-5
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Table 8-3
800 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
16.0
13.5
12.0
11.0
10.0
9.5
8.5
8.0
WARNING: For 800 MHz CDMA, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
8-6
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU
Table 8-4
800 MHz (iDEN) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.5
6.0
10
5.5
11
5.0
12
4.5
13
4.0
14
4.0
15
3.5
16
3.0
20
2.0
30
0.5
WARNING: For 800 MHz iDEN, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-7
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Table 8-5
900 MHz (GSM or EGSM) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
10
6.5
11
6.5
12
6.0
13
5.5
14
5.5
15
5.0
16
5.0
WARNING: For 900 MHz GSM or EGSM, do not exceed the maximum
composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
8-8
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU
Table 8-6
900 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
10
6.5
11
6.5
12
6.0
13
5.5
14
5.5
15
5.0
16
5.0
WARNING: For 900 MHz EDGE, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-9
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Table 8-7
1800 MHz (DCS) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.5
8.5
7.5
7.0
10
6.5
11
6.0
12
5.5
13
5.0
14
5.0
15
4.5
16
4.0
WARNING: For 1800 MHz DCS, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
8-10
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU
Table 8-8
1800 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.5
6.5
6.0
10
5.5
11
5.0
12
4.5
13
4.5
14
4.0
15
3.5
16
3.5
WARNING: For 1800 MHz EDGE, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-11
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Table 8-9
1800 MHz (CDMA Korea) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
14.5
12.0
10.5
9.5
8.5
8.0
7.0
6.5
WARNING: For 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea), do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any
time.
8-12
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU
Table 8-10
1900 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.5
10
6.0
11
5.5
12
5.0
13
5.0
14
4.5
15
4.0
16
4.0
20
3.0
30
1.0
WARNING: For 1900 MHz TDMA, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-13
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Table 8-11
1900 MHz (GSM) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.5
8.5
7.5
7.0
10
6.5
11
6.0
12
5.5
13
5.0
14
5.0
15
4.5
16
4.0
WARNING: For 1900 MHz GSM, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
8-14
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU
Table 8-12
1900 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
14.5
12.0
10.5
9.5
8.5
8.0
7.0
6.5
WARNING: For 1900 MHz CDMA, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-15
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Table 8-13
1900 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.5
6.5
6.0
10
5.5
11
5.0
12
4.5
13
4.5
14
4.0
15
3.5
16
3.5
WARNING: For 1900 MHz EDGE, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
8-16
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU
Table 8-14
2.1 GHz (WCDMA) Power per Carrier
No. of
Carriers
Power per
Carrier
(dBm)
14.5
11.0
8.5
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.5
3.5
WARNING: For 2.1 GHz WCDMA, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-17
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Allowing for Future Capacity Growth
Sometimes a Unison deployment initially is used to enhance coverage. Later that
same system may also need to provide increased capacity. Thus, the initial deployment might only transmit two carriers but need to transmit four carriers later. There
are two options for dealing with this scenario:
8-18
1.
Design the initial coverage with a maximum power per carrier for four carriers.
2.
Design the initial coverage for two carriers but leave Expansion Hub ports
unused. These ports can be used later if coverage holes are discovered once the
power per carrier is lowered to accommodate the two additional carriers.
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Estimating RF Coverage
8.2
Estimating RF Coverage
The maximum power per carrier (based on the number and type of RF carriers that
are being transmitted) and the minimum acceptable received power at the wireless
device (i.e., RSSI, the design goal) establish the RF link budget, and consequently the
maximum acceptable path loss between the antenna and the wireless device.
Figure 8-1
Determining Path Loss between the Antenna and the Wireless Device
Antenna and Gain (G)
RAU
P = power per
carrier from the RAU
RSSI = power at the
wireless device
(P + Lcoax + G) – RSSI = PL
(1)
The path loss (PL) is the loss in decibels (dB) between the antenna and the wireless
device. The distance, d, from the antenna corresponding to this path loss can be calculated using the path loss equations in Section 8.2.1 and in Section 8.2.2.
The following table lists coaxial cable loss.
Table 8-15
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Coaxial Cable Losses
Length of
Cable
Loss at
800 MHz
(dB)
Loss at
1900 MHz
(dB)
0.9 m (3 ft)
0.4
0.6
1.8 m (6 ft)
0.9
1.4
3.0 m (10 ft)
1.5
2.4
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-19
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
8.2.1
Path Loss Equation
Indoor path loss obeys the distance power law1 in equation (2):
PL = 20log(4πd0f/c) + 10nlog(d/d0) + Χs
(2)
where:
• PL is the path loss at a distance, d, from the antenna (the distance between the
antenna that is connected to the RAU and the point where the RF signal
decreases to the minimum acceptable level at the wireless device).
• d0 is usually taken as 1 meter of free-space.
• f is the operating frequency in hertz.
• c is the speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 × 108 m/sec).
• n is the path loss exponent and depends on the building “clutter”.
• Χs is a normal random variable that depends on partition losses inside the building, and therefore, depends on the frequency of operation.
As a reference, the following table gives estimates of signal loss for some RF barriers.1
Table 8-16
Average Signal Loss of Common Building Materials
Partition Type
Loss (dB)
@ <2 GHz
Frequency (MHz)
Metal wall
26
815
Aluminum siding
20
815
Foil insulation
815
Cubicle walls
1.4
900
Concrete block wall
13
1300
Concrete floor
10
1300
Sheetrock
1 to 2
1300
Light machinery
1300
General machinery
1300
Heavy machinery
11
1300
Equipment racks
1300
Assembly line
1300
Ceiling duct
1300
Metal stairs
1300
1. Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.
8-20
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Coverage Distance
8.2.2
Coverage Distance
Equations (1) and (2), on pages 8-19 and 8-20, respectively, can be used to estimate
the distance from the antenna to where the RF signal decreases to the minimum
acceptable level at the wireless device.
Equation (2) can be simplified to:
PL(d) = 20log(4πf/c) + PLSlog(d)
(3)
where PLS (path loss slope) is chosen to account for the building’s environment.
Because different frequencies penetrate partitions with different losses, the value of
PLS will vary depending on the frequency.
Table 8-17 shows estimated path loss slope (PLS) for various environments that have
different “clutter” (i.e., objects that attenuate the RF signals, such as walls, partitions,
stairwells, equipment racks, etc.)
Table 8-17
Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building Environments
Facility
PLS for
800/900 MHz
PLS for
1800/1900 MHz
Manufacturing
35
32
Hospital
39.4
38.1
Airport
35
32
Retail
36.1
33.1
Warehouse
35
32
Parking Garage
33.7
30.1
Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall
36.1
33.1
Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall
37.6
34.8
Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall
39.4
38.1
For simplicity, Equation (3) can be used to estimate the coverage distance of an
antenna that is connected to an RAU, for a given path loss, frequency, and type of
in-building environment.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-21
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Table 8-18 gives the value of the first term of Equation (3) (i.e., (20log(4πf/c)) for
various frequency bands.
Table 8-18
Frequency Bands and the Value of the first Term in Equation (3)
Band (MHz)
8-22
Uplink
Downlink
Mid-Band
Frequency
(MHz)
800 MHz Cellular
824–849
869–894
859
31.1
800 MHz iDEN
806–824
851–869
837.5
30.9
20log(4πf/c)
900 MHz GSM
890–915
935–960
925
31.8
900 MHz EGSM
880–915
925–960
920
31.7
1800 MHz DCS
1710–1785
1805–1880
1795
37.5
1800 MHz CDMA (Korea)
1750–1780
1840–1870
1810
37.6
1900 MHz PCS
1850–1910
1930–1990
1920
38.1
2.1 GHz UMTS
1920–1980
2110–2170
2045
38.7
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Coverage Distance
For reference, Tables 8-19 through 8-25 show the distance covered by an antenna for
various in-building environments. The following assumptions were made:
• Path loss Equation (3)
• 6 dBm output per carrier at the RAU output
• 3 dBi antenna gain
• RSSI = –85 dBm (typical for narrowband protocols, but not for spread-spectrum protocols)
Table 8-19 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 800 MHz Cellular Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
Meters
Feet
Manufacturing
63
205
Hospital
39
129
Airport
63
205
Retail
55
181
Warehouse
63
205
Parking Garage
73
241
Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall
55
181
Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall
47
154
Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall
39
129
Table 8-20 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 800 MHz iDEN Applications
Distance from Antenna
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Facility
Meters
Feet
Manufacturing
64
208
Hospital
40
131
Airport
64
208
Retail
56
184
Warehouse
64
208
Parking Garage
75
244
Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall
56
184
Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall
48
156
Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall
40
131
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-23
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Table 8-21 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 900 MHz GSM Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
Meters
Feet
Manufacturing
60
197
Hospital
38
125
Airport
60
197
Retail
53
174
Warehouse
60
197
Parking Garage
70
230
Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall
53
174
Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall
45
148
Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall
38
125
Table 8-22 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 900 MHz EGSM Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
8-24
Meters
Feet
Manufacturing
60
197
Hospital
38
125
Airport
60
197
Retail
53
174
Warehouse
60
197
Parking Garage
70
231
Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall
53
174
Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall
45
149
Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall
38
125
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Coverage Distance
Table 8-23 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 1800 MHz DCS Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
Meters
Feet
Manufacturing
58
191
Hospital
30
100
Airport
58
191
Retail
51
167
Warehouse
58
191
Parking Garage
75
246
Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall
50
166
Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall
42
137
Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall
30
100
Table 8-24 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea) Applications
Distance from Antenna
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Facility
Meters
Feet
Manufacturing
58
191
Hospital
30
100
Airport
58
191
Retail
51
167
Warehouse
58
191
Parking Garage
75
247
Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall
51
167
Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall
42
138
Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall
30
100
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-25
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Table 8-25 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 1900 MHz PCS Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
Meters
Feet
Manufacturing
56
183
Hospital
29
96
Airport
56
183
Retail
49
160
Warehouse
56
183
Parking Garage
72
236
Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall
49
160
Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall
40
132
Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall
29
96
Table 8-26 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 2.1 GHz UMTS Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
8-26
Meters
Feet
Manufacturing
54
176
Hospital
28
93
Airport
54
176
Retail
47
154
Warehouse
54
176
Parking Garage
69
226
Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall
47
154
Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall
39
128
Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall
28
93
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Examples of Design Estimates
8.2.3
Examples of Design Estimates
Example Design Estimate for an 800 MHz TDMA Application
1.
Design goals:
• Cellular (859 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink
frequency in 800 MHz Cellular band)
• TDMA provider
• 6 TDMA carriers in the system
• –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the building) — the minimum received power
at the wireless device
• Base station with simplex RF connections
2.
Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU,” on page 8-3 provide maximum power per carrier information. The
800 MHz TDMA table (on page 8-5) indicates that Unison can support 6 carriers
with a recommended maximum power per carrier of 10.5 dBm. The input power
should be set to the desired output power minus the system gain.
3.
Building information:
• 8 floor building with 9,290 sq. meters (100,000 sq. ft.) per floor; total 74,322
sq. meters (800,000 sq. ft.)
• Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles
• Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted
• Standard office environment, 50% hard wall offices and 50% cubicles
4.
Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi
omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propagation loss should be no more than 98.5 dB (10.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over
95% of the area being covered. It is important to note that a design goal such as
–85 dBm is usually derived taking into account multipath fading and log-normal
shadowing characteristics. Thus, this design goal will only be met “on average”
over 95% of the area being covered. At any given point, a fade may bring the signal level underneath the design goal.
Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path.
For information to calculate link budgets for both the downlink and uplink paths,
see Section 8.4 on page 8-32.
