Cambium Networks XN4 Wireless LAN Array User Manual xirrus PDF

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Document Description	User Manual 2
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Date Submitted	2009-02-17 00:00:00
Date Available	2009-02-17 00:00:00
Creation Date	2009-02-06 15:41:02
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Wi-Fi Array
•
Description: The description (if any) that you set for this IAP.
Array Information
This is a status only window that shows you the current firmware versions
utilized by the Array, the serial numbers assigned to each module, and MAC
addresses.
You cannot make configuration changes in this window, but if you are
experiencing issues with network services, you may want to print the content of
this window for your records.
Figure 68. Array Information
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Array Configuration
This is a status only window that allows you to display the configuration settings
assigned to the Array, based on the following filter options:
Running—displays the current configuration (the one running now).
Saved—displays the saved configuration from this session.
Lastboot—displays the configuration as it was after the last reboot.
Factory—displays the configuration established at the factory.
Figure 69. Show Configuration
If you want to see just the differences between the Running, Saved, Lastboot, and
Factory configurations, you can do this by choosing a configuration option from
the Select Config pull-down menu then selecting an alternative configuration
option from the Select Diff pull-down menu.
To also include the default configuration settings in the output, choose your
configuration then click in the Include Defaults check box. If Include Defaults is
disabled, then only the changes from the default configuration are shown.
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Admin History
It is useful to know who else is currently logged in to an array while you're
configuring it. It's also nice to see who has logged in since the array booted. This
status-only window shows you all administrator logins to the Array that have
occurred since the last reboot. To determine who is currently logged in, check
which entries say active in the Logout Time column.
Figure 70. Admin Login History
Network Status Windows
The following Network Status windows are available:
Network Map—displays information about this Array and neighboring
Arrays that have been detected.
Spanning Tree Status—displays the spanning tree status of network
links on this Array.
Routing Table—displays information about routing on this Array.
ARP Table—displays information about Address Resolution Protocol on
this Array.
DHCP Leases—displays information about IP addresses (leases) that the
Array has allocated to client stations.
Connection Tracking/NAT—lists connections that have been established
for client stations.
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Wi-Fi Array
CDP Neighbors—lists neighboring network devices using Cisco
Discovery Protocol.
Network Map
This window offers detailed information about this Array and all neighboring
Arrays, including how the Arrays have been set up within your network.
Figure 71. Network Map
The Network Map has a number of options at the bottom of the page that allow
you to customize your output by selecting from a variety of information that may
be displayed. You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active
column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon .
Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to
instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
Content of the Network Map Window
By default, the network map shows the following status information for each
Array:
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Array Name: The host name assigned to the Array. To establish the host
name, go to “Express Setup” on page 176.
Location: The location assigned to the Array. To establish the location
information, go to “Express Setup” on page 176.
Array OS: The software version running on the Array.
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IP Address: The Array’s IP address. If DHCP is enabled, the Array’s IP
address is assigned by the DHCP server. If DHCP is disabled, you must
assign a static IP address. To enable DHCP or to assign a static IP address
for the Array, go to “Express Setup” on page 176.
IAP: The number of IAPs on the Array.
IAPs Up: Informs you how many IAPs are currently up and running. To
enable or disable all IAPs, go to “Express Setup” on page 176. To enable
or disable individual IAPs, go to “IAP Settings” on page 255.
SSIDs: Informs you how many SSIDs have been assigned for the Array.
To assign an SSID, go to “SSID Management” on page 240.
SSID On: Informs you how many SSIDs are enabled. To enable or disable
SSIDs, go to “SSID Management” on page 240.
In Range: Informs you whether the Array is within wireless range of
another Wi-Fi Array.
Fast Roam: Informs you whether or not the Xirrus fast roaming feature is
enabled. This feature utilizes the Xirrus Roaming Protocol (XRP) ensuring
fast and seamless roaming capabilities between IAPs or Arrays at both
Layer 2 and Layer 3. To enable or disable fast roaming, go to “Global
Settings (IAP)” on page 260.
Uptime (D:H:M): Informs you how long the Array has been up and
running (in Days, Hours and Minutes).
To see additional information, select from the following checkboxes at the bottom
of the page. This will show the columns described below.
Hardware
Model: The model number of each Array (XN16, XS-4, etc.), plus the
amount of RAM memory and the speed of the processor.
Serial: Displays the serial number of each Array.
License
License Key: The license key of each Array.
Licensed Features: Lists the optional features enabled by the key, if any.
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Software (enabled by default)
Enable/disable display of the Array OS column.
Firmware
Boot Loader: The software version number of the boot loader on each
Array.
SCD Firmware: The software version number of the SCD firmware on
each Array.
IAP Info (enabled by default)
Enable/disable display of the IAP/Up columns.
Stations
Stations: Tells you how many stations are currently associated to each
Array. To deauthenticate a station, go to “Stations” on page 151.
The columns to the right (H, D, W, and M) show the highest number of
stations that have been associated over various periods of time: the
previous hour, day, week, and month.
Default
Sets the columns displayed to the default settings. By default, only
Software and IAP Info are selected.
Spanning Tree Status
Multiple active paths between stations can cause loops in the network. If a loop
exists in the network topology, the potential exists for the duplication of
messages. The spanning tree protocol is a link management protocol that
provides path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops. For a wireless
network to function properly, only one active path can exist between two stations.
To facilitate path redundancy, the spanning tree protocol defines a tree that spans
all stations in the network and forces certain redundant data paths into a standby
(blocked) state. If one segment in the spanning tree becomes unreachable, the
spanning tree algorithm reconfigures the network topology and reestablishes the
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Wi-Fi Array
link by activating the standby path. The spanning tree function is transparent to
client stations.
Figure 72. Spanning Tree Status
This window shows the spanning tree status (forwarding or blocked) for path
segments that terminate on the gigabit ports and WDS links of this Array. You
may sort the rows based on the VLAN Name or Number columns by clicking the
column header. Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto
Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Network
Network Interfaces
Network Status Windows
VLANs
WDS
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Routing Table
This status-only window lists the entries in the Array’s routing table. The table
provides the Array with instructions for sending each packet to its next hop on its
route across the network.
Figure 73. Routing Table
See Also
VLANs
Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID
ARP Table
This status-only window lists the entries in the Array’s ARP table. For a device
with a given IP address, this table lists the device’s MAC address. It also shows
the Array interface through which this device may be reached. The table typically
includes devices that are on the same local area network segment as the Array.
Figure 74. ARP Table
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See Also
Routing Table
ARP Filtering
DHCP Leases
This status-only window lists the IP addresses (leases) that the Array has
allocated to client stations. For each, it shows the IP address assigned from one of
the defined DHCP pools, and the MAC address and host name of the client
station. The start and end time of the lease show how long the allocation is valid.
The same IP address is normally renewed at the expiration of the current lease.
Figure 75. DHCP Leases
See Also
DHCP Server
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Connection Tracking/NAT
This status-only window lists the session connections that have been created on
behalf of clients. This table may also be used to view information about current
NAT sessions.
Figure 76. Connection Tracking
Click the Show Netbios checkbox at the bottom of the page to display NetBIOS
name information for the source and destination location of the connection. The
Netbios columns will replace traffic statistics columns.
You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header,
indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click Refresh to
update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to
refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Filters
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CDP Neighbors
This status-only window lists devices on the Array’s network that support the
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP). The Array performs discovery on the network
on an ongoing basis. This list shows the devices that have been discovered—Cisco
devices and other devices on the network that have CDP running. For each, it
shows the device’s host name, IP address, manufacturer and model name, the
device interface that is connected to the network (i.e., the port that was
discovered), and the network capabilities of the device (switch, router, supported
protocols, etc.).
Figure 77. CDP Neighbors
CDP must be enabled on the Array in order to gather and display this
information. See “CDP Settings” on page 191.
Viewing Status on the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
RF Monitor Windows
Every Wi-Fi Array includes an integrated RF spectrum analyzer as a standard
feature. The spectrum analyzer allows you to characterize the RF environment by
monitoring throughput, signal, noise, errors, and interference levels continually
per channel. This capability uses the built-in threat-sensor radio abg(n)2. The
associated software is part of the ArrayOS.
The following RF Status windows are available:
142
IAPs—displays current statistics and RF measurements for each of the
Array’s IAPs.
Spectrum Analyzer—displays current statistics and RF measurements
for each of the Array’s channels.
Intrusion Detection—displays rogue APs that have been detected by the
Array.
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Wi-Fi Array
IAPs
The RF Monitor—IAPs window displays traffic statistics and RF readings
observed by each Array IAP (radio). Note that the data is an instantaneous
snapshot for the IAP—it is not an average or a cumulative total.
Figure 78. RF Monitor—IAPs
Figure 78 presents the data as a graphical display, enabled by selecting the Graph
checkbox on the lower left. If this option is not selected, data is presented as a
numerical table. You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active
column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon .
Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to
instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
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Wi-Fi Array
Spectrum Analyzer
The RF measurements for this feature are obtained by IAP abg(n)2, which
must be set to monitor mode for any data to be available. See “IAP
Settings” on page 255.
Spectrum analysis on Wi-Fi Arrays is a distributed capability that automatically
covers the entire Wi-Fi network, since a sensor is present in every unit. Arrays
monitor the network 24/7 and analyze interference anywhere in the network
from your desk. There’s no need to walk around with a device as with traditional
spectrum analyzers, thus you don’t have to be in the right place to find outside
sources that may cause network problems or pose a security threat. The Array
monitors all 802.11 radio bands (a/b/g/n), not just those currently used for data
transmission.
The RF Spectrum Analyzer window displays instantaneous traffic statistics and
RF readings for all channels, as measured by the Array’s abg(n)2 radio. This
differs from the RF Monitor-IAPs window, which displays values measured by
each IAP radio for its current assigned channel. For the spectrum analyzer, the
abg(n)2 radio is in a listen-only mode, scanning across all Wi-Fi channels. Each
channel is scanned in sequence, for a 250 millisecond interval per channel. The
spectrum analyzer window presents the data as a graphical display of vertical bar
graphs for each statistic as shown in Figure 79 (the default presentation), or
horizontally as bar graphs or numerical RF measurements. The measurements
displayed are explained in “Spectrum Analyzer Measurements” on page 146.
As an aid to viewing data for a particular channel, click the channel number. The
channel will be highlighted down the page (or across the page for a rotated view,
in both text and graph modes). Click additional channels to highlight them for
easy comparison. To remove the highlighting from a channel, click the channel
number again. Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto
Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
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Click Channel number to highlight
Select Display Options
Figure 79. RF Spectrum Analyzer
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Wi-Fi Array
The Spectrum Analyzer offers several display options:
To display horizontal bar graphs, click the Rotate checkbox at the bottom
of the data window.
In the rotated view, if you wish to view data as a numerical table, click the
Text checkbox. Click again to return to a graphical display. The text
option is only available in the rotated view.
When viewing a graphical display, click Bars to have the bar graphs
displayed against a gray background—you may find this easier on the
eyes. This operation is not available when Text is selected.
You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column
header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon
Sorting is only available in the rotated view.
At the bottom left of the frame, you may select whether to display only
2.4 GHz channels, 5 GHz channels, or both (both is the default). Note that
the data is an instantaneous snapshot—it is not an average or a
cumulative total.
Spectrum Analyzer Measurements
The spectrum analyzer displays the following information:
Packets/Sec: Total number of Wi-Fi packets per second on the channel,
both valid and errored packets.
Bytes/Sec: Total number of Wi-Fi bytes per second on the channel, valid
packets only.
802.11 Busy: Percentage of time that 802.11 activity is seen on the channel.
Other Busy: Percentage of time that the channel is unavailable due to
non-802.11 activity.
The total busy time (802.11 Busy plus Other Busy) will never total more
than 100%. The remaining time (100% minus total busy time) is quiet
time—the time that no activity was seen on the channel.
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Signal to Noise: Average SNR (signal to noise ratio) seen on the channel,
calculated from the signal seen on valid 802.11 packets less the noise floor
level. A dash value “-“ means no SNR data was available for the interval.
Noise Floor: Average noise floor reading seen on the channel (ambient
noise). A dash value “-“ means no noise data was available for the
interval.
Error Rate: Percentage of the total number of Wi-Fi packets seen on the
channel that have CRC errors. The Error rate percentage may be high on
some channels since the monitor radio is set to receive at a very sensitive
level, enabling it to hear packets from devices at far distances.
Average RSSI: Average RSSI level seen on 802.11 packets received on the
channel. A dash value “-“ means no RSSI data was available for the
interval.
Average Data Rate: Average data rate over time (per byte, not per packet)
seen on 802.11 packets received on the channel. A dash value “-“ means
no data rate information was available for the interval. A higher date rate
(above 6 Mbps) typically indicates user data traffic on the channel.
Otherwise, the data rate reflects control packets at the lower basic rates.
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Intrusion Detection
This window displays all detected access points, according to the category you
select from the drop-down list at the top—either Unknown, Known or Approved.
This includes ad hoc access points (station-to-station connections). You can sort
the results based on the following parameters by clicking the desired column
header:
SSID
Security
BSSID
Type
Manufacturer
Discovered
Channel
Last Active
RSSI
Select the type of AP to display
Figure 80. Intrusion Detection/Rogue AP List
The Intrusion Detection window provides the easiest method for designating
rogue APs as Known. Approved, or Unknown. Choose one or more APs using the
checkbox in the Select column, then set whether they are Approved, Known, or
Unknown using the buttons on the lower left.
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You can refresh the list at any time by clicking on the Refresh button, or click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh the list automatically.
See Also
Network Map
Rogue Control List
SSIDs
SSID Management
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Wi-Fi Array
Station Status Windows
The following Station Status windows are available:
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Stations—this list describes all stations associated to the Array.
Location Map—displays a map showing the approximate locations of all
stations associated to the array.
RSSI—for each associated station, this displays the Received Signal
Strength Indicator at each of the Array’s IAPs.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)—for each associated station, this displays
the SNR at each of the Array’s IAPs.
Noise Floor—for each associated station, this displays the ambient noise
(silence) value at each of the Array’s IAPs.
Max by IAP—for each IAP, this shows the historical maximum number of
stations that have been associated to it over various periods of time.
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Wi-Fi Array
Stations
This status-only window shows client stations currently visible to the Array. You
may choose to view only stations that have associated to the Array, or only
stations that are not associated, or both, by selecting the appropriate checkboxes
above the list. The list shows the MAC address of each station, its NetBIOS name,
its IP address, its manufacturer, the SSID used for the association, the Group (if
any) that this station belongs to, its VLAN, its QoS, the IAP used for the
association, transmit and receive rates, the RSSI for each station, and how long
each association has been active (up time).
You may click the Detail checkbox at the bottom of the window to show a number
of additional columns, including security settings used by the connection, the
channel and band used, and additional RF measurements.
Figure 81. Stations
You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header,
indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click again to
reverse the sort order. You may select a specific station and perform one of the
following actions by clicking the associated button:
Deny Access: Sends a de-authentication frame to the selected station and
explicitly denies it access by adding its MAC address to the Deny List in
the Access Control List window. To permit access again, go to “Access
Control List” on page 223 and delete the station from the Deny list.
Deauthenticate: Sends a de-authentication frame to the selected station.
The station may re-authenticate.
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Wi-Fi Array
Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in the Auto Refresh
check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Access Control List
Station Status Windows
Location Map
The Location Map shows the approximate locations of stations relative to this
Array. You may display stations associated to this Array, unassociated stations
(shown in gray), or both. The station count is shown on the left, above the map.
You may also choose to display 5 GHz stations (shown in orange) or 2.4 GHz
stations (shown in green), or both.
The map and Array are shown as if you were looking down on the Array from
above, say from a skylight on the roof. Thus the positions of the radios abg(n)1 to
abg(n)4 are a mirror image of the way they are typically drawn when looking at
the face of the Array. Radios abg(n)1 to abg(n)4 are marked (1 to 4) on the map to
show the orientation of the Array.
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Hover mouse to
show details
Array
Unassociated Station
Associated Station
Figure 82. Location Map
A station is identified by its NetBIOS name if known, or else by its IP or MAC
address. Hover the mouse over a station to show detailed information. If multiple
stations are near each other, they will be displayed slightly offset so that one
station does not completely obscure another. You may minimize a station that is
not of interest by clicking it. Click it again for normal display. There is also a
Minimize All button.
You may replace the range-finder background image above with your own
custom image of the floorplan of the area served by the Array.
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Wi-Fi Array
Controls and items displayed on the Location Map window
The controls for the Location Map are all at the bottom of the window and
take up a fair amount of width. If some of the controls shown in Figure 83 are
not visible, resize your browser window to be wider until all of the controls
appear.
Also, the Location Map has its own scroll bars in addition to the browser’s
scroll bars. If you narrow the browser window, the map’s scroll bar may be
hidden. Use the browser’s bottom scroll bar if you need to move it into view.
Stations to display
Minimize stations
Scale
Zoom in
Zoom out
Replace background
Reset display
Rotate map
Figure 83. Controls for Location Map
154
Display Associated/Unassociated: Select whether to display stations that
are associated to the Array, stations that are not associated, or both.
Display 2.4 GHz/5 GHz: Select whether to display 802.11bg(n) stations,
or 802.11a(n) stations, or both.
Minimize All: All stations are shown by default with their NetBIOS
name or IP or MAC address. If the map is too cluttered, you can reduce
the display for each station to a small rectangle. You may still display
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Wi-Fi Array
detailed information for the station by hovering over it. To enlarge all
rectangles, clear the Minimize All checkbox.
Minimized station display
Normal station display
Figure 84. Minimizing stations
Scale: This view-only value shows the approximate distance represented
by each hashmark on the default map background. Scale is the rightmost
of the items displayed in the control area - you may need to scroll to the
right edge to see it.
Custom Image: Use this feature to replace the default background image
with your own image of the floor plan of your location. Click the Browse
button and browse to the desired file on your computer. This may be a
.gif, .jpg, .jpeg., .png, .htm, or .html file. The scale of the file should be 100
feet per inch. Then click Upload (see below). For more information on
using the custom, image, see “Working with the Custom Image” on
page 156.
Upload: After browsing to the desired custom image, click the Upload
button to install it. The map will be redisplayed with your new
background. No hash marks are added to the image display.
Reset: Click this button to restore the map display to the factory settings.
All attributes are restored—including the stations selected for display, the
scale, the rotation, and the background map.
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Wi-Fi Array
Rotate: Click this button to rotate the orientation of the entire map. It
rotates the map 45o counter-clockwise.
Enlarge: Click this button to enlarge (zoom in on) the map. The displayed
Scale on the bottom right is updated with the new scale for the map.
Reduce: Click this button to reduce (zoom out on) the map.
The displayed Scale on the bottom right is updated with the new scale for
the map
Auto Refresh: Instructs the Array to refresh this window automatically.
Refresh: Updates the stations displayed.
See Also
Access Control List
Station Status Windows
Working with the Custom Image
After you have uploaded a custom image (see Custom Image and Upload in
“Controls and items displayed on the Location Map window” on page 154), you
should move the display of the Array on your map to correspond with its actual
location at your site. The Location Map window provides a special set of controls
for moving the location of the Array. These controls are displayed on the upper
right corner of the map (Figure 85). The location controls only appear when you
are using a custom image for your background. You will not see them if you are
using the default map background.
To move the Array on the map in a particular direction, click an arrow for the
desired direction on the location controls. The inner arrows move the Array by
small steps; the outer arrows move it by larger steps. The arrows only work when
you position the mouse directly over them—make sure you see the hand icon .
If you need to return the Array to the center of the map, click the center of the
location controls. When you are done, click the Apply button to save the new
Array location, as well as the enlarge/reduce/rotate settings. These location
settings will persist for the duration of the current WMI session, but not after a
reboot (but the custom image will still be used after rebooting—whether or not
you click Apply).
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Array Location Controls
are at upper left of Map
Click here to move
Array to center of map
Click an arrow to move
the Array
Apply Button
Figure 85. Setting Array location on a Custom Image
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Wi-Fi Array
RSSI
For each station that is associated to the Array, the RSSI (Received Signal Strength
Indicator) window shows the station’s RSSI value as measured by each IAP. In
other words, the window shows the strength of the station’s signal at each radio.
You may choose to display Unassociated Stations as well with a checkbox at the
bottom of the window.
Figure 86. Station RSSI Values
By default, the RSSI is displayed numerically. You may display the relative
strength using color if you select Colorize Intensity, with the strongest signals
indicated by the most intense color. (Figure 86) If you select Graph, then the RSSI
is shown on a representation of the Array, either colorized or numerically based
on your selection. (Figure 87) The stations are listed to the left of the Array—click
on a station to show its RSSI values on the Array.
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Figure 87. Station RSSI Values—Colorized Graphical View
In either graphical or tabular view, you may sort the rows based on any column
that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to
the hand icon . Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window
automatically.
See Also
Station Status Windows
RF Monitor Windows
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
For each station that is associated to the Array, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
window shows the station’s SNR value as measured by each IAP. In other words,
the window shows the SNR of the station’s signal at each IAP radio. The signalto-noise ratio can be very useful for determining the cause of poor performance at
a station. A low value means that action may need to be taken to reduce sources of
noise in the environment and/or improve the signal from the station.
Figure 88. Station Signal-to-Noise Ratio Values
You may choose to display Unassociated Stations as well with a checkbox at the
bottom of the window.
By default, the SNR is displayed numerically. (Figure 88) You may display
the relative value using color if you select Colorize Intensity, with the highest
SNR indicated by the most intense color. (Figure 89) If you select Graph, then
the SNR is shown on a representation of the Array, either colorized or numerically
based on your selection. The stations are listed to the left of the Array—click on a
station to show its SNR values on the Array.
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Figure 89. Station SNR Values—Colorized Graphical View
In either graphical or tabular view, you may sort the rows based on any column
that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to
the hand icon . Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window
automatically.
See Also
Station Status Windows
RF Monitor Windows
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Noise Floor
For each station that is associated to the Array, the Noise Floor window shows
the ambient noise affecting a station’s signal as measured by each IAP. The noise
floor is the RSSI value when the station is not transmitting, sometimes called a
Silence value. In other words, the window shows the noise floor of the station’s
signal at each IAP radio. The noise floor value can be very useful for
characterizing the environment of a station to determine the cause of poor
performance. A relatively high value means that action may need to be taken to
reduce sources of noise in the environment.
Figure 90. Station Noise Floor Values
You may choose to display Unassociated Stations as well with a checkbox at the
bottom of the window.
By default, the noise floor is displayed numerically. (Figure 90) You may display
the relative value using color if you select Colorize Intensity, with the highest
noise indicated by the most intense color. If you select Graph, then the ambient
noise is shown on a representation of the Array, either colorized or numerically
based on your selection.(Figure 91) The stations are listed to the left of the
Array—click on a station to show its values on the Array.
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Figure 91. Station Noise Floor Values—Colorized Graphical View
In either graphical or tabular view, you may sort the rows based on any column
that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to
the hand icon . Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window
automatically.
See Also
Station Status Windows
RF Monitor Windows
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Max by IAP
This status-only window shows the maximum number of client stations that have
historically been associated to the Array. For each IAP, the list shows the IAP’s
state and channel number, the current number of stations associated, and the
highest number of stations that have been associated over various periods of time:
hour, day, week, month, and year. In other words, the Max Station Count shows
the “high water mark” over the selected period of time—the maximum count of
stations for the selected period, rather than a cumulative count of all stations that
have associated. This information aids in network administration and in planning
for additional capacity.
