Deltanode Solutions DDR003 700MHz Full Band Cellular Remote (33dBm) User Manual Fiber Distributed Antenna System DAS

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Document Title	Fiber Distributed Antenna System (DAS)
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Document Author:	Jim Adams





   
 
Fiber Distributed Antenna System
(Fiber DAS)
Operation Manual
ŠCopyright 2016 by Bird Technologies, Inc.
Instruction Book Part Number 920-Fiber-DAS Rev. P1
Delta NodeÂŽ is a registered trademark of Delta Node Solutions Ltd. and Bird Technologies, Inc.
Safety Precautions
The following are general safety precautions that are not necessarily related to any specific part or procedure, and
do not necessarily appear elsewhere in this publication. These precautions must be thoroughly understood and
apply to all phases of operation and maintenance.
WARNING
Keep Away From Live Circuits
Operating Personnel must at all times observe general safety precautions. Do not replace components or make
adjustments to the inside of the test equipment with the high voltage supply turned on. To avoid casualties,
always remove power.
WARNING
Shock Hazard
Do not attempt to remove the RF transmission line while RF power is present.
WARNING
Do Not Service Or Adjust Alone
Under no circumstances should any person reach into an enclosure for the purpose of service or adjustment of
equipment except in the presence of someone who is capable of rendering aid.
WARNING
Safety Earth Ground
An uninterruptible earth safety ground must be supplied from the main power source to test instruments.
Grounding one conductor of a two conductor power cable is not sufficient protection. Serious injury or death can
occur if this grounding is not properly supplied.
WARNING
Resuscitation
Personnel working with or near high voltages should be familiar with modern methods of resuscitation.
WARNING
Remove Power
Observe general safety precautions. Do not open the instrument with the power applied.
Safety Precautions
Safety Symbols
WARNING
Warning notes call attention to a procedure, which if not correctly performed, could result in personal injury.
CAUTION
Caution notes call attention to a procedure, which if not correctly performed, could result in damage to the
instrument.
Note: Calls attention to supplemental information.
The laser used in this system is a Class 3b laser that produces invisible infra‐red coherent
light. Avoid looking into connected fibers and receptacles. Not safe to view with optical
instruments. Always put the protection caps on unused fibers and receptacles.
ii
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Warning Statements
The following safety warnings appear in the text where there is danger to operating and maintenance personnel and
are repeated here for emphasis.
WARNING
This is NOT a consumer device.
It is design for installation by FCC LICENSEES and QUALIFIED INSTALLERS. You MUST have an FCC LICENSE or
express consent of an FCC licensee to operate this device. You MUST register Class B signal boosters (as defined in
47 CFR 90.219) online at www.fcc.gov/signal‐boosters/registration. Unauthorized use may result in
significant forfeiture penalties, including penalties in excess of $100,000 for each continuing violation.
See page 38
For CMRS 817‐824MHz Applications:
WARNING
This is NOT a consumer device.
It is design for installation by FCC LICENSEES and QUALIFIED INSTALLERS. You MUST have an FCC LICENSE or
express consent of an FCC licensee to operate this device. Unauthorized use may result in significant forfeiture
penalties, including penalties in excess of $100,000 for each continuing violation.
See page 38
WARNING
Avoid looking into connected fibers and receptacles.
The laser used in this system is a Class 3b laser that produces invisible infra‐red coherent light. Not safe to view
with optical instruments. Always put the protection caps on unused fibers and receptacles.
See page 11
Caution Statements
The following equipment cautions appear in the text and are repeated here for emphasis.
CAUTION
Turn Off Test Tone
Do not forget to turn off the test tone when you are done with your uplink. Better check one extra time. They will
otherwise interfere with the normal operation of the system by causing noise to the base station.
See page 46
iii
Safety Precautions
Safety Statements
USAGE
ANY USE OF THIS INSTRUMENT IN A MANNER NOT SPECIFIED BY THE MANUFACTURER MAY
IMPAIR THE INSTRUMENT’S SAFETY PROTECTION.
USO
EL USO DE ESTE INSTRUMENTO DE MANERA NO ESPECIFICADA POR EL FABRICANTE, PUEDE
ANULAR LA PROTECCIÓN DE SEGURIDAD DEL INSTRUMENTO.
BENUTZUNG
WIRD DAS GERÄT AUF ANDERE WEISE VERWENDET ALS VOM HERSTELLER BESCHRIEBEN,
KANN DIE GERÄTESICHERHEIT BEEINTRÄCHTIGT WERDEN.
UTILISATION
TOUTE UTILISATION DE CET INSTRUMENT QUI N’EST PAS EXPLICITEMENT PRÉVUE PAR LE
FABRICANT PEUT ENDOMMAGER LE DISPOSITIF DE PROTECTION DE L’INSTRUMENT.
IMPIEGO
QUALORA QUESTO STRUMENTO VENISSE UTILIZZATO IN MODO DIVERSO DA COME
SPECIFICATO DAL PRODUTTORE LA PROZIONE DI SICUREZZA POTREBBE VENIRNE
COMPROMESSA.
iv
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
SERVICE
SERVICING INSTRUCTIONS ARE FOR USE BY SERVICE - TRAINED PERSONNEL ONLY. TO AVOID
DANGEROUS ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT PERFORM ANY SERVICING UNLESS QUALIFIED TO DO
SO.
SERVICIO
LAS INSTRUCCIONES DE SERVICIO SON PARA USO EXCLUSIVO DEL PERSONAL DE SERVICIO
CAPACITADO. PARA EVITAR EL PELIGRO DE DESCARGAS ELÉCTRICAS, NO REALICE NINGÚN
SERVICIO A MENOS QUE ESTÉ CAPACITADO PARA HACERIO.
WARTUNG
ANWEISUNGEN FÜR DIE WARTUNG DES GERÄTES GELTEN NUR FÜR GESCHULTES
FACHPERSONAL.
ZUR VERMEIDUNG GEFÄHRLICHE, ELEKTRISCHE SCHOCKS, SIND WARTUNGSARBEITEN
AUSSCHLIEßLICH VON QUALIFIZIERTEM SERVICEPERSONAL DURCHZUFÜHREN.
ENTRENTIEN
L’EMPLOI DES INSTRUCTIONS D’ENTRETIEN DOIT ÊTRE RÉSERVÉ AU PERSONNEL FORMÉ AUX
OPÉRATIONS D’ENTRETIEN. POUR PRÉVENIR UN CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE DANGEREUX, NE PAS
EFFECTUER D’ENTRETIEN SI L’ON N’A PAS ÉTÉ QUALIFIÉ POUR CE FAIRE.
ASSISTENZA TECNICA
LE ISTRUZIONI RELATIVE ALL’ASSISTENZA SONO PREVISTE ESCLUSIVAMENTE PER IL
PERSONALE OPPORTUNAMENTE ADDESTRATO. PER EVITARE PERICOLOSE SCOSSE
ELETTRICHE NON EFFETTUARRE ALCUNA RIPARAZIONE A MENO CHE QUALIFICATI A FARLA.
About This Manual
About This Manual
This manual covers the operating & maintenance instructions for the following models:
DeltaNode Fiber‐DAS
Changes to this Manual
We have made every effort to ensure this manual is accurate. If you discover any errors, or if you have suggestions
for improving this manual, please send your comments to our Solon, Ohio factory. This manual may be periodically
updated. When inquiring about updates to this manual refer to the part number: 920‐Fiber‐DAS; and revision: P1.
Chapter Layout
Introduction — Describes the fundamentals of the DeltaNode Fiber‐DAS and provides a list of commonly used
abbreviations and acronyms.
System Description — Describes the Major components that make up a DeltaNode Fiber‐DAS system.
System Design — Introduces Link Budget calculations, and the elements of designing a Fiber‐DAS system.
Installation Guidelines — Provides FCC requirements and safety considerations when installing a DeltaNode
Fiber‐DAS.
Commissioning — Lists the preparations and equipment required to successfully install and commission the
DeltaNode Fiber‐DAS.
RF Commissioning — Chapter contains useful advice on how to design a well working system as well as
examples for fine tuning link a budget and controlling noise in a DeltaNode Fiber‐DAS.
Model Identification — Provides a breakdown of the DeltaNode part numbers for the Fiber‐DAS systems. A table
of part numbers used for Remote Units is also provided.
vi
Table of Contents
Safety Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Warning Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Caution Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Safety Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv
Changes to this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Chapter Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
RF on fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 2 System Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Master Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Master Frame Unit (MFU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Base Station Interface Unit (BIU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Point of Interconnect (POI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Fiber Optic Interface (FOI) unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
PSU – the rack power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Base Station Master unit Gateway (BGW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
RGW – the compact remote gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Remote Unit (RU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
DDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
DDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
DMU – Remote head end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chapter 3 System design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Link Budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Multiple bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Multiple operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Base station interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Remote Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
FOI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
POI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Full system example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Chapter 4 Installation guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Installing the Master Unit and Remotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Safety and Care for fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chapter 5 Commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Necessary tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 6 RF Commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Setting up the uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Noise load on Radio Base Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Practical approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chapter 7 Model Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
System Model Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Remote End Unit Part Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Public Safety DDR Module Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Cellular DDR Module Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Chapter 1
Introduction
This manual contains both guidelines on how to design a system using the DeltaNode fiber distributed antenna
system (Fiber‐DAS) concept and how to install, commission and maintain such a system for the life span of the entire
installation. It will also contain many bits of information regarding general practices in the industry as well as other
information.
When other manufacturers have converted off‐air repeaters into fiber‐fed repeaters, DeltaNode has developed the
concept from scratch with fiber distribution in mind from the start. This allows for extremely good radio
performance and we are proud of the best in class noise figure of less than 3 dB for the whole system, remote unit
antenna port to base station interface port.
The Fiber‐DAS from DeltaNode is also extremely flexible in its solution meaning that the system can be tailored for
almost any needs. Because of the flexibility there are also many parameters that can be changed by the user. This
manual attempts to explain not only what they do, but also how to set them properly.
Fiber-DAS calculator — Together with this manual you should have the aid of the Fiber‐DAS calculator, this is an
Excel spreadsheet with the following features giving a measure on how well the system will perform:
System Noise Figure calculator
Intermodulation performance calculator
Uplink / Downlink Balance
Dynamic headroom
RF on fiber
A fiber distributed antenna system (Fiber‐DAS) is a very efficient way of transmitting radio signals over large
distances. Up to about 25 km of fiber between the head‐end and the remote unit is allowed, providing that the radio
