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PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual 7-1

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY

SECTION 7 Installing and Using the

AdminManager Software

The AdminManager software is used to install, configure, and maintain the Unison

system from a PC or laptop that you connect directly to a Main Hub’s front panel

serial port.

You can use the AdminManager to remotely view system status by connecting a PC

or laptop to the Unison system via a dialup modem.

Figure 7-1 PC Connected to Main Hub

Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY

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7.1 Installing the AdminManager Software

7.1.1 PC/Laptop Requirements

• Operating System:

• Windows 2000 Professional (recommended)

• Windows 98 SE with IE 5.0

• 1 Communication Port (COM1–COM4)

• 133 MHz or higher Pentium-compatible CPU

• 64 MB memory (Windows 2000) or 32 MB (Windows 98 SE)

• At least 150 MB free disk space

• VGA or higher resolution

• Standard 9600 Modem

•CD-ROM drive

• DB-9 female-to-DB-9 female NULL modem cable

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PRELIMINARY PC/Laptop Requirements

Installing AdminManager

Install the AdminManager software on a PC/laptop that meets the requirements as

described in Section 7.1.1.

1. Turn on the PC/laptop and insert the AdminManager CD into the PC/laptop’s CD

drive.

setup.exe should automatically start. If it does not, double-click “setup.exe” on

the CD-ROM.

The following pop-up window is displayed while InstallShield checks the PC’s

system.

Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY

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The Welcome to InstallShield Wizard window is displayed.

2. Click the NEXT button to begin the AdminManager installation.

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PRELIMINARY PC/Laptop Requirements

The License Agreement window is displayed.

If you select the “I do not accept” radio button, the InstallShield Wizard stops and

the windows close.

Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY

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3. Read the agreement and select the “I accept” radio button, and then click the NEXT

button.

The Customer Information window is displayed.

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PRELIMINARY PC/Laptop Requirements

4. Enter a User Name and Organization in the text boxes, and then click the NEXT

button.

The Destination Folder window is displayed

Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY

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5. Click the NEXT button to accept the default destination.

The Ready to Install the Program window is displayed.

NOTE: To change information that is displayed in the Ready to Install the Program

window, click the BACK button and make changes in previous windows.

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PRELIMINARY PC/Laptop Requirements

6. Click the INSTALL button if the information that is displayed in the Ready to Install

the Program window is correct.

The Installing AdminManager window is displayed.

PDF files are used for Help. If the InstallShield Wizard detects that the PC does

not have software for viewing PDF files, the following pop-up is displayed.

• Click CONTINUE to install Acrobat Reader from the CD onto your PC.

• Click QUIT to skip the installation of Acrobat Reader.

Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY

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When the installation is finished, the InstallShield Wizard Completed window is

displayed.

7. Click the FINISH button to end the InstallShield Wizard session and close the win-

dow.

An AdminManager shortcut is added to your PC’s Start menu and an icon is

added to your desktop.

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PRELIMINARY PC/Laptop Requirements

Starting AdminManager

1. Using the NULL modem cable, connect the PC/laptop to the Main Hub’s front

panel RS-232 connector.

2. Turn on the power to the Main Hub, if it is not already on.

3. Double-click the AdminManager icon to start the software.

Alternately, you can click the Start button that is on the PC’s taskbar, click Pro-

grams, click AdminManager, and then click the AdminManager application.

The following window is displayed when AdminManager starts.

Figure 7-2 AdminManager Start Window

You can display the AdminManager User Guide at any time while the software is

running by pressing the F1 key.

Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY

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AdminManager Operation Modes

You can choose one of four operation modes from the AdminManager Start window.

• Section 7.2 Installation Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13

Select this option when you are installing a system or a Main Hub for the first time.

Also, when you are replacing a Main Hub select this option to set the frequency

band.

• Section 7.3 Configuration & Maintenance Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25

• Section 7.3.2 Options when Connected Locally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-29

Select this option when you want to perform specific tasks, such as perform the

system test and set system parameters, or check the status of an operating sys-

tem. All options are available when you are connected locally.

• Section 7.3.3 Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely . . . . . . . 7-34

The Configuration Panel is displayed in a read-only state. When you are con-

nected remotely there are a limited number of options available. The options let

you check the status of the system and determine if a site visit is required. (This

is the only operation mode you can choose when you are connected remotely.)

• Section 7.4 Upgrading Firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-38

Select this option when you are upgrading a component’s firmware.

Buttons

•Settings

Clicking the SETTINGS button displays the Application Setting dialog box in which

you enter the communications port number that the modem will connect to for

remote monitoring and that the PC will use for connecting directly to a Main Hub

•Run

Depending on the operation option that you selected, clicking the RUN button dis-

plays the Step 1 panel of the Installation Wizard, the Configuration & Maintenance

window, or the Firmware Update window.

•Quit

Clicking the QUIT button stops the AdminManager and closes the panel.

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PRELIMINARY Installation Wizard

7.2 Installation Wizard

Use the Installation Wizard when you are installing a new system or a new Main Hub

to a system. Installation consists of four steps; each one is displayed in a separate

panel of the Wizard.

• Section 7.2.1 Step 1: Verify Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14

• Section 7.2.2 Step 2: Set Operation Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

• Section 7.2.3 Step 3: Configure System Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20

• Section 7.2.4 Step 4: Final System Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-22

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7.2.1 Step 1: Verify Hardware

During this step, the AdminManager software is in a listening mode. The Main Hub

detects downstream units (Expansion Hubs and RAUs) and automatically reports the

system configuration, which AdminManager displays as a configuration tree in the

System Status pane of the Step 1 panel.

Figure 7-3 Step 1: Verify Hardware Panel

Verify Hardware Configuration

1. Enter a system label (up to 8 characters) in the System Label text box.

This label is assigned to the Main Hub and appears in the System Status tree.

2. Click the NEXT button when the configuration is displayed correctly in the System

Status pane.

The Main Hub automatically reports any change in system status to the Admin-

Manager, which automatically updates the System Status tree.

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PRELIMINARY Step 1: Verify Hardware

7.2.1.1 Description of Step 1 Panel

Panes

• System Status

A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System

Status pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System

Status tree.

• Messages

Status and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay,

the NEXT button is selectable.

Command Buttons

•Help

Clicking the HELP button displays the Unison Hardware Troubleshooting Guide.

•Refresh

Clicking the REFRESH button issues a query status command to the Main Hub and

the System Status tree is updated. Also, any disconnect status is cleared. While the

Main Hub does report system status to the AdminManager automatically, you can

use this button to force an update if communications fail or if there has been a sta-

tus change that is not showing in the System Status tree.

•Next

Clicking the NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Step 2 panel.

• Cancel

Clicking the CANCEL button quits the Installation Wizard and displays the Admin-

Manager Start window (Figure 7-2).

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7.2.2 Step 2: Set Operation Band

The Main and Expansion Hubs are manufactured and shipped without a band of opera-

tion programmed into them. The RAUs, on the other hand, are manufactured to a spe-

cific band or set of bands. In order for the system to perform, you must program the

Main and Expansion Hubs to the band that the downstream RAUs are intended for.

Figure 7-4 Step 2: Set Operation Band

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PRELIMINARY Step 2: Set Operation Band

Set Operation Band

1. Select a band from the Select Band drop-down list box.

2. Click the APPLY button.

3. Click the NEXT button if:

a. The configuration is displayed correctly in the System Status pane.

b. There are no error messages in the Messages pane.

If a band setting error message is displayed, you can:

1. Disconnect the unit from the system.

2. Click the BACK button to return to Step 1.

3. Click the REFRESH button to clear the disconnected unit.

4. Click the NEXT button to continue to Step 2.

NOTE: “Band not initialized” faults can only be cleared by performing Step 2. The

Configuration & Maintenance panel does not provide a way to clear these faults.

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7.2.2.1 Description of Step 2 Panel

Panes

• System Status

A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Sta-

tus pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Sta-

tus tree.

•Messages

Status and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay,

the NEXT button is selectable.

Drop-Down List Box

• Select Band

Choose from:

Unison

Band

RF Passband

Downlink (MHz) Uplink (MHz)

Cellular 869–894 824–849

DCS1 1805–1842.5 1710–1747.5

DCS2 1842.5–1880 1747.5–1785

DCS3 1840–1875 1745–1780

EGSM 925–960 880–915

GSM 935–960 890–915

iDEN 851–869 806–824

PCS A&D 1930–1950 1850–1870

PCS B&E 1945–1965 1865–1885

PCS D&B 1950–1970 1870–1890

PCS E&F 1965–1975 1885–1895

PCS F&C 1970–1990 1890–1910

UMTS 1 2110–2145 1920–1955

UMTS 2 2125–2160 1935–1970

UMTS 3 2135–2170 1945–1980

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PRELIMINARY Step 2: Set Operation Band

Command Buttons

•Apply

Clicking the APPLY button issues the set band command to the Main Hub and all

downstream components, and initiates a system test.

In order for the system to complete the band configuration, the factory-set band of

all the attached RAUs must match the band command issued by the AdminMan-

ager software. If the band command matches the RAU’s, then the system band is

set. If the band command does not match, the command is rejected and a “Set band

error” message for that RAU is displayed.

•Back

Clicking the BACK button returns AdminManager to the Step 1 panel.

•Next

Clicking the NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Step 3 panel. This button

is selectable only when the APPLY function is successful.

• Cancel

Clicking the CANCEL button quits the Installation Wizard and displays the Admin-

Manager Start window (Figure 7-2).

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7.2.3 Step 3: Configure System Parameters

From this panel, you can set uplink and downlink system gain from 0 dB to 15 dB in

1 dB steps. By default, the UL and DL System Gain is set at 15 dB. Current hardware

settings are shown in the text boxes when the panel is first displayed. Figure 7-5

shows the display after the UL System Gain was changed to 11 dB.

Figure 7-5 Step 3: Configure System Parameters

Configure System Parameters

If you want to keep the values as they are initially displayed, click the NEXT button.

If you want to change the values:

1. Enter a value in the UL System Gain text box, if desired.

2. Enter a value in the DL System Gain text box, if desired.

3. Enter the callback number if a callback number text box is displayed.

If a callback number is set in the Main Hub, this panel displays an additional call-

back number text box, letting you change the number, if desired.

4. Click the APPLY button when you are ready.

5. Click the NEXT button if:

a. The configuration is displayed correctly in the System Status pane.

b. There are no error messages in the Messages pane.

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PRELIMINARY Step 3: Configure System Parameters

7.2.3.1 Description of Step 3 Panel

Panes

• System Status

A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Sta-

tus pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Sta-

tus tree.

• Messages

Status and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay,

the NEXT button is selectable.

Text Boxes

•UL System Gain and DL System Gain

Both the uplink and the downlink system gain can be adjusted from 15 dB to 0 dB

in 1 dB increments using these text boxes.

Command Buttons

•Apply

Clicking the APPLY button sets the selected value.

•Back

Clicking the BACK button returns AdminManager to the Step 2 panel.

•Next

Clicking the NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Step 4 panel.

• Cancel

Clicking the CANCEL button quits the Installation Wizard and displays the Admin-

Manager Start window (Figure 7-2).

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7.2.4 Step 4: Final System Test

This step performs an end-to-end RF path functional test that includes cable length

estimation and system gain refinement. Any disconnect status is cleared and all fault

logs are cleared.

Figure 7-6 Step 4: Final System Test

Perform Final System Test

1. Click the APPLY button if the configuration is displayed correctly in the System

Status pane.

For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it

can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.

2. Click the NEXT button when a successful test message is displayed in the Mes-

sages pane.

You can use the BACK button to return to previous steps and make changes if an error

is displayed in the Messages pane.

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PRELIMINARY Step 4: Final System Test

7.2.4.1 Description of Step 4 Panel

Panes

• System Status

A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Sta-

tus pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Sta-

tus tree.

• Messages

Status and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay,

the NEXT button is selectable.

Command Buttons

•Apply

Clicking the APPLY button starts the final system test.

•Back

Clicking the BACK button returns AdminManager to the Step 3 panel.

•Next

Clicking the NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Finish panel. This button

is selectable only when the APPLY function is successful.

• Cancel

Clicking the CANCEL button quits the Installation Wizard and displays the Admin-

Manager Start window (Figure 7-2).

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7.2.5 Finish Panel

The Finish panel is displayed when the final system test is successfully completed.

Figure 7-7 Finish Panel

1. Click the FINISH button.

A Save As dialog box is displayed.

2. Specify a file name and where to save the command file.

All of the commands that were issued during the installation are saved in the com-

mand file.

7.2.5.1 Description of Finish Panel

Command Button

• Finish

Clicking the FINISH button displays a Save As dialog box for saving the configura-

tion file and then quits the session.

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PRELIMINARY Configuration & Maintenance Panel

7.3 Configuration & Maintenance Panel

The Configuration & Maintenance Panel is used after the initial installation of a sys-

tem. From this panel you can check status of the system, get current errors and warn-

ings, get information about a particular unit in the system, set system parameters, and

perform a system test, for example.

Figure 7-8 Configuration & Maintenance Window

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7.3.1 Window Description

Panes

• System Status

A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Sta-

tus pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Sta-

tus tree.

•Messages

Status and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane.

Drop-Down List Box

Table 7-1 Configuration and Maintenance Window Options

Connection

OptionLocal Remote

Advanced RAU Settings

Clear All Disconnect Status

Command Unit In-Service

Command Unit Out-of-Service

Get Current Errors

Get Current Warnings

Get System Parameters

Get Unit Info

Refresh System Status

Set Callback Number

Set Contact Sense Properties

Set System Parameters

System Test

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PRELIMINARY Window Description

Command Buttons

• Execute

Clicking the EXECUTE button starts the command that is selected in the Command

list box.

• Save Config

Clicking the SAVE CONFIG button displays the Save Configuration Notes dialog

box. Any additional information that you type into the text box is saved at the top

of the configuration file.

After you click OK in this dialog box, the Save As dialog box is displayed, in

which you specify the name of the file and where to save the configuration file.

Following is an example configuration file that includes notes:

Begin Notes *******************************************

LGC HQ

05/23/01 MH configuration L010MH11

System configuration

End Notes *********************************************

Frequency Band is DCS Low.

System Gain: UL = 12 dB, DL=4dB.

Callback Number is 1234567.

System label is LGC.

Main Hub Information:

Serial Number: L010BMH1

Part Number: 7405101

Revision Number: 03

Firmware Revision: 010526

Expansion Hub LGC-1 Information:

Serial Number: L010BEH9

Part Number: 7405101

Revision Number: 03

Firmware Revision: 010513

RAU LGC-1-5 Information:

Serial Number: L010BRU1

Part Number: 7405101

Revision Number: 03

Firmware Revision: 010021

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•Save Msg

Selecting the SAVE MSG button displays the Save As dialog box in which you spec-

ify the name of the file and where to save the contents of the Message text box.

