Flir BelgiumBA DP4KW Light Marine Navigational Radar User Manual E Series Networked Display Ref Manual Part 5

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Document Title	E-Series Networked Display Ref Manual Part 5
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154
ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
Showing or hiding the range rings
To turn the range rings on/off:
RANGE RINGS
OFF
ON
Toggle as required
D6897-2
PRESENTATION
Changing the bearing mode for EBLs
The default bearing mode for EBLs is relative to your vessel’s heading. If heading data
is available, you can set the bearing mode to be relative (REL), magnetic/true (M/T).
When M/T is selected, the EBL bearings will be expressed as either true or magnetic
dependant on the equipment connected. The current EBL bearing is expressed on both
the radar screen EBL label and on the ADJUST EBL soft key.
To change the EBL reference:
EBL REFERENCE
M/T
REL
Toggle as required
Getting the best picture
You can improve the quality of the radar picture by using:
• The gain controls  sea, gain, tune, FTC and rain.
• The target display controls  interference rejection, expansion, wakes.
Using the GAIN functions
The gain function reduces the effects of false echoes and clutter.
For the best results Raymarine recommends that you retain the AUTO default setting.
You can however adjust these settings manually if required.
Manually adjusting the gain modes
The sea, gain and tune controls can all be adjusted manually if necessary:
SEA
SEA
HBR
GAIN
MAN
GAIN
AUTO MAN
GAIN
MAN
TUNE
AUTO
TUNE
MAN
Press to highlight
Toggle to manual (MAN)
50
Adjust
level as
required
D8406_1
7.7
D6898-2
PRESENTATION
Note: The new values remain set even when you switch off the display and are applied
to both the active window and any other radar windows.
Chapter 7: Using the Radar
155
Sea
Radar echoes from waves around your boat can clutter the centre of the radar picture,
making it difficult to detect real targets (see page 146).
Adjusting the sea mode will reduce this clutter for up to 5 nautical miles (depending on
wave and sea conditions) from your boat. This has the effect of reducing the sea echoes
to intermittent small dots whilst small targets remain visible and persistent. Gain
levels further from your boat remain unchanged. There are three sea gain modes:
• HBR (Automatic Harbor mode)  this takes account of the effects of land clutter so
that small target are not lost. It should be used when you are in harbor or in close
proximity to land.
• OSH (Automatic Offshore mode)  the system continually calculates the required
level of sea clutter control.
• MAN (Manual mode)  this enables you to select the sea clutter level and then
adjust the settings to ensure that all close small targets are visible. On short range
scales, do not set the SEA control so high that all clutter is removed, since this could
stop you seeing echoes from close targets. The acuteness of the sea clutter curve is
set up in the Radar Setup menu (see page 173). Manual sea clutter mode should be
used in conjunction with the GAIN function (described below).
Gain
The gain function makes the radar picture clearer by changing the sensitivity of radar
reception.
• For long ranges  select a sensitivity level that gives a slight speckle in the back
ground. Be careful not to set the gain too low, or you may miss weak or small tar
gets.
• For shorter ranges  reduce the gain slightly to reduce the speckle and therefore
improve target definition.
Note: If you set the GAIN to MAN (manual), you should check it every time you change
the range scale.
Tune
The tune function is used to fine tune the receiver in the scanner for maximum target
returns on the display.
Auto mode
In AUTO mode, the radar tunes itself automatically on all range scales. This is the
default and it is recommended that you leave the TUNE function in
AUTO mode, to ensure that the radar receiver is always tuned to
receive the maximum signal.
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ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
Manual (MAN) mode
If you do set the TUNE function to MANUAL, you will need to adjust it about 10 minutes
after you have turned on the radar, since the required setting will change after the
magnetron has warmed up. You should adjust the control to obtain the maximum
signal strength (indicated by the eight step horizontal bar.). If you cannot tune the
radar successfully, refer to the Installation Guide.
FTC
You can use the Fast Time Constant (FTC) function to remove areas of clutter at a
distance from your boat or to distinguish between two very close echoes on the same
bearing, which may otherwise merge and appear as one echo
When the FTC function is turned up, only the leading edge of large (rain clutter) echoes
is shown, while the effect on smaller (ship) echoes is only slight. As the receiver is less
sensitive, and background noise and fillin returns from land and other large targets
reduced, you should turn the FTC function down when its use is not required. Since
storm cells are usually visible for long distances due to their extreme altitude, you may
wish to leave them displayed so that you can observe the location of bad weather.