5.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, Table 8-17, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for
Different In-Building Environments” on page 8-21, shows that a building with 50%
hard wall offices and 50% cubicles, at 859 MHz, has an approximate path loss slope
(PLS) of 37.6. Given the RF link budget of 98.5 dB, the distance of coverage from
each RAU will be 62 meters (203 ft). This corresponds to a coverage area of
12,079 sq. meters (129,952 sq. ft.) per RAU (see Section 8.2.1 for details on path
loss estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though the
actual area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstructions
in the facility.
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-27
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Equipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate
the Unison equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are
tested in the building, you can estimate that 2 antennas per level will be needed.
a.
1 antenna per floor × 8 floors = 8 RAUs
b.
8 RAUs ÷ 8 (max 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 1 Expansion Hub
c.
1 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (max 4 Expansion Hubs per Main Hub) = 1 Main Hub
Check that the MMF and Cat-5 cable distances are as recommended. If the distances differ, use the tables in Section 8.3, “System Gain,” on page 8-31 to determine system gains or losses. The path loss may need to be recalculated to assure
adequate signal levels in the required coverage distance.
The above estimates assume that all cable length requirements are met. If Expansion
Hubs cannot be placed so that the RAUs are within the distance requirement, additional Expansion Hubs may need to be placed closer to the required RAUs locations.
An RF Site Survey and Building Evaluation is required to accurately establish the
Unison equipment quantities required for the building. The site survey measures the
RF losses within the building to determine the actual PLS, which will be used in the
final path loss formula to determine the actual requirements of the Unison system.
8-28
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Examples of Design Estimates
Example Design Estimate for an 1900 MHz CDMA Application
1.
Design goals:
• PCS (1920 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink frequency in 1900 MHz PCS band)
• CDMA provider
• 8 CDMA carriers in the system
• –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the building) — the minimum received power
at the wireless device
• Base station with simplex RF connections
2.
Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU,” on page 8-3 provide maximum power per carrier information. The
1900 MHz CDMA table (on page 8-15) indicates that Unison can support 8 carriers with a recommended maximum power per carrier of 6.5 dBm. The input
power should be set to the desired output power minus the system gain.
3.
Building information:
• 16 floor building with 9,290 sq. meters (100,000 sq. ft.) per floor; total
148,640 sq. meters (1,600,000 sq. ft.)
• Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles
• Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted
• Standard office environment, 80% hard wall offices and 20% cubicles
4.
Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi
omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propagation loss should be no more than 94.5 dB (6.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over
95% of the area being covered. It is important to note that a design goal such as
–85 dBm is usually derived taking into account multipath fading and log-normal
shadowing characteristics. Thus, this design goal will only be met “on average”
over 95% of the area being covered. At any given point, a fade may bring the signal level underneath the design goal.
Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path.
For information to calculate link budgets for both the downlink and uplink paths,
see Section 8.4 on page 8-32.
5.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, Table 8-17, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for
Different In-Building Environments” on page 8-21, shows that a building with 80%
hard wall offices and 20% cubicles, at 1920 MHz, has an approximate path loss
slope (PLS) of 38.1. Given the RF link budget of 94.5 dB, the distance of coverage
from each RAU will be 50 meters (166 ft). This corresponds to a coverage area of
8,031 sq. meters (86,404 sq. ft.) per RAU (see Section 8.2.1 for details on path loss
estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though the actual
area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstructions in the
facility.
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-29
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
6.
Equipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate
the Unison equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are
tested in the building, you can estimate that 2 antennas per level will be needed.
a.
2 antennas per floor × 16 floors = 32 RAUs
b.
32 RAUs ÷ 8 (max 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 4 Expansion Hubs
c.
4 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (max 4 Expansion Hubs per Main Hub) = 1 Main Hub
Check that the MMF and Cat-5 cable distances are as recommended. If the distances differ, use the tables in Section 8.3, “System Gain,” on page 8-31 to determine system gains or losses. The path loss may need to be recalculated to assure
adequate signal levels in the required coverage distance.
The above estimates assume that all cable length requirements are met. If Expansion
Hubs cannot be placed so that the RAUs are within the distance requirement, additional Expansion Hubs may need to be placed closer to the required RAUs locations.
An RF Site Survey and Building Evaluation is required to accurately establish the
Unison equipment quantities required for the building. The site survey measures the
RF losses within the building to determine the actual PLS, which will be used in the
final path loss formula to determine the actual requirements of the Unison system.
8-30
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
System Gain
8.3
System Gain
The system gain can be decreased from 15 dB to 0 dB gain in 1 dB increments and
the uplink and downlink gain of any RAU can be decreased by 10 dB in one step
using AdminManager or OpsConsole.
8.3.1
System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable Length
The recommended minimum length of ScTP cable is 20 meters (66 ft) and the recommended maximum length is 100 meters (328 ft). If the ScTP cable is less than 10
meters (33 ft), system performance may not meet specifications. If the ScTP cable is
longer than 100 meters (328 ft), the gain of the system will decrease, as shown in
Table 8-27.
Table 8-27
System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable Length
Typical change in system gain (dB)
ScTP Cable
Length
Downlink
Uplink
800 MHz TDMA/AMPS and CDMA; 900 MHz GSM and
EGSM; and iDEN
110 m / 361 ft
–1.0
–0.7
120 m / 394 ft
–3.2
–2.4
130 m / 426 ft
–5.3
–4.1
140 m / 459 ft
–7.5
–5.8
150 m / 492 ft
–9.7
–7.6
1800 MHz GSM (DCS); 1900 MHz TDMA, CDMA, and GSM
110 m / 361 ft
–1.0
–0.7
120 m / 394 ft
–4.0
–2.4
130 m / 426 ft
–6.4
–4.1
140 m / 459 ft
–8.8
–5.8
150 m / 492 ft
–11.3
–7.6
110 m / 361 ft
–1.0
–0.7
120 m / 394 ft
–3.2
–2.4
130 m / 426 ft
–5.3
–4.1
140 m / 459 ft
–7.5
–5.8
150 m / 492 ft
–9.7
–7.6
2.1 GHz UMTS
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-31
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
8.4
Link Budget Analysis
A link budget is a methodical way to account for the gains and losses in an RF system
so that the quality of coverage can be predicted. The end result can often be stated as
a “design goal” in which the coverage is determined by the maximum distance from
each RAU before the signal strength falls beneath that goal.
One key feature of the link budget is the maximum power per carrier discussed in
Section 8.1. While the maximum power per carrier is important as far as emissions
and signal quality requirements are concerned, it is critical that the maximum signal
into the Main Hub never exceed 1W (+30 dBm). Composite power levels above this
limit will cause damage to the Main Hub.
WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power of 1W (+30 dBm)
could cause permanent damage to the Main Hub.
8-32
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards
8.4.1
Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards
The link budget represents a typical calculation that might be used to determine how
much path loss can be afforded in a Unison design. This link budget analyzes both the
downlink and uplink paths. For most configurations, the downlink requires lower
path loss and is therefore the limiting factor in the system design. It is for this reason
that a predetermined “design goal” for the downlink is sufficient to predict coverage
distance.
The link budget is organized in a simple manner: the transmitted power is calculated,
the airlink losses due to fading and body loss are summed, and the receiver sensitivity
(minimum level a signal can be received for acceptable call quality) is calculated. The
maximum allowable path loss (in dB) is the difference between the transmitted
power, less the airlink losses, and the receiver sensitivity. From the path loss, the
maximum coverage distance can be estimated using the path loss formula presented
in Section 8.2.1.
Table 8-28 provides link budget considerations for narrowband systems.
Table 8-28
Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems
Consideration
Description
BTS Transmit Power
The power per carrier transmitted from the base station output
Attenuation between
BTS and Unison
This includes all losses: cable, attenuator, splitter/combiner, and so forth.
On the downlink, attenuation must be chosen so that the maximum power per carrier going into the
Main Hub does not exceed the levels given in Section 8.1.
On the uplink, attenuation is chosen to keep the maximum uplink signal and noise level low enough
to prevent base station alarms but small enough not to cause degradation in the system sensitivity.
If the Unison noise figure minus the attenuation is at least 10 dB higher than the BTS noise figure,
the system noise figure will be approximately that of Unison alone. See Section 8.6 for ways to independently set the uplink and downlink attenuations between the base station and Unison.
Antenna Gain
The radiated output power includes antenna gain. For example, if you use a 3 dBi antenna at the
RAU that is transmitting 0 dBm per carrier, the effective radiated power (relative to an isotropic
radiator) is 3 dBm per carrier.
BTS Noise Figure
This is the effective noise floor of the base station input (usually base station sensitivity is this effective noise floor plus a certain C/I ratio).
Unison Noise Figure
This is Unison’s uplink noise figure, which varies depending on the number of Expansion Hubs and
RAUs, and the frequency band. Unison’s uplink noise figure is specified for a 1-1-4 configuration.
Thus, the noise figure for a Unison system (or multiple systems whose uplink ports are power combined) will be NF(1-1-4) + 10*log(# of Expansion Hubs). This represents an upper-bound because
the noise figure is lower if any of the Expansion Hub’s RAU ports are not used.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-33
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Table 8-28
Consideration
Thermal Noise
Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems (continued)
Description
This is the noise level in the signal bandwidth (BW).
Thermal noise power = –174 dBm/Hz + 10Log(BW).
Protocol
Signal
Bandwidth
Thermal
Noise
TDMA
30 kHz
–129 dBm
GSM
200 kHz
–121 dBm
iDEN
25 kHz
–130 dBm
Required C/I ratio
For each wireless standard a certain C/I (carrier to interference) ratio is needed to obtain acceptable
demodulation performance. For narrowband systems, (TDMA, GSM, EDGE, iDEN, AMPS) this
level varies from about 9 dB to 20 dB.
Mobile Transmit
Power
The maximum power the mobile can transmit (power transmitted at highest power level setting).
Multipath Fade
Margin
This margin allows for a certain level of fading due to multipath interference. Inside buildings there
is often one or more fairly strong signals and many weaker signals arriving from reflections and diffraction. Signals arriving from multiple paths add constructively or destructively. This margin
accounts for the possibility of destructive multipath interference. In RF site surveys this margin will
not appear because it will be averaged out over power level samples taken over many locations.
Log-normal Fade
Margin
This margin adds an allowance for RF shadowing due to objects obstructing the direct path between
the mobile equipment and the RAU. In RF site surveys, this shadowing will not appear because it
will be averaged out over power level samples taken over many locations.
Body Loss
This accounts for RF attenuation caused by the user’s head and body.
Minimum Received
Signal Level
This is also referred to as the “design goal”. The link budget says that you can achieve adequate coverage if the signal level is, on average, above this level over 95% of the area covered, for example.
8-34
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Narrowband Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application
8.4.2
Narrowband Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application
Narrowband Link Budget Analysis: Downlink
Line
Downlink
Transmitter
a.
BTS transmit power per carrier (dBm)
b.
Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB)
33
–23
c.
Power into Unison (dBm)
d.
Unison gain (dB)
10
e.
Antenna gain (dBi)
f.
Radiated power per carrier (dBm)
13
Airlink
g.
Multipath fade margin (dB)
h.
Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90%
(dB)
i.
Body loss (dB)
j.
Airlink losses (not including facility path loss)
10
19
Receiver
k.
Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz)
l.
Mobile noise figure (dB)
m.
Required C/I ratio (dB)
n.
Minimum received signal (dBm)
p.
Maximum path loss (dB)
–129
12
–110
104
• c=a+b
• f=c+d+e
• j=g+h+i
• n=k+l+m
• k: in this example, k represents the thermal noise for a TDMA signal, which
has a bandwidth of 30 kHz
• p=f–j–n
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-35
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Narrowband Link Budget Analysis: Uplink
Line
Uplink
Receiver
a.