•Exit

Selecting the EXIT button quits the session and displays the AdminManager Start

window (Figure 7-2).

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PRELIMINARY Options when Connected Locally

7.3.2 Options when Connected Locally

When you are locally connected to the Main Hub, you can choose the following

options in addition to those listed in Section 7.3.3, “Read-Only Options when Con-

nected Remotely,” on page 7-34 (also, see Table 7-1 on page 7-26).

Advanced RAU Settings

• Set uplink and downlink 10 dB attenuation for an individual RAU

Refer to “Using the 10 dB Attenuation Setting” on page 7-30 for a description

of this setting.

• Select a UL ALC setting for an individual RAU

Refer to “Using the Uplink ALC Setting” on page 7-31 for a description of this

setting.

1. Enter the Expansion Hub number and the

RAU number in the text boxes on the RAU

Selection dialog box and click OK.

The Advanced RAU Settings dialog box is

displayed.”

In the Advanced RAU Settings example

shown below, Demo-1-1 indicates that RAU

number 1 that is connected to Expansion

Hub number 1 in the “Demo” Main Hub sys-

tem is selected.

2. Select the Uplink and Downlink check box

to enable the 10 dB attenuation setting.

3. Select a radio button from the UL ALC Set-

ting list.

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Using the 10 dB Attenuation Setting

By selecting the Uplink and Downlink checkbox in the Advanced RAU Settings dia-

log box, the uplink and downlink signals in the individual RAU, which you specified

in the RAU Selection dialog box, are both reduced by 10 dB. One reason you may

want to use this setting is to reduce the RAU’s output power when an RAU is located

near an exterior wall of a building and its RF signal is going beyond the wall to the

outside of the building, where it can negatively affect the outdoor macro system.

The following table shows some examples of how the 10 dB attenuation setting

affects coverage distance. These examples assume a 0 dB gain system, a 3 dBi gain

antenna, and the difference between a –85 dB and a –75 dB design.

You can use the following formula to calculate the reduction in distance covered.

•d

orig = original distance

•d

new = new distance with 10 dB attenuation enabled

• PLS = path loss slope [dB]

dnew = (10–10/PLS)dorig

Examples:

dnew = 0.31 dorig for PLS = 20 dB (free space)

dnew = 0.46 dorig for PLS = 30 dB

Frequency Environment Reduction in Coverage Distance

800 MHz Open, like a parking garage 24 meters (80 feet)

800 MHz Heavily walled, like a Hospital 12.5 meters (41 feet)

1900 MHz Open, like a parking garage 24 meters (80 feet)

1900 MHz Heavily walled, like a Hospital 9 meters (30 feet)

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PRELIMINARY Options when Connected Locally

Using the Uplink ALC Setting

Uplink automatic level control (UL ALC) circuitry within the RAU provides auto-

matic level control on high-power signals in the uplink path. This functionality is

required to prevent compression caused by a single or multiple wireless devices that

are in very close proximity to an RAU. Compression causes signal degradation and,

ultimately, bit errors, and should be prevented. Two settings are available to optimize

UL ALC performance:

•Single Operator and Protocol: Use when only one operator and protocol is

on-the-air within the Unison system’s configured and adjacent frequency bands.

•Multiple Operators and/or Protocols: Use when more than one operator and/or

protocol is present in the Unison system’s frequency and adjacent frequency

bands.

The following table shows the frequency bands that are adjacent to the bands that the

system is configured for.

Table 7-2 Frequency Bands Adjacent to System Configured Bands

System

Configuration Adjacent Bands

iDEN Cellular

Cellular iDEN

PCS AD PCS B

PCS DB PCS A, PCS E

PCS BE PCS D, PCS F

PCS EF PCS B, PCS C

PCS FC PCS E

GSM –

EGSM –

DCS 1 DCS 2

DCS 2 DCS 1, DCS 3

DCS 3 –

UMTS 1 UMTS 2, UMTS 3

UMTS 2 UMTS 1, UMTS 3

UMTS 3 UMTS 1, UMTS 2

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•Clear All Disconnect Status: clears a port disconnect fault when an Expansion

Hub or an RAU is disconnected and will not be re-connected.

•Command Unit In-Service: returns a unit to service that was previously removed

from service; restores a component to the system’s alarm monitoring; displays the

unit lock, unit not system tested, or normal operation icon.

•Command Unit Out-of-Service: removes a unit, and all of its downstream units,

from service, there is no RF transmission; lets you temporarily remove a compo-

nent from the system’s alarm monitoring; displays unit “lock” icon.

•Set Callback Number: displays a dialog box in which you enter the phone num-

ber that the system uses to communicate with OpsConsole users. You can use up to

64 characters: 0 through 9, and the comma (,) for a pause. Leave the field blank if

you do not want the unit to call out. Refer to your modem documentation for other

characters that you can use. To disable callback, leave the text box empty.

•Set Contact Sense Properties: enables/disables the external sensing of either nor-

mally open or normally closed contact closures; displays “contact sense alarm” or

“contact sense okay” icon.

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PRELIMINARY Options when Connected Locally

•Set System Parameters: displays a dialog box from which you select uplink and

downlink gain settings, and/or specify a system label. If the system label text box

is left empty, the System Status tree displays the default label “1”.

•System Test: An end-to-end RF path functional test that includes cable length esti-

mation and system gain refinement is performed during the system test. System

operation is suspended while the test is being performed. For a fully loaded system

(one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to

complete the test.

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7.3.3 Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely

You can only choose read-only options and view system status when you are

remotely connected to the Main Hub. You cannot set parameters or change system

configuration remotely. (See Table 7-1 on page 7-26.)

•Get Current Errors: displays the highest priority error with a recommendation

for resolving it

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PRELIMINARY Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely

•Get Current Warnings: displays the highest priority warning with a recommen-

dation for resolving it

•Get System Parameters: displays the frequency band, callback number, uplink

and downlink system gain, and system label

Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY

7-36 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

•Get Unit Info: displays the Options dialog box in which you select a unit.

Select a unit and click the OK button to display that unit’s serial number, part num-

ber, revision number and firmware version. Additionally, the advanced settings for

the RAU are displayed when RAU information is requested.

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-37

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely

•Refresh System Status: requests system status and updates the System Status tree

Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY

7-38 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

7.4 Upgrading Firmware

The firmware update program automatically detects which unit the firmware is

intended for and displays the firmware ID and version number in the Firmware

Update window, as shown in the following figure.

Figure 7-9 Firmware Update Window

Updating Firmware

1. Copy the firmware program to the PC.

2. Start AdminManager and select the Firmware Update radio button on the Start

window, and then click run.

An Open File dialog box is displayed.

3. Choose the .m19 file you want to open from the Open File dialog box and click

OPEN.

The firmware ID and version number are displayed in the Firmware Update win-

dow.

4. Click the PROGRAM button to start the download.

This button changes to CANCEL during the download, click it to stop the firmware

update.

5. Click the DONE button.

This button is enabled when the download is completed.

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-39

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY System Status Tree

7.5 System Status Tree

A hierarchical tree of the detected system components is displayed in the System Sta-

tus pane.

7.5.1 System Status Tree Icons

The following table shows the icons that may appear in the System Status tree.

Table 7-3 System Status Tree Icons

Icon Description

Main Hub normal operation

Main Hub fault

Main Hub lock (unit and all downstream units are out-of-service)

Main Hub has not been system tested

Main Hub warning

Expansion Hub normal operation

Expansion Hub fault

Expansion Hub lock (unit and all downstream RAUs are out-of-service)

Expansion Hub has not been system tested

Expansion Hub warning

RAU normal operation

RAU fault

RAU lock

RAU has not been system tested

RAU warning

No communication

Contact sense alarm

Contact sense okay

Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY

7-40 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual 8-1

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY

SECTION 8 Designing a Unison Solution

Designing a Unison solution is ultimately a matter of determining coverage and

capacity needs. This requires the following steps:

1. Determine the wireless service provider’s requirements.

This information is usually supplied by the service provider:

• Frequency (i.e., 850 MHz)

• Band (i.e., “A” band in the Cellular spectrum)

• Protocol (i.e., TDMA, CDMA, GSM, iDEN)

• Peak capacity requirement (this, and whether or not the building will be split

into sectors, determines the number of carriers that the system will have to

transmit)

• Design goal (RSSI, received signal strength at the wireless handset,

i.e., –85 dBm)

The design goal is always a stronger signal than the cell phone needs. It

includes inherent factors which will affect performance (see Section 8.4.1 on

page 8-33).

• RF source (base station or BDA), type of equipment if possible

2. Determine the power per carrier and input power from the base station or

BDA into the Main Hub: Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier

at RAU,” on page 8-3.

The maximum power per carrier is a function of the number of RF carriers, the

carrier headroom requirement, signal quality issues, regulatory emissions require-

ments, and Unison’s RF performance. The power per carrier decreases as the

number of carriers increases.

3. Determine the in-building environment: Section 8.2, “Estimating RF Cover-

age,” on page 8-19.

• Determine which areas of the building require coverage (entire building, public

areas, parking levels, etc.)

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

• Obtain floor plans to determine floor space of building and the wall layout of

the proposed areas to be covered. Floor plans will also be useful when you are

selecting antenna locations.

• If possible, determine the building’s construction materials (sheetrock, metal,

concrete, etc.)

• Determine type of environment

– Open layout (e.g., a convention center)

– Dense, close walls (e.g., a hospital)

– Mixed use (e.g., an office building with hard wall offices and cubicles)

4. Develop an RF link budget: Section 8.4, “Link Budget Analysis,” on page

8-32.

Knowing the power per carrier, you can calculate an RF link budget which is used

to predict how much propagation loss can be allowed in the system, while still

providing satisfactory performance throughout the area being covered. The link

budget is a methodical way to derive a “design goal”. If the design goal is pro-

vided in advance, the link budget is simply: allowable RF loss = max. power per

carrier – design goal.

5. Determine the appropriate estimated path loss slope that corresponds to the

type of building and its layout, and estimate the coverage distance for each

RAU: Section 8.2, “Estimating RF Coverage,” on page 8-19.

The path loss slope (PLS), which gives a value to the RF propagation characteris-

tics within the building, is used to convert the RF link budget into an estimate of

the coverage distance per antenna. This will help establish the Unison equipment

quantities you will need. The actual path loss slope that corresponds to the spe-

cific RF environment inside the building can also be determined empirically by

performing an RF site-survey of the building. This involves transmitting a cali-

brated tone for a fixed antenna and making measurements with a mobile antenna

throughout the area surrounding the transmitter.

6. Determine the items required to connect to the base station: Section 8.6,

“Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station,” on page 8-46.

Once you know the quantities of Unison equipment you will use, you can deter-

mine the accessories (combiners/dividers, surge suppressors, repeaters, attenua-

tors, circulators, etc.) that are required to connect the system to the base station.

The individual elements that must be considered in designing a Unison solution are

discussed in the following sections.

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-3

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PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

8.1 Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

The following tables show the recommended maximum power per carrier out of the

RAU SMA connector for different frequencies, formats, and numbers of carriers.

These limits are dictated by RF signal quality and regulatory emissions issues. The

maximum input power to the Main Hub is determined by subtracting the system gain

from the maximum output power of the RAU. System gain is software selectable

from 0 dB to 15 dB in 1 dB steps. Additionally, both the uplink and downlink RAU

gain can be reduced by 10 dB.

Therefore, when you connect a Main Hub to a base station or repeater, the RF power

per carrier usually needs to be attenuated in order to avoid exceeding Unison’s maxi-

mum output power recommendations.

Refer to Section 8.7, “Designing for a Neutral Host System,” on page 8-50 when

combining frequencies or protocols on a single Main Hub.

WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power could cause perma-

nent damage to the Main Hub.

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-4 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

WARNING: For 800 MHz AMPS, do not exceed the maximum compos-

ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-1 800 MHz (AMPS) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

510.0

610.5

79.5

88.5

98.0

10 7.0

11 7.0

12 6.5

13 6.0

14 5.5

15 5.5

16 5.0

20 4.0

30 2.0

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-5

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

WARNING: For 800 MHz TDMA, do not exceed the maximum compos-

ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-2 800 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

510.0

610.0

79.5

88.5

98.0

10 7.5

11 7.0

12 6.5

13 6.5

14 6.0

15 5.5

16 5.5

20 4.5

30 2.5

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-6 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

WARNING: For 800 MHz CDMA, do not exceed the maximum com-

posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-3 800 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

116.0

213.5

312.0

411.0

510.0

69.5

78.5

88.0

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-7

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

WARNING: For 800 MHz iDEN, do not exceed the maximum compos-

ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-4 800 MHz (iDEN) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

59.0

68.0

77.0

86.5

96.0

10 5.5

11 5.0

12 4.5

13 4.0

14 4.0

15 3.5

16 3.0

20 2.0

30 0.5

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-8 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

WARNING: For 900 MHz GSM or EGSM, do not exceed the maximum

composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-5 900 MHz (GSM or EGSM) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

59.0

68.5

78.0

87.5

97.0

10 6.5

11 6.5

12 6.0

13 5.5

14 5.5

15 5.0

16 5.0

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-9

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

WARNING: For 900 MHz EDGE, do not exceed the maximum compos-

ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-6 900 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

59.0

68.5

78.0

87.5

97.0

10 6.5

11 6.5

12 6.0

13 5.5

14 5.5

15 5.0

16 5.0

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

WARNING: For 1800 MHz DCS, do not exceed the maximum compos-

ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-7 1800 MHz (DCS) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

510.0

69.5

78.5

87.5

97.0

10 6.5

11 6.0

12 5.5

13 5.0

14 5.0

15 4.5

16 4.0

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-11

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

WARNING: For 1800 MHz EDGE, do not exceed the maximum com-

posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-8 1800 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

59.0

68.0

77.5

86.5

96.0

10 5.5

11 5.0

12 4.5

13 4.5

14 4.0

15 3.5

16 3.5

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-12 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

WARNING: For 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea), do not exceed the maxi-

mum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any

time.