access technology (RAN) do not suffer timing issues and that the fiber loss is within the specification.
The main principle is to use an infra‐red light source which is modulated with the combined radio signals that needs
to be propagated. The fiber channel system is ultra wide‐band, ranging from 88 MHz up to 2600 MHz and thus
covering most types of radio communication systems such as FM broadcast, VHF communication radios, TETRA,
GSM, CDMA, WCDMA and other radio access technologies that are available.
The dynamic of the fiber is good enough to tolerate multi‐carrier, multi‐band and multi‐operator solutions this way,
but of course they all share the available dynamics and if there are a very large number of carriers the fiber
attenuation needs to be looked at of course.
Because most land mobile radio systems and cellular systems are using Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) this means
that there needs to be either two separate fibers, one for the uplink (signals from the terminal towards the base
station) and for the downlink (signals from the radio base station towards the terminal) or they may be multiplexed
on the same fiber using different wavelengths.
DeltaNode Fiber‐DAS use wave‐length division multiplexing (WDM) as the normal configuration featuring the
following:.
Single mode fiber
Angled connectors
Optical loss < 15 dB
Note: Separate UL/DL fibers can be used if it is necessary or desired.
Because the modulation is analogue the system requires the fibers to be of single mode type. All connectors used in
DeltaNode equipment for Fiber‐DAS are of SC‐APC type with a 7° angle. It is very important that all connectors in
patches et cetera between the Master Unit (MU) and the Remote Unit (RU) are angled, otherwise reflections are
caused which will cause problems with the quality of the signals through the system.
Introduction
Definitions
The following abbreviations, industry standard lingo and acronyms are used in this document.
BGW
BIU
BTS
DAS
DL
Downlink
Fiber
Fiber‐DAS
FOI
FOR
GSM
iDEN
LTE
MU
POI
QMA
RBS
RGW
RU
SC‐APC
Single mode
fiber
SMA
Base station Gateway
Base station interface. Also known as the DIU. It is the electrical interface between the Master
Unit (MU) and the operator radio base station or another source for the radio signals, such as a
off‐air repeater.
See RBS.
A distributed antenna system. Several antennas connected together in a coaxial network so that
several antennas can be fed a signal from a central location.
See “Downlink”
The signals that are transmitted from a base station towards a terminal (phone).
In this document it refers to the telecommunication fibers used to transmit modulated light as
pulses or analogue variations on a glass fiber. The DeltaNode Fiber‐DAS system should use single‐
mode fiber always.
A general name for distribution systems using radio frequency on fiber (RF on Fiber) technology.
DAS means “Distributed Antenna System” which refers to the practice of building “spreading
nets” with coaxial cables, splitters and antennas to cover larger structures.
Fiber‐optic interface. Also known as DOI (DeltaNode Optical Interface)
Fiber‐optic remote interface, part of the Remote Unit connecting to the fiber.
Global System for Mobile Communications
Integrated Digital Enhanced Network
Long Term Evolution
Master Unit. This is a rack that contains all the modules that builds up to the head end in the
system. This is where the radio base stations interface to the Fiber‐DAS system. This is also where
the downlink signals from the base stations are converted into laser light and sent over the fiber‐
optics to the Remote Unit (RU) and the uplink signals from the RU are converted to radio
frequency signals and transmitted to the radio base station (RBS, BTS).
Point of Interconnect, RF splitter/combiner unit
Type of RF Connector. Quick disconnect version of SMA RF Connectors. See SMA
Radio Base Station. The infrastructure unit normally connected to the antennas in the radio
access network (RAN) and sometimes called just Base Station or Base Transceiver Station (BTS).
Remote Gateway Unit
Remote Unit. This is the unit closest to the antenna that converts the downlink signal from the
fiber to radio frequencies and distributes it over the antenna system. In the reverse, the uplink
radio frequencies are converted to modulated laser light and transmitted back to the Master Unit
(MU).
The type of connector used for all DeltaNode optical equipment. It is recommended that all
connectors between the MU and the RU are of this type. SC‐AP can also be accepted in patch
panels. All connectors MUST BE ANGLED to avoid signal reflections that are detrimental to the
signal quality. Fibers need to be of single‐mode type.
A fiber where the light at a specified range of wavelengths only have a single path through. This is
required for analogue modulated systems such as the DeltaNode Fiber‐DAS system
Sub‐miniature version A. A Type of RF Connector.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Switch
TETRA
UL
UMTS
Uplink
SC‐PC
SC‐UPC
RF
WCDMA
W‐CDMA
A network switch is a computer networking device that connects devices together on a computer
network.
Terrestrial Trunked Radio. TETRA uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) with four user
channels on one radio carrier and 25 kHz spacing between carriers.
See “Uplink”
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is a system where broadband signaling and
packeted data are used. The standards are handled in the 3GPP group and the most common
type of modulation is WCDMA.
The signals that are transmitted from the terminal (phone) towards the base station.
A type of fiber‐optic connector which is not angled and should not be used with DeltaNode Fiber‐
DAS
Ultra‐polished fiber‐optic connector. Not recommended with DeltaNode Fiber‐DAS
Radio Frequencies, denominates the range of transversal electromagnetic waves with a
frequency from 3 kHz to 300 GHz. The upper end of the spectrum is often referred to as
microwave frequencies.
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access is a technology employed by base station
manufacturers who make UMTS base stations. This technology is commonly used in 3G networks
and the main modulation employed in Europe.
Chapter 2
System Description
The Fiber‐DAS system consists of two major parts. This is the Master Unit (MU) and one or more Remote Units (RU)
connected to the Master Unit via optical fibers. Each Remote Unit needs to be connected to a fiber, but up to four
RU’s can share a single fiber link using optical splitters.
Master Unit
The Master Unit consists of a 19‐inch rack with modules that are selected depending on the system design.
Generally all Master Units contain:
Power supply
,At least one Base Station Interface Unit (BIU)
At least one Fiber‐Optic Interface card (FOI)
Point of Interconnect (POI)
Network switch ‐ connects communications paths between the modules
Remote Gateway Unit (RGW) or the Base Station Gateway Unit (BGW) ‐ RGW is a smaller compact
embedded solution while the BGW is a full featured Linux server that can be set up in many different
ways
The master unit will assign IP addresses to all the subunits in the rack and also for the Remote Units when they are
connected to the system via the build in DHCP server present in the RGW and BGW modules. This is will configure
itself automatically and create a protected sub‐net for the system itself that should not be connected directly to a
LAN.
For remote supervision a gateway (RGW or BGW) is installed. The gateway acts as a firewall and will make sure that
the internal traffic in the system stays internal and that the web interface for monitoring and supervision as well as
SNMP trap forward is handled as expected.
Each of the modules will be described in the following sections.
Master Frame Unit (MFU)
The Master Frame Unit (MFU) houses the Power Supplies, FOI cards and BIUs. Figure 1 shows an MFU equipped
with 3 BIUs, 6 FOIs and one Power Supply.
Figure 1
Master Frame Unit
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Functional description
One MFU supports several modules which can be placed anywhere in the frame or as a combination of several
different types of units in a frame. There are 16U positions in the MFU that can be utilized, each module type has a
different width (see each module’s specifications) so the number of module that will fit in an MFU varies. One MFU
can house up to 4 power supplies or 8 base station interface cards or 16 fiber‐optic interface cards. See Table 1.
Each MFU needs at least one power supply, but they do not necessarily have to be placed in the MFU that they
power. Quite often a system has more than one power supply and they are usually placed together in one MFU for
easy access. Each MFU has two molex connectors that can be connected to a power supply. This allows for a primary
and a redundant power supply to be connected to it to ensure operation even if one power supply should fail.
The MFU also contains fans used to ventilate the units housed in the frame. These are high quality fans that have a
high MTBF.
Table 1
MFU Specifications
Parameter
Input voltage
Power connector
Ethernet connector
Weight (without modules)
Temperature range, Operational
Width
Height
Depth
Maximum number of modules supported
PSU
BIU
FOI
Value
28 VDC
Molex, 10 Pin
RJ45
2.5 kg
0‐45 °C
19 Inch
3U
300 mm
16
System Description
Base Station Interface Unit (BIU)
The Base Station Interface Unit (BIU) is the interface between the operator’s base station and the Fiber‐DAS system.
This module has several RF connectors on the front panel and it contains duplex filters (optional) or separate uplink/
downlink paths which can be chosen depending on the needs for the connection to the base station. In most cases
the duplexed version with a combined DL/UL port is used.
Figure 2
Base Station Interface Unit (BIU)
Functional description
The BIU has four SMA ports (female type) to connect the RBS/BTS. In the duplexed version combined DL/UL
connectors are used to connect to the RBS, and there are UL test (TP) connectors present that can be used to
monitor the signal out from the BIU. In the version without duplex filters the test connectors replaced by UL
connectors and the normally combined UL/DL connectors are replaced by DL only connectors.
The BIU has four QMA ports (female type) that are normally used to connect it to a POI. There are two uplink (input)
ports and two downlink (output, TX) ports. These are two separate paths, the isolation between DL 1 and DL 2 is >
50 dB and the isolation between the UL 1 and UL 2 ports is also > 50 dB.
There are two separate RF paths in the BIU and the BIU is configured at the factory for the specific frequency band it
will serve. The two paths in the BIU cannot have different frequencies; a GSM 900 BIU will have two GSM 900 paths
and cannot be combined with an 1800 path. Separate frequencies require an additional BIU card to be inserted.
RF patch cables are used to patch the DL and UL paths to the POI.
There is an alarm port on the BIU which (future upgrade) can be used to connect external alarms. This is a DB9
female connector.
The BIU is technology neutral and the downlink path contains settable attenuators that can be used to adjust the
signal strength to proper levels before feeding them into the POI. In the uplink there is an amplifier followed by a
settable attenuator used to adjust the signal and the noise level into the base station uplink.
All RF connections are made on the front of the BIU. The maximum recommended input power to the BIU is 30 dBm
and there are high power alarms that activate at > 30 dBm and low power alarms at < 10 dBm input power. A higher
input power than the recommended can cause the unit to fail permanently thus needing replacement. It is therefore
recommended that for high power base station an attenuator is used to ensure that the input power to the BIU can
never exceed specifications.
There is a 0 dBm input version of the BIU available on request.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
The schematic in Figure 3 shows the blocks in the BIU for one of the channels and how the signal detector for the
downlink level alarms are connected.
Figure 3
Schematic of One BIU RF path