Figure 92. Max by IAP
You may click an IAP to go to the IAP Settings window. Click on the Refresh
button to refresh the station list, or click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to
refresh this window automatically.
See Also
IAPs
Station Status Windows
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Statistics Windows
The following Array Statistics windows are available:
IAP Statistics Summary—provides an overview of the statistical data
associated with all IAPs. Expands to show links for displaying detailed
statistics for individual IAPs.
Per-IAP Statistics—provides detailed statistics for an individual IAP.
Network Statistics—displays statistical data associated with each
network (Ethernet) interface.
VLAN Statistics—provides statistical data associated with your assigned
VLANs.
WDS Statistics—provides statistical data for all WDS client and host
links.
Filter Statistics—provides statistical data for all configured filters.
Station Statistics—provides statistical data associated with each station.
IAP Statistics Summary
This is a status only window that provides an overview of the statistical data
associated with all IAPs. It also shows the channel used by each IAP. For detailed
statistics for a specific IAP, see “Per-IAP Statistics” on page 166. Click the Unicast
Stats Only checkbox on the lower left to filter the results, or clear the checkbox to
show statistics for all wireless traffic.
You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) or
Clear the data (reset all content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by
clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check
box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
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Wi-Fi Array
Figure 93. IAP Statistics Summary Page
See Also
System Log Window
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11a
Global Settings .11bg
IAPs
Per-IAP Statistics
This is a status only window that provides detailed statistics for the selected IAP.
If you click the link for IAP All in the left frame, each detailed statistic field will
show the sum of that statistic for all IAPs. For a summary of statistics for all IAPs,
see “IAP Statistics Summary” on page 165. Use the Display Percentages
checkbox at the lower left to select the output format—check this option to
express each statistic as a percentage of the total at the top of the column, or leave
it blank to display raw numbers.
A quick way to display the statistics for a particular IAP is by clicking the Array
graphic at the bottom left of the WMI window. Click the desired IAP, and the
selected statistics will be displayed. See “User Interface” on page 123.
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Figure 94. Individual IAP Statistics Page (for IAP abg(n)1)
You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) or
Clear the data (reset all content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by
clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check
box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
System Log Window
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11a
Global Settings .11bg
IAPs
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Network Statistics
This is a status only window that allows you to review statistical data associated
with each network (Ethernet) interface and its activity. You can Refresh the data
(update the window with the latest information) or Clear the data (reset all
content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by clicking on the
appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct
the Array to refresh this window automatically. If you are experiencing problems
on the Array, you may also want to print this window for your records.
Figure 95. Network Statistics
See Also
DHCP Server
DNS Settings
Network
Network Interfaces
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VLAN Statistics
This is a status only window that allows you to review statistical data associated
with your assigned VLANs. You can refresh the information that is displayed on
this page at any time by clicking on the Refresh button, or select the Auto Refresh
option for this window to refresh automatically. The Clear All button at the lower
left allows you to clear (zero out) all VLAN statistics.
Figure 96. VLAN Statistics
See Also
VLAN Management
VLANs
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Wi-Fi Array
WDS Statistics
The main WDS Statistics window provides statistical data for all WDS client and
host links. To access data about a specific WDS client or host link, simply click on
the desired link in the left frame to access the appropriate window. You may also
choose to view a sum of the statistics for all client links, all host links, or all links
(both client and host links).
Figure 97. WDS Statistics
See Also
SSID Management
WDS
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Filter Statistics
The Filter Statistics window provides statistical data for all configured filters. The
name, state (enabled—on or off), and type (allow or deny) of each filter is shown.
For enabled filters, this window shows the number of packets and bytes that met
the filter criteria. Click on a column header to sort the rows based on that column.
Click on a filter name to edit the filter settings.
Figure 98. Filter Statistics
See Also
Filters
Station Statistics
This status-only window provides an overview of statistical data for all stations.
Stations are listed by MAC address, and Receive and Transmit statistics are
summarized for each. For detailed statistics for a specific station, click the desired
MAC address in the Station column and see “Per-Station Statistics” on page 172.
Figure 99. Station Statistics
Note that you can clear the data for an individual station (see Per-Station
Statistics), but you cannot clear the data for all stations using this window.
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Wi-Fi Array
You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) at any
time by clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh
check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Per-Station Statistics
Per-Station Statistics
This window provides detailed statistics for the selected station. This window is
accessed from the Station Statistics window—click the MAC address of the
desired entry in the Station column to display its Per-Station Statistics window.
Receive and Transmit statistics are listed by Rate—this is the data rate in Mbps.
For a summary of statistics for all stations, see “Station Statistics” on page 171.
You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) or
Clear the data (reset all content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by
clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check
box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
Figure 100. Individual Station Statistics Page
See Also
Station Statistics
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System Log Window
This is a status only window that allows you to review the system log, where
system alerts and messages are displayed. Although there are no configuration
options available in this window, you do have the usual choice of deciding how
the event messages are sorted by clicking in the column header for the desired
field (Time Stamp, Priority, or Message).
Time Stamp—sorts the list based on the time the event occurred.
Priority—sorts the list based on the priority assigned to the message.
Message—sorts the list based on the message category
The displayed messages may be filtered by using the Filter Priority option, which
allows control of the minimum priority level displayed. For example, you may
choose (under Services >System Log) to log messages at or above the Debug
level but use Filter Priority to display only messages at the Information level and
above.
Figure 101. System Log
Use the Highlight Priority field if you wish to highlight messages at the selected
priority level. Click on the Refresh button to refresh the message list, or click on
the Clear Log button to delete all messages. You can also click in the Auto
Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
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Wi-Fi Array
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Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
The following topics include procedures for configuring the Array using the
product’s embedded Web Management Interface (WMI). Procedures have been
organized into functional areas that reflect the flow and content of the WMI.
The following WMI windows allow you to establish configuration parameters for
your Array, and include:
“Express Setup” on page 176
“Network” on page 182
“Services” on page 193
“VLANs” on page 205
“Security” on page 209
“SSIDs” on page 235
“Groups” on page 247
“IAPs” on page 253
“WDS” on page 285
“Filters” on page 289
After making changes to the configuration settings of an Array you must click on
the Save button at the bottom of the configuration window, otherwise the changes
you make will not be applied the next time the Array is rebooted. Click the Apply
button if you want the changes applied to the current configuration, without
making them permanent.
This chapter only discusses using the configuration windows on the Array. To
view status or use system tools on the Array, please see:
“Viewing Status on the Wi-Fi Array” on page 127
“Using Tools on the Wi-Fi Array” on page 295
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Wi-Fi Array
Express Setup
The Express Setup procedure allows you to establish global configuration settings
that will enable basic Array functionality. Any changes you make in this window
will affect all radios. When finished, click on the Apply button to apply the new
settings to this session, or click Save to apply your changes and make them
permanent.
Figure 102. WMI: Express Setup
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Procedure for Performing an Express Setup
1.
Host Name: Specify a unique host name for this Array. The host name is
used to identify the Array on the network. Use a name that will be
meaningful within your network environment, up to 64 alphanumeric
characters. The default is Xirrus-WiFi-Array.
2.
Location Information: Enter a brief but meaningful description that
accurately defines the physical location of the Array. In an environment
where multiple units are installed, clear definitions for their locations are
important if you want to identify a specific unit.
3.
Admin Contact: Enter the name and contact information of the person
who is responsible for administering the Array at the designated location.
4.
Admin Email: Enter the email address of the admin contact you entered
in Step 3.
5.
Admin Phone: Enter the telephone number of the admin contact you
entered in Step 3.
6.
Configure SNMP: Select whether to Enable SNMP on the Array, and set
the SNMP community strings. The factory default value for the SNMP
Read-Only Community String is xirrus_read_only. The factory default
value for the SNMP Read-Write Community String is xirrus. If you are
using the Xirrus Management System (XMS), the read-write string must
match the string used by XMS. XMS also uses the default value xirrus.
7.
Configure the 10/100 Ethernet 0 (10/100 Mb) and Gigabit Ethernet 1
network interface settings. Note that the and Gigabit Ethernet 2 port is
not configured on this page. If you need to make changes to Gigabit 2,
please see “Network Interfaces” on page 183.
The fields for each of these interfaces are similar, and include:
a.
Enable Interface: Choose Yes to enable this network interface, or
choose No to disable the interface.
b. Allow Management on Interface: This option is available only on the
Gigabit 1 and Gigabit 2 interfaces—the 10/100 Ethernet port is also
known as the Management Port, and management is always enabled
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Wi-Fi Array
on this port. Choose Yes to allow management of the Array via this
Gigabit interface, or choose No to deny all management privileges for
this interface.
c.
8.
Configuration Server Protocol: Choose DHCP to instruct the Array
to use DHCP to assign IP addresses to the Array’s Ethernet interfaces,
or choose Static if you intend to enter IP addresses manually. If you
choose the Static IP option, you must enter the following information:
•
IP Address: Enter a valid IP address for this Array. To use a
remote connection (Web, SNMP, or SSH), a valid IP address must
be used.
•
IP Subnet Mask: Enter a valid IP address for the subnet mask
(the default is 255.255.255.0). The subnet mask defines the
number of IP addresses that are available on the routed subnet
where the Array is located.
•
Default Gateway: Enter a valid IP address for the default
gateway. This is the IP address of the router that the Array uses
to forward data to other networks.
SSID Settings: This section specifies the wireless network name and
security settings.
a.
The SSID (Wireless Network Name) is a unique name that identifies
a wireless network (SSID stands for Service Set Identifier). All devices
attempting to connect to a specific WLAN must use the same SSID.
The default SSID is xirrus. Entering a value in this field will replace
the default SSID with the new name.
For additional information about SSIDs, go to the Multiple SSIDs
section of “Frequently Asked Questions” on page 398.
b. Wireless Security: Select the desired wireless security scheme (Open,
WEP or WPA). Make your selection from the choices available in the
pull-down list.
•
178
Open—This option offers no data encryption and is not
recommended, though you might choose this option if clients are
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
required to use a VPN connection through a secure SSH utility,
like PuTTy.
•
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)—An optional IEEE 802.11
function that offers frame transmission privacy similar to a wired
network. WEP generates secret shared encryption keys that both
source and destination stations can use to alter frame bits to
avoid disclosure to eavesdroppers.
•
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)—A Wi-Fi Alliance standard that
contains a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard, using TKIP or AES
as an encryption method and 802.1x for authentication. WPA is
the stronger of the two wireless security schemes.
•
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2)—WPA2 is the follow-on
security method to WPA for wireless networks and provides
stronger data protection and network access control. It offers
Enterprise and consumer Wi-Fi users with a high level of
assurance that only authorized users can access their wireless
networks. Like WPA, WPA2 is designed to secure all versions of
802.11 devices, including 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n,
multi-band and multi-mode.
•
WPA-Both (WPA and WPA2)—This option makes use of both
WPA and WPA2.
For more information about security, including a full review of all
security options and settings, go to “Understanding Security” on
page 210.
c.
Wireless Key/Passphrase: Depending on the wireless security
scheme you selected, enter a unique WEP key or WPA passphrase.
d. Confirm Key/Passphrase: If you entered a WEP key or WPA
passphrase, confirm it here.
9.
Admin Settings: This section allows you to change the default admin
username and password for the Array.
a.
New Admin User (Replace Default): Enter the name of a new
administrator user account. The new administrator will have read/
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Wi-Fi Array
write privileges on the Array (i.e., the new user will be able to change
the configuration of the Array). The default admin user is deleted.
Note that the Array also offers the option of authenticating
administrators using a RADIUS server (see “Admin Management”
on page 215)).
b. New Admin Password: If desired, enter a new administration
password for managing this Array. Choose a password that is not
obvious, and one that you can remember. If you forget your
password, you must reset the Array to its factory defaults so that the
password is reset to admin (its default setting).
c.
Confirm Admin Password: If you entered a new administration
password, confirm the new password here.
10. Time and Date Settings: This section specifies an optional time (NTP Network Time Protocol) server or modifies the system time if you’re not
using a server.
a.
Time Zone: Select your time zone from the choices available in the
pull-down list.
b. Auto Adjust Daylight Savings: If you are not using NTP, check this
box if you want the system to adjust for daylight savings
automatically, otherwise leave this box unchecked (default).
c.
Use Network Time Protocol: Check this box if you want to use an
NTP server to synchronize the Array’s clock. This ensures that Syslog
time-stamping is maintained across all units. Without an NTP server
assigned (no universal clock), each Array will use its own internal
clock and stamp times accordingly, which may result in
discrepancies. If you check Yes, the NTP server fields are displayed. If
you don’t want to use an NTP server, leave this box unchecked
(default) and set the system time on the Array manually.
d. NTP Primary Server: If you are using NTP, enter the IP address or
domain name of the NTP server.
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e.
NTP Secondary Server: Enter the IP address or domain name of an
optional secondary NTP server to be used in case the Array is unable
to contact the primary server.
f.
Set Time (hrs:min:sec): If you are not using NTP, check this box if
you want to adjust the current system time. When the box is checked,
the time fields become active. Enter the revised time (hours, minutes,
seconds, am/pm) in the corresponding fields. If you don’t want to
adjust the current time, this box should be left unchecked (default).
g.
Set Date (month/day/year): If you are not using NTP, check this box if
you want to adjust the current system date. When the box is checked,
the date fields become active. Enter the revised date (month, day and
year) in the corresponding fields. If you don’t want to adjust the
current date, this box should be left unchecked (default).
11. IAP Settings:
Enable/Configure All IAPs: Click on the Execute button to enable and
auto configure all IAPs (a message displays the countdown time—in
seconds—to complete the auto-configuration task). When an IAP is
enabled, its LED is switched on.
LED on
Figure 103. LEDs are Switched On
12. Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
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Network
This is a status-only window that provides a snapshot of the configuration
settings currently established for the 10/100 Ethernet 0 interface and the Gigabit 1
and Gigabit 2 interfaces. DNS Settings and CDP Settings (Cisco Discovery
Protocol) are summarized as well. You must go to the appropriate configuration
window to make changes to any of the settings displayed here (configuration
changes cannot be made from this window). You can click on any item in the
Interface column to “jump” to the associated configuration window.
Figure 104. Network Interfaces
WMI windows that allow you to change or view configuration settings associated
with the network interfaces include:
“Network Interfaces” on page 183
“DNS Settings” on page 190
“CDP Settings” on page 191
See Also
DNS Settings
Network Interfaces
Network Status Windows
Spanning Tree Status
Network Statistics
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Wi-Fi Array
Network Interfaces
This window allows you to establish configuration settings for the 10/100 Fast
Ethernet interface and the Gigabit 1 and Gigabit 2 interfaces.
Figure 105. Network Settings
Gigabit 2 settings will “mirror” Gigabit 1 settings (except for MAC
addresses) and cannot be configured separately.
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Wi-Fi Array
When finished making changes, click on the Apply button to apply the new
settings to this session, or click Save to apply your changes and make them
permanent. When the status of an Ethernet or Gigabit port changes, a Syslog entry
is created describing the change.
Network Interface Ports
The following diagram shows the location of each network interface port on the
underside of the Array.
Serial
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit 1
Gigabit 2
Figure 106. Network Interface Ports
Procedure for Configuring the Network Interfaces
Configure the Fast Ethernet and Gigabit 1 network interfaces (some Gigabit 2
settings cannot be configured separately and will mirror Gigabit 1). The fields for
each of these interfaces are the same, and include:
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1.
Enable Interface: Choose Yes to enable this network interface (Fast
Ethernet, Gigabit 1 or Gigabit 2), or choose No to disable the interface.
2.
LED Indicator: Choose Enabled to allow the LED for this interface to
blink with traffic on the port, or choose Disabled to turn the LED off.
The LED will still light during the boot sequence, then turn off. This
option is only available for the Gigabit interfaces.
3.
Allow Management on Interface: Choose Yes to allow management of
this Array via the selected network interface, or choose No to deny all
management privileges for this interface. This option is only available for
the Gigabit interfaces—management is always enabled on the 10/100
interface (sometimes called the Management Port).
4.
Auto Negotiate: This feature allows the Array to negotiate the best
transmission rates automatically. Choose Yes to enable this feature, or
choose No to disable this feature—the default is enabled. If you disable
the Auto Negotiate feature, you must define the Duplex and Speed
options manually (otherwise these options are not available).
a.
Duplex: Full-duplex mode transmits data in two directions
simultaneously (for example, a telephone is a full-duplex device
because both parties can talk and be heard at the same time). Halfduplex allows data transmission in one direction at a time only (for
example, a walkie-talkie is a half-duplex device). If the AutoNegotiate feature is disabled, you can manually choose Half or Full
duplex for your data transmission preference.
b. Speed: If the Auto-Negotiate feature is disabled, you must manually
choose the desired data transmission speed from the pull-down list. If
configuring the Fast Ethernet interface the options are 10 Megabit or
100 Megabit. If configuring the Gigabit 1 or Gigabit 2 interfaces the
options are 100 Megabit or Gigabit.
5.
Port mode: Select the desired behavior for the gigabit Ethernet ports from
the following options. For a more detailed discussion of the use of the
Gigabit ports and the options below, please see the Xirrus Gigabit Ethernet
Port Modes Application Note in the Xirrus Library.
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Wi-Fi Array
a.
Active Backup (gig1/gig2 failover to each other)—This mode
provides fault tolerance and is the default mode. Gigabit 1 acts as the
primary link. Gigabit2 is the backup link and is passive. Gigabit2
assumes the IP properties of Gigabit1. If Gigabit 1 fails the Array
automatically fails over to Gigabit2. When a failover occurs in this
mode, Gigabit2 issues gratuitous ARPs to allow it to substitute for
Gigabit1 at Layer 3 as well as Layer 2. See Figure 107 (a).
b. Aggregate Traffic from gig1 & gig2 using 802.3ad—The Array sends
network traffic across both gigabit ports to increase link speed to the
network. Both ports act as a single logical interface (trunk), using a
load balancing algorithm to balance traffic across the ports.
The destination IP address of a packet is used to determine its
outgoing adapter. For non-IP traffic (such as ARP), the last byte of the
destination MAC address is used to do the calculation. The network
switch must also support 802.3ad. If a port fails, the trunk degrades
gracefully—the other port still transmits. See Figure 107 (b).
(a) Active backup
Gig1
Primary Link
Gig2
Secondary Link :
carries all traffic
if primary fails
Switch
(b) Aggregate using 802.3ad
Gig1
Gig2
Links split traffic based on
destination address , using
802.3ad link aggregation
Destinations
Switch
Figure 107. Port Modes (a-b)
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Wi-Fi Array
c.
Bridge traffic between gig1 & gig2—Traffic received on Gigabit1 is
transmitted by Gigabit2; similarly, traffic received on Gigabit2 is
transmitted by Gigabit1. This allows the Array to act as a wired
bridge and allows Arrays to be daisy-chained and still maintain
wired connectivity. See Figure 108 (c).
d. Transmit Traffic on both gig1 & gig2—Transmits incoming traffic on
both Gigabit1 and Gigabit2. Any traffic received on Gigabit1 or
Gigabit2 is sent to the onboard processor. This mode provides fault
tolerance. See Figure 108 (d).
(c) Bridge traffic
Gig1
Gig2
Gig1
(d) Transmit on both ports
Gig2
Gig1 and Gig2 are bridged.
Traffic received on either link
is repeated to the other
Gig1
Gig2
Received wireless traffic is
sent to both links
Traffic from either link is
processed for transmission
Switch
Switch
Figure 108. Port Modes (c-d)
e.
Load balance traffic between gig1 & gig2—This option provides
trunking, similar to option (b)—Aggregate Traffic from gig1 & gig2
using 802.3ad, but it uses a different load balancing algorithm to
determine the outgoing gigabit port. The outgoing port used is based
on an exclusive OR of the source and destination MAC address. Like
option (b), this mode also provides load balancing and fault
tolerance. See Figure 109 (e).
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Wi-Fi Array
(e) Load balance traffic
Gig1
Gig2
Destinations
Array load balances outgoing
traffic based on source and
destination address
Switch
(f) Mirror traffic
Gig1
Gig2
Received wireless traffic is
sent to both links
Network
Analyzer
Switch
Gig1
Gig2
Traffic from Gig 1 is processed
for wireless transmission and
copied to Gig 2
Switch
Network
Analyzer
Gig1
Gig2
Traffic from Gig 2 is processed
for wireless transmission and
copied to Gig 1
Network
Analyzer
Switch
Figure 109. Port Modes (e-f)
f.
188
Mirror traffic on both gig1 & gig2—all traffic received on the Array
is transmitted out both Gigabit1 and Gigabit2. All traffic received on
Gigabit1 is passed on to the onboard processor as well as out
Gigabit2. All traffic received on Gigabit2 is passed on to the onboard
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Wi-Fi Array
processor as well as out Gigabit1. This allows a network analyzer to
be plugged into one port to capture traffic for troubleshooting, while
the other port provides network connectivity for data traffic. See
Figure 109 (f).
6.
Configuration Server Protocol: Choose DHCP to instruct the Array to
use DHCP when assigning IP addresses to the Array, or choose Static IP
if you intend to enter IP addresses manually. If you select the Static IP
option you must specify the IP address, IP subnet mask and default
gateway.
a.
IP Address: If you selected the Static IP option, enter a valid IP
address for the Array. To use any of the remote connections (Web,
SNMP, or SSH), a valid IP address must be established.
b. IP Subnet Mask: If you selected the Static IP option, enter a valid IP
address for the subnet mask (the default for Class C is 255.255.255.0).
The subnet mask defines the number of IP addresses that are
available on the routed subnet where the Array is located.
c.
Default Gateway: If you selected the Static IP option, enter a valid IP
address for the default gateway. This is the IP address of the router
that the Array uses to transmit data to other networks.
7.
Static Route (IP Address/Mask): (Fast Ethernet port only) The 10e100
Ethernet Port may be used for managing the Array out of band from the
Gigabit Ethernet ports. The 10e100 port will route only management
traffic, using a static route that may be configured using this field.
8.
When done configuring all interfaces as desired, click on the Apply
button to apply the new settings to this session, or click Save to apply
your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
DNS Settings
Network
Network Statistics
Spanning Tree Status
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Wi-Fi Array
DNS Settings
This window allows you to establish your DNS (Domain Name System) settings.
At least one DNS server must be set up if you want to offer clients associating
with the Array the ability to use meaningful host names instead of numerical IP
addresses. When finished, click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to
this session, or click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
Figure 110. DNS Settings
Procedure for Configuring DNS Servers
1.
DNS Host Name: Enter a valid DNS host name.
2.
DNS Domain: Enter the DNS domain name.
3.
DNS Server 1: Enter the IP address of the primary DNS server.
4.
DNS Server 2 and DNS Server 3: Enter the IP address of the secondary
and tertiary DNS servers (if required).
5.
Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Network
Network Interfaces
Network Statistics
Spanning Tree Status
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CDP Settings
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) is a layer 2 network protocol used to share
information (such as the device manufacturer and model, network capabilities,
and IP address) with other directly connected network devices. Wi-Fi Arrays can
both advertise their presence by sending CDP announcements, and gather and
display information sent by neighbors (see “CDP Neighbors” on page 141).
This window allows you to establish your CDP settings. When finished, click on
the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or click Save to apply
your changes and make them permanent.
Figure 111. CDP Settings
Procedure for Configuring CDP Settings
1.
Enable CDP: When CDP is enabled, the Array sends out CDP
announcements of the Array’s presence, and gathers CDP data sent by
neighbors. When disabled, it does neither. CDP is enabled by default.
2.
CDP Interval: The Array sends out CDP announcements advertising its
presence at this interval. The default is 60 seconds.