Table 8-9 1800 MHz (CDMA Korea) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

114.5

212.0

310.5

49.5

58.5

68.0

77.0

86.5

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-13

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

WARNING: For 1900 MHz TDMA, do not exceed the maximum com-

posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-10 1900 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

510.0

69.0

78.0

87.0

96.5

10 6.0

11 5.5

12 5.0

13 5.0

14 4.5

15 4.0

16 4.0

20 3.0

30 1.0

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-14 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

WARNING: For 1900 MHz GSM, do not exceed the maximum compos-

ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-11 1900 MHz (GSM) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

510.0

69.5

78.5

87.5

97.0

10 6.5

11 6.0

12 5.5

13 5.0

14 5.0

15 4.5

16 4.0

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-15

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

WARNING: For 1900 MHz CDMA, do not exceed the maximum com-

posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-12 1900 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

114.5

212.0

310.5

49.5

58.5

68.0

77.0

86.5

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-16 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

WARNING: For 1900 MHz EDGE, do not exceed the maximum com-

posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-13 1900 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

59.0

68.0

77.5

86.5

96.0

10 5.5

11 5.0

12 4.5

13 4.5

14 4.0

15 3.5

16 3.5

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-17

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

WARNING: For 2.1 GHz WCDMA, do not exceed the maximum com-

posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

Table 8-14 2.1 GHz (WCDMA) Power per Carrier

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier

(dBm)

114.5

211.0

38.5

47.0

56.0

65.0

74.5

83.5

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-18 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

Allowing for Future Capacity Growth

Sometimes a Unison deployment initially is used to enhance coverage. Later that

same system may also need to provide increased capacity. Thus, the initial deploy-

ment might only transmit two carriers but need to transmit four carriers later. There

are two options for dealing with this scenario:

1. Design the initial coverage with a maximum power per carrier for four carriers.

2. Design the initial coverage for two carriers but leave Expansion Hub ports

unused. These ports can be used later if coverage holes are discovered once the

power per carrier is lowered to accommodate the two additional carriers.

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-19

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Estimating RF Coverage

8.2 Estimating RF Coverage

The maximum power per carrier (based on the number and type of RF carriers that

are being transmitted) and the minimum acceptable received power at the wireless

device (i.e., RSSI, the design goal) establish the RF link budget, and consequently the

maximum acceptable path loss between the antenna and the wireless device.

Figure 8-1 Determining Path Loss between the Antenna and the Wireless Device

(P + Lcoax + G) – RSSI = PL (1)

The path loss (PL) is the loss in decibels (dB) between the antenna and the wireless

device. The distance, d, from the antenna corresponding to this path loss can be calcu-

lated using the path loss equations in Section 8.2.1 and in Section 8.2.2.

The following table lists coaxial cable loss.

Table 8-15 Coaxial Cable Losses

Length of

Cable

Loss at

800 MHz

(dB)

Loss at

1900 MHz

(dB)

0.9 m (3 ft) 0.4 0.6

1.8 m (6 ft) 0.9 1.4

3.0 m (10 ft) 1.5 2.4

RAU

P = power per d

Antenna and Gain (G)

RSSI = power at the

wireless device

carrier from the RAU

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-20 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

8.2.1 Path Loss Equation

Indoor path loss obeys the distance power law1 in equation (2):

PL = 20log(4πd0f/c) + 10nlog(d/d0) + Χs(2)

where:

• PL is the path loss at a distance, d, from the antenna (the distance between the

antenna that is connected to the RAU and the point where the RF signal

decreases to the minimum acceptable level at the wireless device).

•d

0 is usually taken as 1 meter of free-space.

• f is the operating frequency in hertz.

• c is the speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 × 108 m/sec).

• n is the path loss exponent and depends on the building “clutter”.

•Χs is a normal random variable that depends on partition losses inside the build-

ing, and therefore, depends on the frequency of operation.

As a reference, the following table gives estimates of signal loss for some RF barriers.1

1. Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.

Table 8-16 Average Signal Loss of Common Building Materials

Partition Type Loss (dB)

@ <2 GHz Frequency (MHz)

Metal wall 26 815

Aluminum siding 20 815

Foil insulation 4 815

Cubicle walls 1.4 900

Concrete block wall 13 1300

Concrete floor 10 1300

Sheetrock 1 to 2 1300

Light machinery 3 1300

General machinery 7 1300

Heavy machinery 11 1300

Equipment racks 7 1300

Assembly line 6 1300

Ceiling duct 5 1300

Metal stairs 5 1300

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-21

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Coverage Distance

8.2.2 Coverage Distance

Equations (1) and (2), on pages 8-19 and 8-20, respectively, can be used to estimate

the distance from the antenna to where the RF signal decreases to the minimum

acceptable level at the wireless device.

Equation (2) can be simplified to:

PL(d) = 20log(4πf/c) + PLSlog(d) (3)

where PLS (path loss slope) is chosen to account for the building’s environment.

Because different frequencies penetrate partitions with different losses, the value of

PLS will vary depending on the frequency.

Table 8-17 shows estimated path loss slope (PLS) for various environments that have

different “clutter” (i.e., objects that attenuate the RF signals, such as walls, partitions,

stairwells, equipment racks, etc.)

For simplicity, Equation (3) can be used to estimate the coverage distance of an

antenna that is connected to an RAU, for a given path loss, frequency, and type of

in-building environment.

Table 8-17 Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building Environments

Facility PLS for

800/900 MHz PLS for

1800/1900 MHz

Manufacturing 35 32

Hospital 39.4 38.1

Airport 35 32

Retail 36.1 33.1

Warehouse 35 32

Parking Garage 33.7 30.1

Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 36.1 33.1

Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 37.6 34.8

Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 39.4 38.1

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-22 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

Table 8-18 gives the value of the first term of Equation (3) (i.e., (20log(4πf/c)) for

various frequency bands.

Table 8-18 Frequency Bands and the Value of the first Term in Equation (3)

Band (MHz) Mid-Band

Frequency

(MHz) 20log(4πf/c)Uplink Downlink

800 MHz Cellular 824–849 869–894 859 31.1

800 MHz iDEN 806–824 851–869 837.5 30.9

900 MHz GSM 890–915 935–960 925 31.8

900 MHz EGSM 880–915 925–960 920 31.7

1800 MHz DCS 1710–1785 1805–1880 1795 37.5

1800 MHz CDMA (Korea) 1750–1780 1840–1870 1810 37.6

1900 MHz PCS 1850–1910 1930–1990 1920 38.1

2.1 GHz UMTS 1920–1980 2110–2170 2045 38.7

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-23

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Coverage Distance

For reference, Tables 8-19 through 8-25 show the distance covered by an antenna for

various in-building environments. The following assumptions were made:

• Path loss Equation (3)

• 6 dBm output per carrier at the RAU output

• 3 dBi antenna gain

• RSSI = –85 dBm (typical for narrowband protocols, but not for spread-spec-

trum protocols)

Table 8-19 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 800 MHz Cellular Applications

Facility

Distance from Antenna

Meters Feet

Manufacturing 63 205

Hospital 39 129

Airport 63 205

Retail 55 181

Warehouse 63 205

Parking Garage 73 241

Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 55 181

Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 47 154

Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 39 129

Table 8-20 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 800 MHz iDEN Applications

Facility

Distance from Antenna

Meters Feet

Manufacturing 64 208

Hospital 40 131

Airport 64 208

Retail 56 184

Warehouse 64 208

Parking Garage 75 244

Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 56 184

Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 48 156

Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 40 131

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-24 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

Table 8-21 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 900 MHz GSM Applications

Facility

Distance from Antenna

Meters Feet

Manufacturing 60 197

Hospital 38 125

Airport 60 197

Retail 53 174

Warehouse 60 197

Parking Garage 70 230

Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 53 174

Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 45 148

Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 38 125

Table 8-22 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 900 MHz EGSM Applications

Facility

Distance from Antenna

Meters Feet

Manufacturing 60 197

Hospital 38 125

Airport 60 197

Retail 53 174

Warehouse 60 197

Parking Garage 70 231

Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 53 174

Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 45 149

Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 38 125

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-25

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Coverage Distance

Table 8-23 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 1800 MHz DCS Applications

Facility

Distance from Antenna

Meters Feet

Manufacturing 58 191

Hospital 30 100

Airport 58 191

Retail 51 167

Warehouse 58 191

Parking Garage 75 246

Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 50 166

Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 42 137

Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 30 100

Table 8-24 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea) Applications

Facility

Distance from Antenna

Meters Feet

Manufacturing 58 191

Hospital 30 100

Airport 58 191

Retail 51 167

Warehouse 58 191

Parking Garage 75 247

Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 51 167

Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 42 138

Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 30 100

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-26 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

Table 8-25 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 1900 MHz PCS Applications

Facility

Distance from Antenna

Meters Feet

Manufacturing 56 183

Hospital 29 96

Airport 56 183

Retail 49 160

Warehouse 56 183

Parking Garage 72 236

Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 49 160

Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 40 132

Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 29 96

Table 8-26 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 2.1 GHz UMTS Applications

Facility

Distance from Antenna

Meters Feet

Manufacturing 54 176

Hospital 28 93

Airport 54 176

Retail 47 154

Warehouse 54 176

Parking Garage 69 226

Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 47 154

Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 39 128

Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 28 93

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-27

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Examples of Design Estimates

8.2.3 Examples of Design Estimates

Example Design Estimate for an 800 MHz TDMA Application

1. Design goals:

• Cellular (859 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink

frequency in 800 MHz Cellular band)

• TDMA provider

• 6 TDMA carriers in the system

• –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the building) — the minimum received power

at the wireless device

• Base station with simplex RF connections

2. Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Car-

rier at RAU,” on page 8-3 provide maximum power per carrier information. The

800 MHz TDMA table (on page 8-5) indicates that Unison can support 6 carriers

with a recommended maximum power per carrier of 10.5 dBm. The input power

should be set to the desired output power minus the system gain.

3. Building information:

• 8 floor building with 9,290 sq. meters (100,000 sq. ft.) per floor; total 74,322

sq. meters (800,000 sq. ft.)

• Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles

• Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted

• Standard office environment, 50% hard wall offices and 50% cubicles

4. Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi

omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propa-

gation loss should be no more than 98.5 dB (10.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over

95% of the area being covered. It is important to note that a design goal such as

–85 dBm is usually derived taking into account multipath fading and log-normal

shadowing characteristics. Thus, this design goal will only be met “on average”

over 95% of the area being covered. At any given point, a fade may bring the sig-

nal level underneath the design goal.

Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path.

For information to calculate link budgets for both the downlink and uplink paths,

see Section 8.4 on page 8-32.

5. Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, Table 8-17, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for

Different In-Building Environments” on page 8-21, shows that a building with 50%

hard wall offices and 50% cubicles, at 859 MHz, has an approximate path loss slope

(PLS) of 37.6. Given the RF link budget of 98.5 dB, the distance of coverage from

each RAU will be 62 meters (203 ft). This corresponds to a coverage area of

12,079 sq. meters (129,952 sq. ft.) per RAU (see Section 8.2.1 for details on path

loss estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though the

actual area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstructions

in the facility.

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

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Equipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate

the Unison equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are

tested in the building, you can estimate that 2 antennas per level will be needed.

a. 1 antenna per floor × 8 floors = 8 RAUs

b. 8 RAUs ÷ 8 (max 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 1 Expansion Hub

c. 1 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (max 4 Expansion Hubs per Main Hub) = 1 Main Hub

Check that the MMF and Cat-5 cable distances are as recommended. If the dis-

tances differ, use the tables in Section 8.3, “System Gain,” on page 8-31 to deter-

mine system gains or losses. The path loss may need to be recalculated to assure

adequate signal levels in the required coverage distance.

The above estimates assume that all cable length requirements are met. If Expansion

Hubs cannot be placed so that the RAUs are within the distance requirement, addi-

tional Expansion Hubs may need to be placed closer to the required RAUs locations.

An RF Site Survey and Building Evaluation is required to accurately establish the

Unison equipment quantities required for the building. The site survey measures the

RF losses within the building to determine the actual PLS, which will be used in the

final path loss formula to determine the actual requirements of the Unison system.

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PRELIMINARY Examples of Design Estimates

Example Design Estimate for an 1900 MHz CDMA Application

1. Design goals:

• PCS (1920 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink fre-

quency in 1900 MHz PCS band)

• CDMA provider

• 8 CDMA carriers in the system

• –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the building) — the minimum received power

at the wireless device

• Base station with simplex RF connections

2. Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Car-

rier at RAU,” on page 8-3 provide maximum power per carrier information. The

1900 MHz CDMA table (on page 8-15) indicates that Unison can support 8 carri-

ers with a recommended maximum power per carrier of 6.5 dBm. The input

power should be set to the desired output power minus the system gain.

3. Building information:

• 16 floor building with 9,290 sq. meters (100,000 sq. ft.) per floor; total

148,640 sq. meters (1,600,000 sq. ft.)

• Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles

• Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted

• Standard office environment, 80% hard wall offices and 20% cubicles

4. Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi

omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propa-

gation loss should be no more than 94.5 dB (6.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over

95% of the area being covered. It is important to note that a design goal such as

–85 dBm is usually derived taking into account multipath fading and log-normal

shadowing characteristics. Thus, this design goal will only be met “on average”

over 95% of the area being covered. At any given point, a fade may bring the sig-

nal level underneath the design goal.

Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path.

For information to calculate link budgets for both the downlink and uplink paths,

see Section 8.4 on page 8-32.

5. Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, Table 8-17, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for

Different In-Building Environments” on page 8-21, shows that a building with 80%

hard wall offices and 20% cubicles, at 1920 MHz, has an approximate path loss

slope (PLS) of 38.1. Given the RF link budget of 94.5 dB, the distance of coverage

from each RAU will be 50 meters (166 ft). This corresponds to a coverage area of

8,031 sq. meters (86,404 sq. ft.) per RAU (see Section 8.2.1 for details on path loss

estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though the actual

area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstructions in the

facility.

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6. Equipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate

the Unison equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are

tested in the building, you can estimate that 2 antennas per level will be needed.

a. 2 antennas per floor × 16 floors = 32 RAUs

b. 32 RAUs ÷ 8 (max 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 4 Expansion Hubs

c. 4 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (max 4 Expansion Hubs per Main Hub) = 1 Main Hub

Check that the MMF and Cat-5 cable distances are as recommended. If the dis-

tances differ, use the tables in Section 8.3, “System Gain,” on page 8-31 to deter-

mine system gains or losses. The path loss may need to be recalculated to assure

adequate signal levels in the required coverage distance.

The above estimates assume that all cable length requirements are met. If Expansion

Hubs cannot be placed so that the RAUs are within the distance requirement, addi-

tional Expansion Hubs may need to be placed closer to the required RAUs locations.

An RF Site Survey and Building Evaluation is required to accurately establish the

Unison equipment quantities required for the building. The site survey measures the

RF losses within the building to determine the actual PLS, which will be used in the

final path loss formula to determine the actual requirements of the Unison system.

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PRELIMINARY System Gain

8.3 System Gain

The system gain can be decreased from 15 dB to 0 dB gain in 1 dB increments and

the uplink and downlink gain of any RAU can be decreased by 10 dB in one step

using AdminManager or OpsConsole.

8.3.1 System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable Length

The recommended minimum length of ScTP cable is 20 meters (66 ft) and the recom-

mended maximum length is 100 meters (328 ft). If the ScTP cable is less than 10

meters (33 ft), system performance may not meet specifications. If the ScTP cable is

longer than 100 meters (328 ft), the gain of the system will decrease, as shown in

Table 8-27.