BTS noise figure (dB)
b.
Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB)
–10
c.
Unison gain (dB)
d.
Unison noise figure (dB) 1-4-32
e.
System noise figure (dB)
22.6
f.
Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz)
–129
g.
Required C/I ratio (dB)
h.
Antenna gain (dBi)
i.
Receive sensitivity (dBm)
22
12
–97.4
Airlink
j.
Multipath fade margin (dB)
k.
Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90%
(dB)
l.
Body loss (dB)
m.
Airlink losses (not including facility path loss)
10
19
Transmitter
n.
p.
Mobile transmit power (dBm)
Maximum path loss (dB)
28
106.4
• e: enter the noise figure and gain of each system component (a, b, c, and d) into
the standard cascaded noise figure formula
Fsys = F1 +
F2 – 1
G1
F3 – 1
G1G2
+ ....
where
F = 10 (Noise Figure/10)
G = 10(Gain/10)
(See Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.)
• i=f+e+g–h
• m=j+k+l
• p=n–m–i
8-36
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards
8.4.3
Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards
A CDMA link budget is slightly more complicated because the spread spectrum
nature of CDMA must be considered. Unlike narrowband standards such as TDMA
and GSM, CDMA signals are spread over a relatively wide frequency band. Upon
reception, the CDMA signal is de-spread. In the de-spreading process the power in
the received signal becomes concentrated into a narrow band, whereas the noise level
remains unchanged. Hence, the signal-to-noise ratio of the de-spread signal is higher
than that of the CDMA signal before de-spreading. This increase is called processing
gain. For IS-95 and J-STD-008, the processing gain is 21 dB or 19 dB depending on
the user data rate (9.6 Kbps for rate set 1 and 14.4 Kbps for rate set 2, respectively).
Because of the processing gain, a CDMA signal (comprising one Walsh code channel
within the composite CDMA signal) can be received at a lower level than that
required for narrowband signals. A reasonable level is –95 dBm, which results in
about –85 dBm composite as shown below.
An important issue to keep in mind is that the downlink CDMA signal is composed of
many orthogonal channels: pilot, paging, sync, and traffic. The composite power
level is the sum of the powers from the individual channels. An example is given in
the following table.
Table 8-29
Distribution of Power within a CDMA Signal
Channel
Walsh Code Number
Pilot
Sync
Primary Paging
Traffic
Relative Power Level
20%
–7.0 dB
32
5%
–13.3 dB
19%
–7.3 dB
8–31, 33–63
9% (per traffic channel)
–10.3 dB
This table assumes that there are 15 active traffic channels operating with 50% voice
activity (so that the total power adds up to 100%). Notice that the pilot and sync channels together contribute about 25% of the power. When measuring the power in a
CDMA signal you must be aware that if only the pilot and sync channels are active,
the power level will be about 6 to 7 dB lower than the maximum power level you can
expect when all voice channels are active. The implication is that if only the pilot and
sync channels are active, and the maximum power per carrier table says that you
should not exceed 10 dBm for a CDMA signal, for example, then you should set the
attenuation between the base station and the Main Hub so that the Main Hub receives
3 dBm (assuming 0 dB system gain).
An additional consideration for CDMA systems is that the uplink and downlink paths
should be gain and noise balanced. This is required for proper operation of soft-handoff to the outdoor network as well as preventing excess interference that is caused by
mobiles on the indoor system transmitting at power levels that are not coordinated
with the outdoor mobiles. This balance is achieved if the power level transmitted by
the mobiles under close-loop power control is similar to the power level transmitted
under open-loop power control. The open-loop power control equation is
PTX + PRX = –73 dBm (for Cellular, IS-95)
PTX + PRX = –76 dBm (for PCS, J-STD-008)
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-37
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
where PTX is the mobile’s transmitted power and PRX is the power received by the
mobile.
The power level transmitted under closed-loop power control is adjusted by the base
station to achieve a certain Eb/N0 (explained in Table 8-30 on page 8-38). The difference between these power levels, ∆P, can be estimated by comparing the power radiated from the RAU, Pdownink, to the minimum received signal, Puplink, at the RAU:
∆P = Pdownink + Puplink + 73 dBm (for Cellular)
∆P = Pdownink + Puplink + 76 dBm (for PCS)
It’s a good idea to keep –12 dB < ∆P < 12 dB.
Table 8-30 provides link budget considerations for CDMA systems.
Table 8-30
Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA
Consideration
Description
Multipath Fade
Margin
The multipath fade margin can be reduced (by at least 3 dB) by using different lengths of optical fiber (this
is called “delay diversity”). The delay over fiber is approximately 5µS/km. If the difference in fiber
lengths to Expansion Hubs with overlapping coverage areas produces at least 1 chip (0.8µS) delay of one
path relative to the other, then the multipaths’ signals can be resolved and processed independently by the
base station’s rake receiver. A CDMA signal traveling through 163 meters of MMF cable will be delayed
by approximately one chip.
Power per carrier, downlink
This depends on how many channels are active. For example, the signal will be about 7 dB lower if only
the pilot, sync, and paging channels are active compared to a fully-loaded CDMA signal. Furthermore, in
the CDMA forward link, voice channels are turned off when the user is not speaking. On average this is
assumed to be about 50% of the time. So, in the spreadsheet, both the power per Walsh code channel (representing how much signal a mobile will receive on the Walsh code that it is de-spreading) and the total
power are used.
The channel power is needed to determine the maximum path loss, and the total power is needed to determine how hard the Unison system is being driven.
The total power for a fully-loaded CDMA signal is given by (approximately):
total power = voice channel power + 13 dB + 10log10 (50%)
= voice channel power + 10 dB
Information Rate
This is simply
10log10(9.6 Kbps) = 40 dB for rate set 1
10log10(14.4 Kbps) = 42 dB for rate set 2
Process Gain
The process of de-spreading the desired signal boosts that signal relative to the noise and interference.
This gain needs to be included in the link budget. In the following formulas, PG = process gain:
PG = 10log10(1.25 MHz / 9.6 Kbps) = 21 dB rate set 1
PG = 10log10(1.25 MHz / 14.4 Kbps) = 19 dB rate set 2
Note that the process gain can also be expressed as 10log10 (CDMA bandwidth) minus the information
rate.
8-38
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards
Table 8-30
Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA (continued)
Consideration
Description
Eb/No
This is the energy-per-bit divided by the received noise and interference. It’s the CDMA equivalent of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This figure depends on the mobile’s receiver and the multipath environment. For
example, the multipath delays inside a building are usually too small for a rake receiver in the mobile (or
base station) to resolve and coherently combine multipath components. However, if artificial delay can be
introduced by, for instance, using different lengths of cable, then the required Eb/No will be lower and the
multipath fade margin in the link budget can be reduced in some cases.
If the receiver noise figure is NF (dB), then the receive sensitivity (dBm) is given by:
Psensitivity = NF + Eb/No + thermal noise in a 1.25 MHz band – PG
= NF + Eb/No – 113 (dBm/1.25 MHz) – PG
Noise Rise
On the uplink, the noise floor is determined not only by the Unison system, but also by the number of
mobiles that are transmitting. This is because when the base station attempts to de-spread a particular
mobile’s signal, all other mobile signals appear to be noise. Because the noise floor rises as more mobiles
try to communicate with a base station, the more mobiles there are, the more power they have to transmit.
Hence, the noise floor rises rapidly:
noise rise = 10log10(1 / (1 – loading))
where loading is the number of users as a percentage of the theoretical maximum number of users.
Typically, a base station is set to limit the loading to 75%. This noise ratio must be included in the link
budget as a worst-case condition for uplink sensitivity. If there are less users than 75% of the maximum,
then the uplink coverage will be better than predicted.
Hand-off Gain
CDMA supports soft hand-off, a process by which the mobile communicates simultaneously with more
than one base station or more than one sector of a base station. Soft hand-off provides improved receive
sensitivity because there are two or more receivers or transmitters involved. A line for hand-off gain is
included in the CDMA link budgets worksheet although the gain is set to 0 dB because the in-building
system will probably be designed to limit soft-handoff.
Other CDMA Issues
• Never combine multiple sectors (more than one CDMA signal at the same frequency) into a Unison system. The combined CDMA signals will interfere with
each other.
• Try to minimize overlap between in-building coverage areas that utilize different
sectors, as well as in-building coverage and outdoor coverage areas. This is important because any area in which more than one dominant pilot signal (at the same
frequency) is measured by the mobile will result in soft-handoff. Soft-handoff
decreases the overall network capacity by allocating multiple channel resources to
a single mobile phone.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-39
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
8.4.4
Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell
Application
Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: Downlink
Line
Downlink
Transmitter
a.
BTS transmit power per traffic channel (dBm)
30.0
b.
Voice activity factor
50%
c.
Composite power (dBm)
40.0
d.
Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB)
–24
e.
Power per channel into Unison (dBm)
9.0
f.
Composite power into Unison (dBm)
16.0
g.
Unison gain (dB)
0.0
h.
Antenna gain (dBi)
3.0
i.
Radiated power per channel (dBm)
12.0
j.
Composite radiated power (dBm)
19.0
Airlink
k.
Handoff gain (dB)
0.0
l.
Multipath fade margin (dB)
6.0
m.
Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability
90% (dB)
n.
Additional loss (dB)
0.0
o.
Body loss (dB)
3.0
p.
Airlink losses (not including facility path loss)
10.0
19.0
Receiver
q.
Mobile noise figure (dB)
7.0
r.
Thermal noise (dBm/Hz)
–174.0
s.
Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz)
–167.0
t.
Information ratio (dB/Hz)
u.
Required Eb/(No+lo)
v.
Receive Sensitivity (dBm)
w.
Minimum received signal (dBm)
x.
8-40
Maximum path loss (dB)
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
41.6
7.0
–118.4
–99.4
–99.4
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application
• b and c: see notes in Table 8-30 regarding power per carrier, downlink
• e=a+d
• f=c+d
• i=e+g+h
• j=f+g+h
• p = –k + l + m + n + o
• s=q+r
• v=s+t+u
• w=p+v
• x=j–w
• y = j (downlink) + m (uplink) + P
where
P = Ptx + Prx = –73 dB for Cellular
–76 dB for PCS
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-41
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: Uplink
Line
Uplink
Receiver
a.
BTS noise figure (dB)
b.
Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB)
3.0
–30.0
c.
Unison gain (dB)
d.
Unison noise figure (dB)
22.0
0.0
e.
System noise figure (dB)
33.3
f.
Thermal noise (dBm/Hz)
–174.0
g.
Noise rise 75% loading (dB)
h.
Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz)
i.
Information rate (dB/Hz)
j.
Required Eb/(No+lo)
5.0
k.
Handoff gain (dB)
0.0
l.
Antenna gain (dBi)
3.0
m.
Minimum received signal (dBm)
6.0
–134.6
41.6
–91.1
Airlink
n.
Multipath fade margin (dB)
6.0
o.
Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability
90% (dB)
p.
Additional loss (dB)
0.0
q.
Body loss (dB)
3.0
r.
Airlink losses (not including facility path loss)
10.0
19.0
Transmitter
s.
t.
8-42
Mobile transmit power (dBm)
Maximum path loss (dB)
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
28.0
100.1
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application
• e: enter the noise figure and gain of each system component (a, b, c, and d) into
the standard cascaded noise figure formula
Fsys = F1 +
F2 – 1
G1
F3 – 1
G1G2
+ ....
where
F = 10 (Noise Figure/10)
G = 10(Gain/10)
(See Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.)