 


  

 

  
 
 


Table 2 lists standard cellular BIU’s. Other configurations are available upon request as well as units without
internal duplex filtering.
Table 2
Standard variants of the BIU
Part No
DBI303
DBI307
DBI308S
DBI308
DBI309
DBI318
DBI319
DBI320
DBI321
Configuration
2 x TETRA 390 MHz†
2 x 700 MHZ ABC‐band
2 x SMR 800
2 x 850 MHz
2 x 900 MHz
2 x 1800 MHz
2 x 1900 MHz
2 x UMTS 2100 MHz
2 x AWS 2100 MHz
UL
MHz
BTS
I/F
380‐385
390‐395
Duplex
698‐716
806‐825
824‐849
880‐915
1710‐1785
1850‐1910
1920‐1980
1710‐1755
728‐746
851‐870
869‐894
925‐960
1805‐1880
1930‐1990
2110‐2170
2110‐2155
Duplex
Duplex
Duplex
Duplex
Duplex
Duplex
Duplex
Duplex
†. Several options exists for 5 MHz standard bands for TETRA
DL
MHz
System Description
Table 3
RF and electrical performance of the BIU
Parameter
Value
Downlink attenuation
Uplink Gain for modules < 1000 MHz
Uplink Gain for modules > 1000 MHz
IM3 performance
Max input non‐destructive
High input alarm threshold level
Low input alarm threshold level
Input return loss
Impedance for all RF ports
Isolation between ports
Power consumption
Temperature range
Table 4
Settable
Settable
Settable
Unit
10‐30 ± 3
10 to 20 Âą 3
‐10 to 10 ± 3
> 55
> 36
33
10
> 20
50
> 60
< 15
0‐45
dB
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dBm
dBm
dB
Ω
dB
°C
BIU mechanical specifications
Parameter
Value
Base station RF ports
Test ports uplink (if present)
Interconnecting RF ports to POI
Alarm connector
Dimensions, Rack Unit
Width
Height
SMA, Female
SMA, Female
QMA, Female
DB9, Female
2U
3U
BIU Indicator Operation
The BIU has two LEDs located on the front panel. One is the power on LED (green) and the other is the alarm LED
(red). Both LEDs indicate a number of states by different flashing behaviors.
In an error state the web interface should be used to check the actual condition of the BIU but the LEDs on the front
can give you a quick indication on the state of the unit. It is also useful for locating the physical unit if you have
several BIUs installed in the same rack.
Table 5
Indicator behavior
State
Booting
Booting standalone mode
Booting read of MAC address failed
Starting
Operation
Operation
Operation
Operation
ON LED
2 Hz
2 Hz
2 Hz
0,1 Hz 90%
0,5 Hz 10%
0,5 Hz 10%
0,5 Hz 10%
0,5 Hz 10%
ALARM LED
Off
2 Hz
On
0,1 Hz 90%
Off
1 Hz 10%
2 Hz 25%
On
Note
Normal boot
Not attached to rack
Error
Kernel startup
Normal operation
Minor alarm state
Major alarm state
Critical alarm state
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Figure 4
BIU Interfaces

 





! "
"

#
#
#

#


Item
Description
DL/UL BTS 1 / 2
This is RF path where the radio base station (RBS) is connected (SMA) to the
BIU. Do not exceed the power rating in the downlink for the port.
TP UL 1/2
This is a test port (SMA) for the uplink. It shows the uplink signal in the DL/UL
BTS port ‐ 6 dB. This port is replaced by the UL port on a non‐duplexed version
of the BIU.
DL OUT 1/2
UL IN 1/2
EXTERNAL ALARMS
ON/ALM LED
These are the output ports (QMA) for the downlink signals after they have
been treated in the BIU with attenuators and filters.
Uplink signals are connected to the BIU using these ports (QMA). The BIU will
amplify and/or attenuate the signals as appropriate.
Used for external alarm monitoring (future upgrade).
The LEDs indicate various states, see Table 5.
System Description
Point of Interconnect (POI)
The Point of Interconnect (POI) contains 4 1:8 splitters and some attenuators. This is a coupling field used to tie
together the signals between the BIUs and the FOIs in a multiple band or multiple operator system.
Figure 5
Point of Interconnect (POI)


Each of the 4 fields has a COMMON port and ports 1‐8. If used as a combiner then the signals to combine are
connected to ports 1‐8 and the sum of the signals (minus insertion loss) is output on the COMMON port.
When used as a splitter, the combined signal is input on the COMMON port and equal signals of the same strength
(minus insertion loss) are output on ports 1‐8 .
Table 6
POI Specifications
Parameter
Insertion loss COMMON to any port 1:8
IM3 performance
Return loss performance
Maximum signal input level
Isolation between ports in same strip
Isolation between ports in different strips
Value
35 dB, Nominal
> 50dB
> 20dB
20dBm
> 15dB
> 60dB
10
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Fiber Optic Interface (FOI) unit
The FOI converts the RF signals in the downlink to fiber‐optical laser output that is transmitted on the fiber to the
remote unit. It also receives the laser light transmitted by the Remote Unit and converts it back to RF signals that are
then routed to the POI and then to the BIU.
Figure 6
Fiber Optic Interface (FOI) Unit
The FOI is available in either a single head fiber interface (with WDM) configuration or with a dual head fiber
interface with separate RX and TX connectors.
Each FOI can serve up to 4 Remote Units on a single fiber. The drawback is that the Remote Units must have different
optical wavelengths in the uplink to avoid interference. They can however share the same optical wavelength in the
downlink.
Functional description
WARNING
Avoid looking into connected fibers and receptacles.
The laser used in this system is a Class 3b laser that produces invisible infra‐red coherent light. Not safe to view
with optical instruments. Always put the protection caps on unused fibers and receptacles.
The FOI has a nominal gain of 35 dB and the laser transmitter should see a maximum composite input power of ca
0 dBm. This means that for 0 dB attenuation in the DL a maximum input of ‐35 dBm composite power is
recommended (when attenuators are set to 0 dBm). If the DL attenuator is set to a higher value the maximum
recommended input is adjusted accordingly.
The output power of the laser is calibrated to 3 000 ÂľW. This can be used to check the loss over fiber in the remote
because the remote reports the received optical levels. The loss may be different in the UL compared to the DL
because of different wavelengths on the laser.
The FOI is powered from the MFU backplane and communicates with Ethernet with the other modules in the Master
Unit.
The unit contains several adjustable attenuators which are used to compensate for loss before the FOI (e.g. in the
POI) and for loss on the fiber in the uplink. There are two sets of RF ports on the FOI that can be used to connect
signals from two different strips in the POI.
The Ethernet communication between the Master Unit and the Remote Unit takes place on two sub‐carriers in the
FOI where the Ethernet signals are superimposed on the RF signals.
11
System Description
Figure 7 is a block diagram showing the downlink path in the FOI and how the test port is connected. As you can
see there are two attenuators that can be set in the DL path, this allows for balancing the input signals from two
different signal sources so that they can share the dynamics of the laser properly.
Figure 7
FOI Block Diagram



 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 



 
  



 
The RF drive levels are measured and accessible in the web interface so that they can be checked. In the future
alarm levels may be added to these test points.
This interface is designed to work with SC‐APC connectors (7° angled physical connector) and single mode fibers
only. All connectors between the master unit and the remote unit should be of angled type, otherwise problems
with reflections will arise which may cause severe problems in the system.
Single mode fiber
Angled connectors
Optical loss < 15 dB
12
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Figure 8
FOI Interfaces

 
 



 !
"




"