Table 8-27 System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable Length

ScTP Cable

Length

Typical change in system gain (dB)

Downlink Uplink

800 MHz TDMA/AMPS and CDMA; 900 MHz GSM and

EGSM; and iDEN

110 m / 361 ft –1.0 –0.7

120 m / 394 ft –3.2 –2.4

130 m / 426 ft –5.3 –4.1

140 m / 459 ft –7.5 –5.8

150 m / 492 ft –9.7 –7.6

1800 MHz GSM (DCS); 1900 MHz TDMA, CDMA, and GSM

110 m / 361 ft –1.0 –0.7

120 m / 394 ft –4.0 –2.4

130 m / 426 ft –6.4 –4.1

140 m / 459 ft –8.8 –5.8

150 m / 492 ft –11.3 –7.6

2.1 GHz UMTS

110 m / 361 ft –1.0 –0.7

120 m / 394 ft –3.2 –2.4

130 m / 426 ft –5.3 –4.1

140 m / 459 ft –7.5 –5.8

150 m / 492 ft –9.7 –7.6

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8.4 Link Budget Analysis

A link budget is a methodical way to account for the gains and losses in an RF system

so that the quality of coverage can be predicted. The end result can often be stated as

a “design goal” in which the coverage is determined by the maximum distance from

each RAU before the signal strength falls beneath that goal.

One key feature of the link budget is the maximum power per carrier discussed in

Section 8.1. While the maximum power per carrier is important as far as emissions

and signal quality requirements are concerned, it is critical that the maximum signal

into the Main Hub never exceed 1W (+30 dBm). Composite power levels above this

limit will cause damage to the Main Hub.

WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power of 1W (+30 dBm)

could cause permanent damage to the Main Hub.

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PRELIMINARY Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards

8.4.1 Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards

The link budget represents a typical calculation that might be used to determine how

much path loss can be afforded in a Unison design. This link budget analyzes both the

downlink and uplink paths. For most configurations, the downlink requires lower

path loss and is therefore the limiting factor in the system design. It is for this reason

that a predetermined “design goal” for the downlink is sufficient to predict coverage

distance.

The link budget is organized in a simple manner: the transmitted power is calculated,

the airlink losses due to fading and body loss are summed, and the receiver sensitivity

(minimum level a signal can be received for acceptable call quality) is calculated. The

maximum allowable path loss (in dB) is the difference between the transmitted

power, less the airlink losses, and the receiver sensitivity. From the path loss, the

maximum coverage distance can be estimated using the path loss formula presented

in Section 8.2.1.

Table 8-28 provides link budget considerations for narrowband systems.

Table 8-28 Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems

Consideration Description

BTS Transmit Power The power per carrier transmitted from the base station output

Attenuation between

BTS and Unison

This includes all losses: cable, attenuator, splitter/combiner, and so forth.

On the downlink, attenuation must be chosen so that the maximum power per carrier going into the

Main Hub does not exceed the levels given in Section 8.1.

On the uplink, attenuation is chosen to keep the maximum uplink signal and noise level low enough

to prevent base station alarms but small enough not to cause degradation in the system sensitivity.

If the Unison noise figure minus the attenuation is at least 10 dB higher than the BTS noise figure,

the system noise figure will be approximately that of Unison alone. See Section 8.6 for ways to inde-

pendently set the uplink and downlink attenuations between the base station and Unison.

Antenna Gain The radiated output power includes antenna gain. For example, if you use a 3 dBi antenna at the

RAU that is transmitting 0 dBm per carrier, the effective radiated power (relative to an isotropic

radiator) is 3 dBm per carrier.

BTS Noise Figure This is the effective noise floor of the base station input (usually base station sensitivity is this effec-

tive noise floor plus a certain C/I ratio).

Unison Noise Figure This is Unison’s uplink noise figure, which varies depending on the number of Expansion Hubs and

RAUs, and the frequency band. Unison’s uplink noise figure is specified for a 1-1-4 configuration.

Thus, the noise figure for a Unison system (or multiple systems whose uplink ports are power com-

bined) will be NF(1-1-4) + 10*log(# of Expansion Hubs). This represents an upper-bound because

the noise figure is lower if any of the Expansion Hub’s RAU ports are not used.

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Thermal Noise This is the noise level in the signal bandwidth (BW).

Thermal noise power = –174 dBm/Hz + 10Log(BW).

Required C/I ratio For each wireless standard a certain C/I (carrier to interference) ratio is needed to obtain acceptable

demodulation performance. For narrowband systems, (TDMA, GSM, EDGE, iDEN, AMPS) this

level varies from about 9 dB to 20 dB.

Mobile Transmit

Power

The maximum power the mobile can transmit (power transmitted at highest power level setting).

Multipath Fade

Margin

This margin allows for a certain level of fading due to multipath interference. Inside buildings there

is often one or more fairly strong signals and many weaker signals arriving from reflections and dif-

fraction. Signals arriving from multiple paths add constructively or destructively. This margin

accounts for the possibility of destructive multipath interference. In RF site surveys this margin will

not appear because it will be averaged out over power level samples taken over many locations.

Log-normal Fade

Margin

This margin adds an allowance for RF shadowing due to objects obstructing the direct path between

the mobile equipment and the RAU. In RF site surveys, this shadowing will not appear because it

will be averaged out over power level samples taken over many locations.

Body Loss This accounts for RF attenuation caused by the user’s head and body.

Minimum Received

Signal Level

This is also referred to as the “design goal”. The link budget says that you can achieve adequate cov-

erage if the signal level is, on average, above this level over 95% of the area covered, for example.

Table 8-28 Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems (continued)

Consideration Description

Protocol Signal

Bandwidth Thermal

Noise

TDMA 30 kHz –129 dBm

GSM 200 kHz –121 dBm

iDEN 25 kHz –130 dBm

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PRELIMINARY Narrowband Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application

8.4.2 Narrowband Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application

Narrowband Link Budget Analysis: Downlink

• c = a + b

• f = c + d + e

• j = g + h + i

• n = k + l + m

• k: in this example, k represents the thermal noise for a TDMA signal, which

has a bandwidth of 30 kHz

•p = f – j – n

Line Downlink

Transmitter

a. BTS transmit power per carrier (dBm) 33

b. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –23

c. Power into Unison (dBm) 10

d. Unison gain (dB) 0

e. Antenna gain (dBi) 3

f. Radiated power per carrier (dBm) 13

Airlink

g. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6

h. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90%

(dB)

i. Body loss (dB) 3

j. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19

Receiver

k. Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz) –129

l. Mobile noise figure (dB) 7

m. Required C/I ratio (dB) 12

n. Minimum received signal (dBm) –110

p. Maximum path loss (dB) 104

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Narrowband Link Budget Analysis: Uplink

• e: enter the noise figure and gain of each system component (a, b, c, and d) into

the standard cascaded noise figure formula

• i = f + e + g – h

• m = j + k + l

• p = n – m – i

Line Uplink

Receiver

a. BTS noise figure (dB) 4

b. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –10

c. Unison gain (dB) 0

d. Unison noise figure (dB) 1-4-32 22

e. System noise figure (dB) 22.6

f. Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz) –129

g. Required C/I ratio (dB) 12

h. Antenna gain (dBi) 3

i. Receive sensitivity (dBm) –97.4

Airlink

j. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6

k. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90%

(dB)

l. Body loss (dB) 3

m. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19

Transmitter

n. Mobile transmit power (dBm) 28

p. Maximum path loss (dB) 106.4

Fsys = F1 + + + ....

F2 – 1

F3 – 1

G1G2

where

F = 10

(See Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.)

(Noise Figure/10)

G = 10(Gain/10)

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PRELIMINARY Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards

8.4.3 Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards

A CDMA link budget is slightly more complicated because the spread spectrum

nature of CDMA must be considered. Unlike narrowband standards such as TDMA

and GSM, CDMA signals are spread over a relatively wide frequency band. Upon

reception, the CDMA signal is de-spread. In the de-spreading process the power in

the received signal becomes concentrated into a narrow band, whereas the noise level

remains unchanged. Hence, the signal-to-noise ratio of the de-spread signal is higher

than that of the CDMA signal before de-spreading. This increase is called processing

gain. For IS-95 and J-STD-008, the processing gain is 21 dB or 19 dB depending on

the user data rate (9.6 Kbps for rate set 1 and 14.4 Kbps for rate set 2, respectively).

Because of the processing gain, a CDMA signal (comprising one Walsh code channel

within the composite CDMA signal) can be received at a lower level than that

required for narrowband signals. A reasonable level is –95 dBm, which results in

about –85 dBm composite as shown below.

An important issue to keep in mind is that the downlink CDMA signal is composed of

many orthogonal channels: pilot, paging, sync, and traffic. The composite power

level is the sum of the powers from the individual channels. An example is given in

the following table.

This table assumes that there are 15 active traffic channels operating with 50% voice

activity (so that the total power adds up to 100%). Notice that the pilot and sync chan-

nels together contribute about 25% of the power. When measuring the power in a

CDMA signal you must be aware that if only the pilot and sync channels are active,

the power level will be about 6 to 7 dB lower than the maximum power level you can

expect when all voice channels are active. The implication is that if only the pilot and

sync channels are active, and the maximum power per carrier table says that you

should not exceed 10 dBm for a CDMA signal, for example, then you should set the

attenuation between the base station and the Main Hub so that the Main Hub receives

3 dBm (assuming 0 dB system gain).

An additional consideration for CDMA systems is that the uplink and downlink paths

should be gain and noise balanced. This is required for proper operation of soft-hand-

off to the outdoor network as well as preventing excess interference that is caused by

mobiles on the indoor system transmitting at power levels that are not coordinated

with the outdoor mobiles. This balance is achieved if the power level transmitted by

the mobiles under close-loop power control is similar to the power level transmitted

under open-loop power control. The open-loop power control equation is

PTX + PRX = –73 dBm (for Cellular, IS-95)

PTX + PRX = –76 dBm (for PCS, J-STD-008)

Table 8-29 Distribution of Power within a CDMA Signal

Channel Walsh Code Number Relative Power Level

Pilot 0 20% –7.0 dB

Sync 32 5% –13.3 dB

Primary Paging 1 19% –7.3 dB

Traffic 8–31, 33–63 9% (per traffic channel) –10.3 dB

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where PTX is the mobile’s transmitted power and PRX is the power received by the

mobile.

The power level transmitted under closed-loop power control is adjusted by the base

station to achieve a certain Eb/N0 (explained in Table 8-30 on page 8-38). The differ-

ence between these power levels, ∆P, can be estimated by comparing the power radi-

ated from the RAU, Pdownink, to the minimum received signal, Puplink, at the RAU:

∆P = Pdownink + Puplink + 73 dBm (for Cellular)

∆P = Pdownink + Puplink + 76 dBm (for PCS)

It’s a good idea to keep –12 dB < ∆P < 12 dB.

Table 8-30 provides link budget considerations for CDMA systems.

Table 8-30 Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA

Consideration Description

Multipath Fade

Margin

The multipath fade margin can be reduced (by at least 3 dB) by using different lengths of optical fiber (this

is called “delay diversity”). The delay over fiber is approximately 5µS/km. If the difference in fiber

lengths to Expansion Hubs with overlapping coverage areas produces at least 1 chip (0.8µS) delay of one

path relative to the other, then the multipaths’ signals can be resolved and processed independently by the

base station’s rake receiver. A CDMA signal traveling through 163 meters of MMF cable will be delayed

by approximately one chip.

Power per car-

rier, downlink

This depends on how many channels are active. For example, the signal will be about 7 dB lower if only

the pilot, sync, and paging channels are active compared to a fully-loaded CDMA signal. Furthermore, in

the CDMA forward link, voice channels are turned off when the user is not speaking. On average this is

assumed to be about 50% of the time. So, in the spreadsheet, both the power per Walsh code channel (rep-

resenting how much signal a mobile will receive on the Walsh code that it is de-spreading) and the total

power are used.

The channel power is needed to determine the maximum path loss, and the total power is needed to deter-

mine how hard the Unison system is being driven.

The total power for a fully-loaded CDMA signal is given by (approximately):

total power = voice channel power + 13 dB + 10log10 (50%)

= voice channel power + 10 dB

Information Rate This is simply

10log10(9.6 Kbps) = 40 dB for rate set 1

10log10(14.4 Kbps) = 42 dB for rate set 2

Process Gain The process of de-spreading the desired signal boosts that signal relative to the noise and interference.

This gain needs to be included in the link budget. In the following formulas, PG = process gain:

PG = 10log10(1.25 MHz / 9.6 Kbps) = 21 dB rate set 1

PG = 10log10(1.25 MHz / 14.4 Kbps) = 19 dB rate set 2

Note that the process gain can also be expressed as 10log10 (CDMA bandwidth) minus the information

rate.

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PRELIMINARY Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards

Other CDMA Issues

• Never combine multiple sectors (more than one CDMA signal at the same fre-

quency) into a Unison system. The combined CDMA signals will interfere with

each other.

• Try to minimize overlap between in-building coverage areas that utilize different

sectors, as well as in-building coverage and outdoor coverage areas. This is impor-

tant because any area in which more than one dominant pilot signal (at the same

frequency) is measured by the mobile will result in soft-handoff. Soft-handoff

decreases the overall network capacity by allocating multiple channel resources to

a single mobile phone.

Eb/No This is the energy-per-bit divided by the received noise and interference. It’s the CDMA equivalent of sig-

nal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This figure depends on the mobile’s receiver and the multipath environment. For

example, the multipath delays inside a building are usually too small for a rake receiver in the mobile (or

base station) to resolve and coherently combine multipath components. However, if artificial delay can be

introduced by, for instance, using different lengths of cable, then the required Eb/No will be lower and the

multipath fade margin in the link budget can be reduced in some cases.

If the receiver noise figure is NF (dB), then the receive sensitivity (dBm) is given by:

Psensitivity = NF + Eb/No + thermal noise in a 1.25 MHz band – PG

= NF + Eb/No – 113 (dBm/1.25 MHz) – PG

Noise Rise On the uplink, the noise floor is determined not only by the Unison system, but also by the number of

mobiles that are transmitting. This is because when the base station attempts to de-spread a particular

mobile’s signal, all other mobile signals appear to be noise. Because the noise floor rises as more mobiles

try to communicate with a base station, the more mobiles there are, the more power they have to transmit.

Hence, the noise floor rises rapidly:

noise rise = 10log10(1 / (1 – loading))

where loading is the number of users as a percentage of the theoretical maximum number of users.

Typically, a base station is set to limit the loading to 75%. This noise ratio must be included in the link

budget as a worst-case condition for uplink sensitivity. If there are less users than 75% of the maximum,

then the uplink coverage will be better than predicted.

Hand-off Gain CDMA supports soft hand-off, a process by which the mobile communicates simultaneously with more

than one base station or more than one sector of a base station. Soft hand-off provides improved receive

sensitivity because there are two or more receivers or transmitters involved. A line for hand-off gain is

included in the CDMA link budgets worksheet although the gain is set to 0 dB because the in-building

system will probably be designed to limit soft-handoff.