• h=e+f+g
• m = h + i + j –k – l
• r=n+o+p+q
• t=s–r–m
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-43
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
8.4.5
Considerations for Re-Radiation (over-the-air) Systems
The Unison can be used to extend the coverage of the outdoor network by connecting
to a roof-top donor antenna that is pointed toward an outdoor base station. Additional
considerations for such an application of the Unison are:
• Sizing the gain and output power requirements for a bi-directional amplifier
(repeater).
• Ensuring that noise radiated on the uplink from the in-building system does not
cause the outdoor base station to become desensitized to wireless handsets in the
outdoor network.
• Filtering out signals that lie in adjacent frequency bands. For instance, if you are
providing coverage for Cellular B-band operation it may be necessary to filter out
the A, A’ and A” bands which may contain strong signals from other outdoor base
stations.
Further information on these issues can be found in LGC Wireless’ application notes
for re-radiation applications.
8-44
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Optical Power Budget
8.5
Optical Power Budget
Unison uses SC/APC connectors. The connector losses associated with mating to
these connectors is accounted for in the design and should not be included as elements of the optical power budget. The reason is that when the optical power budget
is defined, measurements are taken with these connectors in place.
The Unison optical power budget for both multimode and single-mode fiber cable is
3.0 dB (optical).
The maximum loss through the fiber can not exceed 3 dB (optical). The maximum
lengths of the fiber cable should not exceed 1.5 km (4,921 ft) for multimode and 6 km
(19,685 ft) for single-mode. Both the optical budget and the maximum cable length
must be taken into consideration when designing the system.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-45
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
8.6
Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station
The first consideration when connecting Unison Main Hubs to a base station is to
ensure there is an equal amount of loss through cables, combiners, etc. from the base
station to the Main Hubs. For this example, assume that the base station will have
simplex connections, one uplink and one downlink. Each of these connections will
need to be divided to equilibrate power for each Main Hub. For example, two Main
Hubs will require a 2×1 combiner/divider; four Main Hubs will require a 4×1 combiner/divider; and so on.
Figure 8-2
Connecting Main Hubs to a Simplex Base Station
2 × 1 combiner/divider
Downlink/Forward
Main Hub 1
Base Station
Main Hub 2
Uplink/Reverse
When connecting a Unison Main Hub to a base station, also consider the following:
1.
The downlink power from the base station must be attenuated enough so that the
power radiated by the RAU does not exceed the maximum power per carrier listed
in Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU,” on page 8-3.
2.
The uplink attenuation should be small enough that the sensitivity of the overall
system is limited by Unison, not by the attenuator. However, some base stations
will trigger alarms if the noise or signal levels are too high. In this case the attenuation will have to be large enough to prevent this from happening.
If, in an area covered by Unison, a mobile phone indicates good signal strength but
consistently has difficulty completing calls, it is possible that the attenuation between
Unison and the base station needs to be adjusted. In other words, it is possible that if
the uplink is over-attenuated, the downlink power will provide good coverage, but the
uplink coverage distance will be small.
When there is an excessive amount of loss between the Main Hub uplink and the base
station, the uplink system gain can be increased to as much as 15 dB to prevent a
reduction in the overall system sensitivity.
8-46
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Attenuation
8.6.1
Attenuation
Figure 8-3 shows a typical setup wherein a duplex base station is connected to a Main
Hub. For a simplex base station, eliminate the circulator and connect the simplex
ports of the base station to the simplex ports of the Main Hub. Add attenuators to regulate the power appropriately.
Figure 8-3
Main Hub to Duplex Base Station or Repeater Connections
A1
Duplex
Base Station
or
Repeater
Forward
A3
A2
Main Hub
Reverse
• A typical circulator has an IP3 of +70dBm. If you drive the circulator too hard it will produce
intermods that are bigger than the intermods produced by Unison. The IP3 at the Forward
port input of the Main Hub is approximately +38 dBm. The IP3 of the circulator at that same
point (i.e., following attenuator A1) is +70dBm – A1. Thus, to keep the system IP3 from
being adversely affected by the circulator, attenuator A1 should be no more than approximately +30 dB.
• A filter diplexer can be used in place of the circulator. The IP3 of the diplexer can be
assumed to be greater than +100 dBm. If a diplexer is used, A3 can be omitted.
• A1+A3 should be chosen so that the output power per carrier at the RAU’s output is correct
for the number of carriers being transmitted. Suppose the base station transmits 36 dBm
per carrier and it is desired that the RAU output be 6 dBm per carrier and the forward port
gain is 0 dB. Then A1+A3=30 dB.
• A2+A3 should, ideally, be at least 10 dB less than the noise figure plus the gain of the Unison system. For example, if the reverse port has a 0 dB gain and if there are 32 RAUs, the
noise figure is approximately 22 dB. So A2+A3 should be about 10 dB. If A2+A3 is too
large, the uplink coverage can be severely reduced.
• Given these three equations:
A1 < 30 dB
A1+A3 = 30 dB (in this example)
A2+A3 < 10 dB (in this example)
we could choose A1=20 dB, A2=0 dB, A3=10 dB
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-47
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
8.6.2
Uplink Attenuation
The attenuation between the Main Hub’s reverse port and the base station does two
things:
1.
It attenuates the noise coming out of Unison.
2.
It attenuates the desired signals coming out of Unison.
Setting the attenuation on the uplink is a trade-off between keeping the noise and
maximum signal levels transmitted from Unison to the base station receiver low
while not reducing the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of the path from the RAU inputs to
the base station inputs. This SNR can not be better than the SNR of Unison by itself,
although it can be significantly worse.
For example, suppose we have a GSM Unison system consisting of one Main Hub,
four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs (1-4-32) with uplink NF=22 dB. (See Table 8-30
on page 8-38.) If we use 30 dB of attenuation between the Main Hub’s reverse port
and the base station (which has its own noise figure of about 4 dB), the overall noise
figure will be 34.3 dB (refer to the formula on page 8-36) which is 12.3 dB worse
than Unison by itself. That causes a 12.3 dB reduction in the uplink coverage distance. Now, if the attenuation instead is 10 dB, the cascaded noise figure is
NF=22.6 dB, which implies that the uplink sensitivity is limited by Unison, a desirable condition.
Rule of Thumb
A good rule of thumb is to set the uplink attenuation, A2+A3 in Figure 8-3 on
page 8-47, as follows:
A2+A3 ≈ Unison uplink NF + uplink gain (0 dB for reverse port) – BTS NF – 10dB
and round A2 down to the nearest convenient attenuation value.
8-48
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Uplink Attenuation
8.6.2.1
Uplink Attenuation Exception: CDMA
In CDMA systems, the power transmitted by the mobile is determined by the characteristics of both the uplink and downlink paths. The power transmitted by the mobile
should be similar in open-loop control (as determined by the downlink path) as during closed-loop control (as determined by the uplink and downlink paths). In addition, the mobile’s transmit power when it communicates with a base station through
Unison should be similar to the power transmitted when it communicates with a base
station in the outdoor network (during soft hand-off). Because of these considerations, you should not allow the downlink and uplink gains to vary widely.
Open-loop power control:
PTX = –76 dBm (for PCS) – PRX
where PTX is the power transmitted and PRX is the power received by the mobile. If
PL is the path loss (in dB) between the RAU and the mobile, and PDN is the downlink
power radiated by the RAU, then
PTX = –76 dBm (for PCS) – PDN + PL
Closed-loop power control:
PTX = noise floor + uplink NF – process gain + Eb/No + PL
= –113 dBm/1.25 Mhz + NF – 19 dB + 7 dB + PL
where Eb/No = 7 dB is a rough estimate, and NF is the cascaded noise figure of the
Unison uplink, the uplink attenuation, and the base station noise figure. Equating PTX
for the open-loop and closed-loop we see that
NF = 49 – PDN
where PDN is determined by the downlink attenuation. Since PDN for Unison is about
10 dBm, we see that the cascaded noise figure is about 39 dB, which is considerably
higher than that of Unison itself. This implies that we should use a fairly large attenuation on the uplink. This case suggests using as much attenuation on the downlink as
on the uplink. The drawback of doing this is that the uplink coverage sensitivity is
reduced. A link budget analysis will clarify these issues. Typically, the uplink attenuation between the Main Hub and the base station will be the same as, or maybe 10 dB
less than, the downlink attenuation.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-49
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
8.7
Designing for a Neutral Host System
Designing for a neutral host system uses the same design rules previously discussed.
Since a neutral host system typically uses multiple systems in parallel, we find it best
to design for the worst case system so that there will not be holes in the covered area
and the economies of a single installation can be achieved. For example, as indicated
Section 7.1, the 1900 MHz RF signals do not propagate throughout a building as well
as the 800 MHz systems, therefore, we design to the 1900 MHz path loss formula.
8.7.1
Capacity of the Unison Neutral Host System
Each Main Hub can support more than one sub-band of the Cellular or PCS bands.
The exception to this is the iDEN Main Hub, because the SMR band is not split into
sub-bands.
The 800 MHz Main Hub can support both the A band and the B band simultaneously.
Also, the 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz Main Hubs can support two bands each (as the
frequencies currently are allocated).
For example, a neutral host system that consists of one iDEN, one 800 MHz, and two
1900 MHz systems can support up to seven separate service providers:
• 1 on iDEN
• 2 on 800 MHz, A band and B band
• 2 in each 1900 MHz
8-50
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Example Unison Neutral Host System
8.7.2
Example Unison Neutral Host System
The following example configuration assumes:
• 3 dBm per carrier output
• Each System supports two bands, and therefore, two Operators
(Exception: iDEN supports one Operator)
Example Configuration:
• 800 MHz iDEN: 16 channels
• 800 MHz Cellular
TDMA Band: 16 channels
CDMA Band: 3 channels
• 1900 MHz PCS
TDMA Band: 16 channels
CDMA Band: 3 channels
GSM Band: 6 channels
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
8-51
PRELIMINARY
Designing a Unison Solution
8-52
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Replacing Unison Components
in an Operating System
SECTION 9
9.1
Replacing an RAU
Be aware that the new RAU must be the same band as the one you are replacing. If
you replace an RAU with one that is of the wrong band, it will not work.
The Main Hub automatically checks the band of a replaced RAU. There is no need to
issue commands directly from the Main Hub. Therefore, as long as the RAU is of the
correct band, the system will operate properly.
Replacing an RAU
1.
Use AdminManager or refer to the As-Built Document to review the current
RAU’s configuration.
2.
Disconnect the Cat-5/6 cable and antenna from the unit to be replaced.
3.
Install the new RAU.
4.
Connect the antenna and then the Cat-5/6 cable to the new RAU
AdminManager Tasks
• Use the Advanced RAU Settings option on the Configuration & Maintenance
panel to set the RAU’s 10 dB attenuation and UL ALC settings.
• When convenient, perform System Test to optimize performance.
During System Test, the entire system is temporarily off-line and no RF is
being transmitted. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion
Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
9-1
Replacing Unison Components in an Operating System
PRELIMINARY
Checking the RAU’s LEDs
1.
The RAU’s LINK and ALARM LEDs should blink (green/red) on power up.
• If the LEDs do not blink on power up, replace the RAU.
2.
After several seconds both LEDs should change to green, which indicates that the
unit has been successfully replaced, there is communication with the Expansion
Hub, and the RAU band is correct.
a.
If the LINK LED remains green and the ALARM LED remains red, verify that
the RAU model is correct for the intended frequency band.
– Disconnect the cable and then reconnect it once; doing this more than once
will not change the result.
9-2
b.
If both LEDs still don’t change to green, use the AdminManager to determine
the exact nature of the fault and see a recommendation of how to correct it.
c.
If both LEDs turn red (after 45 seconds), the Expansion Hub has terminated
communications.
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Replacing an Expansion Hub
9.2
Replacing an Expansion Hub
Replacing an Expansion Hub
1.