3.
CDP Hold Time: CDP information received from neighbors is retained
for this period of time before aging out of the Array’s neighbor list. Thus,
if a neighbor stops sending announcements, it will no longer appear on
the CDP Neighbors window after CDP Hold Time seconds from its last
announcement. The default is 180 seconds.
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Wi-Fi Array
See Also
CDP Neighbors
Network
Network Interfaces
Network Statistics
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Wi-Fi Array
Services
This is a status-only window that allows you to review the current settings and
status for services on the Array, including DHCP, SNMP, Syslog, and Network
Time Protocol (NTP) services. For example, for the DHCP server, it shows each
DHCP pool name, whether the pool is enabled, the IP address range, the gateway
address, lease times, and the DNS domain being used. There are no configuration
options available in this window, but if you are experiencing issues with network
services, you may want to print this window for your records.
Figure 112. Services
The following sections discuss configuring services on the Array:
“Time Settings (NTP)” on page 194
“NetFlow” on page 196
“System Log” on page 197
“SNMP” on page 200
“DHCP Server” on page 203
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Wi-Fi Array
Time Settings (NTP)
This window allows you to manage the Array’s time settings, including
synchronizing the Array’s clock with a universal clock from an NTP (Network
Time Protocol) server. Synchronizing the Array’s clock with an NTP server
ensures that Syslog time-stamping is maintained across all units.
Figure 113. Time Settings (Manual Time)
Procedure for Managing the Time Settings
1.
Time Zone: Select the time zone you want to use (normally your local
time zone) from the pull-down list.
2.
Auto Adjust Daylight Savings: Check this box if you want the system to
adjust for daylight savings automatically, otherwise leave this box
unchecked (default).
3.
Use Network Time Protocol: select whether to set time manually or use
NTP to manage system time.
4.
Setting Time Manually
a.
194
Adjust Time (hrs:min:sec): If you are not using NTP, check this box if
you want to adjust the current system time. When the box is checked,
the time fields become active. Enter the revised time (hours, minutes,
seconds, am/pm) in the corresponding fields. If you don’t want to
adjust the current time, this box should be left unchecked (default).
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
b. Adjust Date (month/day/year): If you are not using NTP, check this
box if you want to adjust the current system date. When the box is
checked, the date fields become active. Enter the revised date (month,
day and year) in the corresponding fields. If you don’t want to adjust
the current date, this box should be left unchecked (default).
5.
Using an NTP Server
a.
NTP Primary Server: If you are using NTP, enter the IP address or
domain name of the NTP server.
Figure 114. Time Settings (NTP Time Enabled)
b. NTP Secondary Server: Enter the IP address or domain name of an
optional secondary NTP server to be used in case the Array is unable
to contact the primary server.
6.
Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Services
SNMP
System Log
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Wi-Fi Array
NetFlow
This window allows you to enable or disable the sending of NetFlow information
to a designated collector. NetFlow is a proprietary but open network protocol
developed by Cisco Systems for collecting IP traffic information. When NetFlow
is enabled, the Array will send IP flow information (traffic statistics) to the
designated collector.
NetFlow sends per-flow network traffic information from the Array. Network
managers can use a NetFlow collector to view the statistics on a per-flow basis
and use this information to make key decisions. Knowing how many packets and
bytes are sent to and from certain IP addresses or across specific network
interfaces allows administrators to track usage by various areas. Traffic flow
information may be used to engineer networks for better performance.
Figure 115. NetFlow
Procedure for Configuring NetFlow
196
1.
Enable NetFlow: Choose Yes to enable NetFlow functionality, or choose
No to disable this feature.
2.
NetFlow Collector Host (Domain or IP): If you enabled NetFlow, enter
the domain name or IP address of the collector.
3.
NetFlow Collector Port: If you enabled NetFlow, enter the port on the
collector host to which to send data.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
System Log
This window allows you to enable or disable the Syslog server, define primary,
secondary, and tertiary servers, set up email notification, and set the level for
Syslog reporting for each of the servers and for email notification—the Syslog
service will send Syslog messages that are at the selected severity or above to the
defined Syslog servers and email address.
Figure 116. System Log
Procedure for Configuring Syslog
1.
Enable Syslog Server: Choose Yes to enable Syslog functionality, or
choose No to disable this feature.
2.
Console Logging: If you enabled Syslog, select whether or not to echo
Syslog messages to the console as they occur. If you enable console
logging, be sure to set the Console Logging level (see Step 7 below).
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Wi-Fi Array
3.
Local File Size (1-500): Enter a value in this field to define how many
Syslog records are retained locally on the Array’s internal Syslog file. The
default is 500.
4.
Primary Server Address (Domain or IP): If you enabled Syslog, enter the
domain name or IP address of the primary Syslog server.
5.
Secondary/Tertiary Server Address (Domain or IP): If you enabled
Syslog, you may enter the domain name or IP address of one or two
additional Syslog servers to which messages will also be sent. (Optional)
6.
Email Notification: The following parameters allow you to send an email
to a designated address each time a Syslog message is generated. The
email will include the text of the Syslog message.
a.
Email SMTP Address (Domain or IP): The domain name or the IP
address of the SMTP server to be used for sending the email. Note
that this specifies the mail server, not the email recipient.
b. Email SMTP User/Email SMTP Password: Specify a user name and
password for logging in to an account on the mail server designated
in Step a.
c.
Email SMTP From: Specify the “From” email address to be displayed
in the email.
d. Email SMTP To: Specify the entire email address of the recipient of
the email notification.
7.
Syslog Levels: For each of the Syslog destinations, choose your preferred
level of Syslog reporting from the pull-down list. Messages with
criticality at the selected level and above will be shown. The default level
varies depending on the destination.
a.
198
Console Logging: For messages to be echoed to the console, the
default level is Critical and more serious. This prevents large
numbers of non-critical messages from being displayed on the
console. If you set this level too low, the volume of messages may
make it very difficult to work with the CLI or view other output on
the console.
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Wi-Fi Array
b. Local File: For records to be stored on the Array’s internal Syslog file,
choose your preferred level of Syslog reporting from the pull-down
list. The default level is Debugging and more serious.
c.
Primary Server: Choose the preferred level of Syslog reporting for the
primary server. The default level is Debugging and more serious.
d. Secondary/Tertiary Server: Choose the preferred level of reporting
for the secondary/tertiary server. The default level is Information
and more serious. (Optional)
e.
8.
Email SMTP Server: Choose the preferred level of Syslog reporting
for the email notifications. The default level is Warning and more
serious. This prevents your mailbox from being filled up with a large
number of less severe messages such as informational messages.
Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
System Log Window
Services
SNMP
Time Settings (NTP)
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Wi-Fi Array
SNMP
This window allows you to enable or disable SNMP v2 and SNMP v3 and define
the SNMP parameters. SNMP v2 allows remote management of the Array by the
Xirrus Management System (XMS) and other SNMP management tools. SNMP v3
was designed to offer much stronger security. You may enable either SNMP
version, neither, or both. If you enable both, be aware that data and keys are not
encrypted when SNMPv2 is used.
NOTE: If you are managing your Arrays with XMS (the Xirrus Management System),
it is very important to use SNMP v2 and the correct Read-Write Community String
for proper operation of XMS with the Array. Both XMS and the Array must have the
same value for this string.
Figure 117. SNMP
200
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Wi-Fi Array
Procedure for Configuring SNMP
1.
Enable SNMPv2: Choose Yes to enable SNMP v2 functionality, or choose
No to disable this feature. When used in conjunction with the Xirrus
Management System, SNMP v2 (not SNMP v3) must be enabled on each
Array to be managed with XMS. The default for this feature is Yes
(enabled).
2.
SNMP Read-Write Community String: Enter the read-write community
string. The default is xirrus.
3.
SNMP Read-Only Community String: Enter the read-only community
string. The default is xirrus_read_only.
4.
Enable SNMPv3: Choose Yes to enable SNMP v3 functionality, or choose
No to disable this feature. The default for this feature is Yes (enabled).
5.
Authentication: Select the desired method for authenticating SNMPv3
packets: SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) or MD5 (Message Digest
Algorithm 5).
6.
Privacy: Select the desired method for encrypting data: DES (Data
Encryption Standard) or the stronger AES (Advanced Encryption
Standard).
7.
Context Engine ID: The unique identifier for this SNMP server. We
recommend that you do not change this value. The Context Engine ID
must be set if data collection is to be done via a proxy agent. This ID helps
the proxy agent to identify the target agent from which data is to be
collected.
8.
SNMP Read-Write Username: Enter the read-write user name. This
username and password allow configuration changes to be made on the
Array. The default is xirrus-rw.
9.
SNMP Read-Write Authentication Password: Enter the read-write
password for authentication (i.e., logging in). The default is xirrus-rw.
10. SNMP Read-Write Privacy Password: Enter the read-write password for
privacy (i.e., a key for encryption). The default is xirrus-rw.
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Wi-Fi Array
11. SNMP Read-Only Username: Enter the read-only user name. This
username and password do not allow configuration changes to be made
on the Array. The default is xirrus-ro.
12. SNMP Read-Only Authentication Password: Enter the read-only
password for authentication (i.e., logging in). The default is xirrus-ro.
13. SNMP Read-Only Privacy Password: Enter the read-only password for
privacy (i.e., a key for encryption). The default is xirrus-ro.
14. SNMP Trap Host IP Address: Enter the IP Address or domain name, as
well as the Port number, of an SNMP management station that is to
receive SNMP traps. You may specify up to four hosts that are to receive
traps.
15. Send Auth Failure Traps: Choose Yes to log authentication failure traps
or No to disable this feature.
16. Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Services
System Log
Time Settings (NTP)
202
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Wi-Fi Array
DHCP Server
This window allows you to create, modify and delete DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol) pools and enable or disable DHCP server functionality.
DHCP allows the Array to provide wireless clients with IP addresses and other
networking information. The DHCP server will not provide DHCP services to the
wired side of the network.
If you enable the DHCP server, you need to define the DHCP lease time (default
and maximum) and establish the IP address range that the DHCP server can use.
Figure 118. DHCP Management
Procedure for Configuring the DHCP Server
1.
New Internal DHCP Pool: Enter a name for the new DHCP pool, then
click on the Create button. The new pool ID is added to the list of
available DHCP pools.
2.
On: Click this checkbox to make this pool of addresses available, or clear
it to disable the pool.
3.
Lease Time—Default: This field defines the default DHCP lease time (in
seconds). The factory default is 300 seconds, but you can change the
default at any time.
4.
Lease Time—Max: Enter a value (in seconds) to define the maximum
allowable DHCP lease time. The default is 300 seconds.
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Wi-Fi Array
5.
Network Address Translation (NAT): Check this box to enable the
Network Address Translation feature.
6.
Lease IP Range—Start: Enter an IP address to define the start of the IP
range that will be used by the DHCP server. The default is 192.168.1.100.
7.
Lease IP Range—End: Enter an IP address to define the end of the IP
range that will be used by the DHCP server. The DHCP server will only
use IP addresses that fall between the start and end range that you define
on this page. The default is 192.168.1.200.
8.
Subnet Mask: Enter the subnet mask for this IP range for the DHCP
server. The default is 255.255.255.0.
9.
Gateway: If necessary, enter the IP address of the gateway.
10. Domain: Enter the DNS domain name. See also, “DNS Settings” on
page 190.
11. DNS Servers (1 to 3): Enter the IP address of the primary DNS server,
secondary DNS server and tertiary DNS server. See also, “DNS Settings”
on page 190.
12. Click Apply to apply the new settings to this session, or click Save to
apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
DHCP Leases
DNS Settings
Network Map
204
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Wi-Fi Array
VLANs
This is a status-only window that allows you to review the current status of
assigned VLANs. A VLAN (Virtual LAN) is comprised of a group of devices that
communicate as a single network, even though they are physically located on
different LAN segments. Because VLANs are based on logical rather than
physical connections, they are extremely flexible. A device that is moved to
another location can remain on the same VLAN without any hardware
reconfiguration.
In addition to listing all VLANs, this window shows your settings for the Default
Route VLAN and the Native (Untagged) VLAN (Step 1 page 207).
Figure 119. VLANs
For a complete discussion of implementing Voice over Wi-Fi on the Array,
see the Xirrus Voice over Wi-Fi Application Note in the Xirrus Library.
Understanding Virtual Tunnels
Xirrus Arrays support Layer 2 tunneling with Virtual Tunnels. This allows an
Array to use tunnels to transport traffic for one or more SSID-VLAN pairs onto a
single destination network through the Layer 3 core network.
The Array has low overhead and latency for virtual tunnel connections, with high
resilience. The Array performs all encryption and decryption in hardware,
maintaining wire-rate encryption performance on the tunnel.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
Virtual Tunnel Server (VTS)
Tunneling capability is provided by a Virtual Tunnel Server. You supply the server
and deploy it in your network using open-source VTun software, available from
vtun.sourceforge.net. To enable the Array to use tunneling for a VLAN, simply
enter the IP address, port and secret for the tunnel server as described in Step 10
on page 208.
VTun may be configured for a number of different tunnel types, protocols, and
encryption types. For use with Arrays, we recommend the following
configuration choices:
Tunnel Type: Ether (Ethernet tunnel)
Protocol: UDP
Encryption Type: select one of the encryption types supported by VTun
(AES and Blowfish options are available)
Keepalive: yes
Client-Server Interaction
The Array is a client of the Virtual Tunnel Server. When you specify a VTS for a an
active VLAN-SSID pair, the Array contacts the VTS. The server then creates a
tunnel session to the Array. VTun encapsulated packets will cross the Layer 3
network from the Array to the VTS. When packets arrive at the VTS, they will be
de-encapsulated and the resultant packets will be passed to your switch with
802.1q VLAN tags for final Layer 2 processing. The process occurs in reverse for
packets traveling in the other direction.
We recommend that you enable the VTun keep-alive option. This will send a
keep-alive packet once per second to ensure that the tunnel remains active.
Tunnels can be configured to come up on demand but this is a poor choice for
Wi-Fi, since tunnel setup can take roughly 5-20 seconds and present a problem for
authentication.
206
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Wi-Fi Array
VLAN Management
This window allows you to assign and configure VLANs. After creating a new
VLAN (added to the list of VLANs), you can modify the configuration
parameters of an existing VLAN or delete a selected VLAN.
Figure 120. VLAN Management
The Wi-Fi Array supports dynamic VLAN assignments specified by
RADIUS policy settings. When RADIUS sends these assignments, the
Array dynamically assigns wireless stations to VLANs as requested.
VLAN tags on traffic are passed through the Array (i.e., VLAN tags are
not stripped). Once a station has been dynamically moved to a new
VLAN, it will be shown in the Stations window as a member of the new
VLAN. (Figure 81 on page 151)
It is critical to configure all VLANs to be used on the Array, even those
that will be dynamically assigned.
Procedure for Managing VLANs
1.
Default route: This option allows you to choose a default VLAN route
from the pull-down list. When you click Apply the VLAN you choose
will appear in the corresponding VLAN Number field. The IP Gateway
must be established for this function to work.
2.
Native VLAN: This option allows you to choose the Native VLAN from
the pull-down list. When you click Apply the VLAN you choose will
appear in the corresponding VLAN Number field.
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Wi-Fi Array
3.
New VLAN Name/Number: Enter a name and number for the new
VLAN in this field, then click on the Create button. The new VLAN is
added to the list.
4.
VLAN Number: Enter a number for this VLAN (1-4094).
5.
Management: Check this box to allow management over this VLAN.
6.
DHCP: Check this box if you want the DHCP server to assign the IP
address, subnet mask and gateway address to the VLAN automatically,
otherwise you must go to the next step and assign these parameters
manually.
7.
IP Address: If the DHCP option is disabled, enter a valid IP address for
this VLAN association.
8.
Subnet Mask: If the DHCP option is disabled, enter the subnet mask IP
address for this VLAN association.
9.
Gateway: If the DHCP option is disabled, enter the IP gateway address
for this VLAN association.
10. Tunnel Server: If this VLAN is to be tunneled, enter the IP address or
host name of the tunnel server that will perform the tunneling. For more
information on virtual tunnels, please see “Understanding Virtual
Tunnels” on page 205.
11. Port: If this VLAN is to be tunneled, enter the port number of the tunnel
server.
12. New Secret: Enter the password expected by the tunnel server.
13. Delete: To delete the selected VLAN, simply click the Delete button to
remove the VLAN from the list.
14. Click Apply to apply the new settings to this session, or click Save to
apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
VLAN Statistics
VLANs
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Wi-Fi Array
Security
This status- only window allows you to review the Array’s security parameters. It
includes the assigned network administration accounts, Access Control List
(ACL) values, management settings, encryption and authentication protocol
settings, and RADIUS configuration settings. There are no configuration options
available in this window, but if you are experiencing issues with security, you
may want to print this window for your records.
Figure 121. Security
For additional information about wireless network security, refer to:
“Security Planning” on page 70
“Understanding Security” on page 210
The Security section of “Frequently Asked Questions” on page 398.
For information about secure use of the WMI, refer to:
“Certificates and Connecting Securely to the WMI” on page 213
Security settings are configured with the following windows:
“Admin Management” on page 215
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Wi-Fi Array
“Admin RADIUS” on page 216
“Management Control” on page 219
“Access Control List” on page 223
“Global Settings” on page 225
“External Radius” on page 228
“Internal Radius” on page 231
“Rogue Control List” on page 233
Understanding Security
The Xirrus Wi-Fi Array incorporates many configurable security features. After
initially installing an Array, always change the default administrator password
(the default is admin), and choose a strong replacement password (containing
letters, numbers and special characters). See also, “See Also” on page 126. When
appropriate, issue read only administrator accounts.
Other security considerations include:
SSH versus Telnet: Be aware that Telnet is not secure over network
connections and should be used only with a direct serial port connection.
When connecting to the unit’s Command Line Interface over a network
connection, you must use a Secure SHell version 2 (SSH-2) utility. SSH-2
provides stronger security than SSH-1. The most commonly used
freeware providing SSH tools is PuTTY.
Configuration auditing: The optional Xirrus Management System (XMS)
offers powerful management features for small or large Xirrus Wi-Fi
deployments, and can audit your configuration settings automatically. In
addition, using the XMS eliminates the need for an FTP server.
Choosing an encryption method: Wireless data encryption prevents
eavesdropping on data being transmitted or received over the airwaves.
The Array allows you to establish the following data encryption
configuration options:
•
210
Open—this option offers no data encryption and is not
recommended, though you might choose this option if clients are
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
required to use a VPN connection through a secure SSH utility,
like PuTTy.
•
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)—this option provides minimal
protection (though much better than using an open network). An
early standard for wireless data encryption and supported by all
Wi-Fi certified equipment, WEP is vulnerable to hacking and is
therefore not recommended for use by Enterprise networks.
•
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) and WPA2—these are much
stronger encryption modes than WEP, using TKIP (Temporal Key
Integrity Protocol) or AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) to
encrypt data.
WPA solves security issues with WEP. It also allows you to
establish encryption keys on a per-user-basis, with key rotation
for added security. In addition, TKIP provides Message Integrity
Check (MIC) functionality and prevents active attacks on the
wireless network.
AES is the strongest encryption standard and is used by
government agencies; however, old legacy hardware may not be
capable of supporting the AES mode (it probably won’t work on
older wireless clients). Because AES is the strongest encryption
standard currently available, WPA2 with AES is highly
recommended for Enterprise networks.
Any of the above encryption methods can be used and an Array can
support multiple encryption methods simultaneously, but only one
method may be selected per SSID (except that selecting WPA-Both allows
WPA and WPA2 to be used at the same time on the same SSID).
Otherwise, if multiple security methods are needed, you must define
multiple SSIDs.
The encryption mode (WEP, WPA, etc.) is selected in the SSIDs >SSID
Management window (see “SSID Management” on page 240).
The encryption standard used with WPA or WPA2 (AES or TKIP) is
selected in the Security>Global Settings window under WPA Settings
(see “Global Settings” on page 225).
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Wi-Fi Array
Choosing an authentication method: User authentication ensures that
users are who they say they are. For this purpose, the Array allows you to
choose between the following user authentication methods:
•
Pre-Shared Key—users must manually enter a key (passphrase)
on the client side of the wireless network that matches the key
stored by the administrator in the Array.
This method should be used only for smaller networks when a
RADIUS server is unavailable. If PSK must be used, choose a
strong passphrase containing between 8 and 63 characters (20 is
preferred). Always use a combination of letters, numbers and
special characters. Never use English words separated by spaces.
•
RADIUS 802.1x with EAP—802.1x uses a RADIUS server to
authenticate large numbers of clients, and can handle different
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) authentication
methods, including EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, EAP-PEAP, and LEAPPassthrough. The RADIUS server can be internal (provided by
the Wi-Fi Array) or external. An external RADIUS server offers
more functionality and security, and is recommended for large
deployments. When using this method, user names and
passwords must be entered into the RADIUS server for user
authentication.
•
MAC Address ACLs (Access Control Lists)—MAC address
ACLs provide a list of client adapter MAC addresses that are
allowed or denied access to the wireless network. Access Control
Lists work well when there are a limited number of users—in this
case, enter the MAC address of each user in the Allow list. In the
event of a lost or stolen MAC adapter, enter the affected MAC
address in the Deny list.
The Wi-Fi Array will accept up to 1,000 ACL entries.
212
PCI DSS or FIPS 140-2 Security—to implement the requirements of these
security standards on the Wi-Fi Array, please see Appendix D:
Implementing PCI DSS or Appendix E: Implementing FIPS Security.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Certificates and Connecting Securely to the WMI
When you point your browser to the Array to connect to the WMI, the Array
presents an X.509 security certificate to the browser to establish a secure channel.
One significant piece of information in the certificate is the Array’s host name.
This ties the certificate to a particular Array and ensures the client that it is
connecting to that host.
Certificate Authorities (CAs) are entities that digitally sign certificates, using their
own certificates (for example, VeriSign is a well-known CA). When the Array
presents its certificate to the client’s browser, the browser looks up the CA that
signed the certificate to decide whether to trust it. Browsers ship with a small set
of trusted CAs already installed. If the browser trusts the certificate’s CA, it
checks to ensure the host name (and IP address) match those on the certificate. If
any of these checks fail, you get a security warning when connecting to the WMI.
The Array ships with a default certificate that is signed by the Xirrus CA. You
may choose to use this certificate, or to use a certificate issued by the CA of your
choice, as described in the following sections:
Using the Array’s Default Certificate
Using an External Certificate Authority
Using the Array’s Default Certificate
The Array’s certificate is signed by a Xirrus CA that is customized for your Array
and its current host name. By default, browsers will not trust the Array’s
certificate. You may import the Xirrus certificate to instruct the browser to trust
the Xirrus CA on all future connections to Arrays. The certificate for the Xirrus
CA is available on the Array, so that you can import it into your browser’s cache
of trusted CAs (right alongside VeriSign, for example). On the Management
Control window of the WMI you will see the xirrus-ca.crt file. (Figure 122)
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213
Wi-Fi Array
Figure 122. Import Xirrus Certificate Authority
By clicking and opening this file, you can follow your browser’s instructions and
import the Xirrus CA into your CA cache (see page 221 for more information).
This instructs your browser to trust any of the certificates signed by the Xirrus
CA, so that when you connect to any of our Arrays you should no longer see the
warning about an untrusted site. Note however, that this only works if you use
the host name when connecting to the Array. If you use the IP address to connect,
you get a lesser warning saying that the certificate was only meant for ‘hostname’.