Table 8-30 Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA (continued)

Consideration Description

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8.4.4 Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell

Application

Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: Downlink

Line Downlink

Transmitter

a. BTS transmit power per traffic channel (dBm) 30.0

b. Voice activity factor 50%

c. Composite power (dBm) 40.0

d. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –24

e. Power per channel into Unison (dBm) 9.0

f. Composite power into Unison (dBm) 16.0

g. Unison gain (dB) 0.0

h. Antenna gain (dBi) 3.0

i. Radiated power per channel (dBm) 12.0

j. Composite radiated power (dBm) 19.0

Airlink

k. Handoff gain (dB) 0.0

l. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6.0

m. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability

90% (dB)

10.0

n. Additional loss (dB) 0.0

o. Body loss (dB) 3.0

p. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19.0

Receiver

q. Mobile noise figure (dB) 7.0

r. Thermal noise (dBm/Hz) –174.0

s. Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz) –167.0

t. Information ratio (dB/Hz) 41.6

u. Required Eb/(No+lo)7.0

v. Receive Sensitivity (dBm) –118.4

w. Minimum received signal (dBm) –99.4

x. Maximum path loss (dB) –99.4

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PRELIMINARY Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application

• b and c: see notes in Table 8-30 regarding power per carrier, downlink

• e = a + d

•f = c + d

• i = e + g + h

• j = f + g + h

• p = –k + l + m + n + o

• s = q + r

• v = s + t + u

• w = p + v

•x = j – w

• y = j (downlink) + m (uplink) + P

where

P = Ptx + Prx = –73 dB for Cellular

–76 dB for PCS

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Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: Uplink

Line Uplink

Receiver

a. BTS noise figure (dB) 3.0

b. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –30.0

c. Unison gain (dB) 0.0

d. Unison noise figure (dB) 22.0

e. System noise figure (dB) 33.3

f. Thermal noise (dBm/Hz) –174.0

g. Noise rise 75% loading (dB) 6.0

h. Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz) –134.6

i. Information rate (dB/Hz) 41.6

j. Required Eb/(No+lo)5.0

k. Handoff gain (dB) 0.0

l. Antenna gain (dBi) 3.0

m. Minimum received signal (dBm) –91.1

Airlink

n. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6.0

o. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability

90% (dB)

10.0

p. Additional loss (dB) 0.0

q. Body loss (dB) 3.0

r. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19.0

Transmitter

s. Mobile transmit power (dBm) 28.0

t. Maximum path loss (dB) 100.1

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-43

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application

• e: enter the noise figure and gain of each system component (a, b, c, and d) into

the standard cascaded noise figure formula

• h = e + f + g

• m = h + i + j –k – l

• r = n + o + p + q

• t = s – r – m

Fsys = F1 + + + ....

F2 – 1

F3 – 1

G1G2

where

F = 10

(See Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.)

(Noise Figure/10)

G = 10(Gain/10)

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-44 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

8.4.5 Considerations for Re-Radiation (over-the-air) Systems

The Unison can be used to extend the coverage of the outdoor network by connecting

to a roof-top donor antenna that is pointed toward an outdoor base station. Additional

considerations for such an application of the Unison are:

• Sizing the gain and output power requirements for a bi-directional amplifier

(repeater).

• Ensuring that noise radiated on the uplink from the in-building system does not

cause the outdoor base station to become desensitized to wireless handsets in the

outdoor network.

• Filtering out signals that lie in adjacent frequency bands. For instance, if you are

providing coverage for Cellular B-band operation it may be necessary to filter out

the A, A’ and A” bands which may contain strong signals from other outdoor base

stations.

Further information on these issues can be found in LGC Wireless’ application notes

for re-radiation applications.

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-45

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Optical Power Budget

8.5 Optical Power Budget

Unison uses SC/APC connectors. The connector losses associated with mating to

these connectors is accounted for in the design and should not be included as ele-

ments of the optical power budget. The reason is that when the optical power budget

is defined, measurements are taken with these connectors in place.

The Unison optical power budget for both multimode and single-mode fiber cable is

3.0 dB (optical).

The maximum loss through the fiber can not exceed 3 dB (optical). The maximum

lengths of the fiber cable should not exceed 1.5 km (4,921 ft) for multimode and 6 km

(19,685 ft) for single-mode. Both the optical budget and the maximum cable length

must be taken into consideration when designing the system.

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-46 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

8.6 Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station

The first consideration when connecting Unison Main Hubs to a base station is to

ensure there is an equal amount of loss through cables, combiners, etc. from the base

station to the Main Hubs. For this example, assume that the base station will have

simplex connections, one uplink and one downlink. Each of these connections will

need to be divided to equilibrate power for each Main Hub. For example, two Main

Hubs will require a 2×1 combiner/divider; four Main Hubs will require a 4×1 com-

biner/divider; and so on.

Figure 8-2 Connecting Main Hubs to a Simplex Base Station

When connecting a Unison Main Hub to a base station, also consider the following:

1. The downlink power from the base station must be attenuated enough so that the

power radiated by the RAU does not exceed the maximum power per carrier listed

in Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU,” on page 8-3.

2. The uplink attenuation should be small enough that the sensitivity of the overall

system is limited by Unison, not by the attenuator. However, some base stations

will trigger alarms if the noise or signal levels are too high. In this case the attenu-

ation will have to be large enough to prevent this from happening.

If, in an area covered by Unison, a mobile phone indicates good signal strength but

consistently has difficulty completing calls, it is possible that the attenuation between

Unison and the base station needs to be adjusted. In other words, it is possible that if

the uplink is over-attenuated, the downlink power will provide good coverage, but the

uplink coverage distance will be small.

When there is an excessive amount of loss between the Main Hub uplink and the base

station, the uplink system gain can be increased to as much as 15 dB to prevent a

reduction in the overall system sensitivity.

Base Station

2 × 1 combiner/divider

Downlink/Forward

Main Hub 1

Main Hub 2

Uplink/Reverse

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-47

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Attenuation

8.6.1 Attenuation

Figure 8-3 shows a typical setup wherein a duplex base station is connected to a Main

Hub. For a simplex base station, eliminate the circulator and connect the simplex

ports of the base station to the simplex ports of the Main Hub. Add attenuators to reg-

ulate the power appropriately.

Figure 8-3 Main Hub to Duplex Base Station or Repeater Connections

Duplex

Base Station Main Hub

Forward

Reverse

• A typical circulator has an IP3 of +70dBm. If you drive the circulator too hard it will produce

intermods that are bigger than the intermods produced by Unison. The IP3 at the Forward

port input of the Main Hub is approximately +38 dBm. The IP3 of the circulator at that same

point (i.e., following attenuator A1) is +70dBm – A1. Thus, to keep the system IP3 from

being adversely affected by the circulator, attenuator A1 should be no more than approxi-

mately +30 dB.

• A filter diplexer can be used in place of the circulator. The IP3 of the diplexer can be

assumed to be greater than +100 dBm. If a diplexer is used, A3 can be omitted.

• A1+A3 should be chosen so that the output power per carrier at the RAU’s output is correct

for the number of carriers being transmitted. Suppose the base station transmits 36 dBm

per carrier and it is desired that the RAU output be 6 dBm per carrier and the forward port

gain is 0 dB. Then A1+A3=30 dB.

• A2+A3 should, ideally, be at least 10 dB less than the noise figure plus the gain of the Uni-

son system. For example, if the reverse port has a 0 dB gain and if there are 32 RAUs, the

noise figure is approximately 22 dB. So A2+A3 should be about 10 dB. If A2+A3 is too

large, the uplink coverage can be severely reduced.

• Given these three equations:

A1 < 30 dB

A1+A3 = 30 dB (in this example)

A2+A3 < 10 dB (in this example)

we could choose A1=20 dB, A2=0 dB, A3=10 dB

Repeater

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-48 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

8.6.2 Uplink Attenuation

The attenuation between the Main Hub’s reverse port and the base station does two

things:

1. It attenuates the noise coming out of Unison.

2. It attenuates the desired signals coming out of Unison.

Setting the attenuation on the uplink is a trade-off between keeping the noise and

maximum signal levels transmitted from Unison to the base station receiver low

while not reducing the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of the path from the RAU inputs to

the base station inputs. This SNR can not be better than the SNR of Unison by itself,

although it can be significantly worse.

For example, suppose we have a GSM Unison system consisting of one Main Hub,

four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs (1-4-32) with uplink NF=22 dB. (See Table 8-30

on page 8-38.) If we use 30 dB of attenuation between the Main Hub’s reverse port

and the base station (which has its own noise figure of about 4 dB), the overall noise

figure will be 34.3 dB (refer to the formula on page 8-36) which is 12.3 dB worse

than Unison by itself. That causes a 12.3 dB reduction in the uplink coverage dis-

tance. Now, if the attenuation instead is 10 dB, the cascaded noise figure is

NF=22.6 dB, which implies that the uplink sensitivity is limited by Unison, a desir-

able condition.

Rule of Thumb

A good rule of thumb is to set the uplink attenuation, A2+A3 in Figure 8-3 on

page 8-47, as follows:

A2+A3 ≈ Unison uplink NF + uplink gain (0 dB for reverse port) – BTS NF – 10dB

and round A2 down to the nearest convenient attenuation value.

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-49

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Uplink Attenuation

8.6.2.1 Uplink Attenuation Exception: CDMA

In CDMA systems, the power transmitted by the mobile is determined by the charac-

teristics of both the uplink and downlink paths. The power transmitted by the mobile

should be similar in open-loop control (as determined by the downlink path) as dur-

ing closed-loop control (as determined by the uplink and downlink paths). In addi-

tion, the mobile’s transmit power when it communicates with a base station through

Unison should be similar to the power transmitted when it communicates with a base

station in the outdoor network (during soft hand-off). Because of these consider-

ations, you should not allow the downlink and uplink gains to vary widely.

Open-loop power control:

PTX = –76 dBm (for PCS) – PRX

where PTX is the power transmitted and PRX is the power received by the mobile. If

PL is the path loss (in dB) between the RAU and the mobile, and PDN is the downlink

power radiated by the RAU, then

PTX = –76 dBm (for PCS) – PDN + PL

Closed-loop power control:

PTX = noise floor + uplink NF – process gain + Eb/No + PL

= –113 dBm/1.25 Mhz + NF – 19 dB + 7 dB + PL

where Eb/No = 7 dB is a rough estimate, and NF is the cascaded noise figure of the

Unison uplink, the uplink attenuation, and the base station noise figure. Equating PTX

for the open-loop and closed-loop we see that

NF = 49 – PDN

where PDN is determined by the downlink attenuation. Since PDN for Unison is about

10 dBm, we see that the cascaded noise figure is about 39 dB, which is considerably

higher than that of Unison itself. This implies that we should use a fairly large attenu-

ation on the uplink. This case suggests using as much attenuation on the downlink as

on the uplink. The drawback of doing this is that the uplink coverage sensitivity is

reduced. A link budget analysis will clarify these issues. Typically, the uplink attenu-

ation between the Main Hub and the base station will be the same as, or maybe 10 dB

less than, the downlink attenuation.

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-50 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

8.7 Designing for a Neutral Host System

Designing for a neutral host system uses the same design rules previously discussed.

Since a neutral host system typically uses multiple systems in parallel, we find it best

to design for the worst case system so that there will not be holes in the covered area

and the economies of a single installation can be achieved. For example, as indicated

Section 7.1, the 1900 MHz RF signals do not propagate throughout a building as well

as the 800 MHz systems, therefore, we design to the 1900 MHz path loss formula.

8.7.1 Capacity of the Unison Neutral Host System

Each Main Hub can support more than one sub-band of the Cellular or PCS bands.

The exception to this is the iDEN Main Hub, because the SMR band is not split into

sub-bands.

The 800 MHz Main Hub can support both the A band and the B band simultaneously.

Also, the 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz Main Hubs can support two bands each (as the

frequencies currently are allocated).

For example, a neutral host system that consists of one iDEN, one 800 MHz, and two

1900 MHz systems can support up to seven separate service providers:

•1 on iDEN

• 2 on 800 MHz, A band and B band

• 2 in each 1900 MHz

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-51

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Example Unison Neutral Host System

8.7.2 Example Unison Neutral Host System

The following example configuration assumes:

• 3 dBm per carrier output

• Each System supports two bands, and therefore, two Operators

(Exception: iDEN supports one Operator)

Example Configuration:

• 800 MHz iDEN: 16 channels

• 800 MHz Cellular

TDMA Band: 16 channels

CDMA Band: 3 channels

• 1900 MHz PCS

TDMA Band: 16 channels

CDMA Band: 3 channels

GSM Band: 6 channels

Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8-52 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual 9-1

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY

SECTION 9 Replacing Unison Components

in an Operating System

9.1 Replacing an RAU

Be aware that the new RAU must be the same band as the one you are replacing. If

you replace an RAU with one that is of the wrong band, it will not work.

The Main Hub automatically checks the band of a replaced RAU. There is no need to

issue commands directly from the Main Hub. Therefore, as long as the RAU is of the

correct band, the system will operate properly.

Replacing an RAU

1. Use AdminManager or refer to the As-Built Document to review the current

RAU’s configuration.

2. Disconnect the Cat-5/6 cable and antenna from the unit to be replaced.

3. Install the new RAU.

4. Connect the antenna and then the Cat-5/6 cable to the new RAU

AdminManager Tasks

• Use the Advanced RAU Settings option on the Configuration & Maintenance

panel to set the RAU’s 10 dB attenuation and UL ALC settings.

• When convenient, perform System Test to optimize performance.

During System Test, the entire system is temporarily off-line and no RF is

being transmitted. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion

Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.

Replacing Unison Components in an Operating System PRELIMINARY

9-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

Checking the RAU’s LEDs

1. The RAU’s LINK and ALARM LEDs should blink (green/red) on power up.

• If the LEDs do not blink on power up, replace the RAU.

2. After several seconds both LEDs should change to green, which indicates that the

unit has been successfully replaced, there is communication with the Expansion

Hub, and the RAU band is correct.

a. If the LINK LED remains green and the ALARM LED remains red, verify that

the RAU model is correct for the intended frequency band.

– Disconnect the cable and then reconnect it once; doing this more than once

will not change the result.

b. If both LEDs still don’t change to green, use the AdminManager to determine

the exact nature of the fault and see a recommendation of how to correct it.

c. If both LEDs turn red (after 45 seconds), the Expansion Hub has terminated

communications.

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 9-3

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Replacing an Expansion Hub

9.2 Replacing an Expansion Hub

Replacing an Expansion Hub

1. Turn off the power to the Expansion Hub.

2. Disconnect all Cat-5/6 cables, both fiber cables, and the AC power cord.

3. Replace the Expansion Hub with a new one.

4. Connect the AC power cord, all Cat-5/6 cables, and both fiber cables – remember-

ing to clean and correctly connect the uplink and downlink fiber.

5. Turn on the power to the Expansion Hub.

AdminManager Tasks

• The Main Hub automatically issues the band setting.

• When convenient, perform System Test to optimize performance.

During System Test, the entire system is temporarily off-line and no RF is

being transmitted. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion

Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.