Turn off the power to the Expansion Hub.
2.
Disconnect all Cat-5/6 cables, both fiber cables, and the AC power cord.
3.
Replace the Expansion Hub with a new one.
4.
Connect the AC power cord, all Cat-5/6 cables, and both fiber cables – remembering to clean and correctly connect the uplink and downlink fiber.
5.
Turn on the power to the Expansion Hub.
AdminManager Tasks
• The Main Hub automatically issues the band setting.
• When convenient, perform System Test to optimize performance.
During System Test, the entire system is temporarily off-line and no RF is
being transmitted. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion
Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.
Checking the Expansion Hub’s LEDs
• The LEDs should blink through all states on power up.
• If the LEDs do not blink on power up, replace the Expansion Hub.
• If the LEDs do not illuminate at all, make sure the AC power cable is connected.
• The UL STATUS and DL STATUS LEDs should be green.
• The E-HUB STATUS and POWER LEDs should be green.
• For each RJ-45 port that has an RAU connected:
• The E-HUB/RAU LEDs should be green.
• The LINK LEDs should be green.
It can take several seconds for each Cat-5/6 connection for the LEDs to display
properly.
NOTE: Refer to Section 10 for troubleshooting using the LEDs.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
9-3
Replacing Unison Components in an Operating System
9.3
PRELIMINARY
Replacing a Main Hub
You must record the system configuration settings from the old Main Hub’s memory
before replacing the unit. You will program the new Main Hub with this information.
If the Main Hub is programmed incorrectly, the system will not work. If the Main
Hub is not functioning, get the configuration settings from the As-Built Document
that was created as part of the original installation.
Get System Configuration Settings
1.
Connect the null modem cable to the PC and the Main Hub.
2.
Start the AdminManager software.
3.
Select the Configuration & Maintenance Panel option from the introductory window.
4.
Click the SAVE CONFIG button.
The Save Configuration Notes dialog box is displayed.
5.
Type any notes you want to save with the configuration settings into the dialog
box and click OK.
The configuration settings are saved in a text file, for example:
Begin Notes *******************************************
LGC HQ
05/23/01 MH configuration L010MH11
System configuration
End Notes *********************************************
Frequency Band is DCS Low.
System Gain: UL = 12 dB, DL = 4 dB.
Callback Number is 1234567.
System label is LGC.
Main Hub Information:
Serial Number: L010BMH1
Part Number: 7405101
Revision Number: 03
Firmware Revision: 010526
Expansion Hub LGC-1 Information:
Serial Number: L010BEH9
Part Number: 7405101
Revision Number: 03
Firmware Revision: 010513
RAU LGC-1-5 Information:
Serial Number: L010BRU1
Part Number: 7405101
Revision Number: 03
Firmware Revision: 010021
9-4
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Replacing a Main Hub
Replacing a Main Hub
1.
Turn off the power to the Main Hub.
2.
Disconnect all fiber cables and the AC power cord.
3.
Replace the Main Hub with a new one.
4.
Connect the AC power cord and all fiber cables – remembering to clean and correctly connect the uplink and downlink fiber cables.
5.
Connect the null modem cable to the PC and then to the Main Hub’s front panel
DB-9 serial connector.
6.
Start the AdminManager software.
7.
Select the Installation Wizard option from the introductory window.
8.
Turn on the power to the Main Hub.
AdminManager Tasks
• Use the Installation Wizard to:
• Set the Operation Band
• Use the Configuration & Maintenance panel to:
• Set Callback Number
• Set Contact Sense Properties
• Set System Parameters
• Perform System Test
During System Test, the entire system is temporarily off-line and no RF is
being transmitted. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion
Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
9-5
Replacing Unison Components in an Operating System
PRELIMINARY
Checking the Main Hub’s LEDs
• The LEDs should blink through all states on power up.
• If the LEDs do not blink on power up, replace the Main Hub.
• If the LEDs do not illuminate at all, make sure the AC power cable is connected.
• For each fiber optic port that has a Main Hub connected:
• The LINK LED should be green.
• The E-HUB/RAU LED should be:
– Green if the MAIN HUB STATUS is green.
– Red if the MAIN HUB STATUS is red.
• The MAIN HUB STATUS LED should be:
• Red if the Main Hub is new from the factory and a band has not been programmed, or if the wrong band is programmed.
• Green if the Main Hub was previously programmed with a correct band
(matches the RAUs in the system).
NOTE: If there is communication between the Main Hub and the Expansion Hubs,
use the AdminManager software’s Configuration & Maintenance panel to isolate system problems.
9-6
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Maintenance, Troubleshooting,
and Technical Assistance
SECTION 10
There are no user-serviceable parts in any of the Unison components. Faulty or failed
components are fully replaceable through LGC Wireless.
10.1
Address
2540 Junction Avenue
San Jose, California
95134-1902 USA
Phone
1-408-952-2400
Fax
1-408-952-2410
Help Hot Line
1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only)
+1-408-952-2400 (International)
+44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe)
Web Address
http://www.lgcwireless.com
e-mail
service@lgcwireless.com
Maintenance
No periodic maintenance of the Unison equipment is required.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
10-1
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance
10.2
PRELIMINARY
Troubleshooting
NOTE: Unison has no user-serviceable parts. Faulty or failed units are fully
replaceable through LGC Wireless.
Sources of potential problems include:
• Malfunction of one or more Unison components
• Faulty cabling/connector
• Antenna, base station, or repeater problem
• External RF interface
NOTE: Faulty cabling is the cause of a vast majority of problems. All
Cat-5/6 cable should be tested to TIA/EIA 568-A specifications.
It is recommended that you use the AdminManager for troubleshooting the system,
and use the LEDs as backup or for confirmation. However, if there are communication problems within the system, the LEDs may provide additional information that is
not available using AdminManager.
To begin troubleshooting, use the AdminManager software to determine the current
faults and warnings for all of the units in the system. To troubleshoot, start with the
Main Hub’s faults and warnings, then proceed to each of the Expansion Hubs, finishing with each of the RAUs.
If you do not have a PC with AdminManager available, the LEDs provide a minimal
set of diagnostic information.
If you cannot determine the cause of a problem after following the recommended procedures, call LGC Wireless customer help hot line:
1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only)
+1-408-952-2400 (International)
+44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe)
10-2
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Fault Indications
10.2.1
Fault Indications
Once all of the units are powered on and the cable connections are made, the faults
from each unit can be requested using the AdminManager. Start with the Main Hub
and work downstream.
Resolve all faults first and then check the warnings. Take appropriate action to
resolve the faults, as indicated in the following tables. In cases where there is more
than one possible cause, they are listed from the “most likely” to the “least likely”
cause. Actions are listed in the order that they should be performed; not all actions
may need to be done.
Main Hub Faults
Table 10-1
Main Hub Faults
Fault Message
LED
State
Possible Causes
Action
Impact
Hardware failure
STATUS
Red
Internal hardware
failure.
Replace the Main Hub.
System off-line.
Frequency band
not programmed
STATUS
Red
Factory default.
Program the frequency band
using the AdminManager’s
Installation Wizard.
System off-line.
Main Hub is over
temperature
STATUS
Red
Fan failure.
If fan is not operating, replace
the Main Hub.
Possible unit failure.
Ambient temperature is above maximum.
If fan is operating, check room
environmental controls.
Internal failure.
Replace the Main Hub when
possible.
Failed to perform
system test
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
STATUS
Red
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
Degraded performance.
10-3
PRELIMINARY
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance
Table 10-1
Main Hub Faults (continued)
Fault Message
LED
State
Possible Causes
Action
Impact
EHn uplink AGC
failure
STATUS
Red
Uplink fiber has
high optical loss.
Measure UL optical fiber loss.
The Main Hub’s EHn
port is off-line; downlink is okay.
Main Hub uplink
port failure.
Move fiber pair to another
port. If fault is not reported,
fiber is okay and Main Hub
port is dirty or bad. Use the
AdminManager to ‘Clear All
Disconnect Status’ to clear the
disconnect fault on the original port.
Main Hub internal
failure.
If common point of failure for
more than one Expansion
Hub, replace the Main Hub.
Expansion Hub
internal failure.
Swap suspect Expansion Hub
with working Expansion Hub.
If fault persists, replace Main
Hub; otherwise, replace the
Expansion Hub.
10-4
Clean the Main and Expansion Hub’s uplink fiber ports.
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Fault Indications
Table 10-1
Main Hub Faults (continued)
Fault Message
LED
State
Possible Causes
Action
Impact
No communication with EHn
LINK
Red
E-HUB/
RAU
Off
Downlink fiber has
high optical loss.
Measure downlink optical
fiber loss.
EHn and connected
RAUs are off-line.
Clean the Expansion Hub’s
downlink fiber port.
Clean the Main Hub’s downlink fiber port.
Uplink fiber has
high optical loss
Measure uplink optical fiber
loss.
Clean uplink fiber connectors.
Clean uplink fiber ports.
EHn disconnected
LINK
Red
E-HUB/
RAU
Off
Main Hub downlink port failure.
Move the Main Hub fiber pair
to another port. If fault is not
reported, fiber is okay and the
Main Hub port is bad. Use the
AdminManager’s “Clear All
Disconnect Status” command
to clear the disconnect fault on
the original port.
Main Hub internal
failure.
If common point of failure for
more than one Expansion
Hub, replace the Main Hub.
Expansion Hub
downlink port failure.
Swap suspect Expansion Hub
with working Expansion Hub.
If fault persists, replace the
Main Hub; otherwise, replace
the Expansion Hub.
The Expansion Hub
was connected and
is now disconnected.
If EHn is disconnected, reconnect it or clear the disconnect
fault using the AdminManager’s “Clear All Disconnect
Status” command.
The uplink fiber
optical loss exceeds
minimum threshold.
Check the uplink fiber cable’s
optical loss.
EHn and connected
RAUs are off-line.
Clean the uplink fiber connectors.
Clean the Main and Expansion Hubs’ uplink ports.
Expansion Hub
uplink laser failure.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Check that EHn’s uplink laser
is operational. (UL STATUS
LED is green.)
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
10-5
PRELIMINARY
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance
Table 10-1
Main Hub Faults (continued)
Fault Message
LED
State
Possible Causes
Action
Impact
EHn/RAU reports
fault condition
LINK
Green
E-HUB/
RAU
Red
Any Expansion Hub
or RAU fault
Use the AdminManager to
check for Expansion Hub and
RAU faults. Proceed to
Expansion Hub or RAU troubleshooting section.
EHn and/or RAU
off-line
Expansion Hub Faults
Table 10-2
Expansion Hub Faults
Fault Message
LED
State
Possible Causes
Action
Impact
Hardware failure
STATUS
Red
Downlink fiber has
high optical loss.
Measure downlink optical fiber
loss.
Expansion Hub and
connected RAUs
are off-line
Clean the downlink fiber connectors.
Clean the Main and Expansion
Hubs’ downlink fiber ports.
PLL unlock
STATUS
Red
Main Hub internal
hardware failure.
If common point of failure for
more than one Expansion Hub,
replace the Main Hub.
Expansion Hub internal
hardware failure.
Replace the Expansion Hub.
Downlink fiber has
high optical loss.
Measure downlink optical fiber
loss.
Clean the downlink fiber connectors.
Expansion Hub and
connected RAUs
are off-line
Clean the Main and Expansion
Hubs’ downlink fiber ports.
10-6
Main Hub internal
hardware failure.
If common point of failure for
more than one Expansion Hub,
replace the Main Hub.
Expansion Hub internal
hardware failure.
Replace the Expansion Hub.