Item
Description
OPTO IN/OUT
This is the receptacle for the optical fiber. The illustration shows the
module with built in WDM (combined RX/TX). The version without
WDM has two connectors one for TX and one for RX.
UL OUT 1/2
13
These are the RF ports that normally are patched to the POI for
interconnecting and then on to the BIU.
DL IN 1/2
These are the RF connectors where the signal in the DL from the POI
is patched into the FOI for conversion to laser light.
TP UL/DL
These are test ports that can be used to check the signal levels or
noise in the system.
System Description
There are also two LEDs on the unit which can be used to check the status according to the following table:
Table 7
FOI LED indicators
State
ON LED
Booting
Booting standalone mode
Booting read of MAC address failed
Starting
Operation
Operation
Operation
Operation
Table 8
2 Hz
2 Hz
2 Hz
0,1 Hz 90%
0,5 Hz 10%
0,5 Hz 10%
0,5 Hz 10%
0,5 Hz 10%
ALARM LED
Off
2 Hz
On
0,1 Hz 90%
Off
1 Hz 10%
2 Hz 25%
On
Note
Normal boot
Not attached to rack
Error
Kernel startup
Normal operation
Minor alarm state
Major alarm state
Critical alarm state
FOI Specifications
Parameter
Value
Maximum fiber loss from MU to RU, Optical,
Optical output power, Calibrated
Maximum number of RU supported on single fiber
15 dBo
3 000 ÂľW
Input RF power recommended, Composite
‐50 to ‐35 dBm†
< 15 W
0 to 45 °C
Power consumption
Operational Temperature range
Dimensions
Width
Height
Optical connector type
RF connector type
1U
3U
SC‐APC
QMA Female
†. Depends on attenuator settings. For 0 dB attenuation composite level should be < ‐35 dBm.
Table 9
FOI variants
Parameter
DOI 301
DOI 302 (WDM)
Wavelength
1310 nm
1310 nm
DOI 308x
Separate Rx and Tx various wavelengths available†
Rx and Tx separate
Rx and Tx on same fiber
†. The DOI 308 version can be ordered with various wavelengths. The actual wavelengths that are
possible are available upon request to info@deltanode.com.
14
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
PSU – the rack power supply
The power supply unit can handle up to one full shelf of active units, such as BIU or FOI. If your system consists of
more than one shelf, a PSU is added for each shelf.
Figure 9
PSU
Functional description
The Power Supply Unit is normally delivered as a 240 VAC version for Europe and 115 VAC version for US or other
countries using this voltage. A ‐48 VDC telecom version is available.
All connectors are on the front side of the power supply. The picture shows the PSU equipped with European power
inlet. Output are two 10 pin Molex connectors that will be connected to the shelf the PSU is supplying power to. One
connector should always be connected to the shelf that the PSU is located in (for driving the fans).
One shelf can handle up to 4 power supplies. Each shelf can have two PSU’s connected to it for redundancy.
Table 10
PSU Specifications
Parameter
Input power voltage, Mains
Input power frequency, Mains
Operating temperature
Power rating
15
Value
86‐264 VAC
50 / 60 Hz
0‐45 °C
240 W
System Description
Base Station Master unit Gateway (BGW)
Base Station Master unit Gateway (BGW) is a self‐powered Linux based server. It assigns IP addresses to all the
modules in the system, including the Remote Units as well as their components. Modules in a Master Unit will
inherit their IP addresses via DHCP leases and by way of inhering the MAC addresses from the backplane we can
ensure that a new module inserted in the rack receives the same address as the one it is replacing, without any need
of manual configuration.
Features of the BGW:
Web interface configuration
Automatic detection of modules
Automatic detection of Remote Units
Can handle large systems
Functions for statistics
Northbound communication to CGW
Includes firewall to protect local net
Is the portal to your Master Unit
User‐provided certificate based security via HTTPS
Figure 10
Base station master unit gateway
If the BGW is replaced the Remote Units may not show up immediately. This is due to the lease time on the address
they have. Eventually they will request a new address and when this is done they will show up.
The BGW is the unit responsible for alarm handling and remote forward of alarms either by SMTP mail forwarding or
by SNMP traps. A MIB file for your SNMP system is available from DeltaNode upon request as well as documentation
regarding SNMP.
The BGW can also launch VPN tunnels to a remote supervision center called the Central Gateway (CGW). This makes
it possible to manage multiple systems from a single place. The CGW will be described later in this manual.
The BGW has two Ethernet ports. One is connected to the internal network in the Master Unit to provide the local
network for all the modules, the Remote Units and everything else. It also provides, via the built‐in switch in the
Master Unit, a way of locally configuring the network. It provides the web interface for all the settings of the system
as well as many other functions. Secondly there is a “northbound” Ethernet port that allows the BGW to connect to
the Internet, or a WAN/MAN type of larger network. This means that the system can be monitored and managed
remotely.
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) tunnel can be set up from the BGW to a central location using a CGW. The CGW can
handle a large number of such tunnels, providing a central point for supervising all the installations and collecting
alarms and statistics from all the systems as well as centralized alarm management. The BGW can actually set up a
second tunnel, which is sometimes done to the DeltaNode management center where we can help with
management and supervision. This is a service that we provide if needed.
16
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Table 11
BGW specifications
Parameter
Input power voltage, Mains
Input power frequency, Mains
Operating temperature
Power rating, Typical
Height
Width
Depth
Weight
Value
100‐240 VAC
50 / 60 Hz
10‐30 °C
< 100 W
1U
19 In.
360 mm
< 5 kg
A BGW can also be set up in factory for a special need, it will then be delivered together with a restore image that
allows the customer to restore it quickly in case of a hardware failure.
RGW – the compact remote gateway
The RGW is a small unit similar to the BGW but intended for small systems where there is a low number of remotes
or where there is no head‐end and therefore the RGW has a form factor that allows it to be mounted inside a
repeater casing.
This can be used to run up to 4 Remote Units from a single Repeater on a single Fiber. The RGW has the capability to
connect Northbound to a Central Gateway (CGW) just like the BGW does and it can also forward alarms through a
VPN tunnel to a CGW.
The memory capacity and features are reduced compared to the BGW but for a small system with a single fiber this
may be an option to use.
The RGW can be equipped with a modem to allow access to a system in a remote location where there is no
Ethernet. The modem is usually a 3G modem which enables the RGW to set up a tunnel to a Central Gateway unit
(CGW) enabling supervision, monitoring and control of the system
17
System Description
Remote Unit (RU)
There are many different kinds of remote units with a wide range of gain and output power to cater to many
different needs. A low and medium power unit can house up to 4 different frequency bands in one unit, the high
power versions can handle up to 2 different bands in one single unit.
Chassis types
Remote units (RUs) are available in mainly two different chassis, a single compact chassis for 1‐2 bands and a dual
chassis for up to 4 bands (Figure 11). Table 12 shows how they can be configured:
Table 12
Chassis types
Chassis type
Single chassis
Dual chassis
Low
1‐2
3‐4
Medium
1‐2
3‐4
High
It is also possible to have combinations of the above. For example it is possible to build a dual chassis with 2 medium
power bands and 1 high power band in the same remote. Each side of a dual chassis is virtually identical to a single
chassis remote unit. This ensures unparalleled flexibility when building multiple operator / multiple band solutions.
A dual chassis may have 1‐2 optical remote units (FOR). This way they can be fed from different directions for
redundancy.
Figure 11
Remote Unit Chassis Types
Single Chassis
Remote Unit
Dual Chassis
Remote Unit
Because of the larger power amplifiers used for high power RU’s the need for more cooling and room allows only 2
bands in the same double chassis. Remotes can also be daisy‐chained by way of RF cables, meaning up to two
chassis can share the same fiber‐optical interface providing up to 8 bands in a single location.
Table 13 contains a list of the most common remote units that are used with the DeltaNode Fiber‐DAS system.
Variants are available upon request.
18
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Common for all Remote Units is their excellent noise figure, contributing to an overall noise figure for the whole
system from remote to head‐end into the base station of < 3 dB for the RF link.
Both chassis comply with IP65 protection for use in any environment. The coating is a durable coating which aids the
convection cooling. No fans are used for the Remote Units. Both chassis are available with either wall or pole
mounting kits, as requested.
Note: Remote Unit’s are completely assembled at our factory, no integration of the Remote Unit’s
components is required.
Table 13
Remote comparison table
Pout (ETSI)†
Product code
DDR medium power)
DDS (High power quad band)
DDH (high power)
DDH2 (Dual amplifiers)
26‐30
30‐41
32‐43
N/A
Pout (FCC)
36
41
43
46
Bands
1‐4
1‐4
1‐2
†. Actual power determined by frequency band and spectrum demands.
DDR
DeltaNode’s Distributed Radio head is a high performing wideband radio head equipped with a linear power
amplifier supporting all modulations. The light weight, convection cooled IP65 chassis secures the performance in
almost any environment.
ETSI standard
Table 14
General Specifications
Noise Figure