Checking the Expansion Hub’s LEDs

• The LEDs should blink through all states on power up.

• If the LEDs do not blink on power up, replace the Expansion Hub.

• If the LEDs do not illuminate at all, make sure the AC power cable is con-

nected.

•The

UL STATUS and DL STATUS LEDs should be green.

•The

E-HUB STATUS and POWER LEDs should be green.

• For each RJ-45 port that has an RAU connected:

•The

E-HUB/RAU LEDs should be green.

•The

LINK LEDs should be green.

It can take several seconds for each Cat-5/6 connection for the LEDs to display

properly.

NOTE: Refer to Section 10 for troubleshooting using the LEDs.

Replacing Unison Components in an Operating System PRELIMINARY

9-4 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

9.3 Replacing a Main Hub

You must record the system configuration settings from the old Main Hub’s memory

before replacing the unit. You will program the new Main Hub with this information.

If the Main Hub is programmed incorrectly, the system will not work. If the Main

Hub is not functioning, get the configuration settings from the As-Built Document

that was created as part of the original installation.

Get System Configuration Settings

1. Connect the null modem cable to the PC and the Main Hub.

2. Start the AdminManager software.

3. Select the Configuration & Maintenance Panel option from the introductory win-

dow.

4. Click the SAVE CONFIG button.

The Save Configuration Notes dialog box is displayed.

5. Type any notes you want to save with the configuration settings into the dialog

box and click OK.

The configuration settings are saved in a text file, for example:

Begin Notes *******************************************

LGC HQ

05/23/01 MH configuration L010MH11

System configuration

End Notes *********************************************

Frequency Band is DCS Low.

SystemGain:UL=12dB,DL=4dB.

Callback Number is 1234567.

System label is LGC.

Main Hub Information:

Serial Number: L010BMH1

Part Number: 7405101

Revision Number: 03

Firmware Revision: 010526

Expansion Hub LGC-1 Information:

Serial Number: L010BEH9

Part Number: 7405101

Revision Number: 03

Firmware Revision: 010513

RAU LGC-1-5 Information:

Serial Number: L010BRU1

Part Number: 7405101

Revision Number: 03

Firmware Revision: 010021

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 9-5

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Replacing a Main Hub

Replacing a Main Hub

1. Turn off the power to the Main Hub.

2. Disconnect all fiber cables and the AC power cord.

3. Replace the Main Hub with a new one.

4. Connect the AC power cord and all fiber cables – remembering to clean and cor-

rectly connect the uplink and downlink fiber cables.

5. Connect the null modem cable to the PC and then to the Main Hub’s front panel

DB-9 serial connector.

6. Start the AdminManager software.

7. Select the Installation Wizard option from the introductory window.

8. Turn on the power to the Main Hub.

AdminManager Tasks

• Use the Installation Wizard to:

• Set the Operation Band

• Use the Configuration & Maintenance panel to:

• Set Callback Number

• Set Contact Sense Properties

• Set System Parameters

• Perform System Test

During System Test, the entire system is temporarily off-line and no RF is

being transmitted. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion

Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.

Replacing Unison Components in an Operating System PRELIMINARY

9-6 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

Checking the Main Hub’s LEDs

• The LEDs should blink through all states on power up.

• If the LEDs do not blink on power up, replace the Main Hub.

• If the LEDs do not illuminate at all, make sure the AC power cable is con-

nected.

• For each fiber optic port that has a Main Hub connected:

•The

LINK LED should be green.

•The

E-HUB/RAU LED should be:

– Green if the MAIN HUB STATUS is green.

– Red if the MAIN HUB STATUS is red.

•The

MAIN HUB STATUS LED should be:

• Red if the Main Hub is new from the factory and a band has not been pro-

grammed, or if the wrong band is programmed.

• Green if the Main Hub was previously programmed with a correct band

(matches the RAUs in the system).

NOTE: If there is communication between the Main Hub and the Expansion Hubs,

use the AdminManager software’s Configuration & Maintenance panel to isolate sys-

tem problems.

PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual 10-1

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY

SECTION 10 Maintenance, Troubleshooting,

and Technical Assistance

There are no user-serviceable parts in any of the Unison components. Faulty or failed

components are fully replaceable through LGC Wireless.

Address 2540 Junction Avenue

San Jose, California

95134-1902 USA

Phone 1-408-952-2400

Fax 1-408-952-2410

Help Hot Line 1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only)

+1-408-952-2400 (International)

+44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe)

Web Address http://www.lgcwireless.com

e-mail service@lgcwireless.com

10.1 Maintenance

No periodic maintenance of the Unison equipment is required.

Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY

10-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

10.2 Troubleshooting

NOTE: Unison has no user-serviceable parts. Faulty or failed units are fully

replaceable through LGC Wireless.

Sources of potential problems include:

• Malfunction of one or more Unison components

• Faulty cabling/connector

• Antenna, base station, or repeater problem

• External RF interface

NOTE: Faulty cabling is the cause of a vast majority of problems. All

Cat-5/6 cable should be tested to TIA/EIA 568-A specifications.

It is recommended that you use the AdminManager for troubleshooting the system,

and use the LEDs as backup or for confirmation. However, if there are communica-

tion problems within the system, the LEDs may provide additional information that is

not available using AdminManager.

To begin troubleshooting, use the AdminManager software to determine the current

faults and warnings for all of the units in the system. To troubleshoot, start with the

Main Hub’s faults and warnings, then proceed to each of the Expansion Hubs, finish-

ing with each of the RAUs.

If you do not have a PC with AdminManager available, the LEDs provide a minimal

set of diagnostic information.

If you cannot determine the cause of a problem after following the recommended pro-

cedures, call LGC Wireless customer help hot line:

1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only)

+1-408-952-2400 (International)

+44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe)

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-3

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Fault Indications

10.2.1 Fault Indications

Once all of the units are powered on and the cable connections are made, the faults

from each unit can be requested using the AdminManager. Start with the Main Hub

and work downstream.

Resolve all faults first and then check the warnings. Take appropriate action to

resolve the faults, as indicated in the following tables. In cases where there is more

than one possible cause, they are listed from the “most likely” to the “least likely”

cause. Actions are listed in the order that they should be performed; not all actions

may need to be done.

Main Hub Faults

Table 10-1 Main Hub Faults

Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact

Hardware failure STATUS Red Internal hardware

failure.

Replace the Main Hub. System off-line.

Frequency band

not programmed

STATUS Red Factory default. Program the frequency band

using the AdminManager’s

Installation Wizard.

System off-line.

Main Hub is over

temperature

STATUS Red Fan failure. If fan is not operating, replace

the Main Hub.

Possible unit failure.

Ambient tempera-

ture is above maxi-

mum.

If fan is operating, check room

environmental controls.

Failed to perform

system test

STATUS Red Internal failure. Replace the Main Hub when

possible.

Degraded performance.

Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY

10-4 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

EHn uplink AGC

failure

STATUS Red Uplink fiber has

high optical loss.

Measure UL optical fiber loss.

Clean the Main and Expan-

sion Hub’s uplink fiber ports.

The Main Hub’s EHn

port is off-line; down-

link is okay.

Main Hub uplink

port failure.

Move fiber pair to another

port. If fault is not reported,

fiber is okay and Main Hub

port is dirty or bad. Use the

AdminManager to ‘Clear All

Disconnect Status’ to clear the

disconnect fault on the origi-

nal port.

Main Hub internal

failure.

If common point of failure for

more than one Expansion

Hub, replace the Main Hub.

Expansion Hub

internal failure.

Swap suspect Expansion Hub

with working Expansion Hub.

If fault persists, replace Main

Hub; otherwise, replace the

Expansion Hub.

Table 10-1 Main Hub Faults (continued)

Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-5

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Fault Indications

No communica-

tion with EHn

LINK Red Downlink fiber has

high optical loss.

Measure downlink optical

fiber loss.

Clean the Expansion Hub’s

downlink fiber port.

Clean the Main Hub’s down-

link fiber port.

EHn and connected

RAUs are off-line.

E-HUB/

RAU Off

Uplink fiber has

high optical loss

Measure uplink optical fiber

loss.

Clean uplink fiber connectors.

Clean uplink fiber ports.

Main Hub down-

link port failure.

Move the Main Hub fiber pair

to another port. If fault is not

reported, fiber is okay and the

Main Hub port is bad. Use the

AdminManager’s “Clear All

Disconnect Status” command

to clear the disconnect fault on

the original port.

Main Hub internal

failure.

If common point of failure for

more than one Expansion

Hub, replace the Main Hub.

Expansion Hub

downlink port fail-

ure.

Swap suspect Expansion Hub

with working Expansion Hub.

If fault persists, replace the

Main Hub; otherwise, replace

the Expansion Hub.

EHn disconnected LINK Red The Expansion Hub

was connected and

is now discon-

nected.

If EHn is disconnected, recon-

nect it or clear the disconnect

fault using the AdminMan-

ager’s “Clear All Disconnect

Status” command.

EHn and connected

RAUs are off-line.

E-HUB/

RAU Off

The uplink fiber

optical loss exceeds

minimum threshold.

Check the uplink fiber cable’s

optical loss.

Clean the uplink fiber connec-

tors.

Clean the Main and Expan-

sion Hubs’ uplink ports.

Expansion Hub

uplink laser failure.

Check that EHn’s uplink laser

is operational. (UL STATUS

LED is green.)

Table 10-1 Main Hub Faults (continued)

Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact

Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY

10-6 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

Expansion Hub Faults

EHn/RAU reports

fault condition

LINK Green Any Expansion Hub

or RAU fault

Use the AdminManager to

check for Expansion Hub and

RAU faults. Proceed to

Expansion Hub or RAU trou-

bleshooting section.

EHn and/or RAU

off-line

E-HUB/

RAU Red

Table 10-2 Expansion Hub Faults

Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact

Hardware failure STATUS Red Downlink fiber has

high optical loss.

Measure downlink optical fiber

loss.

Clean the downlink fiber con-

nectors.

Clean the Main and Expansion

Hubs’ downlink fiber ports.

Expansion Hub and

connected RAUs

are off-line

Main Hub internal

hardware failure.

If common point of failure for

more than one Expansion Hub,

replace the Main Hub.

Expansion Hub internal

hardware failure.

Replace the Expansion Hub.

PLL unlock STATUS Red Downlink fiber has

high optical loss.

Measure downlink optical fiber

loss.

Clean the downlink fiber con-

nectors.

Clean the Main and Expansion

Hubs’ downlink fiber ports.

Expansion Hub and

connected RAUs

are off-line

Main Hub internal

hardware failure.

If common point of failure for

more than one Expansion Hub,

replace the Main Hub.

Expansion Hub internal

hardware failure.

Replace the Expansion Hub.

Table 10-1 Main Hub Faults (continued)

Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-7

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Fault Indications

Frequency band

not programmed

STATUS Red Downlink fiber has

high optical loss.

Measure downlink optical fiber

loss.

Clean the downlink fiber con-

nectors.

Clean the Main and Expansion

Hubs’ downlink fiber ports.

Expansion Hub and

connected RAUs

are off-line

Expansion Hub internal

hardware failure.

Replace the Expansion Hub.

Expansion Hub is

over temperature

STATUS Red Fan failure(s). If fans are not operating,

replace the Expansion Hub.

Expansion Hub and

connected RAUs

are off-line.

RAUs are com-

manded off-line

which disables their

power amplifiers. If

the Expansion Hub

temperature does

not start to drop, the

Expansion Hub will

disable DC power

to all RAUs.

Ambient temperature

above maximum

If fans are operating, check

room environmental controls.

Downlink pilot

failure

STATUS Red Downlink fiber has

high optical loss.

Measure downlink optical fiber

loss.

Clean downlink fiber connec-

tors.

Clean the Main and Expansion

Hubs’ downlink fiber ports.

Expansion Hub and

connected RAUs

are off-line.

Main Hub internal

hardware failure.

If common point of failure for

more than one Expansion Hub,

replace Main Hub.

Main Hub downlink

port failure.

Move Main Hub fiber pair to

another port. If fault is not

reported, Main Hub port is bad,

replace when possible.

Expansion Hub down-

link port failure.

Swap suspect Expansion Hub

with working Expansion Hub.

If fault persists, replace the

Main Hub; otherwise, replace

the Expansion Hub.

Table 10-2 Expansion Hub Faults (continued)

Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact

Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY

10-8 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

Failed to perform

system test

STATUS Red Main Hub internal fail-

ure.

If common point of failure for

more than one Expansion Hub,

replace the Main Hub.

Degraded perfor-

mance.

Internal failure. Perform System Test, if failure

persists, replace the Expansion

Hub.

RAUn uplink

AGC failure

LINK Red Cat-5/6 cable length. Check Cat-5/6 cable length. RAU is off-line.

RAU Off Expansion Hub uplink

port failure or RAU

failure.

Move RAU to another port. If

no fault reported, replace the

Expansion Hub. If fault

reported, replace RAU.

Expansion Hub internal

failure.

If common point of failure for

more than one RAU, replace

the Expansion Hub.

No communica-

tion with RAUn

LINK Red Cat-5/6 cable failure. Verify that the Cat-5/6 cable

has no shorts or opens.

RAUn is off-line.

RAU Off

RAU internal failure.

Expansion Hub port

failure.

Move the RAU to another port.

If fault persists, replace the

RAU; otherwise, replace the

Expansion Hub.

RAUn over cur-

rent

LINK Green Cat-5/6 cable failure. Verify Cat-5/6 cable has no

shorts or opens.

RAUn is off-line.

RAU Red

RAU internal failure. Move RAU to another port. If

fault persists, replace the RAU.

If no fault reported, remove the

RAU, power cycle the Expan-

sion Hub, connect known good

RAU to port. If fault reported,

replace the Expansion Hub.

RAUn downlink

port failure

LINK Green Expansion Hub internal

failure.

Move the RAU to another port.

If fault persists, replace the

Expansion Hub. If no fault, flag

previous port as unusable and

replace the Expansion Hub

when possible.

RAUn is off-line.

RAU Red

Table 10-2 Expansion Hub Faults (continued)

Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-9

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Fault Indications

Remote Access Unit Faults

Table 10-3 Remote Access Unit Faults

Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact

Hardware failure ALARM Red Internal hardware failure. Replace the RAU. RAU is off-line.

Frequency band

not programmed

ALARM Red Wrong version of RAU for

frequency band desired.

Replace the RAU if not valid

for desired frequency band.

RAU is off-line.

RAU is over

temperature

ALARM Red Ambient temperature

above maximum.

Check environmental controls;

move the RAU to cooler envi-

ronment.

RAU is off-line.

Power supplied

by Expansion

Hub is too low

ALARM Red Cat-5/6 cable failure. Verify Cat-5/6 cable has no

shorts or opens.

RAU is off-line.

RAU internal failure.

Expansion Hub port fail-

ure.