Note: Use FTC in conjunction with the RAIN function to obtain the best picture.
Rain
Your radar detects echoes from rain or snow. The strength of these echoes is dependent
upon the altitude, range, density and size of the snow flakes or rain droplets and will
appear on screen (see page 147) as countless small echoes continuously changing
size, intensity and position.
Turning the RAIN clutter function on suppresses the bulk effect of rain returns from
around your boat, so that detection of actual targets is made easier.
Using the enhance echoes functions
You can improve visibility with the enhance echoes function.
Interference Rejection
ON
The interference rejection function, which is normally left switched on, automatically
reduces any mutual radar interference when two radar equipped vessels are operating
within range of each other (see page 147).
To change the interference rejection setting:
Chapter 7: Using the Radar
157
Setup
Radar Setup Menu
Interference Reject
NORMAL
Target Expansion
LOW
Wakes Period
1 min
Radar Setup...
GPS Status...
Compass Setup...
Highlight Radar
Setup
OK
Select Interference Reject
Select Radar Setup
D8414_1
MENU
Select NORMAL or HIGH
Note: This menu can also be selected by pressing and holding INT. REJECT.
If you wish to detect the presence of other
radars in the vicinity:
ENHANCE
ECHOES...
INT REJECT
ON
OFF
D8416_1
OFF
Expansion
The expansion function allows you to either override the pulse length or to give larger
returns so targets are easier to see:
Overriding the pulse length
To override the pulse length:
1. Select the Radar Setup Menu:
Press and hold
Select Target Expansion
D8417_1
Radar Setup Menu
Interference Reject
NORMAL
EXPANSION
ENHANCE
Target Expansion
HIGH
ON
OFF
ECHOES...
Wakes Period
1 min
Enter Target Expansion option
OK
D8419_1
Select HIGH
2. Set the magnification level for target expansion
to HIGH:
Larger returns
To alter the processing to give larger returns:
1. Select the Radar Setup Menu:
EXPANSION
ON
OFF
Press and hold
D8417_1
ENHANCE
ECHOES...
2. Set the magnification level for target expansion to LOW:
Select Target Expansion
Enter Target Expansion option
Select HIGH
Note: Selecting this option may compromise target resolution.
OK
D8420_1
Radar Setup Menu
Interference Reject
NORMAL
Target Expansion
LOW
Wakes Period
1 min
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ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
Wakes
When the wakes function is switched on, you can see the direction and speed of
moving targets relative to your boat. A target is displayed in yellow and as the signal
diminishes with time it is shown in paler shades of blue.
Note: The wakes option is a local setting and will therefore only affect the individual
display on which you are working.
Displaying wakes
To switch on the wakes function:
D8421_1
WAKES
ON
ENHANCE
ECHOES...
Toggle to ON
Specifying the wake period
You can select via the Radar Setup Menu, whether these wakes are shown for periods
of 10 seconds, 30, seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes or 10 minutes.
To specify the wake period:
Setup
Radar Setup Menu
Interference Reject
NORMAL
Target Expansion
LOW
Wakes Period
1 min
Radar Setup...
MENU
GPS Status...
Compass Setup...
OK
System Setup...
Highlight Wakes Period
Highlight Radar
Setup
Select wakes period
D8422_1
Select Wakes Period
Select Radar Setup
Note: You can also enter the Radar Setup Menu by pressing and holding the WAKES
soft key.
Removing wakes
ENHANCE
ECHOES...
CLEAR WAKES
D8423_1
When the currently displayed wakes are no longer required they can be remove from
your screen:
Chapter 7: Using the Radar
Changing the displayed range
You can zoom in or out to view your radar picture at varying scales. The scale is
measured from the centre to the top of the window and is displayed in the lefthand
corner of the status bar.
The scale you will need is dependent upon where you are navigating and the level of
detail that you wish to see:
•
 provide greater detail of radar echoes close to the vessel,
and are most suited for use as you approach coastlines, habors or other vessels in
the area. The shortest range scale available is 1/8 nautical miles (or the equivalent
in the chosen unit).
• Long range scales  provide the best overview of the vessel’s relationship to
landmasses, weather fronts and large ship targets in or beyond the field of vision.
The longest range scale available is between 24 and 72 nautical miles (or the equiv
alent in the chosen unit) depending upon the scanner fitted.