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Fault Indications
Table 10-2
Expansion Hub Faults (continued)
Fault Message
LED
State
Possible Causes
Action
Impact
Frequency band
not programmed
STATUS
Red
Downlink fiber has
high optical loss.
Measure downlink optical fiber
loss.
Expansion Hub and
connected RAUs
are off-line
Clean the downlink fiber connectors.
Clean the Main and Expansion
Hubs’ downlink fiber ports.
Expansion Hub is
over temperature
Downlink pilot
failure
STATUS
STATUS
Red
Red
Expansion Hub internal
hardware failure.
Replace the Expansion Hub.
Fan failure(s).
If fans are not operating,
replace the Expansion Hub.
Ambient temperature
above maximum
If fans are operating, check
room environmental controls.
Downlink fiber has
high optical loss.
Measure downlink optical fiber
loss.
Clean downlink fiber connectors.
Expansion Hub and
connected RAUs
are off-line.
RAUs are commanded off-line
which disables their
power amplifiers. If
the Expansion Hub
temperature does
not start to drop, the
Expansion Hub will
disable DC power
to all RAUs.
Expansion Hub and
connected RAUs
are off-line.
Clean the Main and Expansion
Hubs’ downlink fiber ports.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Main Hub internal
hardware failure.
If common point of failure for
more than one Expansion Hub,
replace Main Hub.
Main Hub downlink
port failure.
Move Main Hub fiber pair to
another port. If fault is not
reported, Main Hub port is bad,
replace when possible.
Expansion Hub downlink port failure.
Swap suspect Expansion Hub
with working Expansion Hub.
If fault persists, replace the
Main Hub; otherwise, replace
the Expansion Hub.
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
10-7
PRELIMINARY
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance
Table 10-2
Expansion Hub Faults (continued)
Fault Message
LED
State
Possible Causes
Action
Impact
Failed to perform
system test
STATUS
Red
Main Hub internal failure.
If common point of failure for
more than one Expansion Hub,
replace the Main Hub.
Degraded performance.
Internal failure.
Perform System Test, if failure
persists, replace the Expansion
Hub.
RAUn uplink
AGC failure
No communication with RAUn
LINK
Red
Cat-5/6 cable length.
Check Cat-5/6 cable length.
RAU
Off
Expansion Hub uplink
port failure or RAU
failure.
Move RAU to another port. If
no fault reported, replace the
Expansion Hub. If fault
reported, replace RAU.
Expansion Hub internal
failure.
If common point of failure for
more than one RAU, replace
the Expansion Hub.
Cat-5/6 cable failure.
Verify that the Cat-5/6 cable
has no shorts or opens.
RAU internal failure.
Move the RAU to another port.
If fault persists, replace the
RAU; otherwise, replace the
Expansion Hub.
LINK
Red
RAU
Off
or
Expansion Hub port
failure.
RAUn over current
RAUn downlink
port failure
10-8
LINK
Green
RAU
Red
LINK
Green
RAU
Red
Cat-5/6 cable failure.
Verify Cat-5/6 cable has no
shorts or opens.
RAU internal failure.
Move RAU to another port. If
fault persists, replace the RAU.
If no fault reported, remove the
RAU, power cycle the Expansion Hub, connect known good
RAU to port. If fault reported,
replace the Expansion Hub.
Expansion Hub internal
failure.
Move the RAU to another port.
If fault persists, replace the
Expansion Hub. If no fault, flag
previous port as unusable and
replace the Expansion Hub
when possible.
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
RAU is off-line.
RAUn is off-line.
RAUn is off-line.
RAUn is off-line.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Fault Indications
Remote Access Unit Faults
Table 10-3
Remote Access Unit Faults
Fault Message
LED
State
Possible Causes
Action
Impact
Hardware failure
ALARM
Red
Internal hardware failure.
Replace the RAU.
RAU is off-line.
Frequency band
not programmed
ALARM
Red
Wrong version of RAU for
frequency band desired.
Replace the RAU if not valid
for desired frequency band.
RAU is off-line.
RAU is over
temperature
ALARM
Red
Ambient temperature
above maximum.
Check environmental controls;
move the RAU to cooler environment.
RAU is off-line.
Power supplied
by Expansion
Hub is too low
ALARM
Red
Cat-5/6 cable failure.
Verify Cat-5/6 cable has no
shorts or opens.
RAU is off-line.
RAU internal failure.
Move the RAU cable to another
Expansion Hub port. If fault
persists, replace the RAU; otherwise, replace the Expansion
Hub.
or
Expansion Hub port failure.
Power supplied
by Expansion
Hub is too high
ALARM
Red
Expansion Hub internal
failure.
If common point of failure for
more than one RAU, replace
the Expansion Hub.
Cat-5/6 cable failure.
Verify Cat-5/6 cable has no
shorts or opens.
Expansion Hub internal
failure.
Move RAU cable to another
Expansion Hub port. If fault
persists, replace the RAU, otherwise replace the Expansion
Hub.
or
RAU internal failure.
Cat-5/6 cable too
long
ALARM
Red
Cat-5/6 cable is too long.
Verify that the Cat-5/6 cable
has no shorts or opens.
RAU is off-line.
RAU is off-line.
Verify maximum Cat-5/6 cable
length of 150 meters.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
10-9
PRELIMINARY
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance
Table 10-3
Remote Access Unit Faults (continued)
Fault Message
LED
State
Possible Causes
Action
Impact
Downlink pilot
failure
ALARM
Red
Cat-5/6 cable failure.
Verify that the Cat-5/6 cable
has no shorts or opens.
RAU is off-line.
Verify maximum Cat-5/6 cable
length of 150 meters.
Verify minimum Cat-5/6 cable
length of 10 meters.
RAU internal failure.
or
Expansion Hub port failure.
Expansion Hub internal
failure.
10-10
Move the RAU cable to another
Expansion Hub port. If fault
persists, replace the RAU; otherwise, replace the Expansion
Hub. Or, mark the Expansion
Hub’s port as unusable.
If common point of failure for
more than one RAU, replace
the Expansion Hub.
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Warning Indications
10.2.2
Warning Indications
Warnings alert you to conditions that may impact system performance and conditions
that indicate potential system failure.
Before addressing warnings, ensure that all faults are resolved. Take appropriate
action to resolve the warnings, as indicated in the following tables.
Main Hub Warnings
Table 10-4
Main Hub Warnings
Warning Message
Action
Impact
Downlink laser is failing
Replace the Main Hub when possible.
The downlink laser will eventually fail and
the system will be off-line.
Temperature is high
Check room environmental controls.
Potential Main Hub failure.
Fan failure
Check the Main Hub fan for rotation, air
flow blockage, dust; replace the Main Hub
if temperature rises.
Temperature may rise to fault level resulting in Main Hub and connected Expansion
Hub(s) and RAU(s) being off-line.
EHn uplink fiber optical loss
greater than recommended maximum
Check the uplink fiber cable for optical
loss.
Degraded system performance.
Clean the cable connector.
Clean the fiber ports.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
10-11
PRELIMINARY
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance
Expansion Hub Warnings
Table 10-5
Expansion Hub Warnings
Warning Message
Action
Impact
Downlink fiber optical
loss greater than recommended maximum
Check the downlink fiber cable for excessive
optical loss.
Degraded system performance.
Clean the cable connector.
Clean the fiber ports.
Uplink laser is failing
Replace the Expansion Hub when possible.
The uplink laser will eventually fail resulting in
the Expansion Hub and connected RAUs being
off-line.
Temperature is high
Check room environmental controls.
Potential Expansion Hub failure.
Fann failure
Check the Expansion Hub fans for rotation,
air flow blockage, dust; replace the Expansion Hub if temperature rises.
Temperature may rise to fault level resulting in
the Expansion Hub and connected RAUs being
off-line.
Cat-5/6 cable between
RAUn and Expansion
Hub is longer than recommended maximum
Check that the Cat-5/6 cable does not exceed
the recommended maximum length.
Degraded system performance.
Remote Access Unit Warnings
Table 10-6
Remote Access Unit Warnings
Warning Message
Action
Impact
Temperature is high
Move the RAU to cooler environment.
Potential RAU failure.
DC voltage is low
Check the Cat-5/6 cable for shorts and opens.
Unreliable operation.
Replace the RAU when possible.
Power amplifier is failing
Replace the RAU when possible.
Potential RAU failure.
Cat-5/6 cable between
Expansion Hub and
RAU is longer than recommended maximum
Check that the Cat-5/6 cable does not exceed
the recommended maximum length.
Degraded system performance.
Antenna disconnected
Check the RAU SMA antenna connection.
Poor RAU coverage.
10-12
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
LED Troubleshooting Guide
10.3
LED Troubleshooting Guide
The following troubleshooting guide is from the perspective that all Unison equipment is installed, their cables are connected, and they are powered on; it is assumed
that the system was operating normally before the current problem. (Refer to
Section 6 for information on troubleshooting during initial installation of the system.)
Always use AdminManager, if possible, to troubleshoot the system. The LEDs are for
backup troubleshooting; although, an Expansion Hub uplink laser failure can only be
resolved using the EH UL STATUS LED.
Begin with troubleshooting the Main Hub’s LEDs and then the Expansion Hub’s
LEDs. The RAU LEDs probably will not provide additional information for troubleshooting.
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
10-13
PRELIMINARY
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance
10.3.1
Troubleshooting Main Hub LEDs During Normal Operation
• All of the Main Hub’s LEDs should be green during normal operation. If any
LEDs are red, get status using the AdminManager software for the exact cause and
recommendations.
Table 10-7
During
Normal
Operation
Expansion
Hub Not
Connected
Troubleshooting Main Hub Port LEDs During Normal Operation
LED
State
Action
Impact
LINK
Red
E-HUB/RAU
Off
If the Expansion Hub was disconnected accidentally, re-connect the
cables. The LEDs should change to
Green/Red (then Green/Green, after
20 seconds, if the Main Hub band
has been programmed).
Expansion Hub was previously connected, but it is not currently connected; Expansion Hub cable
disconnect.
If the Expansion Hub is to be
removed from service permanently,
then use the AdminManager’s ‘Clear
All Disconnect States’ command to
clear all disconnect states to no connect states. The Main Hub’s port
LEDs should change to Off/Off.
Expansion
Hub
Connected
LINK
Red
E-HUB/RAU
Off
LINK
Green
E-HUB/RAU
Red
Table 10-8
Use the AdminManager to determine
the exact cause of the Main Hub’s
faults.
The AdminManager software will clear
all disconnects caused by installation
as part of the clean-up process. After
installation, power cycle the Main Hub
or use the AdminManager’s ‘Clear All
Disconnect States’ command.
Lost communication with Expansion
Hub; could be Expansion Hub problem
or fiber cable problem.
Expansion Hub or connected RAU
reports a fault condition; use the
AdminManager to determine the
exact cause of the Expansion Hub
and RAU’s faults.
Troubleshooting Main Hub Status LEDs During Normal Operation
During
Normal
Operation
LED
State
Action
Impact
At Any
Time
MAIN HUB
STATUS
Red
Use the AdminManager to determine
the exact cause of the fault.
Internal Main Hub fault.
Power cycle one time. If fault
remains, replace the Main Hub.
MAIN HUB
STATUS
10-14
Alternating
Red/Green
Reduce input signal power; reduce
system gain.
Signal compression.
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Troubleshooting Expansion Hub LEDs During Normal Operation
10.3.2
Troubleshooting Expansion Hub LEDs During Normal Operation
• All of the Expansion Hub LINK and E-HUB/RAU LEDs that have RAUs connected
should be Green/Green, indicating that the RAU is powered on, communication is
established, and operation is normal.
• The POWER and MAIN HUB STATUS LEDs should both be Green.