Move the RAU cable to another

Expansion Hub port. If fault

persists, replace the RAU; oth-

erwise, replace the Expansion

Hub.

Expansion Hub internal

failure.

If common point of failure for

more than one RAU, replace

the Expansion Hub.

Power supplied

by Expansion

Hub is too high

ALARM Red Cat-5/6 cable failure. Verify Cat-5/6 cable has no

shorts or opens.

RAU is off-line.

Expansion Hub internal

failure.

RAU internal failure.

Move RAU cable to another

Expansion Hub port. If fault

persists, replace the RAU, oth-

erwise replace the Expansion

Hub.

Cat-5/6 cable too

long

ALARM Red Cat-5/6 cable is too long. Verify that the Cat-5/6 cable

has no shorts or opens.

Verify maximum Cat-5/6 cable

length of 150 meters.

RAU is off-line.

Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY

10-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

Downlink pilot

failure

ALARM Red Cat-5/6 cable failure. Verify that the Cat-5/6 cable

has no shorts or opens.

Verify maximum Cat-5/6 cable

length of 150 meters.

Verify minimum Cat-5/6 cable

length of 10 meters.

RAU is off-line.

RAU internal failure.

Expansion Hub port fail-

ure.

Move the RAU cable to another

Expansion Hub port. If fault

persists, replace the RAU; oth-

erwise, replace the Expansion

Hub. Or, mark the Expansion

Hub’s port as unusable.

Expansion Hub internal

failure.

If common point of failure for

more than one RAU, replace

the Expansion Hub.

Table 10-3 Remote Access Unit Faults (continued)

Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-11

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Warning Indications

10.2.2 Warning Indications

Warnings alert you to conditions that may impact system performance and conditions

that indicate potential system failure.

Before addressing warnings, ensure that all faults are resolved. Take appropriate

action to resolve the warnings, as indicated in the following tables.

Main Hub Warnings

Table 10-4 Main Hub Warnings

Warning Message Action Impact

Downlink laser is failing Replace the Main Hub when possible. The downlink laser will eventually fail and

the system will be off-line.

Temperature is high Check room environmental controls. Potential Main Hub failure.

Fan failure Check the Main Hub fan for rotation, air

flow blockage, dust; replace the Main Hub

if temperature rises.

Temperature may rise to fault level result-

ing in Main Hub and connected Expansion

Hub(s) and RAU(s) being off-line.

EHn uplink fiber optical loss

greater than recommended maxi-

mum

Check the uplink fiber cable for optical

loss.

Clean the cable connector.

Clean the fiber ports.

Degraded system performance.

Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY

10-12 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

Expansion Hub Warnings

Remote Access Unit Warnings

Table 10-5 Expansion Hub Warnings

Warning Message Action Impact

Downlink fiber optical

loss greater than recom-

mended maximum

Check the downlink fiber cable for excessive

optical loss.

Clean the cable connector.

Clean the fiber ports.

Degraded system performance.

Uplink laser is failing Replace the Expansion Hub when possible. The uplink laser will eventually fail resulting in

the Expansion Hub and connected RAUs being

off-line.

Temperature is high Check room environmental controls. Potential Expansion Hub failure.

Fann failure Check the Expansion Hub fans for rotation,

air flow blockage, dust; replace the Expan-

sion Hub if temperature rises.

Temperature may rise to fault level resulting in

the Expansion Hub and connected RAUs being

off-line.

Cat-5/6 cable between

RAUn and Expansion

Hub is longer than rec-

ommended maximum

Check that the Cat-5/6 cable does not exceed

the recommended maximum length.

Degraded system performance.

Table 10-6 Remote Access Unit Warnings

Warning Message Action Impact

Temperature is high Move the RAU to cooler environment. Potential RAU failure.

DC voltage is low Check the Cat-5/6 cable for shorts and opens.

Replace the RAU when possible.

Unreliable operation.

Power amplifier is fail-

ing

Replace the RAU when possible. Potential RAU failure.

Cat-5/6 cable between

Expansion Hub and

RAU is longer than rec-

ommended maximum

Check that the Cat-5/6 cable does not exceed

the recommended maximum length.

Degraded system performance.

Antenna disconnected Check the RAU SMA antenna connection. Poor RAU coverage.

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-13

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY LED Troubleshooting Guide

10.3 LED Troubleshooting Guide

The following troubleshooting guide is from the perspective that all Unison equip-

ment is installed, their cables are connected, and they are powered on; it is assumed

that the system was operating normally before the current problem. (Refer to

Section 6 for information on troubleshooting during initial installation of the system.)

Always use AdminManager, if possible, to troubleshoot the system. The LEDs are for

backup troubleshooting; although, an Expansion Hub uplink laser failure can only be

resolved using the EH UL STATUS LED.

Begin with troubleshooting the Main Hub’s LEDs and then the Expansion Hub’s

LEDs. The RAU LEDs probably will not provide additional information for trouble-

shooting.

Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY

10-14 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

10.3.1 Troubleshooting Main Hub LEDs During Normal Operation

• All of the Main Hub’s LEDs should be green during normal operation. If any

LEDs are red, get status using the AdminManager software for the exact cause and

recommendations.

Table 10-7 Troubleshooting Main Hub Port LEDs During Normal Operation

During

Normal

Operation LED State Action Impact

Expansion

Hub Not

Connected

LINK Red If the Expansion Hub was discon-

nected accidentally, re-connect the

cables. The LEDs should change to

Green/Red (then Green/Green, after

20 seconds, if the Main Hub band

has been programmed).

If the Expansion Hub is to be

removed from service permanently,

then use the AdminManager’s ‘Clear

All Disconnect States’ command to

clear all disconnect states to no con-

nect states. The Main Hub’s port

LEDs should change to Off/Off.

Expansion Hub was previously con-

nected, but it is not currently con-

nected; Expansion Hub cable

disconnect.

The AdminManager software will clear

all disconnects caused by installation

as part of the clean-up process. After

installation, power cycle the Main Hub

or use the AdminManager’s ‘Clear All

Disconnect States’ command.

E-HUB/RAU Off

Expansion

Hub

Connected

LINK Red Use the AdminManager to determine

the exact cause of the Main Hub’s

faults.

Lost communication with Expansion

Hub; could be Expansion Hub problem

or fiber cable problem.

E-HUB/RAU Off

LINK Green Expansion Hub or connected RAU

reports a fault condition; use the

AdminManager to determine the

exact cause of the Expansion Hub

and RAU’s faults.

E-HUB/RAU Red

Table 10-8 Troubleshooting Main Hub Status LEDs During Normal Operation

During

Normal

Operation LED State Action Impact

At Any

Time

MAIN HUB

STATUS Red Use the AdminManager to determine

the exact cause of the fault.

Power cycle one time. If fault

remains, replace the Main Hub.

Internal Main Hub fault.

MAIN HUB

STATUS Alternating

Red/Green

Reduce input signal power; reduce

system gain.

Signal compression.

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-15

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Troubleshooting Expansion Hub LEDs During Normal Operation

10.3.2 Troubleshooting Expansion Hub LEDs During Normal Operation

• All of the Expansion Hub LINK and E-HUB/RAU LEDs that have RAUs connected

should be Green/Green, indicating that the RAU is powered on, communication is

established, and operation is normal.

•The

POWER and MAIN HUB STATUS LEDs should both be Green.

Table 10-9 Troubleshooting Expansion Hub Port LEDs During Normal

Operation

During

Normal

Operation Port LEDs State Action Impact

RAU is not

connected

LINK Red If the RAU was disconnected acci-

dentally, re-connect the Cat-5/6

cable. The Expansion Hub’s port

LEDs should change to Green/Red

(then Green/Green, after 20 sec-

onds, if the Main Hub is connected,

powered on, and has band pro-

grammed).

If you are removing the RAU from

service permanently, then com-

mand ‘Clear All Disconnect States’

using the AdminManager soft-

ware. The Expansion Hub’s port

LEDs should change to Off/Off.

RAU was previously connected, but it is

not currently connected; RAU cable is

disconnected.

RAU Off

RAU is

connected

LINK Red Disconnect/reconnect the Cat-5/6

cable to force power-on reset to the

RAU. If the port LEDs remain

Red/Off, check the Expansion Hub

faults using the AdminManager for

the exact cause.

Lost communications with the RAU. The

RAU could have powered down due to

over current; cable could have been dam-

aged.

RAU Off

LINK Green RAU reports a fault condition;

check the Expansion Hub faults

using the AdminManager for the

exact cause.

Depends on the fault condition.

RAU Red

Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY

10-16 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

Table 10-10 Troubleshooting Expansion Hub Status LEDs During Normal

Operation

During

Normal

Operation EH Status

LEDs State Action Impact

At Any Time UL STATUS Red Replace the Expansion Hub Uplink laser failure; no communications

between the Main Hub and the Expansion

Hub

DL STATUS Red Check the downlink fiber for opti-

cal loss

No communications with the Main Hub

E-HUB

STATUS Red If either the UL STATUS or the DL

STATUS are also red, see above.

Cycle power on the Expansion

Hub. If fault remains, replace the

Expansion Hub.

Internal Expansion Hub fault (including

either of the above UL STATUS or DL

STATUS states)

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-17

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Technical Assistance

10.4 Technical Assistance

Call our help hot line for technical assistance:

1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only)

+1-408-952-2400 (International)

+44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe)

Leave your name and phone number and an LGC Wireless customer service repre-

sentative will return your call within an hour. Be prepared to provide the following

information when you receive the return call:

• Company name

• End user name

• Type of system, model number, frequency

• Approximate time in service (warranty), sales order number

• Description of problem

• LED status

• AdminManager fault and warning status

Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY

10-18 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual A-1

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY

APPENDIX A Cables and Connectors

A.1 Cat-5/6 Cable (ScTP)

• Connects the Expansion Hub to the RAU(s)

• Transmits (downlink) and receives (uplink) cellular and PCS signals

• Delivers DC electrical power to the RAUs. The Expansion Hub’s DC voltage out-

put is 36V DC nominal. A current limiting circuit is used to protect the Expansion

Hub if it reaches its current limit

• Use shielded RJ-45 connectors

• Distances:

• Absolute Minimum: 10 meters (33 ft)

• Recommended Minimum: 25 meters (82 ft)

• Recommended Maximum: 100 meters (328 ft)

• Absolute Maximum: 150 meters (492 ft)

There are four separate twisted pairs in one Cat-5/6 screened twisted pair (ScTP)

cable. The ScTP cable loss described in this document is for Cat-5 Mohawk/CDT

55986 or Belden 1624P DataTwist Five cable, or equivalent. The following table lists

the functional assignment of the pairs:

Table A-1 Cat-5/6 Twisted Pair Assignment

Pair (wire number) Function

1 & 2 Clock and Input Voltage

3 & 6 RS485

4 & 5 Uplink IF, UL Pilot and Ground

7 & 8 Downlink IF, DL Pilot and Ground

Cables and Connectors PRELIMINARY

A-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

All Cat-5/6 cable must be terminated according to the TIA/EIA 568-A standard. The

following diagram shows the top view of the wiring map for the cable and how the

four pairs should be terminated.

Figure A-1 Wiring Map for Cat-5/6 Cable

NOTE: Be sure to test cable termination before installing the cable.

The nominal DC impedance of the Cat-5/6 cable is 0.08 ohm/meter and the nominal

RF impedance is 100 ohm.

12 3 45 6 78

Brown

Brown/

White

Blue Blue/

White

Green/

White

Green Orange

Orange/

White

RJ-45 Port

12345678

W-G

W-O

W-BL

W-BR

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 A-3

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY Fiber Optical Cables

A.2 Fiber Optical Cables

• Connects Main Hub to Expansion Hub(s)

• Transmits (downlink) and receives (uplink) cellular and PCS signals

• Use industry-standard 62.5µm/125µm MMF or Corning SMF-28 fiber, or equiva-

lent (SC/APC [angle-polished] connectors only)

• Distances:

• Multimode Fiber: up to 1.5 km (4,921 ft) – 3 dB optical loss maximum

• Single-Mode Fiber: up to 6 km (19,685 ft) – 3 dB optical loss maximum

A.3 Coaxial Cable

• Connects a Main Hub to a repeater or base station (N-type connectors)

• Connects an RAU to a passive antenna (SMA connectors)

Cables and Connectors PRELIMINARY

A-4 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual B-1

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY

APPENDIX B InterReach Unison Property

Sheet

Use the “InterReach Unison Property Sheet” form, which is provided on the follow-

ing page, to document a system configuration. The completed form can be used for

future reference when the system is being maintained or components are added or

exchanged. An example of a completed form is shown below.

InterReachTM Unison Property Sheet

Installer:

J. Smith

Date:

10/10/10

Main Hub Serial Number:

L010BMH1

System Label: System Gain: Alarm Sense: System Band:

DCS 2

AB UL: DL:  Yes

 No

 Normally-Closed

 Normally-Open

Unit

MH - EH - RAU

RAU

Attenuation?

Yes/No

Unit

Serial No. Unit Installation Location

AB-1-n (EH 1) — L010BEH9 2nd floor Telecom closet

AB-1-1 (RAU 1) no L010BRU1 Hallway, outside Boardroom

AB-1-2 (RAU 2) no L120BRU1 Hallway, outside #230

AB-1-3 (RAU 3) yes L007BRU1 Hallway, atrium north side

AB-1-4 (RAU 4) no L111BRU6 Hallway, outside #207

1-1-5 (RAU 5)

1-1-6 (RAU 6)

1-1-7 (RAU 7)

1-1-8 (RAU 8)

1-2-n (EH 2) —

1-2-1 (RAU 1)

1-2-2 (RAU 2)

1-2-3 (RAU 3)

1-2-4 (RAU 4)

1-2-5 (RAU 5)

1-2-6 (RAU 6)

1-2-7 (RAU 7)

1-2-8 (RAU 8)

1-3-n (EH 3) —

1-3-1 (RAU 1)

1-3-2 (RAU 2)

1-3-3 (RAU 3)

1-3-4 (RAU 4)

1-3-5 (RAU 5)

1-3-6 (RAU 6)

1-3-7 (RAU 7)

1-3-8 (RAU 8)

1-4-n (EH 4) —

1-4-1 (RAU 1)

1-4-2 (RAU 2)

1-4-3 (RAU 3)

1-4-4 (RAU 4)

1-4-5 (RAU 5)

1-4-6 (RAU 6)

1-4-7 (RAU 7)

1-4-8 (RAU 8)

InterReach Unison Property Sheet PRELIMINARY

B-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

InterReachTM Unison Property Sheet

Installer: Date: Main Hub Serial Number:

System Label: System Gain: Alarm Sense: System Band:

UL: DL:  Yes

 No

 Normally-Closed

 Normally-Open

Unit

MH - EH - RAU

RAU

Attenuation?