Since an Array’s certificate is based on the Array’s host name, any time you
change the host name the Array’s CA will regenerate and sign a new certificate.
This happens automatically the next time you reboot after changing the host
name. If you have already installed the Xirrus CA on a browser, this new Array
certificate should automatically be trusted.
When you install the Xirrus CA in your browser, it will trust a certificate signed
by any Xirrus Array, as long as you connect using the Array’s host name.
Using an External Certificate Authority
If you prefer, you may install a certificate on your Array signed by an outside CA.
Why use a certificate from an external CA? The Array’s certificate is used for
security when stations attempt to associate to an SSID that has Web Page Redirect
enabled. In this case, it is preferable for the Array to present a certificate from an
external CA that is likely to be trusted by most browsers. When a WPR login page
is presented, the user will not see a security error if the Array’s certificate was
obtained from an external CA that is already trusted by the user’s browser.
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WMI provides options for creating a Certificate Signing Request that you can
send to an external CA, and for uploading the signed certificate to the Array after
you obtain it from the CA. This certificate will be tied to the Array’s host name
and private key. See “External Certification Authority” on page 222 for more
details.
Admin Management
This window allows you to manage network administrator accounts (create,
modify and delete). It also allows you to limit account access to a read only status.
When finished, click on the Save button to save your changes.
Figure 123. Admin Management
Procedure for Creating or Modifying Network Administrator Accounts
1.
Admin ID: Enter the login name for a new network administrator ID.
The length of the ID must be between 5 and 50 characters, inclusive. For
special characters that may be used, see “See Also” on page 126.
2.
Read/Write: Choose Read/Write if you want to give this administrator ID
full read/write privileges, or choose Read to restrict this user to read only
status. In the read only mode, administrators cannot save changes to
configurations.
3.
User Password: Enter a password for this ID. The length of the password
must be between 5 and 50 characters, inclusive. For special characters that
may be used, see “See Also” on page 126.
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Wi-Fi Array
4.
Verify Password: Re-enter the password in this field to verify that you
typed the password correctly. If you do not re-enter the correct password,
an error message is displayed).
5.
Click on the Create button to add this administrator ID to the list.
6.
Click Apply to apply modified settings to this session, or click Save to
apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
External Radius
Global Settings (IAP)
Internal Radius
Management Control
Security
Admin RADIUS
This window allows you to set up authentication of network administrators via
RADIUS. Using RADIUS to control administrator accounts for logging in to
Arrays has these benefits:
Centralized control of administrator accounts.
Less effort—you don't have to set up user names and passwords on each
Array; just enter them once on the RADIUS server and then all of the
Arrays can pull from the RADIUS server.
Enforced policies—you may set password rules (e.g., passwords must
contain at least one number and be at least 12 characters in length), and
you may set expiration times for passwords.
Admin RADIUS settings override any local administrator accounts configured on
the Admin Management window. If you have Admin RADIUS enabled, all
administrator authentication is done via the configured RADIUS servers. The
only exception to this is when you are connected via the Console port (using CLI).
If you are using the Console port, the Array will authenticate administrators
using accounts configured on the Admin Management window first, and then use
the RADIUS servers. This provides a safety net to be ensure that you are not
completely locked out of an Array if the RADIUS server is down.
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Permissions for RADIUS administrator accounts are controlled by the RADIUS
Service-Type attribute. To grant read-write permission, configure the RADIUS
server to send back the Service-Type attribute with a value of Administrative. To
grant read-only permission, the RADIUS server should send the Service-Type
attribute with a value of NAS Prompt.
When configuring administrator accounts on the RADIUS server, you must
observe the same restrictions for length and legal characters as when creating
these accounts on the Array using the Admin Management window: the user
name and password must be between 5 and 50 characters, inclusive. For special
characters that may be used, see “See Also” on page 126.
Use this window to enable/disable administrator authentication via RADIUS,
and to set up primary and secondary servers to use for authentication of
administrators attempting to log in to the Array. When finished, click on the Save
button to save your changes.
Figure 124. Admin RADIUS
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Wi-Fi Array
Procedure for Configuring Admin RADIUS
1.
Admin RADIUS Settings:
a.
Enable Admin RADIUS: Click Yes to enable the use of RADIUS to
authenticate administrators logging in to the Array. You will need to
specify the RADIUS server(s) to be used.
b. Timeout (seconds): Define the maximum idle time (in seconds)
before the RADIUS server’s session times out. The default is 600
seconds.
2.
Admin RADIUS Primary Server: This is the RADIUS server that you
intend to use as your primary server.
a.
Host Name / IP Address: Enter the IP address or domain name of this
external RADIUS server.
b. Port Number: Enter the port number of this RADIUS server. The
default is 1812.
c.
Shared Secret / Verify Secret: Enter the shared secret that this
RADIUS server will be using, then re-enter the shared secret to verify
that you typed it correctly.
3.
The shared secret that you define must match the secret used by the
RADIUS server.
Admin RADIUS Secondary Server (optional): If desired, enter an
alternative external RADIUS server. If the primary RADIUS server
becomes unreachable, the Array will “failover” to the secondary RADIUS
server (defined here).
a.
Host Name / IP Address: Enter the IP address or domain name of this
RADIUS server.
b. Port Number: Enter the port number of this RADIUS server.
The default is 1812.
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c.
Shared Secret / Verify Secret: Enter the shared secret that this
RADIUS server will be using, then re-enter the shared secret to verify
that you typed it correctly.
Management Control
This window allows the Array management interfaces to be enabled and disabled
and their inactivity time-outs set. The supported range is 300 (default) to 100,000
seconds.
Figure 125. Management Control
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Wi-Fi Array
Procedure for Configuring Management Control
1.
SSH:
a.
Enable Management: Choose Yes to enable
Array over a Secure Shell (SSH-2) connection,
feature. Be aware that only SSH-2 connections
Array. SSH clients used for connecting to
configured to use SSH-2.
management of the
or No to disable this
are supported by the
the Array must be
b. Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your SSH connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds.
c.
2.
Port: Enter a value in this field to define the port used by SSH.
The default port is 22.
Telnet:
a.
Enable Management: Choose Yes to enable Array management over
a Telnet connection, or No to disable this feature. SSH offers a more
secure connection than Telnet, and is recommended over Telnet.
b. Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your Telnet connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds.
c.
3.
Port: Enter a value in this field to define the port used by Telnet.
The default port is 23.
Serial
a.
Enable Management: Choose Yes to enable management of the
Array via a serial connection, or choose No to disable this feature.
b. Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your serial connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds.
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4.
HTTPS
a.
Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your HTTPS connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds. Management via HTTPS (i.e., the Web
Management Interface) cannot be disabled on this window. To
disable management over HTTPS, you must use the Command Line
Interface.
b. Port: Enter a value in this field to define the port used by SSH.
The default port is 443.
c.
Import Xirrus Authority into Browser: This feature imports the
Xirrus Certificate Authority (CA) into your browser (for a discussion,
please see “Certificates and Connecting Securely to the WMI” on
page 213). Click the link (xirrus-ca.crt), and then click Open to view
or install the current Xirrus CA certificate. Click Install Certificate to
start your browser’s Certificate Install Wizard. We recommend that
you use this process to install Xirrus as a root authority in your
browser.
When you assign a Host Name to your Array using the Express
Setup window, then the next time you reboot the Array it
automatically creates a security certificate for that host name. That
certificate uses Xirrus as the signing authority. Thus, in order to avoid
having certificate errors on your browser when using WMI:
•
You must have assigned a host name to the Array and rebooted at
some time after that.
•
Use Import Xirrus Authority into Browser
•
Access WMI by using the host name of the Array rather than its
IP address.
d. HTTPS (X.509) Certificate Signed By: This read-only field shows the
signing authority for the current certificate.
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Wi-Fi Array
5.
External Certification Authority
This Step and Step 6 allow you to obtain a certificate from an external
authority and install it on an Array. “Using an External Certificate
Authority” on page 214 discusses reasons for using an external CA.
For example, to obtain and install a certificate from VeriSign on the Array,
follow these steps:
•
If you don’t already have the certificate from the external (nonXirrus) Certificate Authority, see Step 6 to create a request for a
certificate.
•
Use Step 5a to review the request and copy its text to send to
VeriSign.
•
When you receive the new certificate from VeriSign, upload it to the
Array using Step 5b.
External Certification Authority has the following fields:
a.
Download Certificate Signing Request: After creating a certificate
signing request (.csr file—Step 6), click the View button to review it.
If it is satisfactory, click the name of the .csr file to display the text of
the request. You can then copy this text and use it as required by the
CA. You may also click on the filename of the .csr file to download it
to your local computer.
b. Upload Signed Certificate: To use a custom certificate signed by an
authority other than Xirrus, use the Browse button to locate the
certificate file, then click Upload to copy it to the Array. The Array’s
web server will be restarted and will pick up the new certificate. This
will terminate any current web sessions, and you will need to
reconnect and re-login to the Array.
6.
To create a Certificate Signing Request
a.
222
Fill in the fields in this section: Common Name, Organization Name,
Organizational Unit Name, Locality (City), State or Province,
Country Name, and Email Address. Spaces may be used in any of
the fields, except for Common Name, Country Name, or Email
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Wi-Fi Array
Address. Click the Create button to create the certificate signing
request. See Step 5 above to use this request.
7.
Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Network Interfaces - to enable/disable management over an Ethernet interface
Global Settings (IAP) - to enable/disable management over IAPs
Admin Management
External Radius
Global Settings (IAP)
Internal Radius
Access Control List
Security
Access Control List
This window allows you to create new station access lists, delete existing lists,
and add/remove MAC addresses. When finished, click on the Save button to
save your changes.
Figure 126. Access Control List
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Wi-Fi Array
Procedure for Configuring Access Control Lists
1.
Access Control List Type: Select Disabled to disable the Access Control
List, or select the Access Control List type—either Allow List or Deny
List. Then click Apply to apply your changes.
•
Allow List: Only allows these MAC addresses to associate to the
Array.
•
Deny List: Allows all MAC addresses except the addresses
defined in this list.
In addition to these lists, other authentication methods (for
example, RADIUS) are still enforced for users.
2.
MAC Address: If you want to add a MAC address to the ACL, enter the
new MAC address here, then click on the Create button. The MAC
address is added to the ACL.
3.
Delete: You can delete selected MAC addresses from this list by checking
their Delete buttons, then clicking Apply or Save.
4.
Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
External Radius
Global Settings (IAP)
Internal Radius
Management Control
Security
Station Status Windows (list of stations that have been detected by the Array)
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Global Settings
This window allows you to establish the security parameters for your wireless
network, including WEP, WPA, WPA2 and RADIUS authentication. When
finished, click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
For additional information about wireless network security, refer to “Security
Planning” on page 70 and “Understanding Security” on page 210.
Figure 127. Global Settings (Security)
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Wi-Fi Array
Procedure for Configuring Network Security
1.
RADIUS Server Mode: Choose the RADIUS server mode you want to
use, either Internal or External. Parameters for these modes are
configured in “External Radius” on page 228 and “Internal Radius” on
page 231.
WPA Settings
These settings are used if the WPA or WPA2 encryption type is selected on the
SSIDs >SSID Management window or the Express Setup window (on this
window, encryption type is set in the SSID Settings: Wireless Security field).
226
2.
TKIP Enabled: Choose Yes to enable TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity
Protocol), or choose No to disable TKIP.
3.
AES Enabled: Choose Yes to enable AES (Advanced Encryption
Standard), or choose No to disable AES. If both AES and TKIP are
enabled, the station determines which will be used.
4.
WPA Group Rekey Time (seconds): Enter a value to specify the group
rekey time (in seconds). The default is Never.
5.
PSK Authentication: Choose Yes to enable PSK (Pre-Shared Key)
authentication, or choose No to disable PSK.
6.
WPA Preshared Key / Verify Key: If you enabled PSK, enter a passphrase
here, then re-enter the passphrase to verify that you typed it correctly.
7.
EAP Authentication: Choose Yes to enable EAP
Authentication Protocol) or choose No to disable EAP.
(Extensible
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
WEP Settings
These settings are used if the WEP encryption type is selected on the SSIDs
>SSID Management window or the Express Setup window (on this window,
encryption type is set in the SSID Settings: Wireless Security field).
8.
Key Mode / Length: If you enabled WEP, choose the mode (either ASCII
or Hex) and the desired key length (either 40 or 128) from the pull-down
lists.
Encryption Key 1 / Verify Key 1: Enter an encryption key of the length
and type selected (to the right of the key fields):
•
10 hex/5 ASCII characters for 40 bits (WEP-64)
•
26 hex/13 ASCII characters for 104 bits (WEP-128)
Re-enter the key to verify that you typed it correctly. Hexadecimal
characters are defined as ABCDEF and 0-9. For ASCII mode, you may
include special characters, except for the double quote symbol (“).
9.
Encryption Key 2 to 4/ Verify Key 2 to 4/ Key Mode/Length (optional): If
desired, enter up to four encryption keys, in the same way that you
entered the first key.
10. Default Key: Choose which key you want to assign as the default key.
Make your selection from the pull-down list.
11. Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
After configuring network security, the configuration must be
applied to an SSID for the new functionality to take effect.
See Also
Admin Management
External Radius
Internal Radius
Access Control List
Management Control
Security
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Wi-Fi Array
Security Planning
SSID Management
External Radius
This window allows you to define the parameters of an external RADIUS server
for user authentication. To set up an external RADIUS server, you must choose
External as the RADIUS server mode in Global Settings. Refer to “Global
Settings” on page 225.
Figure 128. External RADIUS Server
If you want to include user group membership in the RADIUS account
information for users, see “Understanding Groups” on page 247. User groups
allow you to easily apply a uniform configuration to a user on the Array.
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Wi-Fi Array
Procedure for Configuring an External RADIUS Server
1.
Primary Server: This is the external RADIUS server that you intend to
use as your primary server.
a.
Address: Enter the IP address or domain name of this external
RADIUS server.
b. Port Number: Enter the port number of this external RADIUS server.
The default is 1812.
c.
Shared Secret / Verify Secret: Enter the shared secret that this
external RADIUS server will be using, then re-enter the shared secret
to verify that you typed it correctly.
2.
The shared secret that you define must match the secret used by the
external RADIUS server.
Secondary Server (optional): If desired, enter an alternative external
RADIUS server. If the primary RADIUS server becomes unreachable, the
Array will “failover” to the secondary RADIUS server (defined here).
a.
Address: Enter the IP address or domain name of this external
RADIUS server.
b. Port Number: Enter the port number of this external RADIUS server.
The default is 1812.
c.
3.
Shared Secret / Verify Secret: Enter the shared secret that this
external RADIUS server will be using, then re-enter the shared secret
to verify that you typed it correctly.
Settings: Define the session timeout, the NAS Identifier, and whether
accounting will be used.
a.
Timeout (seconds): Define the maximum idle time (in seconds)
before the external RADIUS server’s session times out. The default is
600 seconds.
b. NAS Identifier: From the point of view of a RADIUS server, the
Array is a client, also called a network access server (NAS). Enter the
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Wi-Fi Array
NAS Identifier (IP address) that the RADIUS servers expect the Array
to use—this is normally the IP address of the Array’s Gigabit1 port.
c.
4.
Accounting: If you would like the Array to send RADIUS Start, Stop,
and Interim records to a RADIUS accounting server, click the On
button and click Apply. The account settings appear, and must be
configured.
Accounting Settings:
a.
Accounting Interval (seconds): Specify how often Interim records are
to be sent to the server. The default is 300 seconds.
b. Primary Server Address: Enter the IP address or domain name of the
primary RADIUS accounting server that you intend to use.
c.
Primary Port Number: Enter the port number of the primary
RADIUS accounting server. The default is 1813.
d. Primary Shared Secret / Verify Secret: Enter the shared secret that
the primary RADIUS accounting server will be using, then re-enter
the shared secret to verify that you typed it correctly.
5.
e.
Secondary Server Address (optional): If desired, enter an IP address
or domain name for an alternative RADIUS accounting server. If the
primary server becomes unreachable, the Array will “failover” to this
secondary server (defined here).
f.
Secondary Port Number: If using a secondary accounting server,
enter its port number. The default is 1813.
g.
Secondary Shared Secret / Verify Secret: If using a secondary
accounting server, enter the shared secret that it will be using, then reenter the shared secret to verify that you typed it correctly.
Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Admin Management
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Wi-Fi Array
Global Settings (IAP)
Internal Radius
Access Control List
Management Control
Security
Understanding Groups
Internal Radius
This window allows you to define the parameters for the Array’s internal
RADIUS server for user authentication. However, the internal RADIUS server
will only authenticate wireless clients that want to associate to the Array. This can
be useful if an external RADIUS server is not available. To set up the internal
RADIUS server, you must choose Internal as the RADIUS server mode in Global
Settings. Refer to “Global Settings” on page 225.
Figure 129. Internal RADIUS Server
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Wi-Fi Array
Procedure for Creating a New User
1.
User Name: Enter the name of the user that you want to authenticate to
the internal RADIUS server.
2.
SSID Restriction: (Optional) If you want to restrict this user to
associating to a particular SSID, choose an SSID from the pull-down list.
3.
User Group: (Optional) If you want to make this user a member of a
previously defined user group, choose a group from the pull-down list.
This will apply all of the user group’s settings to the user. See
“Understanding Groups” on page 247.
4.
Password: (Optional) Enter a password for the user.
5.
Verify: (Optional) Retype the user password to verify that you typed it
correctly.
6.
Click on the Create button to add the new user to the list.
Procedure for Managing Existing Users
1.
SSID Restriction: (Optional) If you want to restrict a user to associating
to a particular SSID, choose an SSID from its pull-down list.
2.
User Group: (Optional) If you want to change the user’s group, choose a
group from the pull-down list. This will apply all of the user group’s
settings to the user. See “Understanding Groups” on page 247.
3.
Password: (Optional) Enter a new password for the selected user.
4.
Verify Password: (Optional) Retype the user password to verify that you
typed it correctly.
5.
If you want to delete one or more users, check their Delete check boxes,
then click Apply or Save.
6.
Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Admin Management
External Radius
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Wi-Fi Array
Global Settings (IAP)
Access Control List
Management Control
Security
Understanding Groups
Rogue Control List
This window allows you to set up a control list for rogue APs, based on a type
that you define. You may classify rogue APs as blocked., so that the Array will
take steps to prevent stations from associating with the blocked AP. See “About
Blocking Rogue APs” on page 276. The Array can keep up to 5000 entries in this
list. When finished, click on the Save button to save your changes.
The RF Monitor > Intrusion Detection window provides an alternate
method for classifying rogues. You can list all Unknown stations and select
all the rogues that you’d like to set to Known or Approved, rather than
entering the SSID/BSSID as described below. See “Intrusion Detection” on
page 148.
Figure 130. Rogue Control List
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Wi-Fi Array
Procedure for Establishing Rogue AP Control
1.
Rogue BSSID/SSID: Enter the BSSID or SSID for the new rogue AP. You
may use the “*” character as a wildcard to match any string at this
position. For example, 00:0f:7d:* matches any string that starts with
00:0f:7d:. Since Xirrus Arrays start with 00:0f:7d:, this applies the Rogue
Control Type to all Xirrus Arrays.
2.
Rogue Control Type: Define a type for the new rogue AP, either Blocked,
Known or Approved.
3.
Click Create to add this rogue AP to the Rogue Control List.
4.
Rogue Control List: If you want to edit the control type for a rogue AP,
just click the radio button for the new type for the entry: Blocked, Known
or Approved, then click Apply or Save to apply your change.
5.
To delete rogue APs from the list, click their Delete checkboxes, then click
Apply or Save.
6.
Click Apply to apply the new settings to this session, or click Save to
apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Network Map
Intrusion Detection
SSIDs
SSID Management
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SSIDs
This is a status-only window that allows you to review SSID (Service Set
IDentifier) assignments. It includes the SSID name, whether or not an SSID is
visible on the network, any security and QoS parameters defined for each SSID,
associated VLAN IDs, radio availability, and DHCP pools defined per SSID. You
may click on an SSID’s name to jump to the edit page for the SSID. There are no
configuration options available on this page, but if you are experiencing problems
or reviewing SSID management parameters, you may want to print this page for
your records.
For a complete discussion of implementing Voice over Wi-Fi on the Array,
see the Xirrus Voice over Wi-Fi Application Note in the Xirrus Library.
For information to help you understand SSIDs and how multiple SSIDs are
managed by the Wi-Fi Array, go to “Understanding SSIDs” on page 236 and the
Multiple SSIDs section of “Frequently Asked Questions” on page 398. For a
description of how QoS operates on the Array, see “Understanding QoS Priority
on the Wi-Fi Array” on page 237.
Figure 131. SSIDs
The read-only Limits section of the SSIDs window allows you to review any
limitations associated with your defined SSIDs. For example, this window shows
the current state of an SSID (enabled or not), how much SSID and station traffic is
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Wi-Fi Array
allowed, time on and time off, days on and off, and whether each SSID is
currently active or inactive.
Understanding SSIDs
The SSID (Service Set Identifier) is a unique identifier that wireless networking
devices use to establish and maintain wireless connectivity. Multiple access points
on a network or sub-network can use the same SSIDs. SSIDs are case-sensitive
and can contain up to 32 alphanumeric characters (do not include spaces when
defining SSIDs).
Multiple SSIDs
A BSSID (Basic SSID) refers to an individual access point radio and its associated
clients. The identifier is the MAC address of the access point radio that forms the
BSS. A group of BSSs can be formed to allow stations in one BSS to communicate
to stations in another BSS via a backbone that interconnects each access point.
The Extended Service Set (ESS) refers to the group of BSSIDs that are grouped
together to form one ESS. The ESSID (often referred to as SSID or “wireless
network name”) identifies the Extended Service Set. Clients must associate to a
single ESS at any given time. Clients ignore traffic from other Extended Service
Sets that do not have the same SSID.
Legacy access points typically support one SSID per access point. Wi-Fi Arrays
support the ability to define and use multiple SSIDs simultaneously.
Using SSIDs
The creation of different wireless network names allows system administrators to
separate types of users with different requirements. The following policies can be
tied to an SSID:
The wireless security mode needed to join this SSID.
The wireless Quality of Service (QoS) desired for this SSID.
The wired VLAN associated with this SSID.
As an example, one SSID named accounting might require the highest level of
security, while another SSID named guests might have low security requirements.
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Another example may define an SSID named voice that supports voice over
Wireless LAN phones with the highest Quality of Service (QoS) definition. This
SSID might also forward traffic to specific VLANs on the wired network.
See Also
SSID Management
SSIDs
Understanding SSIDs
Understanding QoS Priority on the Wi-Fi Array
For a complete discussion of implementing Voice over Wi-Fi on the Array,
see the Xirrus Voice over Wi-Fi Application Note in the Xirrus Library.
The Wi-Fi Array’s Quality of Service Priority feature (QoS) allows traffic to be
prioritized according to your requirements. For example, you typically assign the
highest priority to voice traffic, since this type of traffic requires delay to be under
10 ms. The Array has four separate queues for handling wireless traffic at
different priorities, and thus it supports four traffic classes (QoS levels).
Application Data
Voice
Data
Video
Data
Background
Data
Best Effort
Data
Mapping to
Traffic Class
Four Transmit
Queues
Per queue
channel access
IAP (Transmit)
Highest
Priority
Lowest
Priority
Figure 132. Four Traffic Classes
IEEE802.1p defines eight priority levels for wired networks. Each data packet
may be tagged with a priority level, i.e., a user priority tag. Since there are eight
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Wi-Fi Array
possible user priority levels and the Array implements four wireless QoS levels,
user priorities are mapped to QoS as described below.