Troubleshooting Expansion Hub Port LEDs During Normal
Table 10-9
Operation
During
Normal
Operation
RAU is not
connected
Port LEDs
State
Action
Impact
LINK
Red
RAU
Off
If the RAU was disconnected accidentally, re-connect the Cat-5/6
cable. The Expansion Hub’s port
LEDs should change to Green/Red
(then Green/Green, after 20 seconds, if the Main Hub is connected,
powered on, and has band programmed).
RAU was previously connected, but it is
not currently connected; RAU cable is
disconnected.
If you are removing the RAU from
service permanently, then command ‘Clear All Disconnect States’
using the AdminManager software. The Expansion Hub’s port
LEDs should change to Off/Off.
RAU is
connected
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
LINK
Red
RAU
Off
LINK
Green
RAU
Red
Disconnect/reconnect the Cat-5/6
cable to force power-on reset to the
RAU. If the port LEDs remain
Red/Off, check the Expansion Hub
faults using the AdminManager for
the exact cause.
Lost communications with the RAU. The
RAU could have powered down due to
over current; cable could have been damaged.
RAU reports a fault condition;
check the Expansion Hub faults
using the AdminManager for the
exact cause.
Depends on the fault condition.
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
10-15
PRELIMINARY
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance
Troubleshooting Expansion Hub Status LEDs During Normal
Table 10-10
Operation
During
Normal
Operation
EH Status
LEDs
State
Action
Impact
At Any Time
UL STATUS
Red
Replace the Expansion Hub
Uplink laser failure; no communications
between the Main Hub and the Expansion
Hub
DL STATUS
Red
Check the downlink fiber for optical loss
No communications with the Main Hub
E-HUB
STATUS
Red
If either the UL STATUS or the DL
STATUS are also red, see above.
Internal Expansion Hub fault (including
either of the above UL STATUS or DL
STATUS states)
Cycle power on the Expansion
Hub. If fault remains, replace the
Expansion Hub.
10-16
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Technical Assistance
10.4
Technical Assistance
Call our help hot line for technical assistance:
1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only)
+1-408-952-2400 (International)
+44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe)
Leave your name and phone number and an LGC Wireless customer service representative will return your call within an hour. Be prepared to provide the following
information when you receive the return call:
• Company name
• End user name
• Type of system, model number, frequency
• Approximate time in service (warranty), sales order number
• Description of problem
• LED status
• AdminManager fault and warning status
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
10-17
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance
10-18
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PRELIMINARY
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Cables and Connectors
APPENDIX A
A.1
Cat-5/6 Cable (ScTP)
• Connects the Expansion Hub to the RAU(s)
• Transmits (downlink) and receives (uplink) cellular and PCS signals
• Delivers DC electrical power to the RAUs. The Expansion Hub’s DC voltage output is 36V DC nominal. A current limiting circuit is used to protect the Expansion
Hub if it reaches its current limit
• Use shielded RJ-45 connectors
• Distances:
• Absolute Minimum: 10 meters (33 ft)
• Recommended Minimum: 25 meters (82 ft)
• Recommended Maximum: 100 meters (328 ft)
• Absolute Maximum: 150 meters (492 ft)
There are four separate twisted pairs in one Cat-5/6 screened twisted pair (ScTP)
cable. The ScTP cable loss described in this document is for Cat-5 Mohawk/CDT
55986 or Belden 1624P DataTwist Five cable, or equivalent. The following table lists
the functional assignment of the pairs:
Table A-1
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Cat-5/6 Twisted Pair Assignment
Pair (wire number)
Function
1&2
Clock and Input Voltage
3&6
RS485
4&5
Uplink IF, UL Pilot and Ground
7&8
Downlink IF, DL Pilot and Ground
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
A-1
PRELIMINARY
Cables and Connectors
All Cat-5/6 cable must be terminated according to the TIA/EIA 568-A standard. The
following diagram shows the top view of the wiring map for the cable and how the
four pairs should be terminated.
Figure A-1
Wiring Map for Cat-5/6 Cable
1 2
4 5
7 8
W-G
W-O
BL
W-BL
W-BR
BR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
RJ-45 Port
Green/ Green Orange/ Blue Blue/ Orange Brown/ Brown
White
White
White
White
NOTE: Be sure to test cable termination before installing the cable.
The nominal DC impedance of the Cat-5/6 cable is 0.08 ohm/meter and the nominal
RF impedance is 100 ohm.
A-2
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Fiber Optical Cables
A.2
Fiber Optical Cables
• Connects Main Hub to Expansion Hub(s)
• Transmits (downlink) and receives (uplink) cellular and PCS signals
• Use industry-standard 62.5µm/125µm MMF or Corning SMF-28 fiber, or equivalent (SC/APC [angle-polished] connectors only)
• Distances:
• Multimode Fiber: up to 1.5 km (4,921 ft) – 3 dB optical loss maximum
• Single-Mode Fiber: up to 6 km (19,685 ft) – 3 dB optical loss maximum
A.3
Coaxial Cable
• Connects a Main Hub to a repeater or base station (N-type connectors)
• Connects an RAU to a passive antenna (SMA connectors)
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960
A-3
PRELIMINARY
Cables and Connectors
A-4
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
APPENDIX B
InterReach Unison Property
Sheet
Use the “InterReach Unison Property Sheet” form, which is provided on the following page, to document a system configuration. The completed form can be used for
future reference when the system is being maintained or components are added or
exchanged. An example of a completed form is shown below.
InterReachTM Unison Property Sheet
Installer:
J. Smith
System Label:
AB
Unit
MH - EH - RAU
AB-1-n
System Gain:
Alarm Sense:
UL:

 Yes

 No
System Band:
DCS 2
RAU
Attenuation?
Yes/No
—
DL:
Unit
Serial No.
L010BEH9

 Normally-Closed

 Normally-Open
Unit Installation Location
2nd floor Telecom closet
(RAU 1)
no
L010BRU1
Hallway, outside Boardroom
AB-1-2
(RAU 2)
no
L120BRU1
Hallway, outside #230
AB-1-3
(RAU 3)
yes
L007BRU1
Hallway, atrium north side
AB-1-4
(RAU 4)
no
L111BRU6
Hallway, outside #207
1-1-5
(RAU 5)
1-1-6
(RAU 6)
1-1-7
(RAU 7)
1-2-n
(RAU 8)
(EH 2)
1-2-1
(RAU 1)
1-2-2
(RAU 2)
1-2-3
(RAU 3)
1-2-4
(RAU 4)
1-2-5
(RAU 5)
1-2-6
(RAU 6)
1-2-7
1-2-8
1-3-n
(RAU 8)
(RAU 1)
1-3-2
(RAU 2)
1-3-3
(RAU 3)
1-3-4
(RAU 4)
1-3-5
(RAU 5)
1-3-6
(RAU 6)
1-3-7
(RAU 7)
1-4-n
—
(RAU 7)
(EH 3)
1-3-1
1-3-8
620003-0 Rev. A
Main Hub Serial Number:
L010BMH1
AB-1-1
1-1-8
PN 8700-10
(EH 1)
Date:
10/10/10
—
(RAU 8)
(EH 4)
1-4-1
(RAU 1)
1-4-2
(RAU 2)
1-4-3
(RAU 3)
1-4-4
(RAU 4)
1-4-5
(RAU 5)
1-4-6
(RAU 6)
1-4-7
(RAU 7)
1-4-8
(RAU 8)
—
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
B-1
PRELIMINARY
InterReach Unison Property Sheet
InterReachTM Unison Property Sheet
Installer:
Date:
System Label:
Unit
MH - EH - RAU
1-1-n
(RAU 1)
1-1-2
(RAU 2)
1-1-3
(RAU 3)
1-1-4
(RAU 4)
1-1-5
(RAU 5)
1-1-6
(RAU 6)
1-1-7
(RAU 7)
1-2-n
(RAU 1)
(RAU 2)
1-2-3
(RAU 3)
1-2-4
(RAU 4)
1-2-5
(RAU 5)
1-2-6
(RAU 6)
1-2-7
(RAU 7)
B-2
Unit
Serial No.
Unit Installation Location
(RAU 8)
(RAU 1)
1-3-2
(RAU 2)
1-3-3
(RAU 3)
1-3-4
(RAU 4)
1-3-5
(RAU 5)
1-3-6
(RAU 6)
1-3-7
(RAU 7)
1-4-n
RAU
Attenuation?
Yes/No
System Band:

 Normally-Closed

 Normally-Open
(EH 3)
1-3-1
1-3-8

 Yes

 No
DL:
(RAU 8)
1-2-2
1-3-n
Alarm Sense:
UL:
(EH 2)
1-2-1
1-2-8
System Gain:
(EH 1)
1-1-1
1-1-8
Main Hub Serial Number:
(RAU 8)
(EH 4)
1-4-1
(RAU 1)
1-4-2
(RAU 2)
1-4-3
(RAU 3)
1-4-4
(RAU 4)
1-4-5
(RAU 5)
1-4-6
(RAU 6)
1-4-7
(RAU 7)
1-4-8
(RAU 8)
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Compliance
APPENDIX C
C.1
Safety Approvals
• UL/cUL 1950 3rd edition
• CB scheme evaluation with all national deviations
• EN 60950:1992 including amendments A1, A2, A3, A4, and A11
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
C-1
PRELIMINARY
Compliance
C.2
Radio/EMC Approvals
GSM/EGSM/DCS Products
EMC: ETSI EN 301 489-8 V.1.1.1 (2000-09)
Radio: EN 301502 v.7.0.1 (8-2000)
ETS 300 609-4 V.8.0.2 (2000-10)
Cellular Products
EMC: FCC part 15 class A
Radio: FCC part 22
PCS Products
EMC: FCC part 15 class A
Radio: FCC part 24
iDEN Products
EMC: FCC part 15 class A
Radio: FCC part 90
GSM Products
EMC: FCC part 15 class A
Radio: FCC part 90
C-2
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8700-10
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
APPENDIX D
Glossary
Air Interface A method for formatting data and voice onto radio waves. Common
air interfaces include AMPS, TDMA, CDMA, and GSM.
AIN Advanced Intelligent Network. AINs allow a wireless user to make and receive
phone calls while roaming outside the user’s “home” network. These networks,
which rely on computers and sophisticated switching techniques, also provide
many Personal Communications Service (PCS) features.
Amplitude The distance between high and low points of a waveform or signal.
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service. AMPS is an analog cellular FDMA system. It was the basis of the first commercial wireless communication system in
the U.S and has been used in more than 35 other countries worldwide.
Analog The original method of modulating radio signals so they can carry information which involves transmitting a continuously variable signal. Amplitude Modification (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM) are the most common methods
of analog modulation.
ANSI The American National Standards Institute. A nonprofit, privately funded
membership organization founded in 1918 that reviews and approves standards
developed by other organizations.
Antenna A device for transmitting and/or receiving signals.
Attenuation The decrease in power that occurs when any signal is transmitted.
Attenuation is measured in decibels (dB).
Backhaul A term applied to the process of carrying wireless traffic between the
MSC and the base station.
Base Station The radio transmitter/receiver that maintains communications with
mobile devices within a specific area.
BSC Base Station Controller. A GSM term referring to the device in charge of managing the radio interface in a GSM system, including the allocation and release of
radio channels and hand-off of active calls within the system.
PN 8100-50
620003-0 Rev. A
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
D-1
PRELIMINARY
Glossary
BTA Basic Trading Area. The U.S. and its territories are divided into 493 areas,
called BTAs. These BTAs are composed of a specific list of counties, based on a
system originally developed by Rand McNally. The FCC grants licenses to wireless operators to provide service within these BTAs and/or MTAs. (See MTA.)