Delay excluding optical fiber
Power Supply
Operating Temperature
Casing
Table 15
Mains
< 0,5
85 – 264
‐25 ‐ +55
IP65
dB
Âľs
VAC or VDC
88 – 2200
+‐ 3
1270 ‐ 1610
< ‐40
30
30
10
MHz
dB
mW
nm
dB
dB
dB
mW
Optical Specifications
RF Frequency range
Flatness
Optical output power
DFB Laser output Wavelength
Optical return loss
Optical isolator
Side‐mode suppression ratio
Maximum optical input power
19
Typical
Nominal
min
min
non destructive
System Description
Table 16
Specifications DDR100 (Single Band) & DDR200 (Dual band)
Power Consumption, max
Dimensions
Weight
Table 17
DDR 100 (200)
WxDxH
mm
Kg
Specifications DDR300(Triple Band) & DDR400(Quad Band)
Power Consumption, max
Dimensions
Weight
Table 18
90 (180)
300 x 130 x 700
< 12
DDR 300 (400)
WxDxH
270 (360)
300 x 220 x 700
< 24
mm
Kg
Available Products, European Cellular
System
UL Frequency
MHz
DL Frequency
MHz
TETRA, Public Safety
TETRA, Commercial
TETRA, Commercial
CDMA450
GSM‐R
EGSM900
GSM1800
UMTS
380 ‐ 385
410 ‐ 415
415 ‐ 420
453 ‐ 457,5
876 ‐ 880
880 ‐ 915
1710 ‐ 1785
1920 ‐ 1980
390 ‐ 395
420 ‐ 425
425 ‐ 430
463 ‐ 467,5
921 ‐ 925
925 ‐ 960
1805 ‐ 1880
2110 ‐ 2170
Pout (DL)
dBm/c,
1 Carrier
26
26
26
33
26
26
28
30
Pout (DL)
dBm/c,
2 Carriers
23
23
23
28
23
23
25
25
Standard
ETSI
ETSI
ETSI
FCC
ETSI
ETSI
ETSI
3GPP
FCC standard
DeltaNode's Distributed Radio head is a high performing wideband radio head equipped with a linear power
amplifier supporting all modulations. The light weight, convection cooled IP65 chassis secures the performance in
almost any environment.
Table 19
General Specifications
Noise Figure
Delay excluding optical fiber
Power Supply
Operating Temperature
Casing
Table 20
Typical
Mains
< 0,5
85 – 264
‐25 ‐ +55
IP65
dB
Âľs
VAC or VDC
88 – 2200
+‐ 3
1270 ‐ 1610
< ‐40
30
30
10
MHz
dB
mW
nm
dB
dB
dB
mW
Optical Specifications
RF Frequency range
Flatness
Optical output power
DFB Laser output Wavelength
Optical return loss
Optical isolator
Side‐mode suppression ratio
Maximum optical input power
Nominal
min
min
non destructive
20
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Table 21
Specifications DDR100 (Single Band) & DDR200 (Dual band)
Power Consumption, max
Dimensions
Weight
Table 22
DDR 100 (200)
WxDxH
mm
Kg
Specifications DDR300 (Triple Band) & DDR400 (Quad Band)
Power Consumption, max
Dimensions
Weight
Table 23
90 (180)
300 x 130 x 700
< 12
DDR 300 (400)
WxDxH
270 (360)
300 x 220 x 700
< 24
mm
Kg
Available Products, American Cellular
System
UL Frequency MHz
DL Frequency MHz
LTE LB
698 ‐ 716
728 ‐ 746
LTE UB
746 ‐776*
iDEN
Cellular
PCS1900
AWS
806 ‐ 824
824 ‐ 849
1850 ‐ 1915
1710 ‐ 1755
†
776 – 806
851 ‐ 869
869 ‐ 894
1930 ‐ 1995
2110 ‐ 2155
Pout, DL,
dBm
(Composite)
33
FCC
33
FCC
33
33
33
33
FCC
FCC
FCC
FCC
Standard
†. Sub‐bands available
Table 24
Available Products, American Public Safety
System
UL
Frequency
MHz
DL
Frequency
MHz
Pout, DL,
dBm
(Composite)
Nominal
Bandwidth
MHz
Nominal
Input/ Output
Passband
Impedance
Standard
Gain
Ohms
dB
VHF
150‐174
150‐174
33
24(FCC); 36 (IC)†
70
UHF
450‐512
450‐512
33
70
50
FCC
700
800
793‐805
806‐824
763‐775
851‐869
33
33
62††
12
18
70
70
50
50
FCC
FCC
50
FCC
†. 2MHz with required external duplexers
††.3MHz tor 1.5 MHz with required external duplexers
Class B Industrial Booster — This equipment is a Class B Industrial Booster and is restricted to installation as
an In‐building Distributed Antenna System (DAS).
RF Exposure — The equipment operating in the 800MHz public safety band and the UHF public safety band
complies with the FCC RF radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment
should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 20 centimeters between the radiator and your body.
The equipment operating in the 700MHz public safety band require a separation distance of at least 36.2cm. This
distance must be maintained between the user and antenna when the product is used with a 5.5dBi antenna.
The equipment operating in the VHF public safety band require a separation distance of at least 69.1cm. This
distance must be maintained between the user and antenna when the product is used with a 10.5dBi antenna.
If system will operate on multiple bands, the separation distance required shall be equal to, or greater than, the
band with the largest separation distance.
21
System Description
DDS
DeltaNode's DDS series distributed high power radio head is a high performing wideband radio head equipped with
a Pre Distortion power amplifier that supports all modulations. The light weight, convection cooled IP65 chassis
secures the performance in almost any environment.
FCC Standard
Table 25
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Noise Figure
Delay excluding optical fiber
Instantaneous Band Width
Power Supply
Operating Temperature
Casing
Table 26
Typical
Max
Mains
Nominal
min
min
non destructive
DDS100/200
WxDxH
MHz
dB
mW
nm
dB
dB
dB
mW
90 (180)
300 x 130 x 700
< 12
mm
Kg
SPECIFICATIONS DDS300 (Triple Band) & DDS400(Quad Band)
Power Consumption, max
Dimensions
Weight
Table 29
88 – 2200
+‐ 3
1270 ‐ 1610
< ‐40
30
30
10
SPECIFICATIONS DDS100 (Single Band) & DDS200 (Dual band)
Power Consumption, max
Dimensions
Weight
Table 28
dB
Âľs
MHz
VAC or VDC
OPTICAL SPECIFICATIONS
RF Frequency range
Flatness
Optical output power
DFB Laser output Wavelength
Optical return loss
Optical isolator
Side‐mode suppression ratio
Maximum optical input power
Table 27
< 0,5
15
85 – 264
‐25 ‐ +55
IP65
DDS300/400
WxDxH
270 (360)
300 x 220 x 700
< 24
mm
Kg
AVAILABLE PRODUCTS, AMERICAN CELLULAR
System
UL Frequency MHz
DL Frequency MHz Downlink Power RMS
Standard
LTE LB
698 ‐ 716
728 ‐ 746
41
FCC
LTE UB
†
776 – 806†
41
FCC
851 ‐ 869
869 ‐ 894
1930 ‐ 1995
2110 ‐ 2155
41
41
41
41
FCC
FCC
FCC
FCC
iDEN
Cellular
PCS1900
AWS
746 ‐776
806 ‐ 824
824 ‐ 849
1850 ‐ 1915
1710 ‐ 1755
†. Sub‐bands available
22
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
DDH
DeltaNode's Distributed High power radio head is a high performing wideband radio head equipped with a feed
forward multi carrier power amplifier that supports all modulations. The light weight, convection cooled IP65
chassis secures the performance in almost any environment.
ETSI standard
Table 30
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Noise Figure
Delay excluding optical fiber
Power Supply
Operating Temperature
Casing
Table 31
Typical
Mains
Nominal
min
min
non destructive
Typical
WxDxH
System
TETRA
EGSM900
GSM1800
UMTS
2600
23
MHz
dB
mW
nm
dB
dB
dB
mW
210
300 x 130 x 700
< 14
mm
Kg
SPECIFICATIONS DDH200(Dual Band)
Power Consumption
Dimensions
Weight
Table 34
88 – 2700
+‐ 3
1270 ‐ 1610
< ‐40
30
30
10
SPECIFICATIONS DDH100(Single Band)
Power Consumption
Dimensions
Weight
Table 33
dB
Âľs
VAC or VDC
OPTICAL SPECIFICATIONS
RF Frequency range
Flatness
Optical output power
DFB Laser output Wavelength
Optical return loss
Optical isolator
Side‐mode suppression ratio
Maximum optical input power
Table 32
< 0,5
85 – 264
‐25 ‐ +55
IP65
Typical
WxDxH
420
300 x 220 x 700
< 28
mm
Kg
AVAILABLE PRODUCTS, EUROPEAN CELLULAR
Number of carriers
16
Composite Power per Composite Power per Composite Power per Composite Power per
Power
carrier
Power
carrier
Power
carrier
Power
carrier
32
40
40
43
43
29
34
37
40
40
33
40
40
43
43
27
34
34
37
37
33
40
40
43
24
31
31
34
40
40
43
28
28
31
System Description
FCC standards
Table 35
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Noise Figure
Delay excluding optical fiber
Power Supply
Operating Temperature
Casing
Table 36
Typical
Mains
Nominal
Min
Min
non destructive
Typical
WxDxH
MHz
dB
mW
nm
dB
dB
dB
mW
210
300 x 130 x 700
< 14
mm
Kg
SPECIFICATIONS DDH200(Dual Band)
Power Consumption
Dimensions
Weight
Table 39
88 – 2200
+‐ 3
1270 ‐ 1610
< ‐40
30
30
10
SPECIFICATIONS DDH100(Single Band)
Power Consumption
Dimensions
Weight
Table 38
dB
Âľs
VAC or VDC
OPTICAL SPECIFICATIONS
RF Frequency range
Flatness
Optical output power
DFB Laser output Wavelength
Optical return loss
Optical isolator
Side‐mode suppression ratio
Maximum optical input power
Table 37
< 0,5
85 – 264
‐25 ‐ +55
IP65
Typical
WxDxH
420
300 x 220 x 700
< 28
mm
Kg
AVAILABLE PRODUCTS, AMERICAN CELLULAR
System
UL Frequency MHz
DL Frequency MHz
LTE LB
698 ‐ 716
728 ‐ 746
Pout, DL,
dBm (RMS)
43
LTE UB
†
776 – 806*
43
FCC
851 ‐ 869
869 ‐ 894
1930 ‐ 1995
2110 ‐ 2155
40
43
43
43
FCC
FCC
FCC
FCC
iDEN
Cellular
PCS1900
AWS
746 ‐776
806 ‐ 824
824 ‐ 849
1850 ‐ 1915
1710 ‐ 1755
Standard
FCC
†. Sub‐bands available
Note: All specifications subject to change without notice.
24
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
DMU – Remote head end
DeltaNode DMU100 series is a pickup repeater that can provide the signals over fiber to a Master Unit or directly to
up to 4 Remote Units. When the DMU is used to transmit the signals to a Master Unit, the ordinary BGW is used to
control the system, but in case the Master Unit is not needed and it connects directly to up to 4 Remote Units the
DMU can be equipped with the compact gateway, RGW, to provide for the settings and alarm handling for the entire
system.
Figure 12
DMU – Remote head end
Remote communication can be done either over Ethernet if that exists in the location, or the unit can be equipped
with a modem that allows it to set up a tunnel to a Central Gateway CGW where it can be controlled remotely. The
modem is normally a standard 3G modem but other options may be possible if needed.
It is possible to build the DMU with more than one band. However, depending on the types of bands and the
necessary duplexers it may need to be verified with DeltaNode that your combination of bands are possible if the
RGW is to be included.
The chassis is the same as for the DeltaNode Remote Units (single chassis) and can handle a single band.
25
System Description
In the example in Figure 13, the DMU is used to pick up the signal at a remote location and then it is transmitted on
the fiber to four different locations that need coverage. The RU can be connected to coaxial spreading networks if
needed.
Figure 13
DMU Feeding Remote Units