End-to-End QoS Handling
Wired QoS - Ethernet Port:
Ingress: Incoming wired packets are assigned QoS priority based on their
SSID and 802.1p tag (if any), as shown in the table below. This table
follows the mapping recommended by IEEE802.11e.
FROM
Priority Tag
802.1p (Wired)
0 (Default)
TO
Array QoS
(Wireless)
0 (Lowest
priority)
Typical Use
Best Effort
Background—explicitly designated as
low-priority and non-delay sensitive
Spare
Excellent Effort
Controlled Load
Video
Voice - requires delay <10ms
7 (Highest
priority)
238
3 (Highest
priority)
Network control
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Wi-Fi Array
Egress: Outgoing wired packets are IEEE 802.1p tagged at the Ethernet
port for upstream traffic, thus enabling QoS at the edge of the network.
FROM
Array QoS (Wireless)
0 (Lowest priority)
TO
Priority Tag 802.1p (Wired)
0 (Default)
3 (Highest priority)
Wireless QoS - Radios:
Each SSID can be assigned a separate QoS priority (i.e., traffic class) from
0 to 3, where 3 is highest priority and 0 is the default. See “SSID
Management” on page 240. If multiple SSIDs are used, packets from the
SSID with higher priority are transmitted first.
The Array supports IEEE802.11e Wireless QoS for downstream traffic.
Higher priority packets wait a shorter time before gaining access to the
air and contend less with all other 802.11 devices on a channel.
How QoS is set for a packet in case of conflicting values:
a.
If an SSID has a QoS setting, and an incoming wired packet’s user
priority tag is mapped to a higher QoS value, then the higher QoS
value is used.
b. If a group or filter has a QoS setting, this overrides the QoS value
above. See “Groups” on page 247, and “Filters” on page 289.
c.
Voice packets have the highest priority, as described below (Voice
Support).
Packet Filtering QoS classification
Filter rules can be used to redefine the QoS priority level to override
defaults. See “Filter Management” on page 291. This allows the QoS
priority level to be assigned based on protocol, source, or destination.
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Wi-Fi Array
Voice Support
The QoS priority implementation on the Array supports voice
applications. In particular, Spectralink voice packets are automatically
classified and set to the highest priority level. ??Leave this in??
SSID Management
This window allows you to manage SSIDs (create, edit and delete), assign security
parameters and VLANs on a per SSID basis, and configure the Web Page Redirect
functionality. When finished, click on the Save button to save your changes.
Create new SSID 
Configure parameters
Set traffic limits / usage schedule
Configure WPR
Figure 133. SSID Management
Procedure for Managing SSIDs
1.
New SSID Name: To create a new SSID, enter a new SSID name to the left
of the Create button (Figure 133), then click Create. You may create up to
16 SSIDs.
SSID List (top of page)
2.
240
SSID: Shows all currently assigned SSIDs. When you create a new SSID,
the SSID name appears in this table. Click any SSID in this list to select it.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
3.
On: Check this box to activate this SSID or clear it to deactivate it.
4.
Brdcast: Check this box to make the selected SSID visible to all clients on
the network. Although the Wi-Fi Array will not broadcast SSIDs that are
hidden, clients can still associate to a hidden SSID if they know the SSID
name to connect to it. Clear this box if you do not want this SSID to be
visible on the network.
5.
Band: Choose which wireless band the SSID will be beaconed on. Select
either 5 GHz—802.11a(n), 2.4 GHz—802.11bg(n) or Both.
6.
VLAN ID / Number: From the pull-down list, select a VLAN that you
want this traffic to be forwarded to on the wired network. Select numeric
to enter the number of a previously defined VLAN in the Number field
(see “VLANs” on page 205). This step is optional.
7.
QoS: (Optional) Select a value in this field for QoS (Quality of Service)
priority filtering. The QoS value must be one of the following:
•
0—The lowest QoS priority setting, where QoS makes its best effort at
filtering and prioritizing data, video and voice traffic without
compromising the performance of the network. Use this setting in
environments where traffic prioritization is not a concern.
•
1—Medium, with QoS prioritization aggregated across all traffic
types.
•
2—High, normally used to give priority to video traffic.
•
3—The highest QoS priority setting, normally used to give priority to
voice traffic.
The QoS setting you define here will prioritize wireless traffic for this
SSID over other SSID traffic, as described in “Understanding QoS Priority
on the Wi-Fi Array” on page 237. The default value for this field is 2.
8.
DHCP Pool: If you want to associate an internal DHCP pool to this SSID,
choose the pool from the pull--down list. An internal DHCP pool must be
created before it can be assigned. To create an internal DHCP pool, go to
“DHCP Server” on page 203.
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Wi-Fi Array
9.
Filter List: If you wish to apply a set a filters to this SSID’s traffic, select
the desired Filter List. See “Filters” on page 289.
10. Authentication: The following authentication options are available:
•
Open: This option provides no authentication and is not
recommended.
•
RADIUS MAC: Uses an external RADIUS server to authenticate
stations onto the Wi-Fi network, based on the user’s MAC address.
Accounting for these stations is performed according to the
accounting options that you have configured specifically for this SSID
or globally (see Step 12 below).
If this SSID is on a VLAN, the VLAN must have management turned on in
order to pass CHAP authentication challenges from the client station to the
RADIUS server.
•
802.1x: Authenticates stations onto the Wi-Fi network via a RADIUS
server using 802.1x with EAP. The RADIUS server can be internal
(provided by the Wi-Fi Array) or external.
11. Encryption: From the pull-down list, choose the encryption that will be
required—specific to this SSID—either None, WEP, WPA, WPA2 or WPABoth. The None option provides no security and is not recommended;
WPA2 provides the best practice Wi-Fi security.
Each SSID supports only one encryption type at a time (except that WPA
and WPA2 are both supported on an SSID if you select WPA-Both). If you
need to support other encryption types, you must define additional
SSIDs. The encryption standard used with WPA or WPA2 is selected in
the Security>Global Settings window (page 225). For an overview of the
security options, see “Security Planning” on page 70 and “Understanding
Security” on page 210.
12. Global: Check the checkbox if you want this SSID to use the security
settings established at the global level (refer to “Global Settings” on
page 225). Clear the checkbox if you want the settings established here to
take precedence. Additional sections will be displayed to allow you to
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Wi-Fi Array
configure encryption, RADIUS, and RADIUS accounting settings. The
encryption settings are described in “Procedure for Configuring Network
Security” on page 226. The external RADIUS and accounting settings are
configured in the same way as for an external RADIUS server (see
“Procedure for Configuring an External RADIUS Server” on page 229).
Note that external RADIUS servers may be specified using IP addresses
or domain names.
13. L3: For this SSID, Check the checkbox to enable fast roaming between
IAPs or Arrays at Layer 2 and Layer 3, or clear the checkbox to allow
roaming at Layer 2 only. You may only select fast roaming at Layers 2 and
3 if this has been selected in Global Settings (IAP). See “Understanding
Fast Roaming” on page 254.
14. WPR (Web Page Redirect): Check the checkbox to enable the Web Page
Redirect functionality, or clear it to disable this option. If enabled, WPR
configuration fields will be displayed under the SSID Limits section. This
feature may be used to provide an alternate mode of authentication, or to
simply display a splash screen when a user first associates to the wireless
network. After that, it can (optionally) redirect the user to an alternate
URL. For example, some wireless devices and users may not have a
correctly configured 802.1x (RADIUS) supplicant. Utilizing WPR’s Webbased login, users may be authenticated without using an 802.1x
supplicant. See “Web Page Redirect Configuration Settings” on page 244
for details of WPR usage and configuration.
SSID Limits
See “Group Limits” on page 251 for a discussion of the interaction of SSID limits
and group limits. To eliminate confusion, we recommend that you configure one
set of limits or the other, but not both.
15. Stations: Enter the maximum number of stations allowed on this SSID.
The default is 1024. This step is optional. Note that the IAPs - Global
Settings window also has a station limit option—Max Station
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Wi-Fi Array
Association per IAP. If both station limits are set, both will be enforced.
As soon as either limit is reached, no new stations can associate until
some other station has terminated its association.
16. Overall Traffic: Choose Unlimited if you do not want to place a
restriction on the traffic for this SSID, or enter a value in the Packets/Sec
field to force a traffic restriction.
17. Traffic per Station: Choose Unlimited if you do not want to place a
restriction on the traffic per station for this SSID, or enter a value in the
Packets/Sec field to force a traffic restriction.
18. Days Active: Choose Everyday if you want this SSID to be active every
day of the week, or select only the specific days that you want this SSID to
be active. Days that are not checked are considered to be the inactive
days.
19. Time Active: Choose Always if you want this SSID active without
interruption, or enter values in the Time On and Time Off fields to limit
the time that this SSID is active.
20. To delete SSIDs, click their Delete checkboxes, then click Apply or Save.
21. Click Apply to apply the changes to the selected SSID, or click Save to
apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
DHCP Server
External Radius
Global Settings (IAP)
Internal Radius
Security Planning
SSIDs
Understanding QoS Priority on the Wi-Fi Array
Web Page Redirect Configuration Settings
If you enable WPR, the SSID Management window displays additional fields that
must be configured. For example configurations and complete examples, please
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Wi-Fi Array
For an in-depth discussion, please see the Xirrus Web Page Redirect Application Note
in the Xirrus Library.
If enabled, WPR displays a splash or login page when a user associates to the
wireless network and opens a browser to any URL (provided the URL does not
point to a resource directly on the user’s machine). The user-requested URL is
captured, the user’s browser is redirected to the splash or login page, and then the
browser is redirected either to your specified landing page, if any, or else back to
the captured URL.
Figure 134. WPR Internal Splash Page Fields (SSID Management)
You may select among three different modes for use of the Web Page Redirect
feature, each displaying a different set of parameters that must be entered:
Internal Splash page
This option displays a splash page instead of the first user-requested
URL. The splash page files reside on the Array. Note that there is an
upload function that allows you to replace the default splash page, if you
wish. Please see “Web Page Redirect” on page 300 for more information.
To set up use of a splash page, set Server to Internal Splash. Enter a value
in the Timeout field to define how many seconds the splash screen is
displayed before timing out, or select Never to prevent the page from
timing out automatically. After the splash page, the user is redirected to
the captured URL. If you want the user redirected to a specific landing
page instead, enter its address in Landing Page URL.
Internal Login page
This option displays a login page (residing on the Array) instead of the
first user-requested URL. Note that there is an upload function that
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245
Wi-Fi Array
allows you to replace the default login page, if you wish. Please see “Web
Page Redirect” on page 300 for more information.
To set up internal login, set Server to Internal Login.
The user name and password are obtained by the login page, and
authentication occurs according to your configured authentication
information (starting with Step 10 above). These parameters are
configured as described in “Procedure for Configuring Network
Security” on page 226.
After authentication, the browser is redirected back to the captured URL.
If you want the user redirected to a specific landing page instead, enter its
address in Landing Page URL.
Both the Internal Login and External Login options of WPR perform
authentication using your configured RADIUS servers.
External Login page
This option redirects the user to a login page on an external web server
for authentication, instead of the first user-requested URL. Login
information (user name and password) must be obtained by that page,
and returned to the Array for authentication.
Authentication occurs according to your configured RADIUS
information. These parameters are configured as described in “Procedure
for Configuring Network Security” on page 226. After authentication, the
browser is redirected back to the captured URL. If you want the user
redirected to a specific landing page instead, enter its address in Landing
Page URL.
To set up external login page usage, set Server to External. Enter the URL
of the external web server in Redirect URL, and enter that server’s shared
secret in Redirect Password.
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Wi-Fi Array
Groups
This is a status-only window that allows you to review user Group assignments.
It includes the group name, Radius ID, VLAN IDs and QoS parameters and
roaming layer defined for each group, and DHCP pools and web page redirect
information defined for the group. You may click on a group’s name to jump to
the edit page for the group. There are no configuration options available on this
page, but if you are experiencing problems or reviewing group management
parameters, you may want to print this page for your records.
The Limits section of this window shows any limitations configured for your
defined groups. For example, this window shows the current state of a group
(enabled or disabled), how much group and per-station traffic is allowed, time on
and time off, and days on and off.
For information to help you understand groups, see Understanding Groups
below. For an in-depth discussion, please see the Xirrus User Groups Application
Note in the Xirrus Library.
Figure 135. Groups
Understanding Groups
User groups allow administrators to assign specific network parameters to users
through RADIUS privileges rather than having to map users to a specific SSID.
Groups provide flexible control over user privileges without the need to create
large numbers of SSIDs.
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Wi-Fi Array
A group allows you to define a set of parameter values to be applied to selected
users. For example, you might define the user group Students, and set its VLAN,
security parameters, web page redirect (WPR), and traffic limits. When a new user
is created, you can apply all of these settings just by making the user a member of
the group. The group allows you to apply a uniform configuration to a set of users
in one step.
Almost all of the parameters that can be set for a group are the same as SSID
parameters. This allows you to configure features at the user group level, rather
than for an entire SSID. If you set parameter values for an SSID, and then enter
different values for the same parameters for a user group, the user group values
have priority (i.e., group settings will override SSID settings).
Group names are case-sensitive and can contain up to 32 alphanumeric characters
(do not include spaces when defining Groups).
Using Groups
User accounts are used to authenticate wireless clients that want to associate to
the Array. These accounts are established in one of two ways, using the Security>
Internal Radius window or the Security> External Radius window. In either
case, you may select a user group for the user, and that user group’s settings will
apply to the user:
Internal Radius—when you add or modify a user entry, select a user
group to which the user will belong.
External Radius—when you add or modify a user account, specify the
Radius ID for the user group to which the user will belong. This must be
the same Radius ID that was entered in the Group Management window.
When the user is authenticated, the external Radius server will send the
Radius ID to the Array. This will allow the Array to identify the group to
which the user belongs.
See Also
External Radius
Internal Radius
SSIDs
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Wi-Fi Array
Understanding QoS Priority on the Wi-Fi Array
Web Page Redirect Configuration Settings
Understanding Fast Roaming
Group Management
This window allows you to manage groups (create, edit and delete), assign usage
limits and other parameters on a per group basis, and configure the Web Page
Redirect functionality. When finished, click the Save button to save your changes.
Figure 136. Group Management
Procedure for Managing Groups
1.
New Group Name: To create a new group, enter a new group name next
to the Create button, then click Create. You may create up to 16 groups.
To configure and enable this group, proceed with the following steps.
2.
Group: This column lists currently defined groups. When you create a
new group, the group name appears in this list. Click on any group to
select it, and then proceed to modify it as desired.
3.
On: Check this box to enable this group or leave it blank to disable it.
When a group is disabled, users that are members of the group will
behave as if the group did not exist. In other words, the options
configured for the SSID will apply to the users, rather than the options
configured for the group.
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Wi-Fi Array
4.
Radius ID: Enter a unique Radius ID for the group, to be used on an
external Radius server. When adding a user account to the external
server, this Radius ID value should be entered for the user. When the user
is authenticated, Radius sends this value to the Array. This tells the Array
that the user is a member of the group having this Radius ID.
5.
VLAN ID: (Optional) From the pull-down list, select a VLAN for this
user’s traffic to use. Select numeric and enter the number of a previously
defined VLAN (see “VLANs” on page 205). This user group’s VLAN
settings supersede Dynamic VLAN settings (which are passed to the
Array by the Radius server). To avoid confusion, we recommend that you
avoid specifying the VLAN for a user in two places.
6.
QoS Priority: (Optional) Select a value in this field for QoS (Quality of
Service) priority filtering. The QoS value must be one of the following:
•
0—The lowest QoS priority setting, where QoS makes its best effort at
filtering and prioritizing data, video and voice traffic without
compromising the performance of the network. Use this setting in
environments where traffic prioritization is not a concern.
•
1—Medium; QoS prioritization is aggregated across all traffic types.
•
2—High, normally used to give priority to video traffic.
•
3—The highest QoS priority setting, normally used to give priority to
voice traffic.
The QoS setting you define here will prioritize wireless traffic for this
group versus other traffic, as described in “Understanding QoS Priority
on the Wi-Fi Array” on page 237. The default value for this field is 2.
250
7.
Internal DHCP Pool Assigned: (Optional) To associate an internal DHCP
pool to this group, select it from the pull--down list. Only one pool may
be assigned. An internal DHCP pool must be created before it can be
assigned. To create a DHCP pool, go to “DHCP Server” on page 203.
8.
Filter List: (Optional) If you wish to apply a set a filters to this user
group’s traffic, select the desired Filter List. See “Filters” on page 289.
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Wi-Fi Array
9.
L3: (Optional) For this group, check this box to enable fast roaming
between IAPs or Arrays at Layer 2 and Layer 3. If the box is not checked,
then roaming uses Layer 2 only. You may only select fast roaming at
Layers 2 and 3 if this has been selected in Global Settings (IAP). See
“Understanding Fast Roaming” on page 254.
10. WPR (Web Page Redirect): (Optional) Check this box if you wish to
enable the Web Page Redirect functionality. This will open a Web Page
Redirect details section in the window, where your WPR parameters may
be entered. This feature may be used to display a splash screen when a
user first associates to the wireless network. After that, it can (optionally)
redirect the user to an alternate URL. See “Web Page Redirect
Configuration Settings” on page 244 for details of WPR usage and
configuration. Note that the Group Management window only allows
you to set up and Internal Splash page. The authentication options that
are offered on the SSID Management page are not offered here. Since the
group membership of a user is provided to the Array by a Radius server,
this means the user has already been authenticated.
Group Limits
The Limits section allows you to limit the traffic or connection times allowed for
this user group. Note that the IAPs—Global Settings window and the SSID
management windows also have options to limit the number of stations, limit
traffic, and/or limit connection times. If limits are set in more than one place, all
limits will be enforced:
As soon as any station limit is reached, no new stations can associate until
some other station has terminated its association.
As soon as any traffic limit is reached, it is enforced.
If any connection date/time restriction applies, it is enforced.
You can picture this as a logical AND of all restrictions. For example, suppose that
a station’s SSID is available MTWTF between 8:00am and 5:00pm, and the User
Group is available MWF between 6:00am and 8:00pm, then the station will be
allowed on MWF between 8:00am and 5:00pm.
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Wi-Fi Array
To eliminate confusion, we recommend that you configure one set of limits or the
other, but not both.
11. Stations: Enter the maximum number of stations allowed on this group.
The default is 1024.
12. Overall Traffic: Check the Unlimited checkbox if you do not want to
place a restriction on the traffic for this group, or enter a value in the
Packets/Sec field and make sure that the Unlimited box is unchecked to
force a traffic restriction.
13. Traffic per Station: Check the Unlimited checkbox if you do not want to
place a restriction on the traffic per station for this group, or enter a value
in the Packets/Sec field and make sure that the Unlimited box is
unchecked to force a traffic restriction.
14. Days Active: Choose Everyday if you want this group to be active every
day of the week, or select only the specific days that you want this group
to be active. Days that are not checked are considered to be the inactive
days.
15. Time Active: Choose Always if you want this group active without
interruption, or enter values in the Time On and Time Off fields to limit
the time that group members may associate.
16. Click on the Apply button to apply the changes to the selected group, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
17. To delete an entry, check its Delete checkbox, then click the Save button to
permanently remove the entry.
See Also
DHCP Server
External Radius
Internal Radius
Security Planning
SSIDs
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Wi-Fi Array
IAPs
This status-only window summarizes the status of the Integrated Access Points
(radios). For each IAP, it shows whether it is up or down, the channel and antenna
that it is currently using, its cell size and transmit and receive power, how many
users (stations) are currently associated to it, whether it is part of a WDS link, and
its MAC address.
Figure 137. IAPs
There are no configuration options in this window, but if you are experiencing
problems or simply reviewing the IAP assignments, you may print this window
for your records. Click any IAP name to open the associated configuration page.
Arrays have a fast roaming feature, allowing them to maintain sessions for
applications such as voice, even while users cross boundaries between Arrays.
Fast roaming is set up in the Global Settings (IAP) window and is discussed in:
“Understanding Fast Roaming” on page 254
IAPs are configured using the following windows:
“IAP Settings” on page 255
“Global Settings (IAP)” on page 260
“Global Settings .11a” on page 267
“Global Settings .11bg” on page 269
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Wi-Fi Array
“Global Settings .11n” on page 273
“Advanced RF Settings” on page 275
“LED Settings” on page 283
See Also
IAP Statistics Summary
Understanding Fast Roaming
To maintain sessions for real-time data traffic, such as voice and video, users must
be able to maintain the same IP address through the entire session. With
traditional networks, if a user crosses VLAN or subnet boundaries (i.e., roaming
between domains), a new IP address must be obtained.
Mobile Wi-Fi users are likely to cross multiple roaming domains during a single
session (especially wireless users of VoIP phones). Layer 3 roaming allows a user
to maintain the same IP address through an entire real-time data session.
The Layer 3 session is maintained by establishing a tunnel back to the originating
Array. You should decide whether or not to use Layer 3 roaming based on your
wired network design. Layer 3 roaming incurs extra overhead and may result in
additional traffic delays.
Fast Roaming is configured on two pages. To enable the fast roaming options that
you want to make available on your Array, see Step 17 to Step 19 in “Global
Settings (IAP)” on page 260. To choose which of the enabled options are used by
an SSID or Group, see “Procedure for Managing SSIDs” on page 240 (Step 13) or
“Procedure for Managing Groups” on page 249.
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IAP Settings
This window allows you to enable/disable IAPs, define the wireless mode for
each IAP, specify the channel to be used and the cell size for each IAP, lock the
channel selection, establish transmit/receive parameters, select antennas, and
reset channels. Buttons at the bottom of the list allow you to Reset Channels,
Enable All IAPs, or Disable All IAPs. When finished, click on the Apply button
to apply the new settings to this session, or click Save to apply your changes and
make them permanent. To see a diagram of the layout and naming of IAPs, go to
Figure 7 on page 16.
Figure 138. IAP Settings
You may also access this window by clicking on the Array image at the lower left
of the WMI window—click the orange Xirrus logo in the center of the Array. See
“User Interface” on page 123.
Procedure for Auto Configuring IAPs
You can auto-configure channel and cell size of radios by clicking on the Auto
Configure buttons on the relevant WMI page (auto configuration only applies to
enabled radios):
For all radios, go to “Advanced RF Settings” on page 275.
For all 802.11a settings, go to “Global Settings .11a” on page 267.
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Wi-Fi Array
For all 802.11bg settings, go to “Global Settings .11bg” on page 269.
For all 802.11n settings, go to “Global Settings .11n” on page 273.
Procedure for Manually Configuring IAPs
1.
In the Enabled column, check the box for a corresponding IAP to enable
the IAP, or uncheck the box if you want to disable the IAP.
2.
In the Band column for 802.11abg(n) radios, select the wireless band for
this IAP from the choices available in the pull-down menu, either 2.4GHz
or 5 GHz. If the mode displayed is Auto, the mode has been set by the
auto-channel feature based on the Channel selected. Note that IAP
abg(n)2 has an additional option—monitor mode. IAP abg(n)2 should
normally be set to monitor mode to enable Spectrum Analyzer and Radio
Assurance (loopback testing) features.
3.
The XN16, XS16, and XS-3900 allow up to 12 IAPs to operate as 5 GHz —
802.11a(n) radios concurrently. Do not set Mode to 5 GHz for more than 12
IAPs. If you need additional 5 GHz radios, please contact Xirrus Customer
Support. See “Contact Information” on page 417.