The range of the radar is adjusted by pressing the RANGE button.
Short range scales
OUT
RANGE
IN
D6585-2
Press IN to decrease the range scale or ‘zoom in’.
Press OUT to increase the range scale or ‘zooms out.
Each press of the button changes the range by one setting. Pressing and holding the
button will change the range quickly in the required direction.
Radar range and chart scale synchronization
The chart application includes an option to synchronize the radar range and chart
scale.
When synchronization is switched on:
• The radar range in all radar windows, changes to match the chart scale.
• ‘Sync’ is indicated in the top lefthand corner of the chart window.
• If you change the radar range, in any radar window, all synchronized chart views
change scale to match.
• If you change the scale of a synchronized chart window, all radar windows change
range to match.
With a chart window active, set the radar range synchronization:
PRESENTATION…
CHART MODE AND
ORIENTATION…
CHART SYNC
RDR
D7578-3
7.8
159
Note: Radar range synchronization is not available when the chart motion mode is set
to Autorange.
160
Measuring distances, ranges and bearings
When you are using the radar application, you can measure distances, ranges and
bearings in a variety of ways. These options are detailed in the table below:
Functions
Distances
between points
Range from
your boat
Bearings
Range Rings
Yes (approx.)
Yes (approx.)
Cursor
Yes
Yes
Variable Range Markers (VRMs)
Yes
Electronic Bearing Lines (EBLs)
Yes
Floating VRMs
Yes
Floating EBLs
Yes
... Using the range rings
Use the range rings to gauge the approximate distances between points. Range rings
are concentric circles displayed on the screen and centred from your boat at preset
distances. The number and spacing of the rings changes as you range in and out.
Range - 1/4 nm
Range rings - 1/8 nm apart
Range - 3/4 nm
Range rings - 1/4 nm apart
Range - 11/2 nm
Range rings - 1/4 nm apart
D8407_1
e.g.
... Using the cursor
To measure the bearing and range from your boat to a specified target, move the
cursor to the appropriate position on the screen.
Bearing and range from
your vessel to cursor
Cursor
D8402_1
7.9
ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
Note: If cursor data is not shown, refer to page 10 and page 236.
Chapter 7: Using the Radar
161
... Using VRMs and EBLs
What is a VRM?
VRM
A Variable Range Marker (VRM) is a circle
centred on your vessel’s position and fixed
with respect to the heading mode.
When this circle is adjusted to align with a
target, its range from your boat is
measured and displayed on the ADJUST
VRM soft key.
D8408_1
The data is also displayed if you select the
VRM with the cursor.
EBL
What is an EBL?
An Electronic Bearing Line (EBL) is a line
drawn from your boat to the edge of the
window.
When this line is rotated to align with a
target, its bearing relative to your boat’s
heading is measured and displayed on the
ADJUST EBL soft key.
D8425_1
The data is also displayed if you select the
EBL with the cursor.
Note: To change the EBL reference from relative to magnetic or true, see page 154.
Combined VRM and EBL
VRM
Target EBL
A VRM and an EBL can be combined to
measure both the range and the bearing
of the specified target.
Note: VRMs and EBLs are local settings and
D8403_1
will therefore only affect the individual dis
play on which you are working.
162
ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
Tracking a target with a VRM/EBL
You will be able to tell which way the target is traveling by watching how it moves in
relation to the EBL. If it continues traveling directly along the EBL, it shows that it is on
a possible collision course with your boat  take the appropriate action.
Creating a VRM and/or EBL
To use VRMs and EBLs to tell you the range and bearing of a target:
1. Select the VRM/EBL 1option:
VRM/EBL 1
ON
VRM/EBL...
D8404_1
Toggle to ON
Adjust VRM highlighted
Note: The first VRM/EBL will be placed at a location of 1/3 of the current range and
030° relative to your boat’s head. If this setting is adjusted, the display will retain the
adjustments and use them when the VRM/EBL is next turned on.
2. Adjust the VRM to the required size:
ADJUST VRM
0.838nm
D8405_1
Adjust VRM to
required size
Distance from your
boat to VRM displayed
on soft key.
3. Adjust the EBL to the required angle:
ADJUST EBL
410P
Adjust EBL to
required angle
Angle to starboard/
port displayed on
soft key.