Yes/No

Unit

Serial No. Unit Installation Location

1-1-n (EH 1)

1-1-1 (RAU 1)

1-1-2 (RAU 2)

1-1-3 (RAU 3)

1-1-4 (RAU 4)

1-1-5 (RAU 5)

1-1-6 (RAU 6)

1-1-7 (RAU 7)

1-1-8 (RAU 8)

1-2-n (EH 2)

1-2-1 (RAU 1)

1-2-2 (RAU 2)

1-2-3 (RAU 3)

1-2-4 (RAU 4)

1-2-5 (RAU 5)

1-2-6 (RAU 6)

1-2-7 (RAU 7)

1-2-8 (RAU 8)

1-3-n (EH 3)

1-3-1 (RAU 1)

1-3-2 (RAU 2)

1-3-3 (RAU 3)

1-3-4 (RAU 4)

1-3-5 (RAU 5)

1-3-6 (RAU 6)

1-3-7 (RAU 7)

1-3-8 (RAU 8)

1-4-n (EH 4)

1-4-1 (RAU 1)

1-4-2 (RAU 2)

1-4-3 (RAU 3)

1-4-4 (RAU 4)

1-4-5 (RAU 5)

1-4-6 (RAU 6)

1-4-7 (RAU 7)

1-4-8 (RAU 8)

PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual C-1

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY

APPENDIX C Compliance

C.1 Safety Approvals

• UL/cUL 1950 3rd edition

• CB scheme evaluation with all national deviations

• EN 60950:1992 including amendments A1, A2, A3, A4, and A11

Compliance PRELIMINARY

C-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. A

C.2 Radio/EMC Approvals

GSM/EGSM/DCS Products

EMC: ETSI EN 301 489-8 V.1.1.1 (2000-09)

Radio: EN 301502 v.7.0.1 (8-2000)

ETS 300 609-4 V.8.0.2 (2000-10)

Cellular Products

EMC: FCC part 15 class A

Radio: FCC part 22

PCS Products

EMC: FCC part 15 class A

Radio: FCC part 24

iDEN Products

EMC: FCC part 15 class A

Radio: FCC part 90

GSM Products

EMC: FCC part 15 class A

Radio: FCC part 90

PN 8100-50 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual D-1

620003-0 Rev. A

PRELIMINARY

APPENDIX D Glossary

Air Interface A method for formatting data and voice onto radio waves. Common

air interfaces include AMPS, TDMA, CDMA, and GSM.

AIN Advanced Intelligent Network. AINs allow a wireless user to make and receive

phone calls while roaming outside the user’s “home” network. These networks,

which rely on computers and sophisticated switching techniques, also provide

many Personal Communications Service (PCS) features.

Amplitude The distance between high and low points of a waveform or signal.

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service. AMPS is an analog cellular FDMA sys-

tem. It was the basis of the first commercial wireless communication system in

the U.S and has been used in more than 35 other countries worldwide.

Analog The original method of modulating radio signals so they can carry informa-

tion which involves transmitting a continuously variable signal. Amplitude Mod-

ification (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM) are the most common methods

of analog modulation.

ANSI The American National Standards Institute. A nonprofit, privately funded

membership organization founded in 1918 that reviews and approves standards

developed by other organizations.

Antenna A device for transmitting and/or receiving signals.

Attenuation The decrease in power that occurs when any signal is transmitted.

Attenuation is measured in decibels (dB).

Backhaul A term applied to the process of carrying wireless traffic between the

MSC and the base station.

Base Station The radio transmitter/receiver that maintains communications with

mobile devices within a specific area.

BSC Base Station Controller. A GSM term referring to the device in charge of man-

aging the radio interface in a GSM system, including the allocation and release of

radio channels and hand-off of active calls within the system.

Glossary PRELIMINARY

D-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8100-50

620003-0 Rev. A

BTA Basic Trading Area. The U.S. and its territories are divided into 493 areas,

called BTAs. These BTAs are composed of a specific list of counties, based on a

system originally developed by Rand McNally. The FCC grants licenses to wire-

less operators to provide service within these BTAs and/or MTAs. (See MTA.)

BTS Base Transceiver Station. A GSM term referring to the group of network

devices that provide radio transmission and reception, including antennas.

C/I Carrier to interference ratio. The ratio of the desired signal strength to the com-

bined interference of all mobile phones using the system. Usually, the interfer-

ence of most concern is that provided by mobile phones using the same channel

in the system. These are referred to as “co-channel interferers.”

CCITT Consultative Committee on International Telephone and Telegraph. This

organization sets international communications standards. The CCITT is now

known as ITU (the parent organization).

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access. A digital wireless access technology that

uses spread-spectrum techniques. Unlike alternative systems, such as GSM, that

use time-division multiplexing (TDM), CDMA does not assign a specific fre-

quency to each user. Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum.

Individual conversations are assigned a unique code which allows the conversa-

tion to be spread out over multiple channels; transmitted to the far end; and

re-assembled for the recipient using a specific code.

CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data. CDPD allows data transmission over the ana-

log wireless network. CDPD breaks data into packets and transmits these packets

on idle portions of the network.

Cell A cell defines a specific, physical area of coverage of a portion of a wireless

system. It is the basic “building block” of all modern wireless communications

systems.

Cell Site A term which refers to the location of the transmission equipment (e.g.,

basestation) within the cell.

CEPT Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administrations.

This organization’s mandate is to define pan-European wireless communications

standards. In 1982, CEPT mandated GSM as the access protocol for public wire-

less communications systems across Europe.

Channel The path along which a communications signal is transmitted. Channels

may be simplex (communication occurs in only one direction), duplex (commu-

nication occurs in both directions) or full duplex (communication occurs in both

directions simultaneously).

Circuit A communication connection between two or more points. A circuit can

transmit either voice or data.

CO Central Office. The main switching facility for a telecommunications system.

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CTIA Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association. The CTIA is an industry

association made up of most of the wireless carriers and other industry players. It

was formed in 1984 to promote the cellular industry and cellular technology.

D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service. See IS-54.

dB Decibel. A unit for expressing the ratio of two amounts of power. It is often used

in wireless to describe the amount of power loss in a system (i.e., the ratio of

transmitted power to received power).

DCS Digital Communications System. DCS is often called “upbanded GSM” since

it is the GSM access scheme adopted to operate in the 1700–1800 MHz portion

of the spectrum.

Digital A method of storing, processing, and transmitting information by represent-

ing information as “0s” and “1s” via electrical pulses. Digital systems have

largely replaced analog systems because they can carry more data at higher speed

than analog transmission systems.

Electromagnetic Spectrum Electrical wave forms in frequency ranges as low as

535 kHz (AM radio) and as high as 29 GHz (cable TV).

ESMR Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio. Digital mobile telephone services

offered to the public over channels previously used for two-way analog dispatch

services. ESMR provides digital mobile radio and telephone service as well as

messaging and dispatch features.

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute. ETSI was established in

1988 to set standards for Europe in telecommunications, broadcasting and office

information technology.

FCC Federal Communications Commission. In the United States, the FCC is

responsible for the management and regulation of communication policy for all

public communications services, including wireless.

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access. A wireless access protocol that

assigns each user a specific radio channel for use. Since FDMA only supports

one user (or conversation) on each channel, it does not maximize use of the spec-

trum and is therefore largely been superseded by other access protocols (such as

CDMA, TDMA, GSM, iDEN) that support multiple users on a single channel.

Frequency Hopping A wireless signal transmission technique whereby the fre-

quency used to carry a signal is periodically changed, according to a predeter-

mined code, to another frequency.

Fixed An ITU definition for radio communications between specified fixed points.

Point-to-point high-frequency circuits and microwave links are two examples of

fixed applications.

FM Frequency Modulation. A method of transmitting information in which the fre-

quency of the carrier is modified according to a plan agreed to by the transmitter

and the receiver. FM can be either analog or digital.

Glossary PRELIMINARY

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Forward Channel Refers to the radio channel that sends information from the base

station to the mobile station. (See Reverse Channel.)

Frequency The number of times an electrical signal repeats an identical cycle in a

unit of time, normally one second. One Hertz (Hz) is one cycle per second.

Frequency re-use The ability to use the same frequencies repeatedly across a cellu-

lar system. Because each cell is designed to use radio frequencies only within its

boundaries, the same frequencies can be reused in other cells not far away with

little potential for interference. The reuse of frequencies is what enables a cellu-

lar system to handle a huge number of calls with a limited number of channels.

Gain The increase in power that occurs when any signal is amplified, usually

through an amplifier or antenna.

GHz Gigahertz. A measure of frequency equal to one billion hertz.

GSM Groupe Speciale Mobile (now translated in English as Global Standard for

Mobile Communications). GSM is the digital wireless standard used throughout

Europe, in much of Asia, as well as by some operators in the U.S. and South

America.

Handoff The process by which the wireless system passes a wireless phone conver-

sation from one radio frequency in one cell to another radio frequency in another

as the caller moves between two cells. In most systems today, this handoff is per-

formed so quickly that callers don’t notice.

Hertz A measurement of electromagnetic energy, equivalent to one “wave” per sec-

ond. Hertz is abbreviated as “Hz”.

iDEN Integrated Digital Enhanced Network. A TDMA-based wireless access tech-

nology that combines two-way radio, telephone, text message, and data transmis-

sion into one network. This system was developed by Motorola. In the U.S.,

iDEN is used by Nextel in its network.

IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The world’s largest

technical professional society with members from more than 130 countries. The

IEEE works to advance the theory and practice of electrical, electronics, com-

puter engineering and computer science.

Infrastructure A term used to encompass all of the equipment, including both hard-

ware and software, used in a communications network.

IS-54 Interim Standard-54. A U.S. TDMA cellular standard that operates in the

800 MHz or 1900 MHz band. IS-54 was the first U.S. digital cellular standard. It

was adopted by the CTIA in 1990.

IS-95 Interim Standard-95. A U.S. CDMA cellular standard that operates in the

800 MHz or 1900 MHz band. This standard was developed by Qualcomm and

adopted by the CTIA in 1993.

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IS-136 Interim Standard-136. A U.S. TDMA cellular standard based on IS-54 that

operates in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz band.

IS-553 Interim Standard-533. The U.S. analog cellular (AMPS) air interface stan-

dard.

ITU International Telecommunications Union. The ITU is the principal interna-

tional standards organization. It is charted by the United Nations and it estab-

lishes international regulations governing global telecommunications networks

and services. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.

LMDS Local Multipoint Distribution Services. LMDS provides line-of-sight cover-

age over distances up to 3–5 kilometers and operates in the 28 GHz portion of the

spectrum. It can deliver high speed, high bandwidth services such as data and

video applications.

Local Loop A communication channel (usually a physical phone line) between a

subscriber’s location and the network’s Central Office.

MHz Megahertz. One million Hertz. One MHz equals one million cycles per sec-

ond.

Microcell A network cell designed to serve a smaller area than larger macrocells.

Microcells are smaller and lower powered than macrocells. As the subscriber

base increases, operators must continue to increase the number of cells in their

network to maximize channel re-use. This has led to an increasing number of

microcells being deployed in wireless networks.

Microwave Electromagnetic waves with frequencies above 1 GHz. Microwave

communications are used for line-of-sight, point-to-point, or point-to-multipoint

communications.

MSA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The FCC has established 306 MSAs in the U.S.

The MSAs represent the largest population centers in the U.S. At least two wire-

less operators are licensed in each MSA.

MSC Mobile Services Switching Center. A generic term for the main cellular

switching center in the wireless communications network.

MSS Mobile Satellite Service. Communications transmission service provided by

satellites. A single satellite can provide coverage to the entire United States.

MTA Major Trading Area. The U.S. and its territories are divided into 51 MTAs.

Each MTA is composed of a specific number of BTAs. The FCC grants licenses

to wireless operators to provide service within these MTAs and/or BTAs. (See

BTA.)

Multiplexing The simultaneous transmission of two or more signals on the same

radio (or other) transmission facility.

N-AMPS Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service.

Glossary PRELIMINARY

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PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. This acro-

nym is used to refer to credit card sized packages containing memory, I/O

devices and other capabilities for use in Personal Computers, handheld comput-

ers and other devices.

PCS Personal Communications Service. A vague label applied to new-generation

mobile communication technology that uses the narrow band and broadband

spectrum recently allocated in the 1.9 GHz band.

PDA Personal Digital Assistant. Portable computing devices that are extremely por-

table and that offer a variety of wireless communication capabilities, including

paging, electronic mail, stock quotations, handwriting recognition, facsimile, cal-

endar, and other information handling capabilities.

PDC Personal Digital Cellular (formerly Japanese Digital Cellular). A

TDMA-based digital cellular standard that operates in the 1500 MHz band.

Phase The particular angle of inflection of a wave at a precise moment in time. It is

normally measured in terms of degrees.

PHS Personal Handyphone System. A wireless telephone standard, developed and

first deployed in Japan. It is a low mobility, small-cell system.

POP Short for “population”. One person equals one POP.

POTS Plain Old Telephone Service.

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network. Refers to the international telephone

system and includes both local and long distance networks.

Reverse Channel Refers to the radio channel that sends information from a mobile

station to a base station. (See Forward Channel.)

RF Radio Frequency. Those frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum that are

associated with radio wave propagation.

Roaming The ability to use a wireless phone to make and receive calls in places

outside one's home calling area.

RSA Rural Service Area. One of the 428 FCC-designated rural markets across the

United States used as license areas for cellular licenses. (See MTAs and BTAs.)

Sector A portion of a cell. Often, different sectors within the same cell will each use

a different set of frequencies to maximize spectrum utilization.

Signal to Noise Ratio The ratio of signal power to noise power at a given point in a

given system.

Smart Antenna Refers to an antenna whose signal handling characteristics change

as signal conditions change.

Soft Handoff Virtually undetectable by the user, soft handoff allows both the origi-

nal cell and a new cell to serve a call temporarily during the handoff transition.

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Spectrum The range of electromagnetic frequencies.

Spread Spectrum A method of transmitting a signal over a broad range of frequen-

cies and then re-assembling the transmission at the far end. This technique

reduces interference and increases the number of simultaneous conversations

within a given radio frequency band.

T-1 A North American commercial digital transmission standard. A T-1 connection

uses time division multiplexing to carry 24 digital voice or data channels over

copper wire.

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access. A method of digital wireless communica-

tions that allows multiple users to access (in sequence) a single radio frequency

channel without interference by allocating unique time slots to each user within

each channel.

TIA Telecommunications Industry Association.

TR-45 One of six committees of the Telecommunications Industry Association.

TR-45 oversees the standard making process for wireless telecommunications.

Upbanded A service or technology that has been re-engineered to operate at a

higher frequency than originally designed.

Wireless Describes any radio-based system that allows transmission of voice and/or

data signals through the air without a physical connection, such as a metal wire

or fiber optic cable.

Wireline Wire paths that use metallic conductors to provide electrical connections

between components of a system, such as a communication system.

WLANs Wireless Local Area Networks. Technology that provides wireless com-

munications to Portable Computer users over short distances.

Glossary PRELIMINARY

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