 
In Figure 14, the DMU is feeding a Master Unit (BMU) which in turn feeds the Remote Units (RU). This is a far more
flexible solution and should be preferred when it is possible.
Figure 14
DMU Feeding BMU

 

The DMU is usually not equipped with a powerful Power Amplifier (PA) in the uplink because the idea of using it is to
place the repeater where there is a good signal. The power level matches that of a mobile phone.
26
Chapter 3
System design
Fiber‐DAS is a way of distributing radio signals from a base station to a remotely located antenna where the coaxial
cable losses would be too high or it is impractical to install coaxial cables. Fiber‐DAS can be used indoors to cover
large buildings where outside penetration of radio signals is not sufficient, it can be used to cover structures such as
tunnels for rail, or roads, airports, metro lines and many other places.
This chapter provides the basics of system design and avoiding common pitfalls. All fiber‐DAS share some common
properties as they are an extension of an existing signal into an area where there is little or no coverage.
The Basics
There is some basic knowledge you should be familiar with when designing a system. In this section we will discuss
the most important elements of design to help you design your system.
A link budget is a way of calculating the required signal levels for the base station and the mobile station and
matching this against your system design, the losses in the cables, the antenna factors and other such parameters go
into a link budget.
When you have done a rough link budget you should use the DAS calculator and calculate the settings of each uplink
and downlink in the system.
Example: You have a system with 3 remote units and they are all dual band 850/1900 for CDMA and GSM. Your
system has 6 uplinks and 6 downlinks where the signal may proceed from antenna to base station or vice versa, in
unit one there is one 850 RF strip and one 1900 RF strip forming two RF chains with uplinks and downlinks.
The DAS calculator may yield a different noise figure from the one you initially assumed when you did your link
budget. This is fine, you may insert the new noise figure in your link budget and observe the result.
When you have done your calculations you already know the settings of the system in principle and you can now
commission it. Using the settings from the DAS calculator as a basis you can connect to the system and set it up one
unit at a time, more about that in Chapter 5 "Commissioning " on page 40.
Link Budgets
The starting point is to create a viable link budget for your system. As link budgets are calculated different for
different systems you may want to take some time and study typical link budget calculations for the type of services
you are using.
You do not need to create link budgets for all of your remotes and all frequency bands. Do it for the worst case only
for each service, that should be enough. This is the normal procedure and it is usually not difficult to find the worst
case scenario. Look for the highest loss between the base station and the antenna, including the fiber loss between
Master Unit and Remote Unit and any split loss after the Remote Unit until you get to the last antenna.
If you are using radiating cables, then calculate with the loss over the maximum length of radiating cable you need
to support and find the Remote Unit that has the highest total loss from the User Equipment (mobile station) to the
Base Station end.
27
System design
Downlink
For the downlink you can usually just use the output power of the remote unit and then calculate your link budget.
Remember that if you have several carriers, you need to calculate your link budget with this in account. For each
new carrier you add, the power per carrier goes down as the power on the Remote Unit is divided onto all the
(active) downlink carriers.
To calculate the “per carrier” output power, Table 40 contains a list of modifiers that are applied to the output
power of the remote unit.
Table 40
Per carrier loss
-3.0
-4.8
-6.0
-7.0
-7.8
-8.5
-9.0
-9.5
10
-10.0
As you can see there is a correlation that whenever the number of carriers double the per carrier power is lowered
with another 3 dB. Thus the formula for any number of carriers will be:
P Carrier = P Composite – 10  log 10  N Carriers 
The output power for each type of remote unit and frequency band can be found in the data sheets in "Remote
Unit (RU)" on page 18 where the relevant parameters for each remote system are discussed.
Remember to use the per carrier power in your link budget and not the composite because if as you keep adding
carriers to the system the power per carrier will be lower. If you are planning on adding additional carriers in the
future you should plan your system for the maximum foreseeable number of carriers.
Following is an example of a link budget. This link budget is also included in the DAS Calculator package. If you do
not have this package contact DeltaNode Solutions to receive a copy.
Uplink
Uplink calculations generally rely on having the noise figure at hand before so that the desensitization of the base
station can be calculated. However since the noise figure is dependent on the link budget, we should be able to
calculate a crude link budget at first, get our gain straight and then when we are done we should be able to calculate
the proper noise load using the DAS Calculator Tool (will be handled in Chapter 6 "RF Commissioning " on
page 41). Therefore we will assume a standard noise figure for now, properly adjusted the DeltaNode Fiber‐DAS
solution has a NF of less than 3 dB per uplink.
A reasonable assumption for the NF is around 3 dB, if we should get a better or worse NF later when the DAS
Calculator is employed we will just go back and correct the link budgets for this.
System Uplink Net Gain
The net gain is the total gain in the uplink from the Remote Unit port to the input port on the base station. This chain
looks something like this:
Figure 15
Uplink Net Gain
Antenna
Remote Unit
Fiber
RU
‐80 dBm
FOI Card
POI unit
BIU
Base Station
FOI
POI
BIU
BTS
50 dB
‐40 dB
20 dB
‐35 dB
7 dB
‐2 dB
‐30 dBm
‐70 dBm
‐50 dBm
‐85 dBm
‐78 dBm
‐80 dBm
28
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
In the illustration in Figure 15 on page 28 there is an input signal to the remote of ‐80 dBm. Then each step of the
chain has gain or attenuation as shown, the fiber loss is in total 40 dB, the FOI is set to 20 dB gain, the loss through
the POI is 35 dB, the BIU is set to 7 dB gain and the loss on the jumper between the Master Unit and the Radio Base
Station is 2 dB.
This means that the signal level entered into the Remote Unit is seen by the base station. This is considered an
optimal point setting for the uplink when it comes to signal level. If the net gain in the uplink is positive, we also put
noise on to the base station and will desensitize its receiver. This may not be a problem, if the Base Station is
dedicated to only the Fiber‐DAS system then a positive net gain is not a problem because any desensitization caused
by increased gain is compensated by an equal increase in the useful signals level. Thus maintaining the same C/I.
However if the Base Station is also covering an outdoor area or has other antennas connected to the same sector
then a positive net gain will cause a desensitization of the receiver for the other antenna and this is generally
speaking a bad thing.
The system also has a thermal noise load that it will put on the base station, just like an antenna. The noise figure of
the system can be determined by using the Fiber‐DAS calculator excel sheet. The total noise is also an accumulation
of the noise posed by each chain and the net gain of the system.
If we have a system with 4 equally set up chains, and each chain has a noise load of 3 dB and the net gain is 0 dB
then the noise load on the system will be around 9 dB.
If we decrease the net gain in the uplink we can lower this noise as the system NF can be construed as the NF + Net
gain uplink times the number of equal chains. Since the chains are not in fact equal, they will have different NF and
different gain slightly it may be a good idea to calculate the total noise load:
Table 41
Total Noise Load, Unadjusted
Chain
NF
Gain
N. Load
Comment
3.2
2.3
2.8
4.0
Total
-1.2
+2.3
+4.0
-2.8
2.0
4.6
6.8
1.2
10.2
This is very high
By lowering the net gain to ‐5 dB on all chains we get the following:
Table 42
Total Noise Load, Adjusted
Chain
NF
3.2
2.3
2.8
4.0
Total
Gain
N. Load
Comment
-5
-5
-5
-5
-1.8
-2.7
-2.2
-1
4.1
Similar to a BTS own NF
This is similar to the BTS own noise figure which generally is 2‐4 dB depending on the system. This kind of
desensitization then becomes a trade off between coverage area in the uplink and the noise load on the base
station.
29
System design
Adding noise from each parallel chain is then done through the formula:
NF1 + G1
NL Total
NF2 + G2
NF n + G n
----------------------- 
------------------------ ------------------------10
= 10  log 10  10 10
+ 10 10
+  + 10