In the Channel column, select the channel you want this IAP to use from
the channels available in the pull-down list. The list shows the channels
available for the IAP selected (depending on which band the IAP is
using). Channels that are shown in color indicate conditions that you
need to keep in mind:
•
RED—Usage is not recommended, for example, because of overlap
with neighboring radios.
•
YELLOW—The channel has less than optimum separation (some
degree of overlap with neighboring radios).
•
GRAY—The channel is already in use.
Select Auto to have the Array dynamically select a channel automatically,
based on changes in the Wi-Fi environment. See “Allocating Channels”
on page 54. After you click Apply, this window and the IAPs window
will show the channel that was assigned, rather than Auto.
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The channels that are available for assignment to an IAP will differ,
depending on the country of operation. If Country is set to United States
in the Global Settings (IAP) window, then 24 channels are available to
802.11a(n) radios.
If you have enabled Public Safety in the Advanced RF Settings window
(Step 19), then the public safety band channels (191 and 195) in the
4.9GHz spectrum range will be listed. Operating these channels requires
a license—using these channels without a license violates FCC rules.
Warning notices are displayed when you select these channels.
4.
5.
As mandated by FCC law, Arrays continually scan for signatures of military
radar. If such a signature is detected, the Array will switch operation from
conflicting channels to new ones.
The Bonding column only appears for XN Array models. It works
together with the Auto Channel Bonding and Dynamic/Static options
selected on the Global Settings .11n page. Also see the discussion of
802.11n bonding in “Channel Bonding” on page 63.??Please check
carefully??
•
Off—This channel is not bonded to another channel.
•
On—This channel is bonded to an adjacent channel. The bonded
channel is selected automatically by the Array based on current
conditions. The choice of banded channel may be dynamic, changing
as needed; or it may be static—fixed once the selection is made.
•
+1—This channel is bonded to the next higher channel number. Auto
Channel bonding does not apply.
•
-1—This channel is bonded to the next lower channel number. Auto
Channel bonding does not apply.
Click the Lock check box if you want to lock in your channel selection so
that the autochannel operation (see Advanced RF Settings) cannot change
it.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
6.
In the Cell Size column, select Auto to allow the optimal cell size to be
automatically computed (see also, Step 8 on page 279). To set the cell size
yourself, choose either Small, Medium, Large, or Max to use the desired
pre-configured cell size, or choose Manual to define the wireless cell size
manually. If you choose Manual, you must specify the transmit and
receive power—in dB—in the Tx dBm (transmit) and Rx dBm (receive)
fields. The default is Max.
When other Arrays are within listening range of this one, setting cell sizes
to Auto allows the Array to change cell sizes so that coverage between
cells is maintained. Each cell size is optimized to limit interference
between sectors of other Arrays on the same channel. This eliminates the
need for a network administrator to manually tune the size of each cell
when installing multiple Arrays. In the event that an Array or a radio
goes offline, an adjacent Array can increase its cell size to help
compensate.
The number of users and their applications are major drivers of
bandwidth requirements. The network architect must account for the
number of users within the Array’s cell diameter. In a large office, or if
multiple Arrays are in use, you may choose Small cells to achieve a
higher data rate, since walls and other objects will not define the cells
naturally.
For additional information about cell sizes, go to “Coverage and Capacity
Planning” on page 50.
258
7.
In the Antenna Select column, choose the antenna you want this radio to
use from the pull-down list. The list of available antennas will be different
(or no choices will be available), depending on the wireless mode you
selected for the IAP.
8.
If desired, enter a description for this IAP in the Description field.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
9.
You may reset all of the enabled IAPs by clicking the Reset Channels
button at the bottom of the list. A message will inform you that all
enabled radios have been taken down and brought back up.
10. Buttons at the bottom of the list allow you to Enable All IAPs or Disable
All IAPs.
11. Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11a
Global Settings .11bg
Global Settings .11n
IAPs
IAP Statistics Summary
LED Settings
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
Global Settings (IAP)
This window allows you to establish global IAP settings. Global IAP settings
include enabling or disabling all IAPs (regardless of their operating mode),
enabling or disabling the Beacon World Mode, specifying the short and long retry
limits, and defining the beacon interval and DTIM period. Changes you make on
this page are applied to all IAPs, without exception.
Figure 139. Global Settings (IAPs)
260
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Procedure for Configuring Global IAP Settings
1.
Country: If no country is set, you may choose from the pull-down list.
Once a country has been chosen, it may not be changed. You are
responsible for choosing the correct country and conforming to the
regulatory laws for wireless transmissions within your country. Please
contact Xirrus Customer Support if you need to change the operating
country after a country has already been set (see “Contact Information”
on page 417).
The channels that are available for assignment to an IAP will differ,
depending on the country of operation. If you set Country to United
States, then 24 channels are available to 802.11a(n) radios.
Until you have chosen a country, the channel set defaults to channels and
power levels that are legal worldwide—this set only includes the lower
eight 5 GHz channels.
2.
IAP Status: Click on the Enable All IAPs button to enable all IAPs for
this Array, or click on the Disable All IAPs button to disable all IAPs.
3.
Short Retry Limit: This attribute indicates the maximum number of
transmission attempts for a frame, the length of which is less than or
equal to the RTS Threshold, before a failure condition is indicated. The
default value is 7. Enter a new value (1 to 128) in the Short Retry Limit
field if you want to increase or decrease this attribute.
4.
Long Retry Limit: This attribute indicates the maximum number of
transmission attempts for a frame, the length of which is greater than the
RTS Threshold, before a failure condition is indicated. The default value
is 4. Enter a new value (1 to 128) in the Long Retry Limit field if you want
to increase or decrease this attribute.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
Beacon Configuration
5.
Beacon Interval: When the Array sends a beacon, it includes with it a
beacon interval, which specifies the period of time before it will send the
beacon again. Enter the desired value in the Beacon Interval field,
between 20 and 1000. The value you enter here is applied to all IAPs.
6.
DTIM Period: A DTIM (Delivery Traffic Indication Message) is a signal
sent as part of a beacon by the Array to a client device in sleep mode,
alerting the device to broadcast traffic awaiting delivery. The DTIM
Period is a multiple of the Beacon Interval, and it determines how often
DTIMs are sent out. By default, the DTIM period is 1, which means that it
is the same as the beacon interval. Enter the desired multiple, between 1
and 255. The value you enter here is applied to all IAPs.
7.
802.11h Beacon Support: This option enables beacons on all of the
Array’s radios to conform to 802.11h requirements, supporting dynamic
frequency selection (DFS) and transmit power control (TPC) to satisfy
regulatory requirements for operation in Europe.
Station Management
8.
Station Re-Authentication Period: This option allows you to specify a
time (in seconds) for the duration of station reauthentications.
9.
Station Timeout Period: Specify a time (in seconds) in this field to define
the timeout period for station associations.
10. Max Station Association per IAP: This option allows you to define how
many station associations are allowed per IAP (up to 64 stations per IAP).
Note that the SSIDs —SSID Management window also has a station limit
option— Station Limit (page 243). If both station limits are set, both will
be enforced. As soon as either limit is reached, no new stations can
associate until some other station has terminated its association.
262
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
11. Max Phones per IAP: This option allows you to control the maximum
number of phones that are allowed per IAP. The default is set to a
maximum of 16 but you can reduce this number, as desired. Enter a value
in this field between 0 (no phones allowed) and 16.
This admission control feature applies only to Spectralink phones. It does not
apply to all VoIP phones in general. ??OK??
12. Block Intra-Station Traffic: This option allows you to block or allow
traffic between wireless clients that are associated to the Array. Choose
either Yes (to block traffic) or No (to allow traffic).
13. Allow Over Air Management: Choose Yes to enable management of the
Array via the IAPs, or choose No (recommended) to disable this feature.
Advanced Traffic Optimization
14. Broadcast Rates: This option changes the rates of broadcast traffic sent by
the Array (including beacons). When set to Optimized, each broadcast or
multicast packet that is transmitted on each radio is sent at the lowest
transmit rate used by any client associated to that radio at that time. This
results in each IAP broadcasting at the highest Array TX data rate that can
be heard by all associated stations, thus improving system performance.
The rate is determined dynamically to ensure the best broadcast/
multicast performance possible. The benefit is dramatic. Consider a
properly designed network (one that has -70db or better everywhere),
where virtually every client should have a 54Mbps connection. In this
case, broadcasts and multicasts will all go out at 54Mbps vs. the standard
rate. This means that with broadcast rate optimization on, broadcasts and
multicasts use between 2% and 10% of the bandwidth that they would in
Standard mode.
When set to Standard (the default), broadcasts are sent out at the lowest
basic rate only—6 Mbps for 5GHz clients, or 1 Mbps for 2.4GHz clients.
The option you select here is applied to all IAPs.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
15. Load Balancing:
The Xirrus Wi-Fi Array supports an automatic load balancing feature
designed to distribute Wi-Fi stations across multiple radios rather than
having stations associate to the closest radios with the strongest signal
strength, as they normally would. In Wi-Fi networks, the station decides
to which radio it will associate. The Array cannot actually force load
balancing, however the Array can “encourage” stations to associate in a
more uniform fashion across all of the radios of the Array. This option
enables or disables active load balancing between the Array IAPs. For an
in-depth discussion, see the Xirrus Station Load Balancing Application Note
in the Xirrus Library.
Choose On to enable Standard Load Balancing. If the Array decides that
an IAP is overloaded, that IAP will not respond immediately to a client’s
Probe request. After a few seconds, if the client has still not associated the
IAP will respond, assuming that this client is determined to associate to
the overloaded IAP. Overloaded IAPs will always respond to Association
and Authentication requests.
If you select Aggressive Load Balancing and an IAP is overloaded, that
IAP will never respond to Probe, Association, or Authentication requests.
This mode is useful because it prevents determined clients from forcing
their way onto overloaded IAPs. Note that some clients are so determined
to associate to a particular IAP that they will not try to associate to
another IAP, and thus they never get on the network.
Choose Off to disable load balancing.
16. ARP Filtering: Address Resolution Protocol finds the MAC address of a
device with a given IP address by sending out a broadcast message
requesting this information. ARP filtering allows you to reduce the
proliferation of ARP messages by restricting how they are forwarded
across the network.
You may select the following options for handling ARP requests:
•
264
Off: ARP filtering is disabled. ARP requests are broadcast to stations.
This is the default value.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
•
Pass-thru: The Array forwards the ARP request. It passes along only
ARP messages that target the stations that are associated to it.
•
Proxy: The Array replies on behalf of the stations that are associated
to it. The ARP request is not broadcast to the stations.
Note that the Array has a broadcast optimization feature that is always on
(it is not configurable). Broadcast optimization restricts all broadcast
packets (not just ARP broadcasts) to only those radios that need to
forward them. For instance, if a broadcast comes in from VLAN 10, and
there are no VLAN 10 users on a radio, then that radio will not send out
that broadcast. This increases available air time for other traffic.
17. Fast Roaming Mode: This feature utilizes the Xirrus Roaming Protocol
(XRP) ensuring fast and seamless roaming capabilities between IAPs or
Arrays at Layer 2 and Layer 3 (as specified in Step 18), while maintaining
security. Fast roaming eliminates long delays for re-authentication, thus
supporting time-sensitive applications such as Voice over Wi-Fi (see
“Understanding Fast Roaming” on page 254 for a discussion of this
feature). XRP uses a discovery process to identify other Xirrus Arrays as
fast roaming targets. This process has two modes:
•
Broadcast—the Array uses a broadcast technique to discover other
Arrays that may be targets for fast roaming.
•
Tunneled—in this Layer 3 technique, fast roaming target Arrays
must be explicitly specified.
To enable fast roaming, choose Broadcast or Tunneled, and set additional
fast roaming attributes (Step 19). To disable fast roaming, choose Off. If
you enable Fast Roaming, the following ports cannot be blocked:
•
Port 22610—reserved for Layer 2 roaming using UDP to share PMK
information between Arrays.
•
Ports 15000 to 17999—reserved for Layer 3 roaming (tunneling
between subnets).
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
18. Fast Roaming Layer: Select whether to enable roaming capabilities
between IAPs or Arrays at Layer 2 and 3, or at Layer 2 only. Depending
on your wired network, you may wish to allow fast roaming at Layer 3.
This may result in delayed traffic.
19. Share Roaming Info With: Three options allow your Array to share
roaming information with all Arrays; just with those that are within
range; or with specifically targeted Arrays. Choose either All, In Range
or Target Only, respectively.
a.
Fast Roaming Targets: If you chose Target Only, use this option to
add target MAC addresses. Enter the MAC address of each target
Array, then click on Add (add as many targets as you like). To find a
target’s MAC address, open the Array Info window on the target
Array and look for IAP MAC Range, then use the starting address of
this range.
To delete a target, select it from the list, then click Delete.
20. Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Global Settings .11a
Global Settings .11bg
Global Settings .11n
Advanced RF Settings
IAPs
IAP Statistics Summary
LED Settings
IAP Settings
266
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Global Settings .11a
This window allows you to establish global 802.11a IAP settings. These settings
include defining which 802.11a data rates are supported, enabling or disabling all
802.11a IAPs, auto-configuration of channel allocations for all 802.11a IAPs, and
specifying the fragmentation and RTS thresholds for all 802.11a IAPs.
Figure 140. Global Settings .11a
Procedure for Configuring Global 802.11a IAP Settings
1.
2.
802.11a Data Rates: The Array allows you to define which data rates are
supported for all 802.11a radios. Select (or deselect) data rates by clicking
in the corresponding Supported and Basic data rate check boxes.
•
Basic Rate—a wireless station (client) must support this rate in
order to associate.
•
Supported Rate—the Array uses this data rate to transmit to
clients.
Data Rate Presets: The Wi-Fi Array can optimize your 802.11a data rates
automatically, based on range or throughput. Click Optimize Range to
optimize data rates based on range, or click Optimize Throughput to
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
267
Wi-Fi Array
optimize data rates based on throughput. The Restore Defaults button
will take you back to the factory default rate settings.
3.
802.11a IAP Status: Click Enable 802.11a IAPs to enable all 802.11a IAPs
for this Array, or click Disable 802.11a IAPs to disable all 802.11a IAPs.
4.
Channel Configuration: Click Auto Configure to instruct the Array to
determine the best channel allocation settings for each 802.11a IAP and
select the channel automatically, based on changes in the environment.
This is the recommended method for 802.11a channel allocation. Use
Factory Defaults to take you back to the factory default channel settings.
5.
Cell Size Configuration: Click Auto Configure to instruct the Array to
determine and set the best cell size for each enabled 802.11a IAP, based on
changes in the environment. This is the recommended method for setting
cell size. On the IAP Settings window, each enabled 802.11a IAP will have
its cell size set to auto.
6.
Set Cell Size: The Cell Size may be set globally for all 802.11a IAPs to
auto, large, medium, small, or max using the drop down menu.
7.
Fragmentation Threshold: This is the maximum size for directed data
packets transmitted over the 802.11a radio. Larger frames fragment into
several packets, their maximum size defined by the value you enter here.
Smaller fragmentation numbers can help to “squeeze” packets through in
noisy environments. Enter the desired Fragmentation Threshold value in
this field, between 256 and 2346.
8.
RTS Threshold: The RTS (Request To Send) Threshold specifies the
packet size. Packets larger than the RTS threshold will use CTS/RTS prior
to transmitting the packet—useful for larger packets to help ensure the
success of their transmission. Enter a value between 1 and 2347.
9.
Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Global Settings (IAP)
268
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Global Settings .11bg
Global Settings .11n
IAPs
IAP Statistics Summary
Advanced RF Settings
IAP Settings
Global Settings .11bg
This window allows you to establish global 802.11b/g IAP settings. These settings
include defining which 802.11b and 802.11g data rates are supported, enabling or
disabling all 802.11b/g IAPs, auto-configuring 802.11b/g IAP channel allocations,
and specifying the fragmentation and RTS thresholds for all 802.11b/g IAPs.
Figure 141. Global Settings .11bg
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
269
Wi-Fi Array
Procedure for Configuring Global 802.11b/g IAP Settings
1.
270
802.11g Data Rates: The Array allows you to define which data rates are
supported for all 802.11g radios. Select (or deselect) 11g data rates by
clicking in the corresponding Supported and Basic data rate check boxes.
•
Basic Rate—a wireless station (client) must support this rate in
order to associate.
•
Supported Rate—data rate used to transmit to clients.
2.
802.11b Data Rates: This task is similar to Step 1, but these data rates
apply only to 802.11b IAPs.
3.
Data Rate Presets: The Wi-Fi Array can optimize your 802.11b/g data
rates automatically, based on range or throughput. Click Optimize Range
button to optimize data rates based on range, or click on the Optimize
Throughput to optimize data rates based on throughput. Restore
Defaults will take you back to the factory default rate settings.
4.
802.11b/g IAP Status: Click Enable All 802.11b/g IAPs to enable all
802.11b/g IAPs for this Array, or click Disable All 802.11b/g IAPs to
disable them.
5.
Channel Configuration: Click Auto Configure to instruct the Array to
determine the best channel allocation settings for each 802.11b/g IAP and
select the channel automatically, based on changes in the environment.
This is the recommended method for 802.11b/g channel allocations.
Factory Defaults will take you back to the factory default channel
settings.
6.
Cell Size Configuration: Click Auto Configure to instruct the Array to
determine and set the best cell size for each enabled 802.11b/g IAP, based
on changes in the environment. This is the recommended method for
setting cell size. On the IAP Settings window, the cell size of each enabled
802.11b/g IAP will be set to auto.
7.
Set Cell Size: The Cell Size may be set globally for all 802.11bg IAPs to
auto, large, medium, small, or max using the drop down menu.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
8.
802.11g Only: Choose On to restrict use to 802.11g mode only. In this
mode, no 802.11b rates are transmitted. Stations that only support 802.11b
will not be able to associate.
9.
802.11g Protection: You should select Auto CTS or Auto RTS to provide
automatic protection for all 802.11g radios in mixed networks (802.11
b and g). You may select Off to disable this feature, but this is not
recommended. Protection allows 802.11g stations to share an IAP with
older, slower 802.11b stations. Protection avoids collisions by preventing
802.11b and 802.11g stations from transmitting simultaneously. When
Auto CTS or Auto RTS is enabled and any 802.11b station is associated to
the IAP, additional frames are sent to gain access to the wireless network.
•
Auto CTS requires 802.11g stations to send a slow Clear To Send
frame that locks out other stations. Automatic protection reduces
802.11g throughput when 802.11b stations are present—Auto CTS
adds less overhead than Auto RTS. The default value is Auto CTS.
•
With Auto RTS, 802.11g stations reserve the wireless media using a
Request To Send/Clear To Send cycle. This mode is useful when you
have dispersed nodes. It was originally used in 802.11b only
networks to avoid collisions from “hidden nodes”—nodes that are so
widely dispersed that they can hear the Array, but not each other.
When there are no 11b stations associated and an auto-protection mode is
enabled, the Array will not send the extra frames, thus avoiding
unnecessary overhead.
10. 802.11g Slot: Choose Auto to instruct the Array to manage the 802.11g
slot times automatically, or choose Short Only. Xirrus recommends using
Auto for this setting, especially if 802.11b devices are present.
11. 802.11b Preamble: The preamble contains information that the Array and
client devices need when sending and receiving packets. All compliant
802.11b systems have to support the long preamble. A short preamble
improves the efficiency of a network's throughput when transmitting
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
special data, such as voice, VoIP (Voice-over IP) and streaming video.
Select Auto to instruct the Array to manage the preamble (long and short)
automatically, or choose Long Only.
12. Fragmentation Threshold: This is the maximum size for directed data
packets transmitted over the 802.11b/g IAP. Larger frames fragment into
several packets, their maximum size defined by the value you enter here.
Enter the desired Fragmentation Threshold value, between 256 and 2346.
13. RTS Threshold: The RTS (Request To Send) Threshold specifies the
packet size. Packets larger than the RTS threshold will use CTS/RTS prior
to transmitting the packet—useful for larger packets to help ensure the
success of their transmission. Enter a value between 1 and 2347.
14. Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11a
Global Settings .11n
Advanced RF Settings
LED Settings
IAP Settings
IAP Statistics Summary
272
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Global Settings .11n
This window is displayed only for XN Array models. It allows you to establish
global 802.11n IAP settings. These settings include enabling or disabling 802.11n
mode for the entire Array, specifying the number of transmit and receive chains
(data stream) used for spatial multiplexing, setting a short or standard guard
interval, auto-configuring channel bonding, and specifying whether autoconfigured channel bonding will be static or dynamic.
Before changing your settings for 802.11n, please read the discussion in “IEEE
802.11n Deployment Considerations” on page 59.
Figure 142. Global Settings .11n
Procedure for Configuring Global 802.11n IAP Settings
1.
802.11n Mode: Select Enabled to operate in 802.11n mode, with four
802.11b/g/n mode ports and the remaining IAPs operating in 802.11a/n
mode. Use of this mode is controlled by the Array’s license key. The key
must include 802.11n capability, or you will not be able to enable this
mode. See “License” on page 135 to view the features supported by your
license key. Contact Xirrus Customer support for questions about your
license.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
If you select Disabled, then 802.11n operation is disabled on the Array.
IAPs abgn1 though abgn4 will behave in the same way as IAPs abg1 to
abg4 on the XS Arrays; the 802.11a/n IAPs will operate in 802.11a mode.
274
2.
TX Chains: Select the number of separate data streams transmitted by the
antennas of each IAP. The default is 3. See “Multiple Data Streams—
Spatial Multiplexing” on page 62.
3.
RX Chains: Select the number of separate data streams received by the
antennas of each IAP. This number should be greater than or equal to TX
Chains. The default is 3. See “Multiple Data Streams—Spatial
Multiplexing” on page 62.
4.
Guard Interval: Select Short to increase the data transmission rate by
decreasing wait intervals in signal transmission. Select Long to use the
standard interval. The default is Short. See “Short Guard Interval” on
page 64.
5.
Auto-configure Channel Bonding: Select Enabled to use Channel
Bonding and automatically select the best channels for bonding. The
default is Disabled. See “Channel Bonding” on page 63.
6.
5 GHz Channel Bonding: Select Dynamic to have auto-configuration for
bonded 5 GHz channels be automatically updated as conditions change.
For example, if there are too many clients to be supported by a bonded
channel, dynamic mode will automatically break the bonded channel into
two channels. Select Static to have the bonded channels remain the same
once they are selected. The Dynamic option is only available when AutoConfigure Channel Bonding is enabled. The default is Dynamic. See
“Channel Bonding” on page 63.
7.
2.4 GHz Channel Bonding: Select Dynamic to have auto-configuration
for bonded 2.4 GHz channels be automatically updated as conditions
change. Select Static to have the bonded channels remain the same once
they are selected. The Dynamic option is only available when AutoConfigure Channel Bonding is enabled, and the default is Dynamic. See
“Channel Bonding” on page 63.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Advanced RF Settings
This window allows you to establish RF settings, including automatically
configuring channel allocation and cell size, specifying intrusion detection and
blocking of rogue APs, and configuring radio assurance and standby modes.
Changes you make on this page are applied to all IAPs, without exception.
Figure 143. Advanced RF Settings
About Standby Mode
Standby Mode supports the Array-to-Array fail-over capability. When you enable
Standby Mode, the Array functions as a backup unit, and it enables its radios if it
detects that its designated target Array has failed. The use of redundant Arrays to
provide this fail-over capability allows Arrays to be used in mission-critical
applications. In Standby Mode, an Array monitors beacons from the target Array.