OK
D8427_1
ADJUST EBL
xxx0
4. Save the adjustment and remove control from the VRM/EBL:
5. To place a second VRM/EBL if required:
VRM/EBL 2
ON
OFF
Toggle to ON
Adjust VRM highlighted
D8428_1
SET UP VRM/EBL
Chapter 7: Using the Radar
163
... Using floating VRMs/EBLs
You can use the VRM/EBL float function to measure the range and bearing between
any two points on the radar screen. This function allows you to move the VRM/EBL
centre away from your boat’s position and onto a target. You can then change the
radius of the VRM to determine the distance between two points and change the angle
of the EBL, relative to its new origin, to obtain the bearing.
Floating a VRM/EBL
1. Create the VRM/EBL as described previously.
2. Select the floating option:
VRM/EBL
Position cursor
over VRM/EBL
ADJUST FLOAT
FLOATING EBL...
Soft key highlighted
VRM/EBL highlighted
Cursor centered
VRM/EBL...
D8429_1
Or:
3. Measure the range between two points:
Define first point:
Move VRM/EBL center
over first target
OK
OK
To save and
remove
highlight
To access
soft keys
Define second point:
ADJUST VRM
2.6nm
Move VRM over
2nd target
4. Measure the bearing between two points:
Range between
1st & 2nd target
on soft key
D8430_1
ADJUST VRM
xxxnm
ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
ADJUST VRM
1900
ADJUST EBL
xxx0
Move EBL over
2nd target
Bearing between
1st & 2nd target
on soft key
OK
To save &
remove
highlight
D8431_1
164
5. If required, you can float a second VRM/EBL:
i. Press SET UP VRM/EBL 2.
ii. Toggle the VRM/EBL 2 to ON.
iii. Repeat steps 1 to 8 above.
Unfloating a VRM/EBL
To unfloat VRM/EBLs and return them to the central position:
1. Select the VRM/EBL option.
2. Unfloat VRM/EBL 1 or 2:
To unfloat VRM/EBL 1:
FLOATING EBL...
CENTER
OK
SET UP VRM/EBL
FLOATING EBL...
CENTER
OK
D8432_1
To unfloat VRM/EBL 2:
7.10 Using radar to avoid a collision
Your radar includes numerous functions to help you avoid a collision. You can:
•
•
•
•
Assess how far away a target is and its bearing (VRMs/EBLs).
Set an alarm to trigger when a target is within a specified zone (Guard Zones).
Display detailed information on tracked targets (MARPA).
Display the identity of other vessels and if broadcasted, their voyage information
(AIS).
• Display the range and bearing of a target.
Guard Zones
Guard zones are fixed with respect to the SHM, moving as it moves. They also move if
the centre is offset or the range scale is changed, so that the premarked area is
Chapter 7: Using the Radar
165
maintained. A guard zone only operates when the whole zone is displayed on the
screen. An audible alarm sounds to alert you when a target enters the zone.
Guard zones are inactive for 10 seconds after being placed or resized, to avoid
inappropriate alarms whilst they are being positioned.
You can set up guard zones to be either sector zones or 360° (circular) zones. Your
radar can be set up using one or two zones.
You can adjust the sensitivity of the guard zone via the Alarms Setup Menu described
on page 232.
To set up a guard zone:
Select the guard zone option:
TARGET
TRACKING
2.
MONITOR IN
ZONES...
D6834-2
1.
Select Zone 1 or 2:
ZONE 1
SET UP ZONE 1
ON
Or
SET UP ZONE 2
D8433_1
ZONE 2
ON
Toggle to ON
You can now select the guard zone to be either a sector or a circular zone.
Sector guard zones
6nm
Head-Up
Relative Motion
Rings 1nm
D6815_3
Sector
Guard Zone
To set up a sector guard zone:
166
ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
Repeat for
other settings
SET INNER
xx.xx nm
Press to highlight
OK
Set inner limit
for guard zone
D9104_1
ZONE SHAPE
SECTOR
Circular guard zone
6nm
Head-Up
D6832-2
Circular
Guard Zone
To set up a circular guard zone:
Repeat for
other settings
SET INNER
xx.xx nm
Press to highlight
OK
Set inner limit
for guard zone
D6761_3
ZONE SHAPE
CIRCLE
Chapter 7: Using the Radar
167
MARPA
SAFETY NOTICES
MARPA can improve collision avoidance when used wisely. It is the User’s
responsibility to exercise common prudence and navigational judgements.