Where:
Note: This is different from Friis
formula where the noise sources are
cascaded, here each noise contribution
are just added in linear and then
converted back to decibels.
NF is the noise figure for each chain
NL is the total noise load
G is the gain of the chain in total
When the sensitivity has been calculated it is time to make a proper link budget and find out if the system will cover
the expected areas.
Here are some examples on link budget calculations where you can insert the noise figure of the system. These
calculations are also included on the DAS calculator tool and link budgets for other systems should also be included.
CDMA can be calculated similarly to WCDMA if the gross data rates etc are corrected.
30
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Table 43
Example of GSM link budget
Linkbudget GSM with Fiber DAS
DOWNLINK
Output power DAS remote unit
30.0
dBm
Number of carriers
2.0
pcs
Power per carrier
27.0
dBm
Split loss from RU port to last antenna
6.0
dB
Cable losses
4.0
dB
DAS antenna gain
3.0
dB
EIRP
20.0
dBm
MS Noise floor
‐121.0
dB
dB
This gives the per carrier power
MS NF
3.0
MS C/I
12.0
dB
MS Fading margin
6.0
dB
10 dB for vehicle movements
Penetration loss
0.0
dB
Used for in vehicle (10 dB for car)
Antenna gain MS
1.0
dB
Body loss MS
5.0
dB
Required signal level
‐96.0
dBm
Allowed path loss from antenna to MS
116.0
dB
Radiating cable coupling loss C95
70.0
dB
Only when using radiating cable
Loss per 100 m
4.0
dB
Only when using radiating cable
Maximum length of radiating cable
1149.5
Design target
UPLINK
31
Spectral noise floor of BTS
‐121.0
dBm
Noise figure BTS
3.0
dB
C/I for BTS
9.0
dB
BTS original noise floor
‐118.0
dBm
BTS original sensitivity
‐109.0
dBm
Fading margin
6.0
dB
Fiber DAS thermal noise floor
‐121.0
dBm
Noise figure DAS link
3.0
dB
Number of equal links
3.0
pcs
System net gain
0.0
dB
DAS Noise result
‐118.0
dBm
Noise load on BTS with DAS
‐115.0
dBm
Desensitization on BTS
3.0
dB
New BTS Sensitivity
‐106.0
dBm
Loss from BTS to remote antenna
7.0
dB
dB
Sensitivity at remote antenna
‐99.0
Fading margin
6.0
db
Penetration loss
0.0
dB
Antenna gain MS
1.0
Body loss MS
5.0
Required signal level
‐89.0
MS Output power
30.0
dBm
Allowed path loss from MS to antenna
119.0
dB
If your noise load is high you should lower this
For 900 use 33 dBm for 18/1900 bands use 30
Balance downlink‐uplink
‐3.0
dB
This should preferably be +/‐ 5 dB
Radiating cable coupling loss C95
70.0
dB
Only when using radiating cable
Loss per 100 m
4.0
dB
Only when using radiating cable
Maximum length of radiating cable
1224.5
System design
Table 44
Example WCDMA link budget
WCDMA LINK BUDGET
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY AND NOISE
Noise floor
‐108.2
dBm
Receiver NF
6.0
dB
RX noise power
‐102.2
dBm
Interference margin
3.0
dB
RX interference power
‐102.2
Noise plus interference power ‐99.2
dBm
dBm
Requested bit rate
64.0
kbit
Gross bit rate
3840.0
kbit
Process gain
17.8
dB
Required Eb/No
5.0
dB
Fast fading margin
4.0
dB
Receiver sensitivity
‐107.9
Video call = 64. voice = 12.2
dBm
DOWNLINK CALCULATION
Output power DAS remote unit 30.0
dBm
Number of carriers
1.0
pcs
Power per carrier
30.0
dBm
Split loss from RU port to last
antenna
6.0
dB
Cable losses
4.0
dB
DAS antenna gain
3.0
dB
EIRP
23.0
dBm
MS Antenna gain
5.0
MS Body loss
3.0
MS Minimum level
‐109.9
dBm
Allowed path loss
137.9
dB
This gives the per carrier
power
UPLINK CALCULATION
Output power of MS
21
dBm
Antenna gain MS
5.0
dB
Body loss MS
3.0
dB
EIRP MS
23.0
dBm
Uplink net gain
‐10
dB
Sensitivity at RU port
‐117.9
dBm
Split loss from antenna to RU
6.0
dB
Cable losses from antenna to
RU
4.0
dB
DAS antenna gain
3.0
dB
Antenna sensitivity
‐110.9
dBm
Allowed path loss uplink
133.9
dB
Balance downlink‐uplink
4.0
Maximum power
32
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Multiple bands
The flexibility of the system allows for up to 4 bands in one remote for the low and medium power remote units. The
high‐power version allows 2 bands in the same chassis, mainly because the power amplifiers are more bulky.
This means that it is very easy to deploy a system for different bands. The fiber link is ultra wide band and can be
used between 88 MHz up to 2 700 MHz thus covering from the VHF end of the spectrum up to the latest LTE bands.
Each band needs to have their separate BIU in the Master Unit. The uplink and downlink signals can then be
combined in the POI or may be separate all the way into the FOI. The FOI has two inputs and outputs and can thus
be connected to two bands directly.
Figure 16
Dual Band System Connection Diagram
POI
1800 MHz
BIU
900 MHz
BIU
FOI
FOI
FOI
FOI
FOI
FOI
FOI
FOI
RU
RU
RU
RU
RU
RU
RU
RU
Figure 16 shows two BIU cards interfacing with two Radio Base Stations. In this case they could be a 900 GSM
station and one 1800 GSM station as an example. It could in fact be any combination of service and frequency band
such as LTE‐900 or WCDMA 850.
33
System design
Each BIU has a combined UL/DL port towards the base station and on the other side there are separate UL/DL ports.
The BIU has an uplink amplifier and a downlink attenuator that can be set. The signals are then connected to the
POI’s 4 coupling fields to it’s common ports. The signal is then split onto 8 ports in the downlink and combined from
8 ports in the uplink. From the POI there are then patches to each FOI card in the frame (8 in this illustration per
uplink and downlink) and the 900 and 1800 signal are kept separate until the FOI.
It is not necessary to keep them separated; they could be combined for a common uplink and downlink. However,
doing so means that you have fewer options in adjusting the signal levels with the gain block and attenuators, in
each RF chain.
Multiple operators
The same way as multiple bands and services can be connected to the Master Unit it is also possible to connect
several operators. In fact this is one of the key strengths of a Fiber‐DAS system because it is access technology
agnostic. This means that it is possible within the same band to mix different access technologies – if care is taken to
avoid problems when mixing GSM and CDMA in the same system because of the very slow and unsophisticated
power regulation in the GSM uplink.
When designing such a system, care should be taken to place the antennas to avoid any users getting too close and
causing the Remote Unit to go into limit mode.
Base station interface
It is recommended that each operator operates their own BIU because otherwise the settings of the BIU may affect
more than one system or service. This way depending on the settings of the individual Base Station the BIU can be
adapted properly to get the most out of the system.
Remote Unit
Multiple operators can share one remote unit. Doing so means that consideration should be given to the number of
carriers from each operator, so that they can fulfill their respective link budgets. If the operators have a large
number of carriers, such as for some GSM operators who easily have 6, 8 even 12 carriers it would be better to split
them up on separate amplifiers in the Remote Unit or even separate units altogether.
FOI
The FOI can be shared among the operators. It is recommended to see to that the downlink signal levels are similar
so that they share the available bandwidth of the laser properly. Similarly in the uplink
POI
When combining multiple operators it is often useful to combine all the operators’ uplinks and split all the
downlinks on a per‐band basis. This means that if you have more than one FOI in the system you should likely need
to use another one plus a hybrid combiner/splitter.
Here is a schematic on how this can be achieved:
34
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Full system example
Here is an example of a full system showing the Master Unit and the fibers that goes off to the Remote Units (not
shown in this example) with multiple operators and a large number of frequency bands.
Full System Connection Diagram

* (+ %,-+
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Block 1: Here are all the Base Station Interface Units (BIU) cards for all the frequency bands and the operators. In this
example two operators may share one BIU. The first unit 1:1 is for FM radio which is only Downlink as it is broadcast.
The second unit 1:2 is for a safety blue light service using the TETRA system on 400 MHz. Then there are two BIU’s
1:3 and 1:4 for GSM 900, similar for GSM 1800 and for UMTS 2100 and LTE 2600.
Block 2: This is the Point of Interconnect (POI) where all the signals from the operators are combined on the four
coupling fields of the first POI (2:1). There are two UL fields and two DL fields. The common ports are then fed into a
hybrid combiner (2:3, 2:4) and on to the second POI (2:2) where the signals are split up to connect to all the Fiber‐
optic Interfaces.
Block 3: These are the fiber‐optic interfaces (FOI) and in this example up to 16 FOI cards may be connected for a total
of 16 Remote Units if there are one Remote Unit per fiber. It is possible to use up to four Remote Units on a single
fiber.
Block 4‐6: These are supporting units such as power supplies, the BGW which is the alarm and control computer in
the system and the Ethernet Switch that connects the communication between all units in the Master Unit and also
handles the communications with the Remote Units.
35
System design
Figure 18
Full System Rack View



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36
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
The Block numbers and the numbers in the circles refer to the numbers on the previous connection drawing. The
first frame (BLOCK 1) holds all the BIU interfaces. For clarity the interconnecting cables are not shown here. The
second shelf (BLOCK 2) is the 2 POI units and the hybrid combiner (2:3 and 2:4) is hidden inside the cabinet.
The third frame (BLOCK 3) holds the FOI cards, up to 16 cards can be held in one such frame. Then there is the BGW
computer (BLOCK 4) tying all the communication together and providing the web interface for setting up and
controlling the system. The BGW also has an optional “northbound” fire‐walled connection that can be connected to
your own network for remote supervision, alarm and control. It can even be tunneled over the Internet providing
there is a CGW unit where the tunnel terminates.
Beneath the BGW is a frame containing are two PSU’s (BLOCK 5). They can be upgraded to four units to provide
redundancy for this example, two different PSU’s can feed the same frame.
The Ethernet Switch (BLOCK 6) is located at the bottom, this is where you connect a laptop to setup and commission
the system.
37
Chapter 4
Installation guidelines
WARNING
This is NOT a consumer device.
It is design for installation by FCC LICENSEES and QUALIFIED INSTALLERS. You MUST have an FCC LICENSE or
express consent of an FCC licensee to operate this device. You MUST register Class B signal boosters (as defined in
47 CFR 90.219) online at www.fcc.gov/signal‐boosters/registration. Unauthorized use may result in
significant forfeiture penalties, including penalties in excess of $100,000 for each continuing violation.
For CMRS 817‐824MHz Applications:
WARNING
This is NOT a consumer device.
It is design for installation by FCC LICENSEES and QUALIFIED INSTALLERS. You MUST have an FCC LICENSE or
express consent of an FCC licensee to operate this device. Unauthorized use may result in significant forfeiture
penalties, including penalties in excess of $100,000 for each continuing violation.
This device complies with part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This
device may not cause harmful interference and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including
interference that may cause undesired operation.
Health and Safety
DeltaNode DAS system is an advanced system and should be handled by skilled staff. DeltaNode are happy to offer
training of installation service providers in the case this is necessary.
Read all available documentation and warnings before handling the equipment. Equipment failures due to improper
handling are normally not covered by the product warranty.
Respect all warning signs on the equipment and in the documentation. Make sure to only operate the equipment on
frequencies allowed to use. Do not modify the equipment.
WARNING
Avoid looking into connected fibers and receptacles.
The laser used in this system is a Class 3b laser that produces invisible infra‐red coherent light. Not safe to view
with optical instruments. Always put the protection caps on unused fibers and receptacles.
The equipment contains a Class 3B laser and the equipment is Class 1. Do never look into the Laser beam directly or
indirectly, it is strong invisible light and may cause serious damage to human eyes.
Always use protective caps on fiber and connector ends when fiber is removed from socket. Always clean socket and
connector after a fiber has been removed before it is reconnected.
Make sure to keep passwords and other operational information away from unauthorized personnel.
Installing the Master Unit and Remotes
All equipment must be properly grounded. This means that the ground peg in the mains connector for both head‐
end gear (Master Unit) and remote gear (Remote Units) must be connected to Phase, Neutral and Ground in a
proper way before the plug is inserted in the unit.
The chassis of the remote and the rack of the master unit should be grounded to a potential bar or safety grounding
bar when operated. All electrical installations should be done by a certified electrician only.
38
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Safety and Care for fibers
WARNING
Avoid looking into connected fibers and receptacles.
The laser used in this system is a Class 3b laser that produces invisible infra‐red coherent light. Not safe to view
with optical instruments. Always put the protection caps on unused fibers and receptacles.
Every time a fiber is disconnected and re‐connected care should be taken to avoid getting dust on the connector or
in the receptacle. Clean with a dry fiber cleaning tool before reconnecting the fiber at all times. A single speck of
dust can severely impact the transmission. Do not touch the fiber ends with your fingers. That will leave grease on
the connectors and may cause severe problems.
39
Chapter 5
Commissioning
Preparations
The minimum of preparations necessary are to have the system documentation which should include the following
items at least:









The system layout and block schematic
A connection diagram for the head‐end Master Unit
The type of connectors and tappers used to interface to the base station ports
The number of carriers for each of the BIU that the base stations connects via
Maximum output power for each service from the base stations
Fiber losses should be documented beforehand so that you can compare what the system actually
measures
Sectorization information, which sectors should go to which remotes
DAS calculator sheets showing the expected settings for each of the RF chains in uplink and downlink.
Information about Ethernet connection if the system should be monitored by remote. How to connect it to
the Internet for remote viewing unless you are using a modem.
Necessary tools
The tools necessary to commission the system includes:




One laptop for changing the system settings, checking any alarms and status. Only software needed is a
web browser. Operating system can be Windows, Linux or Mac as you prefer.
Spectrum analyzer to measure the uplink. The system relies on test tone measurements in the uplink and
therefore it is important to have equipment to measure them
SMA tool to be able to connect or disconnect BTS cables from the BIU.
QMA adapter so you can measure signals directly on the head‐end units such as the FOI, BIU, POI and so
on.
Software
No particular software is necessary except a modern graphical based web browser.
40
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Chapter 6
RF Commissioning
In order to make the process more clear for this part of the manual we will consider setting up a fictitious system,
but based on a standard approach at doing Fiber‐DAS. The system that we are considering will have two frequency
bands, let’s assume GSM 900 MHz and UMTS 2100 MHz. The example will have 2 sectors with two remotes in each
sector. Of course your system may look different, be more or less complex but in order to make it clear how the
system is set up this should provide you with a starting point.
Setting up the uplink
Setting up the uplink means to adjust the system for an optimal working point from the antenna port of the Remote
Unit to the actual input on the Radio Base Station. This can be done in different ways depending on how the system
is designed. We will here discuss a standard set‐up starting with a small block schematic showing how the system is
connected.
Figure 19
System Interconnect Diagram
 
  
 
  

 
  



 

  
 






The main parameter that we will be discussing is the ”net gain” of the system. This means the total change in signal
from the Remote Unit antenna port to the receiver port on the base station. There are different ways of setting this
system up but we will look at a 0 dB net gain system which is a good starting point for most systems.
The system gain can be calculated as the gain in the Remote Unit – Loss on fiber + FOI gain – POI loss + BIU gain –
coupler loss. Basically this takes form of a link budget and here is an example:
Table 45
Example Link Budget
Unit/Component
Remote Unit (RU)
Fiber‐Optic Cable
FOI
POI
BIU
Coupler
Gain/Loss (dB)
Accumulated Gain/Loss (dB)
40
40
-10
30
20
50
-35
15
15
-15
Basically this means that whatever is input at the antenna will also be seen at the same level for the Radio Base
Station receiver. This is not a bad starting point but does not take into account the noise load on the base station
which will increase somewhat with this setup
41
RF Commissioning
Noise load on Radio Base Station
The system will inevitable add some noise to the receiver. Properly set up the noise figure in a system like this will be
better than 3 dB. However, if the gain is set up poorly (not enough gain in the remote, too much gain in the head‐
end) it is possible to create a very bad noise figure. In order to avoid this the Fiber‐DAS Calculator should be used to
calculate the noise figure of the system in the uplink.
If you have not familiarized yourself with the Fiber‐DAS Calculator then I suggest you do so before moving on in this
manual. The figures in the Fiber‐DAS calculator relates to the settings of all steps in the chain. By using the calculator
you can figure out the proper settings once you know the fiber loss between the Remote Unit and the Master Unit.
Let us assume your have arrived at a Noise Figure NF of 3 dB for this chain. However your system may contain more
remotes, perhaps connected like this:
Figure 20
Multiple RU Connection Diagram
 
  
  
 
  
 








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Now the noise load can be calculated by adding the noise contribution from each step of the chain. Below is an
example of noise figures from each of the remotes:
Table 46
Noise Load
Chain
NF
Gain
Noise Load
RU 1
RU 2
RU 3
RU 4
Sum of Noise Load
2.8
0.0
2.8
3.2
1.0
4.2
3.8
-2.0
1.8
2.6
-1.0
Base Station
Fiber‐DAS Noise Load
Total Noise into BTS
Desensitization
4.0
1.6
8.7
8.0
9.5
-5.5
There is a sheet in the Fiber‐DAS calculator that lets you add your figures and that will calculate it for you.
42
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
What we see here is that if we set the system up in this fashion we will desensitize the base station with about 5,5
dB. This can be okay if the base station coverage is only through the Fiber‐DAS system but if the base station is also
being used for outdoor coverage it is not good. We need to change the net gain to reflect this. In general we should
lower our so that we desensitize the BTS only about 3 dB. This value is a good compromise and similar to adding a
second antenna to the same receiver port (which is kind of what we are doing with the Fiber‐DAS).
Here are the new values:
Table 47
Adjusted Noise Load
Chain
NF
Gain
Noise Load
RU 1
RU 2
RU 3
RU 4
Sum of Noise Load
2.8
-5.5
-2.2
3.2
-5.5
-1.8
3.8
-5.5
-1.2
2.6
-5.5
-2.4
Base Station
Fiber‐DAS Noise Load
Total Noise into BTS
Desensitization
4.0
4.1
4.1
7.1
-3.1
As you can see we should set the system up with a net gain of about ‐5 dB. Going back to the settings we had before
which was:
Table 48
Example Link Budget
Unit/Component
Remote Unit (RU)
Fiber‐Optic Cable
FOI
POI
BIU
Coupler
Gain/Loss (dB)
Accumulated Gain/Loss (dB)
40
40
-10
30
20
50
-35
15
15
-15
We only need to change the BIU setting using the attenuators in the BIU to lower the gain with 5 dB. This will
accomplish what we need to do and the uplink should then be commissioned.
43
RF Commissioning
Practical approach
Now that we know what we should have we can easily set the system up. You need a spectrum analyzer to do this
and it is easiest to connect it into the BIU port. Remember that when you measure here, the signal should also go
through the BTS coupler before it reaches the base station receiver port. Therefore you should expect to read a
value that is
Your expected gain + the loss in your coupler
If you want a net gain of ‐5 dB and you have a 15 dB coupler, you should read a net gain of +10 on the BIU port. This
is now what we are going to use in the following example.
 
  
  
 
  
 








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Turn on the RF
Connect to the BIU and turn on the RF. Set the attenuator in the medium range for the uplink that you are
measuring. This allows you later to adjust it up and down as necessary to get the correct gain for the uplink chain.
Setting them to 10 dB is a good idea. DL supervision can be left as is for now and also DL attenuation which we will
set up later.
Connect to the FOI card and select Opto and RF – RF Config and set it up according to your Fiber‐DAS calculator
settings. Do not forget to turn RF on.
44
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
Next step is to connect to the remote unit and set it up for test measurement in the uplink.
In this screen you should also turn RF on, set the gain to about 35 dB as a starting point and then turn on the uplink
test tone. Note the frequency of the test tone, this is the frequency you should be measuring on your spectrum
analyzer.
45
RF Commissioning
Turn on the spectrum analyzer, make sure it is connected to the right port on the right BIU and then find the
frequency. A reasonable span is 1 MHz and the receiver band width can be set to 30 kHz or similar. Use the marker to
measure the peak of the signal. Then go to the next screen on the remote unit, the RF Status screen.
What we are looking for here is the Test tone Level. Note this down as well, next to the frequency of the test tone
you noted earlier.
CAUTION
Turn Off Test Tone
Do not forget to turn off the test tone when you are done with your uplink. Better check one extra time. They will
otherwise interfere with the normal operation of the system by causing noise to the base station.
Then check your spectrum analyzer. Assuming your test tone level is ‐62,6 dBm as in this example your spectrum
analyzer may show ‐58,2 dBm. Calculating the net gain between the RU and the BIU will then yield ‐58,2 ‐ ‐62,5 = 4,3
dB. Subtract the coupler between the BIU and the radio base station which in this example was 15 dB and we get ‐
19,3 dB as our net gain.
We wanted ‐10 dB so we have 9,3 dB too low gain. We should then increase the gain and the best place to do this
would be in the remote unit by setting the gain at 35 + 9,3 = 44,3 which we will round to 44 dB.
That uplink is now finished and we will repeat the settings for all of our uplink, one at a time.
46
Chapter 7
Model Identification
System Model Numbers
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Examples:
DDR4-GC0-PA1-AD — 4 band, 33dBm power output per band, Full band 700 combined with Cell 850 non
duplexed, PCS combined with AWS duplexed, AC powered, 7/16 DIN, 1310nm uplink
DDR4-GC0-PA1-AD-B12-C34-WUBCS — 4 band, 33dBm power output per band, Full band 700 combined
with Cell 850 non duplexed, PCS combined with AWS duplexed, AC powered, 7/16 DIN, Bands 1 and 2 (700 and 850)
1290nm uplink, Bands 2 and 3 (PCS & AWS) 1310nm uplink, CWDM, fiber split (3dB) for daisy chained remotes
47
Model Identification
Remote End Unit Part Numbers
Note: The remote end units are completely integrated at the factory, there is no field assembly other
than mounting and cable connection. Modules should not be altered once deployed.
Public Safety DDR Module Numbers
Part Number
MOD‐DDR‐V
MOD‐DDR‐U
MOD‐DDR‐Q
MOD‐DDR‐F
MOD‐DDR‐S
Frequency Band
VHF ‐ 136‐174MHz
UHF ‐ 450‐470MHz
T‐Band ‐ 470‐512MHz
700Mhz PS
800MHz PS
IC Certification Number
110141A‐DDR1V
110141A‐DDR1U
110141A‐DDR1Q
110141A‐DDR1F
110141A‐DDR1S
Cellular DDR Module Numbers
Part Number
MOD‐DDR‐G
MOD‐DDR‐C
MOD‐DDR‐P
MOD‐DDR‐A
MOD‐DDR‐E
Frequency Band
700 cell full band
850 cell band
1900 PCS
2100AWS
2600
IC Certification Number
110141A‐DDR700FB
110141A‐DDR850
110141A‐DDR1900
110141A‐DDR2100
110141A‐DDR2600
48
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS)
49

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