When the target has not been heard from for 40 seconds, the standby Array
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
enables its radios until it detects that the target Array has come back online.
Standby Mode is off by default. Note that you must ensure that the configuration
of the standby Array is correct. This window allows you to enable or disable
Standby Mode and specify the primary Array that is the target of the backup unit.
See also, “Failover Planning” on page 67.
About Blocking Rogue APs
If you classify a rogue AP as blocked (see “Rogue Control List” on page 233), then
the Array will take measures to prevent stations from staying associated to the
rogue. When the monitor radio abg(n)2 is scanning, any time it hears a beacon
from a blocked rogue abg(n)2 sends out a broadcast “deauth” signal using the
rogue's BSSID and source address. This has the effect of tossing off all of a rogue
AP’s clients approximately every 5 to 10 seconds, which is enough to make the
rogue frustratingly unusable.
The Advanced RF Settings window allows you to set up Auto Block parameters
so that unknown APs get the same treatment as explicitly blocked APs. This is
basically a “shoot first and ask questions later” mode. By default auto blocking is
turned off. Auto blocking provides two parameters for qualifying blocking so that
APs must meet certain criteria before being blocked. This keeps the Array from
blocking every AP that it detects. You may:
276
Set a minimum RSSI value for the AP—for example, if an AP has an RSSI
value of -90, it is probably a harmless AP belonging to a neighbor and not
in your building.
Block based on encryption level.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Procedure for Configuring Advanced RF Settings
RF Intrusion Detection
1.
Intrusion Detection: This option allows you to establish the intrusion
detection method, either Standard or Advanced, or you can choose Off to
disable this feature. See “Array Monitor and Radio Assurance
Capabilities” on page 406 for more information.
•
Standard—enables the abg(n)2 radio as a monitor which collects
Rogue AP information.
•
Advanced—this option works in conjunction with the Xirrus Defense
Module intrusion detection software (XDM). In this mode, the builtin monitor radio (IAP abg(n)2) functions as an RF threat sensor. Selfmonitoring is not enabled.
•
Off—IAP abg(n)2 does not function as a monitor.
2.
Auto Block Unknown Rogue APs: Enable or disable auto blocking (see
“About Blocking Rogue APs” on page 276). Note that in order to set Auto
Block RSSI and Auto Block Level, you must set Auto Block to On, and
click Apply. Then the remaining Auto Block fields will be active.
3.
Auto Block RSSI: Set the minimum RSSI for rogue APs to be blocked.
APs with lower RSSI values will not be blocked. They are assumed to be
farther away, and probably belonging to neighbors and posing a minimal
threat.
4.
Auto Block Level: Select rogue APs to block based on the level of
encryption that they are using. The choices are:
•
Automatically block unknown rogue APs regardless of encryption.
•
Automatically block unknown rogue APs with no encryption.
•
Automatically block unknown rogue APs with WEP or no
encryption.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
RF Resilience
5.
Radio Assurance Mode: When this mode is enabled, IAP abg(n)2
performs loopback tests on the Array. This mode requires Intrusion
Detection to be set to Standard (Step 1) to enable abg(n)2’s selfmonitoring functions. It also requires abg(n)2 to be set to monitoring
mode (see “Enabling Monitoring on the Array” on page 406).
Operation of Radio Assurance mode is described in detail in “Array
Monitor and Radio Assurance Capabilities” on page 406.
The Radio Assurance mode scans and sends out probe requests on each
channel, in turn. It listens for all probe responses and beacons. These tests
are performed continuously (24/7). If no beacons or probe responses are
observed from a radio for a predetermined period, Radio Assurance
mode will take action according to the preference that you have specified:
278
•
Failure alerts only—The Array will issue alerts in the Syslog, but will
not initiate repairs or reboots.
•
Failure alerts & repairs, but no reboots—The Array will issue alerts
and perform resets of one or all of the radios if needed.
•
Failure alerts & repairs & reboots if needed—The Array will issue
alerts, perform resets, and schedule reboots if needed.
•
Disabled—Disable IAP radio assurance tests (no self-monitoring
occurs). Loopback tests are disabled by default.
6.
Enable Standby Mode: Choose Yes to enable this Array to function as a
backup unit for the target Array, or choose No to disable this feature. See
“About Standby Mode” on page 275.
7.
Standby Target Address: If you enabled the Standby Mode, enter the
MAC address of the target Array (i.e., the address of the primary Array
that is being monitored and backed up by this Array). To find this MAC
address, open the Array Info window on the target Array, and use the
Gigabit1 MAC Address.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
RF Power & Sensitivity
For an overview of RF power and cell size settings, please see “Capacity and Cell
Sizes” on page 52 and “Fine Tuning Cell Sizes” on page 53.
To use the Auto Cell feature, the following additional settings are required:
The abg(n)2 radio must be in monitor mode, and all other IAPs that will
use Auto Cell must have Cell Size set to auto. See “Procedure for
Manually Configuring IAPs” on page 256.
The Intrusion Detection Mode must not be set to Advanced. See “RF
Intrusion Detection” on page 277.
8.
Cell Size Configuration: Click on the Auto Configure button to instruct
the Array to determine and set the best cell size for each enabled IAP,
based on changes in the environment. This is the recommended method
for setting cell size. On the IAP settings window, each enabled IAP will
have its cell size set to Auto.
9.
Auto Cell Size Period: You may set up auto-configuration to run
periodically, readjusting optimal cell sizes for the current conditions.
Enter a number of seconds to specify how often auto-configuration will
run. If you select None, then auto-configuration of cell sizing will not be
run periodically. You do not need to run Auto Cell often unless there are a
lot of changes in the environment. If the RF environment is changing
often, running Auto Cell every twenty-four hours (86400 seconds) should
be sufficient).
10. Auto Cell Size Overlap (%): Enter the percentage of cell overlap that will
be allowed when the Array is determining automatic cell sizes. For 100%
overlap, the power is adjusted such that neighboring Arrays that hear
each other best will hear each other at -70dB. For 0% overlap, that number
is -90dB.
11. Auto Cell Min Tx Power (dBm): Enter the minimum transmit power that
the Array can assign to a radio when adjusting automatic cell sizes.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
12. Sharp Cell: This feature reduces interference between neighboring
Arrays or other Access Points by limiting to a defined boundary (cell size)
the trailing edge bleed of RF energy. Choose On to enable the Sharp Cell
functionality, or choose Off to disable this feature. See also, “Fine Tuning
Cell Sizes” on page 53.
The Sharp Cell feature only works when the cell size is Small, Medium, or
Large (or Auto)—but not Max. If an IAP cell size is set to Max, the Sharp
Cell feature will be disabled for that radio.
RF Spectrum Management
13. Channel Configuration: Automatic channel configuration is the
recommended method for channel allocation. When the Array performs
auto channel configuration, it first negotiates with any other nearby
Arrays that have been detected, to determine whether to stagger the start
time for the procedure slightly. Thus, nearby Arrays will not run auto
channel at the same time. This prevents Arrays from interfering with each
other’s channel assignments.
Click Auto Negotiate & Configure to instruct the Array to determine the
best channel allocation settings for each IAP and select the channel
automatically, based on changes in the environment. The Array will first
negotiate with other nearby Arrays to see if the start time needs to be
staggered slightly.
Click Auto Configure to perform auto channel configuration
immediately, without first negotiating with any nearby Arrays. This
option is faster than Auto Negotiate and Configure. This allows you to
manually perform auto channel without waiting, and may be used when
you know that no other nearby Arrays are configuring their channels. If
multiple Arrays are configuring channels at the same time, use the Auto
Negotiate option to be ensure that multiple Arrays don't select the same
channels.
Click Factory Defaults to instruct the Array to return all IAPs to their
factory preset channels, as shown in the table below.
280
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Factory Preset Channels (US)
for both XN and XS models
IAP
16-Radio
Models
12-Radio
Models
8-Radio
Models
4-Radio
Models
abg(n)1
abg(n)2
mon
mon
mon
mon
abg(n)3
11
11
11
11
abg(n)4
a(n)1
36
36
40
a(n)2
52
52
56
a(n)3
149
40
48
a(n)4
40
56
64
a(n)5
56
44
a(n)6
157
60
a(n)7
44
48
a(n)8
60
64
a(n)9
153
a(n)10
48
a(n)11
64
a(n)12
161
14. Channel Configuration Status: Shows the status of auto channel
configuration. If an operation is in progress, the approximate time
remaining until completion is displayed; otherwise Idle is displayed.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
15. Auto Channel Configuration Mode: This option allows you to instruct
the Array to auto-configure channel selection for each enabled IAP when
the Array is powered up. Choose On Array PowerUp to enable this
feature, or choose Disabled to disable this feature.
16. Auto Channel Configure on Time: This option allows you to instruct the
Array to auto-configure channel selection for each enabled IAP at a time
you specify here (in hours and minutes, using the format: hh:mm). Leave
this field blank unless you want to specify a time at which the autoconfiguration utility is initiated.
17. Channel List Selection: This list selects which channels are available to
the auto channel algorithm. Channels that are not checked are left out of
the auto channel selection process. Note that channels that have been
locked by the user are also not available to the auto channel algorithm.
18. Auto Channel List: Use All Channels selects all available channels (this
does not include locked channels). Use Defaults sets the auto channel list
back to the defaults. This omits newer channels (100-140) because many
wireless NICs don’t support these channels.
19. Public Safety: This option adds two additional channels (191 and 195) in
the 4.9GHz spectrum range for public safety usage by qualified
organizations. Operating these channels requires a license, and so they
are not for general purpose use. Using these channels without a license
violates FCC rules. Warning notices are displayed when you enable this
feature and select these channels. All 802.11a(n) and 802.11a/b/g(/n)
radios may be set to these channels.
20. Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Global Settings .11a
Global Settings .11bg
Global Settings .11n
282
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
IAPs
IAP Statistics Summary
IAP Settings
LED Settings
This window assigns behavior preferences for the Array’s IAP LEDs.
Figure 144. LED Settings
Procedure for Configuring the IAP LEDs
1.
LED State: This option determines which event triggers the LEDs, either
when an IAP is enabled or when an IAP first associates with the network.
Choose On Radio Enabled or On First Association, as desired. You may
also choose Disabled to keep the LEDs from being lit. The LEDs will still
light during the boot sequence, then turn off.
2.
LED Blink Behavior: This option allows you to select when the IAP LEDs
blink, based on the activities you check here. From the choices available,
select one or more activities to trigger when the LEDs blink.
See also, “Array LED Operating Sequences” on page 108.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
283
Wi-Fi Array
3.
Click on the Apply button to apply the new settings to this session, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11a
Global Settings .11bg
IAPs
LED Boot Sequence
284
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
WDS
This is a status-only window that provides an overview of all WDS links that have
been defined. WDS (Wireless Distribution System) is a system that enables the
interconnection of access points wirelessly, allowing your wireless network to be
expanded using multiple access points without the need for a wired backbone to
link them. The Summary of WDS Client Links shows the WDS links that you
have defined on this Array and identifies the target Array for each by its base
MAC address. The Summary of WDS Host Links shows the WDS links that have
been established on this Array as a result of client Arrays associating to this Array
(i.e., the client Arrays have this Array as their target). The summary identifies the
source (client) Array for each link. Both summaries identify the IAPs that are part
of the link and whether the connection for each is up or down. See “WDS
Planning” on page 76 for an overview.
Figure 145. WDS
About Configuring WDS Links
A WDS link connects a client Array and a host Array (see Figure 146 on page 286).
The host must be the Array that has a wired connection to the LAN. Client links
from one or more Arrays may be connected to the host, and the host may also
have client links. See “WDS Planning” on page 76 for more illustrations.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
285
Wi-Fi Array
The configuration for WDS is performed on the client Array only, as described in
“WDS Client Links” on page 287. No WDS configuration is performed on the host
Array. First you will set up a client link, defining the target (host) Array and SSID,
and the maximum number of IAPs in the link. Then you will select the IAPs to be
used in the link. When the client link is created, each member IAP will associate to
an IAP on the host Array.
Wired LAN
Client
Link
a2(52)
a10(52)
a3(149)
a9(149)
a4(40)
a8(40)
CLIENT
HOST
Figure 146. .Configuring a WDS Link
Once an IAP has been selected to act as a WDS client link, you will not be
allowed to use auto-configured cell sizing on that IAP (since the cell must
extend all the way to the other Array).
See Also
SSID Management
WDS Client Link IAP Assignments:
WDS Client Links
WDS Statistics
286
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
WDS Client Links
This window allows you to set up a maximum of four WDS client links.
Figure 147. WDS Client Links
Procedure for Setting Up WDS Client Links
WDS Client Link Settings:
1.
Client Link: Shows the ID (1 to 4) of each of the four possible WDS links.
2.
Enabled: Check this box if you want to enable this WDS link, or uncheck
the box to disable the link.
3.
Max IAPs Allowed (1-3): Enter the maximum number of IAPs for this
link, between 1 and 3.
4.
Target Array Base MAC Address: Enter the base MAC address of the
target Array (the host Array at the other side of this link). To find this
MAC address, open the WDS window on the target Array, and use This
Array Address located on the right under the Summary of WDS Host
Links.
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Wi-Fi Array
5.
Target SSID: Enter the SSID that the target Array is using.
6.
Username: Enter a username for this WDS link. A username and
password is required if the SSID is using PEAP for WDS authentication
from the internal RADIUS server.
7.
Password: Enter a password for this WDS link.
8.
Clear Settings: Click on the Clear button to reset all of the fields on this
line.
9.
Click on the Apply button to apply your changes to this session, or click
Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
WDS Client Link IAP Assignments:
10. For each desired client link, select the IAPs that are part of that link.
Once an IAP has been selected to act as a WDS client link, no other
association will be allowed on that IAP. However, wireless associations will
be allowed on the WDS host side of the WDS session.
11. Auto Configure: Click this button to instruct the Array to automatically
determine the best channel allocation settings for each IAP that
participates in a WDS link, based on changes in the environment. These
changes are executed immediately, and are automatically applied.
12. Reset All Links: this command tears down all links configured on the
Array and sets them back to their factory defaults, effective immediately.
See Also
SSID Management
WDS Planning
WDS
WDS Statistics
288
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Filters
The Wi-Fi Array’s integrated firewall uses stateful inspection to speed the
decision of whether to allow or deny traffic. Filters are also used to define the
rules used for blocking or passing traffic. Filters can also set the VLAN and QoS
level for selected traffic.
User connections managed by the firewall are maintained statefully—once a user
flow is established through the Array, it is recognized and passed through
without application of all defined filtering rules. Stateful inspection runs
automatically on the Array. The rest of this section describes how to view and
manage filters.
Filters are organized in groups, called Filter Lists. A filter list allows you to apply
a uniform set of filters to SSIDs or Groups very easily.
The read-only Filters window provides you with an overview of all filter lists that
have been defined for this Array, and the filters that have been created in each list.
Filters are listed in the left side column by name under the filter list to which they
belong. Each filter entry includes information about the type of filter, the protocol
it is filtering, which port it applies to, source and destination addresses, and QoS
and VLAN assignments.
Orange arrow 
expands/collapses display
Figure 148. Filters
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
289
Wi-Fi Array
Filter Lists
This window allows you to create filter lists. The Array comes with one
predefined list, named Global, which cannot be deleted. Filter lists (including
Global) may be applied to SSIDs or to Groups. Only one filter list at a time may be
applied to a group or SSID (although the filter list may contain a number of
filters). All filters are created within filter lists.
Figure 149. Filter Lists
Procedure for Managing Filter Lists
290
1.
New Filter List Name: Enter a name for the new filter list in this field,
then click on the Create button to create the list. All new filters are
disabled when they are created. The new filter list is added to the Filter
List table in the window. Click on the filter list name, and you will be
taken to the Filter Management window for that filter list.
2.
On: Check this box to enable this filter list, or leave it blank to disable the
list. If the list is disabled, you may still add filters to it or modify it, but
none of the filters will be applied to data traffic.
3.
Filters: This read-only field displays the number of filters that belong to
this filter list.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
4.
SSIDs: This read-only field lists the SSIDs that use this filter list.
5.
User Groups: This read-only field lists the Groups that use this filter list.
6.
Delete: Click this checkbox and then click the Apply or Save button to
delete this filter list.
7.
Click on the Apply button to apply your changes to the selected filter, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
8.
Click a filter list to go to the Filter Management window to create and
manage the filters that belong to this list.
Filter Management
This window allows you to create and manage filters that belong to a selected
filter list, based on the filter criteria you specify.
Filters are applied in order, from top to bottom.
Click here to change the order.
Figure 150. Filter Management
Note that filtering is secondary to the stateful inspection performed by the
integrated firewall. Traffic for established connections is passed through without
the application of these filtering rules.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
291
Wi-Fi Array
Procedure for Managing Filters
292
1.
Filter List: Select the filter list to display and manage on this window. All
of the filters already defined for this list are shown, and you may create
additional filters for this list.
2.
New Filter Name: Enter a name for the new filter in the field next to the
Create button, then click on the Create button to create the filter. All new
filters are added to the table of filters at the top of the window. The filter
name must be unique within the list, but it may have the same name as a
filter in a different filter list. Two filters with the same name in different
filter lists will be completely unrelated to each other—they may be
defined with different parameter values.
3.
Filter: Choose a filter entry to modify from the list at the top of the
window.
4.
On: Use this field to enable or disable this filter.
5.
Deny: Choose whether this filter will be an Allow filter or a Deny filter. If
you define the filter as an Allow filter, then any associations that meet the
filter criteria will be allowed. If you define the filter as a Deny filter, any
associations that meet the filter criteria will be denied.
6.
Protocol: Choose a specific filter protocol from the pull-down list, or
choose numeric and enter a Number, or choose any to instruct the Array
to use the best filter. This is a match criterion.
7.
Port: From the pull-down list, choose the type of port on which you want
this filter to be active, or choose 1-65534 and enter a Number, or choose
any to instruct the Array to apply the filter to any port. This is a match
criterion.
8.
QoS: (Optional) Set packets that match the filter criteria to this QoS level
(0 to 3) from the pull-down list. Level 0 has the lowest priority; level 3 has
the highest priority. By default, this field is blank and the filter does not
modify QoS level. See “Understanding QoS Priority on the Wi-Fi Array”
on page 237.
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
9.
VLAN ID: (Optional) Set packets that match the filter criteria to this
VLAN. Select a VLAN from the pull-down list, or select numeric and
enter the number of a previously defined VLAN (see “VLANs” on
page 205).
10. Move Up/Down: The filters are applied in the order in which they are
displayed in the list, with filters on the top applied first. To change an
entry’s position in the list, just click its Up or Down button.
11. Source Address: Define a source address to match as a filter criterion.
Click the radio button for the desired type of address (or other attribute)
to match. Then specify the value to match in the field to the right of the
button. Choose Any to use any source address. Check Not to match any
address except for the specified address.
12. Destination Address: Define a destination address to match as a filter
criterion. Click the radio button for the desired type of address (or other
attribute) to match. Then specify the value to match in the field to the
right of the button. Choose Any to use any source address. Check Not to
match any address except for the specified address.
13. To delete a filter, check its Delete checkbox, then click the Apply or Save
button.
14. Click on the Apply button to apply your changes to the selected filter, or
click Save to apply your changes and make them permanent.
See Also
Filters
Filter Statistics
Understanding QoS Priority on the Wi-Fi Array
VLANs
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
293
Wi-Fi Array
294
Configuring the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Using Tools on the Wi-Fi Array
These WMI windows allow you to perform administrative tasks on your Array,
such as upgrading software, rebooting, uploading and downloading
configuration files, and other utility tasks. Tools are described in the following
sections:
“System Tools” on page 296
“CLI” on page 303
“Logout” on page 305
This section does not discuss using status or configuration windows. For
information on those windows, please see:
“Viewing Status on the Wi-Fi Array” on page 127
“Configuring the Wi-Fi Array” on page 175
Using Tools on the Wi-Fi Array
295
Wi-Fi Array
System Tools
This window allows you to manage files for software images, configuration, and
Web Page Redirect (WPR), manage the system’s configuration parameters, reboot
the system, and use diagnostic tools.
Status is
shown here
Progress is
shown here
Figure 151. System Tools
Procedure for Configuring System Tools
These tools are broken down into the following sections:
296
System
Configuration
Diagnostics
Using Tools on the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Web Page Redirect
Tools
Progress and Status Frames
System
1.
Save & Reboot or Reboot: Use Save & Reboot to save the current
configuration and then reboot the Array. The LEDs on the Array indicate
the progress of the reboot, as described in “Powering Up the Wi-Fi Array”
on page 107. Alternatively, use the Reboot button to discard any
configuration changes which have not been saved since the last reboot.
2.
Software Upgrade: This feature upgrades the ArrayOS to a newer
version provided by Xirrus. Enter the filename and directory location (or
click on the Browse button to locate the software upgrade file), then click
on the Upgrade button to upload the new file to the Array. Progress of the
operation will be displayed below, in the Progress section. Completion
status of the operation is shown in the Status section.
This operation does not run the new software or change any configured
values. The existing software continues to run on the Array until you
reboot, at which time the uploaded software will be used.
If you have difficulty upgrading the Array using the WMI, see “Upgrading
the Array via CLI” on page 409 for a lower-level procedure you may use.
Software Upgrade always uploads the file in binary mode. If you transfer
any image file to your computer to have it available for the Software Upgrade
command, it is critical to remember to transfer it (ftp, tftp) in binary mode!
3.
License Key: If Xirrus Customer Support provides you with a new
license key for your Array, use this field to enter it. A valid license is
required for Array operation, and it controls the features available on the
Array. If you upgrade your Array for additional features, you will be
provided with a license key to activate those capabilities. ??OK??
If you attempt to enter an invalid key, you will receive an error message
and the current key will not be replaced.
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Wi-Fi Array
Configuration
4.
Update from Remote File: This field allows you to define the path to a
configuration file (one that you previously saved—see Step 6 below).
Click on the Browse button if you need to browse for the location of the
file, then click Update to update your configuration settings.
5.
Update from Local File: This field updates Array settings from a local
configuration file on the Array. Select one of the following files from the
drop-down list:
•
factory.conf: The factory default settings
•
lastboot.conf: The setting values from just before the last reboot
•
saved.conf: The last settings that were explicitly saved
Click Update to update your configuration settings.
6.
7.
298
Download Current Configuration: Click on the link titled
xs_current.conf to download the Array’s current configuration settings to
a file (that you can upload back to the Array at a later date). The system
will prompt you for a destination for the file. The file will contain the
Array’s current configuration values.
Important! When you have initially configured your Array, or have made
significant changes to its configuration, we strongly recommend that you
save the configuration to a file in order to have a safe backup of your working
configuration.
Reset to Factory Defaults: Click on the Reset/Preserve IP Settings button
to reset the system’s current configuration settings to the factory default
values, except for the Array’s management IP address which is left unchanged.
This function allows you to maintain management connectivity to the
Array even after the reset. This will retain the Gigabit Ethernet port’s IP
address (see “Network Interfaces” on page 183), or if you have
configured management over a VLAN it will maintain the management
VLAN’s IP address (see “VLAN Management” on page 207). All other
previous configuration settings will be lost.
Using Tools on the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Click Reset to reset all of the system’s current configuration settings to
the factory default values, including the management IP address—all
previous configuration settings will be lost. The Array’s Gigabit Ethernet
ports default to using DHCP to obtain an IP address.
If the IP settings change, the connection to the WMI may be lost.
Diagnostics
8.