There are conditions where acquiring a target may become difficult. These same
conditions may be a factor in successfully tracking a target. Some of the conditions are:
• The target echo is weak. The target is very close to land, buoys or other large targets.
• The target or your own ship is making rapid manoeuvres.
• Choppy sea state conditions exist and the target is buried in excessive sea clutter or
in deep swells.
• Choppy sea state conditions exist yielding poor stability; own boat’s heading data
is very unstable.
• Inadequate heading data.
Symptoms of such conditions are that acquisition is difficult and the MARPA vectors
are unstable; the symbol wanders away from the target, locks on to another target or
changes to a lost symbol target.
If any of these conditions are present, acquisition and tracking may need to be re
initiated or, in some cases be impossible to maintain. Improving the quality of the
heading data will reduce the effect of the other conditions.
Introduction to MARPA
You can use the Mini Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (MARPA) functions for target
tracking and risk analysis. MARPA improves collision avoidance by obtaining detailed
information for up to 10 automatically tracked targets and provides continuous,
accurate and rapid situation evaluation.
MARPA automatically tracks acquired targets, calculates target bearing and range,
speed and course, Closest Point of Approach (CPA), and Time to Closest Point of
Approach (TCPA).
Each target tracked can be displayed with a CPA graphic which shows the target
vessel, course and speed (as a vector) and indicates the CPA. The calculated target
data can also be shown on your screen. Each target is continually assessed and an
audible alarm is sounded if a target becomes dangerous, or is lost.
Effective MARPA operation is dependant on accurate ownship’s heading and speed.
Speed Over Ground (SOG) and Course Over Ground (COG) information are required to
show true target course and speed. The better the quality of the heading and speed
data, the better MARPA will perform. MARPA will function without SOG and COG in
relative mode. For the best heading data a Raymarine SMART heading sensor or a
gyrostabilized autopilot is required.
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ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
How is a risk assessed?
Each target is monitored to see if it will be within a certain distance from your boat
within a certain time. If so, the target is designated as dangerous and an audible
warning is sounded along with an onscreen warning being shown. The target symbol
changes to the dangerous target symbol and flashes to indicate that it is a dangerous
target. Pressing the appropriate soft key will silence the alarm and remove the
warning.
If a target is lost, either because the MARPA software has lost contact with it, or
because it has moved out of range, an audible alarm is sounded and an onscreen
warning appears. The onscreen symbol will change to the target lost symbol. Pressing
the appropriate soft key will silence the alarm and remove the onscreen warning and
the target lost symbol.
How far from my boat does MARPA work?
MARPA target acquisition is only available at radar range scales of up to 12nm,
although tracking continues at all ranges.
If you change to a smaller range scale, targets may be beyond the range of your
scanner and will be lost. In such cases, an onscreen warning will indicate that the
target is offscreen.
What happens to target data?
All MARPA targets are stored in a MARPA database list which shows the following
information:
MARPA LIST
ID
TARGET
TRACKING
Bearing
022 T
025 T
Range
0.000nm
0.000nm
True
Course
True
Speed
0.0kts
0.000nm
00h00m00s
0.0kts
0.000nm
00h00m00s
180 T
180 T
CPA
TCPA
D6811_2
MARPA LIST...
Target display
Target being acquired
Dangerous target
Safe target
Lost target
D7542_2
Each target is displayed as a symbol which indicates its status:
Chapter 7: Using the Radar
169
D6810_4
MARPA targets
CPA graphics
CPA graphics show vectors for your vessel and a selected target. A vector is a line on
screen showing the predicted courses of your vessel and the selected target if you both
remain on your present course. These vectors vary in length due to boat speed and
vector length set in the MARPA Setup menu.
Vector
CPA graphic
D9008_1
181 T
17.1 kt
Move cursor over
target
CPA GRAPHIC
ON
ON - The CPA graphic will be displayed for as long as
the target is being tracked.
CPA GRAPHIC
OFF
OFF - No CPA graphic is shown.
CPA GRAPHIC
AUTO
AUTO - When you place the cursor over any part of a
MARPA symbol, the CPA graphic is displayed. This is
the default setting.
D9009_1
To display the CPA graphic and associated soft keys:
170
ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
True mode
With the display set in True mode, the vectors of your vessel and the target are shown
extended to their intersection point. The CPA is shown as a line that is placed on your
boat’s vector at the point of the CPA. The length and direction of the line indicates the
distance and bearing of the target at CPA. The text indicates CPA and TCPA. The text
next to the target symbol indicates its true course and speed.