BTS Base Transceiver Station. A GSM term referring to the group of network
devices that provide radio transmission and reception, including antennas.
C/I Carrier to interference ratio. The ratio of the desired signal strength to the combined interference of all mobile phones using the system. Usually, the interference of most concern is that provided by mobile phones using the same channel
in the system. These are referred to as “co-channel interferers.”
CCITT Consultative Committee on International Telephone and Telegraph. This
organization sets international communications standards. The CCITT is now
known as ITU (the parent organization).
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access. A digital wireless access technology that
uses spread-spectrum techniques. Unlike alternative systems, such as GSM, that
use time-division multiplexing (TDM), CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user. Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum.
Individual conversations are assigned a unique code which allows the conversation to be spread out over multiple channels; transmitted to the far end; and
re-assembled for the recipient using a specific code.
CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data. CDPD allows data transmission over the analog wireless network. CDPD breaks data into packets and transmits these packets
on idle portions of the network.
Cell A cell defines a specific, physical area of coverage of a portion of a wireless
system. It is the basic “building block” of all modern wireless communications
systems.
Cell Site A term which refers to the location of the transmission equipment (e.g.,
basestation) within the cell.
CEPT Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administrations.
This organization’s mandate is to define pan-European wireless communications
standards. In 1982, CEPT mandated GSM as the access protocol for public wireless communications systems across Europe.
Channel The path along which a communications signal is transmitted. Channels
may be simplex (communication occurs in only one direction), duplex (communication occurs in both directions) or full duplex (communication occurs in both
directions simultaneously).
Circuit A communication connection between two or more points. A circuit can
transmit either voice or data.
CO Central Office. The main switching facility for a telecommunications system.
D-2
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8100-50
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
CTIA Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association. The CTIA is an industry
association made up of most of the wireless carriers and other industry players. It
was formed in 1984 to promote the cellular industry and cellular technology.
D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service. See IS-54.
dB Decibel. A unit for expressing the ratio of two amounts of power. It is often used
in wireless to describe the amount of power loss in a system (i.e., the ratio of
transmitted power to received power).
DCS Digital Communications System. DCS is often called “upbanded GSM” since
it is the GSM access scheme adopted to operate in the 1700–1800 MHz portion
of the spectrum.
Digital A method of storing, processing, and transmitting information by representing information as “0s” and “1s” via electrical pulses. Digital systems have
largely replaced analog systems because they can carry more data at higher speed
than analog transmission systems.
Electromagnetic Spectrum Electrical wave forms in frequency ranges as low as
535 kHz (AM radio) and as high as 29 GHz (cable TV).
ESMR Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio. Digital mobile telephone services
offered to the public over channels previously used for two-way analog dispatch
services. ESMR provides digital mobile radio and telephone service as well as
messaging and dispatch features.
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute. ETSI was established in
1988 to set standards for Europe in telecommunications, broadcasting and office
information technology.
FCC Federal Communications Commission. In the United States, the FCC is
responsible for the management and regulation of communication policy for all
public communications services, including wireless.
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access. A wireless access protocol that
assigns each user a specific radio channel for use. Since FDMA only supports
one user (or conversation) on each channel, it does not maximize use of the spectrum and is therefore largely been superseded by other access protocols (such as
CDMA, TDMA, GSM, iDEN) that support multiple users on a single channel.
Frequency Hopping A wireless signal transmission technique whereby the frequency used to carry a signal is periodically changed, according to a predetermined code, to another frequency.
Fixed An ITU definition for radio communications between specified fixed points.
Point-to-point high-frequency circuits and microwave links are two examples of
fixed applications.
FM Frequency Modulation. A method of transmitting information in which the frequency of the carrier is modified according to a plan agreed to by the transmitter
and the receiver. FM can be either analog or digital.
PN 8100-50
620003-0 Rev. A
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
D-3
PRELIMINARY
Glossary
Forward Channel Refers to the radio channel that sends information from the base
station to the mobile station. (See Reverse Channel.)
Frequency The number of times an electrical signal repeats an identical cycle in a
unit of time, normally one second. One Hertz (Hz) is one cycle per second.
Frequency re-use The ability to use the same frequencies repeatedly across a cellular system. Because each cell is designed to use radio frequencies only within its
boundaries, the same frequencies can be reused in other cells not far away with
little potential for interference. The reuse of frequencies is what enables a cellular system to handle a huge number of calls with a limited number of channels.
Gain The increase in power that occurs when any signal is amplified, usually
through an amplifier or antenna.
GHz Gigahertz. A measure of frequency equal to one billion hertz.
GSM Groupe Speciale Mobile (now translated in English as Global Standard for
Mobile Communications). GSM is the digital wireless standard used throughout
Europe, in much of Asia, as well as by some operators in the U.S. and South
America.
Handoff The process by which the wireless system passes a wireless phone conversation from one radio frequency in one cell to another radio frequency in another
as the caller moves between two cells. In most systems today, this handoff is performed so quickly that callers don’t notice.
Hertz A measurement of electromagnetic energy, equivalent to one “wave” per second. Hertz is abbreviated as “Hz”.
iDEN Integrated Digital Enhanced Network. A TDMA-based wireless access technology that combines two-way radio, telephone, text message, and data transmission into one network. This system was developed by Motorola. In the U.S.,
iDEN is used by Nextel in its network.
IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The world’s largest
technical professional society with members from more than 130 countries. The
IEEE works to advance the theory and practice of electrical, electronics, computer engineering and computer science.
Infrastructure A term used to encompass all of the equipment, including both hardware and software, used in a communications network.
IS-54 Interim Standard-54. A U.S. TDMA cellular standard that operates in the
800 MHz or 1900 MHz band. IS-54 was the first U.S. digital cellular standard. It
was adopted by the CTIA in 1990.
IS-95 Interim Standard-95. A U.S. CDMA cellular standard that operates in the
800 MHz or 1900 MHz band. This standard was developed by Qualcomm and
adopted by the CTIA in 1993.
D-4
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8100-50
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
IS-136 Interim Standard-136. A U.S. TDMA cellular standard based on IS-54 that
operates in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz band.
IS-553 Interim Standard-533. The U.S. analog cellular (AMPS) air interface standard.
ITU International Telecommunications Union. The ITU is the principal international standards organization. It is charted by the United Nations and it establishes international regulations governing global telecommunications networks
and services. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.
LMDS Local Multipoint Distribution Services. LMDS provides line-of-sight coverage over distances up to 3–5 kilometers and operates in the 28 GHz portion of the
spectrum. It can deliver high speed, high bandwidth services such as data and
video applications.
Local Loop A communication channel (usually a physical phone line) between a
subscriber’s location and the network’s Central Office.
MHz Megahertz. One million Hertz. One MHz equals one million cycles per second.
Microcell A network cell designed to serve a smaller area than larger macrocells.
Microcells are smaller and lower powered than macrocells. As the subscriber
base increases, operators must continue to increase the number of cells in their
network to maximize channel re-use. This has led to an increasing number of
microcells being deployed in wireless networks.
Microwave Electromagnetic waves with frequencies above 1 GHz. Microwave
communications are used for line-of-sight, point-to-point, or point-to-multipoint
communications.
MSA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The FCC has established 306 MSAs in the U.S.
The MSAs represent the largest population centers in the U.S. At least two wireless operators are licensed in each MSA.
MSC Mobile Services Switching Center. A generic term for the main cellular
switching center in the wireless communications network.
MSS Mobile Satellite Service. Communications transmission service provided by
satellites. A single satellite can provide coverage to the entire United States.
MTA Major Trading Area. The U.S. and its territories are divided into 51 MTAs.
Each MTA is composed of a specific number of BTAs. The FCC grants licenses
to wireless operators to provide service within these MTAs and/or BTAs. (See
BTA.)
Multiplexing The simultaneous transmission of two or more signals on the same
radio (or other) transmission facility.
N-AMPS Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service.
PN 8100-50
620003-0 Rev. A
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
D-5
PRELIMINARY
Glossary
PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. This acronym is used to refer to credit card sized packages containing memory, I/O
devices and other capabilities for use in Personal Computers, handheld computers and other devices.
PCS Personal Communications Service. A vague label applied to new-generation
mobile communication technology that uses the narrow band and broadband
spectrum recently allocated in the 1.9 GHz band.
PDA Personal Digital Assistant. Portable computing devices that are extremely portable and that offer a variety of wireless communication capabilities, including
paging, electronic mail, stock quotations, handwriting recognition, facsimile, calendar, and other information handling capabilities.
PDC Personal Digital Cellular (formerly Japanese Digital Cellular). A
TDMA-based digital cellular standard that operates in the 1500 MHz band.
Phase The particular angle of inflection of a wave at a precise moment in time. It is
normally measured in terms of degrees.
PHS Personal Handyphone System. A wireless telephone standard, developed and
first deployed in Japan. It is a low mobility, small-cell system.
POP Short for “population”. One person equals one POP.
POTS Plain Old Telephone Service.
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network. Refers to the international telephone
system and includes both local and long distance networks.
Reverse Channel Refers to the radio channel that sends information from a mobile
station to a base station. (See Forward Channel.)
RF Radio Frequency. Those frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum that are
associated with radio wave propagation.
Roaming The ability to use a wireless phone to make and receive calls in places
outside one's home calling area.
RSA Rural Service Area. One of the 428 FCC-designated rural markets across the
United States used as license areas for cellular licenses. (See MTAs and BTAs.)
Sector A portion of a cell. Often, different sectors within the same cell will each use
a different set of frequencies to maximize spectrum utilization.
Signal to Noise Ratio The ratio of signal power to noise power at a given point in a
given system.
Smart Antenna Refers to an antenna whose signal handling characteristics change
as signal conditions change.
Soft Handoff Virtually undetectable by the user, soft handoff allows both the original cell and a new cell to serve a call temporarily during the handoff transition.
D-6
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8100-50
620003-0 Rev. A
PRELIMINARY
Spectrum The range of electromagnetic frequencies.
Spread Spectrum A method of transmitting a signal over a broad range of frequencies and then re-assembling the transmission at the far end. This technique
reduces interference and increases the number of simultaneous conversations
within a given radio frequency band.
T-1 A North American commercial digital transmission standard. A T-1 connection
uses time division multiplexing to carry 24 digital voice or data channels over
copper wire.
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access. A method of digital wireless communications that allows multiple users to access (in sequence) a single radio frequency
channel without interference by allocating unique time slots to each user within
each channel.
TIA Telecommunications Industry Association.
TR-45 One of six committees of the Telecommunications Industry Association.
TR-45 oversees the standard making process for wireless telecommunications.
Upbanded A service or technology that has been re-engineered to operate at a
higher frequency than originally designed.
Wireless Describes any radio-based system that allows transmission of voice and/or
data signals through the air without a physical connection, such as a metal wire
or fiber optic cable.
Wireline Wire paths that use metallic conductors to provide electrical connections
between components of a system, such as a communication system.
WLANs Wireless Local Area Networks. Technology that provides wireless communications to Portable Computer users over short distances.
PN 8100-50
620003-0 Rev. A
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
D-7
PRELIMINARY
Glossary
D-8
InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual
PN 8100-50
620003-0 Rev. A

---

Source Exif Data:

File Type                       : PDF
File Type Extension             : pdf
MIME Type                       : application/pdf
PDF Version                     : 1.3
Linearized                      : No
Modify Date                     : 2001:10:04 10:29:55-07:00
Create Date                     : 2001:10:04 10:29:44-07:00
Title                           : unison.book
Creator                         : FrameMaker 5.5.6p145
Producer                        : Acrobat Distiller 4.0 for Windows
Page Count                      : 132

EXIF Metadata provided by EXIF.tools