Diagnostic Log: Click the Create button to save a snapshot of Array
information for use by Xirrus Customer Support personnel. The Progress
and Status Frames show the progress of this operation. When the process
is complete, the filename xs_diagnostic.log will be displayed in blue
and provides a link to the newly created log file. Click the link to
download this file to the C:\ folder on your local computer. (Figure 152)
Click Update to create log
Then click this link to save
log file to local computer
Figure 152. Saving the Diagnostic Log
This feature is only used at the request of Customer Support. It saves all
of the information regarding your Array, including status, configuration,
statistics, log files, and recently performed actions.
The diagnostic log is always saved as a file named xs_diagnostic.log
on your C:\ drive, so you should immediately rename the file to save it.
This way, it will not be lost the next time you save a diagnostic log. Often,
Customer Support will instruct you to save two diagnostic logs about ten
minutes apart so that they can examine the difference in statistics
Using Tools on the Wi-Fi Array
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Wi-Fi Array
between the two snapshots (for example, to see traffic and error statistics
for the interval). Thus, you must rename the first diagnostic log file.
All passwords are stored on the array in an encrypted form and will not be
exposed in the diagnostic log.
Web Page Redirect
The Array uses a Perl script and a cascading style sheet to define the default
splash/login Web page that the Array delivers for WPR. You may replace
these files with files for one or more custom pages of your own. See Step 11
below to view the default files. See Step 14 on page 243 for more information
about WPR and how the splash/login page is used.
Each SSID that has WPR enabled may have its own page. Custom files for a
specific SSID must be named based on the SSID name. For example, if the
SSID is named Public, the default wpr.pl and hs.css files should be
modified as desired and renamed to wpr-Public.pl and hs-Public.css
before uploading to the Array. If you modify and upload files named wpr.pl
and hs.css, they will replace the factory default files and will be used for any
SSID that does not have its own custom files, per the naming convention just
described. Be careful not to replace the default files unintentionally.
Figure 153. Managing WPR Splash/Login page files
9.
300
Upload File: Use this to install files for your own custom WPR splash/
login page (as described above) on the Array. Note that uploaded files are
not immediately used - you must reboot the Array first. At that time, the
Array looks for and uses these files, if found.
Using Tools on the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Enter the filename and directory location (or click Browse to locate the
splash/login page files), then click on the Upload button to upload the
new files to the Array. You must reboot to make your changes take effect.
10. Remove File: Enter the name of the WPR file you want to remove, then
click on the Delete button. You can use the List Files button to show you
a list of files that have been saved on the Array for WPR. The list is
displayed in the Status section at the bottom of the WMI window. You
must reboot to make your changes take effect.
11. Download Sample Files: Click on a link to access the corresponding
sample WPR files:
•
wpr.pl—a sample Perl script.
•
hs.css—a sample cascading style sheet.
Tools
Figure 154. System Command (Ping)
12. System Command: Choose Trace Route, Ping., or RADIUS Ping. For
Trace Route and Ping, fill in IP Address and Timeout. Then click the
Execute button to run the command.
The RADIUS Ping command is a simple utility that tests connectivity to a
RADIUS server by attempting to log in with the specified Username and
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Wi-Fi Array
Password. When using a RADIUS server, this command allows you to
verify that the server configuration is correct and whether a particular
Username and Password are set up properly. If a client is having trouble
accessing the network, you can quickly determine if there is a basic
RADIUS problem by using the RADIUS Ping tool. For example, in
Figure 155 (A), RADIUS Ping is unable to contact the server. In Figure 155
(B), RADIUS Ping verifies that the host information and secret for a
RADIUS server are correct, but that the user account information is not.
Select RADIUS allows you to select a RADIUS server that you have
already configured (External Radius, Internal Radius, or a server
specified for a particular SSID), or select Other Server to specify another
server by entering its Host name or IP address, Port, and shared Secret.
Enter the RADIUS Credentials: Username and Password, then click the
Execute button to run the command. The message Testing RADIUS
connection appears. Click OK to proceed.
Figure 155. Radius Ping Output
13. IP Address: For Ping or Trace Route, enter the IP address of the target
device.
14. Timeout: For Ping or Trace Route, enter a value (in seconds) before the
action times out.
302
Using Tools on the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
15. Execute System Command: Click Execute to start the specified
command. Progress of command execution is displayed in the Progress
frame. Results are displayed in the Status frame.
Progress and Status Frames
The Progress frame displays a progress bar for commands such as Software
Upgrade and Ping. The Status frame presents the output from system
commands (Ping and Trace Route), as well as other information, such as the
results of software upgrade.
16. If you want to save the parameters you established in this window for
future sessions, click on the Save button.
CLI
The WMI provides this window to allow you to use the Array’s Command Line
Interface (CLI). You can enter commands to configure the Array, or display
information using show commands. You will not need to log in - you already
logged in to the Array when you started the WMI.
Using Tools on the Wi-Fi Array
303
Wi-Fi Array
Figure 156. CLI Window
To enter a command, simply type it in. The command is echoed and output is
shown in the normal way—that is, the same way it would be if you were using
the CLI directly. You may use the extra scroll bar inside the right edge of the
window to scroll through your output.
This window has some minor differences, compared to direct use of the CLI via
the console or an SSH connection:
The CLI starts in config mode. All configuration and show commands are
available in this mode. You can “drill down” the mode further in the
usual way. For example, you can type interface iap to change the mode to
config-iap. The prompt will indicate the current command mode, for
example:
My-Array(config-iap) # 
You can abbreviate a command and it will be executed if you have typed
enough of the command to be unambiguous. The command will not
auto-complete, however. Only the abbreviated command that you
actually typed will be shown. You can type a partial command and press
Tab to have the command auto-complete. If the partial command is
ambiguous a list of legal endings is displayed.
Entering quit will return you to the previously viewed WMI page.
Most, but not all, CLI commands can be run in this window. Specifically
the run-test menu of commands is not available in this window. To use
the run-test command, please connect using SSH and use CLI directly, or
use the System Tools described in this chapter, such as Trace Route, Ping,
and RADIUS Ping.
Help commands (the ? character) are available, either at the prompt or after you
have typed part of a command.
304
Using Tools on the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
Logout
Click on the Logout button to terminate your session. When the session is
terminated, you are presented with the Array’s login window.
Figure 157. Login Window
Using Tools on the Wi-Fi Array
305
Wi-Fi Array
306
Using Tools on the Wi-Fi Array
Wi-Fi Array
The Command Line Interface
This section covers the commands and the command structure used by the Wi-Fi
Array’s Command Line Interface (CLI), and provides a procedure for establishing
a Telnet connection to the Array. Topics discussed include:
“Establishing a Secure Shell (SSH) Connection” on page 308.
“Getting Started with the CLI” on page 309.
“Top Level Commands” on page 311.
“Configuration Commands” on page 320.
“Sample Configuration Tasks” on page 355.
See Also
Establishing Communication with the Array
Network Map
System Tools
The Command Line Interface
307
Wi-Fi Array
Establishing a Secure Shell (SSH) Connection
Use this procedure to initialize the system and log in to the Command Line
Interface (CLI) via a Secure Shell (SSH) utility, such as PuTTY. When connecting to
the unit’s Command Line Interface over a network connection, you must use a
Secure SHell version 2 (SSH-2) utility. Make sure that your SSH utility is set up to
use SSH-2.
1.
Start your SSH session and communicate with the Array via its default IP
address (10.0.2.1 for both the Gigabit 1 and Gigabit 2 Ethernet ports).
2.
At the login prompt, enter your user name and password (the default for
both is admin). Login names and passwords are case-sensitive. You are
now logged in to the Array’s Command Line Interface.
Figure 158. Logging In
308
The Command Line Interface
Wi-Fi Array
Getting Started with the CLI
The root command prompt (Root Command Prompt) is the first prompt you see
after logging in to the CLI. If you are at a level other than the root command
prompt you can return to this prompt at any time by using the exit command to
step back through each command prompt level. The root command prompt you
see in the CLI window is determined by the host name you assigned to your
Array. The prompt Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array is displayed throughout this document
simply because this is the host name assigned to the Array used for development.
To terminate your session at any time, use the quit command.
Note: If you terminate your session, with either the quit or exit command, your WMI
session will also be terminated.
Inputting Commands
When inputting commands you need only type as many characters as the system
requires before it recognizes your input. For example, you can type the
abbreviated term config to access the configure prompt.
Getting Help
The CLI offers the following two levels of assistance:
help Command
The help command is only available at the root command prompt.
Initiating this command generates a window that provides information
about the types of help that are available with the CLI.
Figure 159. Help Window
The Command Line Interface
309
Wi-Fi Array
? Command
This command is available at any prompt and provides either FULL or
PARTIAL help. Using the ? (question mark) command when you are
ready to enter an argument will display all the possible arguments (full
help). Partial help is provided when you enter an abbreviated argument
and you want to know what arguments will match your input.
Figure 160. Full Help
Figure 161 shows an example of how the Help system can provide the
argument and format when specifying the time zone under the date-time
command.
Figure 161. Partial Help
310
The Command Line Interface
Wi-Fi Array
Top Level Commands
This section offers an at-a-glance view of all top level commands—organized
alphabetically. Top level commands are defined here as commands that are
directly accessible from the root command prompt (Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array#). The
root command prompt is based on the host name assigned to your Array. When
inputting commands, be aware that all commands are case-sensitive.
All other commands are considered second level configuration commands—these
are the commands you use to configure specific elements of the Array’s features
and functionality. For a listing of these commands with examples of command
formats and structure, go to “Configuration Commands” on page 320.
Root Command Prompt
The following table shows the top level commands that are available from the
root command prompt [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array].
Command
Description
Type @n to execute command n (as shown by the
history command).
configure
Enter the configuration mode. See “Configuration
Commands” on page 320.
exit
Exit the CLI and terminate your session—if this
command is used at any level other than the root
command prompt you will simply exit the current
level (step back) and return to the previous level.
help
Show a description of the interactive help system.
See also, “Getting Help” on page 309.
history
List history of commands that have been
executed.
more
Turn terminal pagination ON or OFF.
quit
Exit the Command Line Interface (from any level).
search
Search for pattern in show command output.
The Command Line Interface
311
Wi-Fi Array
Command
show
Description
Display information about the selected item. See
“show Commands” on page 315.
statistics
Display statistical data about the Array. See
“statistics Commands” on page 318.
uptime
Display the elapsed time since the last boot.
configure Commands
The following table shows the second level commands that are available with the
top level configure command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array(config)#].
Command
Description
Type @n to execute command n (as shown by the
history command).
acl
Configure the Access Control List.
admin
cdp
clear
contact-info
date-time
312
Define administrator access parameters.
Configure Cisco Discovery Protocol settings.
Remove/clear the requested elements.
Contact information for assistance on this Array.
Configure date and time settings.
dhcp-server
Configure the DHCP Server.
dns
Configure the DNS settings.
end
Exit the configuration mode.
exit
Go UP one mode level.
file
Manage the file system.
filter
Define protocol filter parameters.
fips
Enable/disable FIPS 140-2, Level 2 Security.
The Command Line Interface
Wi-Fi Array
Command
Description
group
Define user groups with parameter settings
help
Description of the interactive Help system.
history
hostname
https
interface
license
load
location
management
more
netflow
no
pci-audit
quit
radius-server
reboot
reset
run-tests
save
search
security
List history of commands that have been
executed.
Host name for this Array.
Enable/disable HTTPS.
Select the interface to configure.
Enter a license key.
Load running configuration from flash
Location name for this Array.
Configure array management parameters
Turn ON or OFF terminal pagination.
Configure NetFlow data collector.
Disable (if enabled) or set to default value.
PCI DSS security monitoring.
Exit the Command Line Interface.
Configure the RADIUS server parameters.
Reboot the Array.
Reset all settings to their factory default values
and reboot.
Run selective tests.
Save the running configuration to FLASH.
Search for pattern in show command output.
Set the security parameters for the Array.
The Command Line Interface
313
Wi-Fi Array
Command
show
Display current information about the selected
item.
snmp
Enable, disable or configure SNMP.
ssh
Enable/disable SSH.
ssid
Configure the SSID parameters.
standby
Configure the standby parameters.
statistics
Display statistics.
syslog
Enable, disable or configure the Syslog Server.
telnet
Enable/disable Telnet.
uptime
vlan
314
Description
Display time since the last boot.
Configure VLAN parameters.
The Command Line Interface
Wi-Fi Array
show Commands
The following table shows the second level commands that are available with the
top level show command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array# show].
Command
acl
admin
Description
Display the Access Control List.
Display the administrator list or login
information.
array-info
Display system information.
associatedstations
Display stations that have associated to the Array.
boot-env
capabilities
Display Boot loader environment variables.
Display detailed station capabilities.
cdp
Display Cisco Discovery Protocol settings.
channel-list
Display list of Array’s 802.11a(n) and bg(n)
channels.
clear-text
Display and enter passwords and secrets in the
clear.
conntrack
Display the Connection Tracking table.
console
Display terminal settings.
contact-info
Display contact information.
country-list
Display countries that the Array can be set to
support.
date-time
Display date and time settings summary.
dhcp-leases
Display IP addresses (leases) assigned to stations
by the DHCP server.
dhcp-pool
Display internal DHCP server settings summary
information.
The Command Line Interface
315
Wi-Fi Array
Command
diff
Display the difference between configurations.
dns
Display DNS summary information.
env-ctrl
error-numbers
ethernet
Display the environmental controller status for the
outdoor enclosure.
Display the detailed error number in error
messages.
Display Ethernet interface summary information.
external-radius
Display summary information for the external
RADIUS server settings.
factory-config
Display the Array factory configuration
information.
filters
iap
Display filter information.
Display IAP configuration information.
internal-radius
Display the users defined for the embedded
RADIUS server.
lastboot-config
Display Array configuration at the time of the last
boot-up.
management
Display settings for managing the Array, plus
Standby, FIPS, and other information.
network-map
Display network map information.
realtime-monitor
rogue-ap
route
rssi-map
running-config
316
Description
Display realtime statistics for all IAPs.
Display rogue AP information.
Display the routing table.
Display RSSI map by IAP for station.
Display configuration information for the Array
currently running.
The Command Line Interface
Wi-Fi Array
Command
saved-config
Description
Display the last saved Array configuration.
security
Display security settings summary information.
self-test
Display self test results.
snmp
spanning-tree
spectrumanalyzer
ssid
Display SNMP summary information.
Display spanning tree information.
Display spectrum analyzer measurements.
Display SSID summary information.
stations
Display station information.
statistics
Display statistics.
syslog
Display the system log.
syslog-settings
Display the system log (Syslog) settings.
temperature
Display the current board temperatures.
unassociatedstations
Display unassociated station information.
vlan
Display VLAN information.
wds
Display WDS information.

Display configuration or status information.
The Command Line Interface
317
Wi-Fi Array
statistics Commands
The following table shows the second level commands that are available with the
top level statistics command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array# statistics].
Command
ethernet
Ethernet Name
eth0, gig1, gig2
filter
filter-list
iap
318
Description
Display statistical data for all Ethernet interfaces.
Display statistical data for the defined Ethernet
interface (either eth0, gig1 or gig2).
FORMAT:
statistics gig1
Display statistics for defined filters (if any).
FORMAT:
statistics filter [detail]
Display statistics for defined filter list (if any).
FORMAT:
statistics filter 
Display statistical data for the defined IAP.
FORMAT:
statistics iap abgn4
station
Display statistical data about associated stations.
FORMAT:
statistics station billw
vlan
Display statistical data for the defined VLAN. You
must use the VLAN number (not its name) when
defining a VLAN.
FORMAT:
statistics vlan 1
wds
Display statistical data for the defined active WDS
(Wireless Distribution System) links.
FORMAT:
statistics wds 1
The Command Line Interface
Wi-Fi Array
Command

Description
Display configuration or status information.
The Command Line Interface
319
Wi-Fi Array
Configuration Commands
All configuration commands are accessed by using the configure command at the
root command prompt (Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array#). This section provides a brief
description of each command and presents sample formats where deemed
necessary. The commands are organized alphabetically. When inputting
commands, be aware that all commands are case-sensitive.
To see examples of some of the key configuration tasks and their associated
commands, go to “Sample Configuration Tasks” on page 355.
acl
The acl command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array(config)# acl] is used to configure the
Access Control List.
Command
add
Add a MAC address to the list.
FORMAT:
acl add AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
del
Delete a MAC address from the list.
FORMAT:
acl del AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
disable
Disable the Access Control List
FORMAT:
acl disable
enable
Enable the Access Control List
FORMAT:
acl enable
reset
320
Description
Delete all MAC addresses from the list.
FORMAT:
acl reset
The Command Line Interface
Wi-Fi Array
admin
The admin command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array(config-admin)#] is used to configure
the Administrator List.
Command
Description
add
Add a user to the Administrator List.
FORMAT:
admin add [userID]
del
Delete a user to the Administrator List.
FORMAT:
admin del [userID]
edit
Modify user in the Administrator List.
FORMAT:
admin edit [userID]
radius
reset
Define a RADIUS server to be used for
authenticating administrators.
FORMAT:
admin radius [disable | enable | off | on |
timeout  | auth-type [PAP | CHAP]]
admin radius [primary |secondary] 
port  server [ | ]
secret 
Delete all users and restore the default user.
FORMAT:
admin reset
The Command Line Interface
321
Wi-Fi Array
cdp
The cdp command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array(config)# cdp] is used to configure the
Cisco Discovery Protocol.
Command
322
Description
disable
Disable the Cisco Discovery Protocol
FORMAT:
cdp disable
enable
Enable the Cisco Discovery Protocol
FORMAT:
cdp enable
hold-time
Select CDP message hold time before messages
received from neighbors expire.
FORMAT:
cdp hold-time [# seconds]
interval
The Array sends out CDP announcements at this
interval.
FORMAT:
cdp interval [# seconds]
off
Disable the Cisco Discovery Protocol
FORMAT:
cdp off
on
Enable the Cisco Discovery Protocol
FORMAT:
cdp on
The Command Line Interface
Wi-Fi Array
clear
The clear command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array(config)# clear] is used to clear
requested elements.
Command
authentication
Description
Deauthenticate a station.
FORMAT:
clear station [authenticated station]
history
Clear the history of CLI commands executed.
FORMAT:
clear history
screen
Clear the screen where you’re viewing CLI
output.
FORMAT:
clear syslog
statistics
Clear the statistics for a requested interface.
FORMAT:
clear statistics [eth0]
syslog
Clear all Syslog messages, but continue to log new
messages.
FORMAT:
clear syslog
The Command Line Interface
323
Wi-Fi Array
contact-info
The contact-info command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array(config)# contact-info] is used
for managing administrator contact information.
Command
324
Description
email
Add an email address for the contact (must be in
quotation marks).
FORMAT:
contact-info email [“contact@mail.com”]
name
Add a contact name (must be in quotation marks).
FORMAT:
contact-info name [“Contact Name”]
phone
Add a telephone number for the contact (must be
in quotation marks).
FORMAT:
contact-info phone [“8185550101”]
The Command Line Interface
Wi-Fi Array
date-time
The date-time command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array(config-date-time)#] is used to
configure the date and time parameters. Your Array supports the Network Time
Protocol (NTP) in order to ensure that the Array’s internal time is accurate. NTP is
set to UTC time by default; however, you can set the time zone so that your Array
will display local time. This is done by defining an offset from the UTC value. For
example, Pacific Standard Time is 8 hours behind UTC time, so the offset from
UTC time would be -8.
Command
dst_adjust
Description
Enable adjustment for daylight savings.
FORMAT:
date-time dst_adjust
no
Disable daylight savings adjustment.
FORMAT:
date-time no dst_adjust
ntp
Enable the NTP server.
FORMAT:
date-time ntp on (or off to disable)
offset
set
timezone
Set an offset from Greenwich Mean Time.
FORMAT:
date-time no dst_adjust
Set the date and time for the Array.
FORMAT:
date-time set [10:24 10/23/2007]
Configure the time zone.
FORMAT:
date-time timezone [-8]
The Command Line Interface
325
Wi-Fi Array
dhcp-server
The dhcp-server command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array(config-dhcp-server)#] is used to
add, delete and modify DHCP pools.
Command
326
Description
add
Add a DHCP pool.
FORMAT:
dhcp-server add [dhcp pool]
del
Delete a DHCP pool.
FORMAT:
dhcp-server del [dhcp pool]
edit
Edit a DHCP pool
FORMAT:
dhcp-server edit [dhcp pool]
reset
Delete all DHCP pools.
FORMAT:
dhcp-server reset
The Command Line Interface
Wi-Fi Array
dns
The dns command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array(config-dns)#] is used to configure your
DNS parameters.
Command
Description
domain
Enter your domain name.
FORMAT:
dns domain [www.mydomain.com]
server1
Enter the IP address of the primary DNS server.
FORMAT:
dns server1 [1.2.3.4]
server2
Enter the IP address of the secondary DNS server.
FORMAT:
dns server1 [2.3.4.5]
server3
Enter the IP address of the tertiary DNS server.
FORMAT:
dns server1 [3.4.5.6]
The Command Line Interface
327
Wi-Fi Array
file
The file command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array(config-file)#] is used to manage files.
Command
active-image
backup-image
check-image
chkdsk
copy
dir
erase
format
328
Description
Validate and commit a new array software image.
Validate and commit a new backup software image.
Validate a new array software image.
Check flash file system.
Copy a file to another file.
FORMAT:
file copy [sourcefile destinationfile]
List the contents of a directory.
FORMAT:
file dir [directory]
Delete a file from the FLASH file system.
FORMAT:
file erase [filename]
Format flash file system.
ftp
Open an FTP connection with a remote server. Files
will be transferred in binary mode.
FORMAT:
file ftp host { |} [port ] 
[user {anonymous |  password
 } ] { put  [] |
get  [] }
Note: Any time you transfer any kind of software
image file for the Array, it must be transferred in
binary mode, or the file may be corrupted.
list
List the contents of a file.
FORMAT:
file list [filename]
The Command Line Interface
Wi-Fi Array
Command
Description
remote-config
When the Array boots up, it fetches the specified
configuration file from the TFTP server defined in the
file remote-server command, and uses this
configuration. This must be an Array configuration
file with a .conf extension.
A partial configuration file may be used. For
instance, if you wish to use a single configuration file
for all of your Arrays but don't want to have the
same IP address for each Array, you may remove the
ipaddr line from the file. You can then load the file on
each array and the local IP addresses will not change.
FORMAT:
file remote-config 
Note: If you enter file remote-config ?, the help
response suggests possibilities by listing all of the
configuration files that are currently in the Array’s
flash.
remote-image
When the Array boots up, it fetches the named image
file from the TFTP server defined in the file remoteserver command, and upgrades to this file before
booting. This must be an Array image file with a .bin
extension.
FORMAT:
file remote-image 
Note: This will happen every time that the Array
reboots. If you only want to fetch the remote-image
one time be sure to turn off the remote image option
after the initial download.
remote-server
Sets up a TFTP server to be used for automated
remote update of software image and configuration
files when rebooting.
FORMAT:
file remote-server A.B.C.D
rename
scp
Rename a file.
Copy a file to or from a remote system.
The Command Line Interface
329
Wi-Fi Array
Command
tftp
330
Description
Open a TFTP connection with a remote server.
FORMAT:
file tftp host { |} [port ] 
[user {anonymous |  password
 } ] { put  [] |
get  [] }
Note: Any time you transfer any kind of software
image file for the Array, it must be transferred in
binary mode, or the file may be corrupted.
The Command Line Interface

---

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