Relative mode
With the display set in Relative mode, no vector extension of your boat is shown. The
CPA line emerges from your own boat, with the target vector extension being shown
as relative, not true. The text next to the target indicates its course and speed. Press
SHOW DETAILS to display the calculated relative course and speed.
Setting up MARPA
TARGET
TRACKING...
MARPA & AIS
OPTIONS...
MARPA OPTIONS...
VECTOR LENGTH
TARGET HISTORY
OWN VESSEL SAFE ZONE
TIME TO SAFE ZONE
SAFE ZONE RING
6min
Off
0.5nm
3min
HIDDEN
Highlight required parameter
Select required level
You can set up the following MARPA parameters:
Parameter
Options
Vector Length
0.5min, 1 min, 3 min, 6min, 12min, 30
min, 60 min
The time period specified for drawing length of vectors.
Target History
Plots a target’s previous position at specified intervals.
The four most recent position points are displayed. If True
target vectors are selected, the four most recent vessel
position points are also displayed.
Own vessel safe zone
The safe zone is a ring, centred on your boat, within which
a target is considered dangerous if it will enter this zone
within the time to safe zone period.
Time to safe zone
(Default in bold)
OFF, 0.5 min, 1 min, 3 min, 6 min
0.1 nm, 0.2nm, 0.5nm, 1.0 nm, 2.0nm
If a target enters your safe zone within this time period, it
is considered dangerous.
3 mins, 6 mins, 12 mins, 24 mins
Safe zone ring
Visible
Controls whether the safe zone ring is displayed or hidden
on screen
Hidden
D6600-2
Enter highlighted parameter
Chapter 7: Using the Radar
171
Acquiring a target to track
1. Select target to be acquired:
Target
Move cursor over target to be acquired
D6829-2
TARGET
TRACKING...
2. Acquire target:
'Target being acquired'
symbol displayed
If target present for several
scans, the radar will lock
onto it and change the
symbol to 'Safe'
D8806-1
ACQUIRE TARGET
Note: If set to ON, the CPA graphic is displayed.
Cancelling targets
... from the screen
To cancel a target from the screen:
Cancelling all targets
CANCEL ALL
TARGETS
CANCEL TARGET
Move cursor
over target to
be cancelled
Move cursor
over target to
be cancelled
D8434_1
Cancelling an individual target
...from the MARPA list
To cancel a target from the MARPA list:
TARGET
TRACKING...
2. Cancel target/s:
MARPA LIST...
D8436_1
1. Display the MARPA List:
172
ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
To cancel an individual target:
MARPA LIST...
ID Bearing Range Course Speed
1370T
1870T
1.4nm
4.0nm
1800T
1300T
CPA
TCPA
2.2kt 1.4nm 2min
1.5kt 4.0nm 8min
CANCEL TARGET
OK
Highlight target to be cancelled
To cancel all targets:
CANCEL ALL
TARGETS
D8435_1
OK
Displaying vessel identity (AIS)
If you have an AIS receiver fitted to your system, you can use the AIS feature to:
PRESENTATION
AIS LAYER
ON
D9024_1
• Display a target for any other AIS equipped vessels within a specified range of your
boat.
• Display voyage information being broadcasted by these targets i.e. their position,
course, speed and rate of turn.
• Display basic or detailed information for each target vessel including safety critical
target data.
• Set up a safe zone around your boat.
• View alarm and safety related messages.
This information is displayed in the form of an overlay or as a dialog box on your radar
screen. To overlay AIS on a radar window:
For more information on AIS, refer to Chapter 14:Automatic Identification System
(AIS).
7.11 Setting up your radar
The set up for your radar can be changed from the standard configuration to suit your
particular needs. Although you will probably only do this when you first use the radar,
you may decide to make subsequent adjustments once you become more familiar with
the system. Any settings that you change are retained and become the default settings
even when you power off.
To select the Radar Setup menus when a radar window is active:
Chapter 7: Using the Radar
173
Radar Setup Menu
Setup
MENU
GPS Status...
Compass Setup...
System Setup...
Highlight Radar
Setup menu
Enter Radar Setup
menu
Active Scanner
2kw Radome
Interference Reject
Target Expansion
Wakes Period
NORMAL
LOW
1min
Timed Transmit
Transmit Period
Standby Period
OFF
10 SCANS
3 MINS
Sea Clutter Curve...
Antenna Size
Bearing Alignment
Radar Advanced Setup...
Radome
Function
Description
Options
(Default in bold)
Interference Rejection
When ON, any mutual radar interference between two radar equipped
vessels operating within range of each other, is automatically reduced.
NORMAL
HIGH
Target Expansion
When ON, targets are magnified to make them easier to see.
LOW
HIGH
Wakes Period
When ON, the target is displayed at the brightest level and its previous
positions are retained at successively fainter levels on the screen.
10 seconds
30 seconds
1 minute
5 minutes
10 minutes
Timed Transmit
OFF
Transmit Period
10 scans
Standby Period
3 minutes
Sea Clutter Curve...
18
Antenna Size
Open array
48”
72”
Controls the radar’s timed transmission powersave mode.
When ON, the scanner performs the number of scans specified and then
shuts down for the number of minutes specified by the Standby Period.
Indicates the number of minutes that the system shuts down  the scan
ner does not rotate and the display is in standby mode.
Adjusts the acuteness of the sea clutter curve when the sea clutter
option is set to manual (see page 146).
If an open array scanner is fitted, this specifies the size of the scanner.
Bearing alignment
Correct for display azimuth error.
Please refer to the ESeries installation guide.
Radar Advanced Setup
Please refer to the ESeries installation guide.
ON
20 scans
30 scans
5 minutes
10 minutes
15 minutes
D8437_1
Radar Setup...
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ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
7.12 Warnings of potential dangers
If switched on, the following alarms will be triggered when you are in the radar
application:
• System alarms  anchor, timer, alarm clock and temperature.
• Navigation alarms  arrival and off track.
• Radar alarms  guard zones.
• Fishfinder alarms.
• Weather alarms.
• AIS alarms.
• Depth alarms.
• Data alarms.
• External SeaTalk alarms.
When an alarm is triggered, a buzzer sounds and a popup window describing the
alarm and how to clear it is displayed.
To switch these alarms on/off and set the limits:
MENU
GPS Status...
Compass Setup...
System Setup...
Alarm Setup...
Alarm Setup Menu
System Alarms Setup...
Navigation Alarms Setup...
Radar Alarms Setup...
Fishfinder Alarms Setup...
Highlight Alarm
Setup menu
Highlight appropriate
sub-menu
Enter Alarm Setup
menu
Enter sub-menu
Note: For more details of alarms, see page 31 and page 232.
D8438_1
Setup
Radar Setup...
Chapter 8: Radar
175
Chapter 8: Radar
•
•
•
•
•
The Eseries can be used with digital radar scanners. Digital scanners offer:
Improved target definition.
Fullcolor image.
Scantoscan.
SuperHD option. Super HD effectively increases the transmitter power by a factor of
at least two, and reduces the beamwidth by a similar amount.
• Dualrange operation.
8.1
Radar setup
The Radar Setup Menu lets you customize the way the radar operates. Changes you
make in this menu are kept when you remove power from the ESeries system.
MENU
Radar Setup
Select Scanner
Scanner Setup
Dual Range
Color Palette
EBL Reference
Tune
Timed Transmit
Sea Clutter Curve
Transmit Period
Parking Offset
Standby Period
Scanner Size
Bearing Alignment
Radar Advanced Setup
D10609_1
Note: The radar needs to be receiving heading and position data for full functionality.
Select scanner
Selects which scanner is displayed in the active radar window.
Scanner setup
The scanner setup option lets you customize various aspects of the scanner’s
behavior.
Dual range
If dual range is set to on, the system allows you to view two ranges simultaneously
in one window.
Short range gives you a maximum range of 3 nautical miles; long range provides
standard ranges.
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ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
When dual range is enabled, chart overlay and synchronization
functions are disabled. If you already have chart overlay or
synchronization turned on, dual range is not available.
Tune adjust
The tune adjust function is used to finetune the scanner’s receiver for maximum
target returns on the display.
Auto mode: recommended
In AUTO mode, the radar tunes itself automatically on all range scales.
This is the default mode and it is recommended that you leave the tune function in
auto mode to ensure that the radar receiver is always tuned to receive the maximum
signal.
Manual mode
If you do set the tune function to MANUAL, you will need to adjust it about 10
minutes after you have turned on the radar, as the required setting will change after
the magnetron has warmed up.
Adjust the control to obtain the maximum signal strength (indicated by the eight
step horizontal bar). If you cannot tune the radar successfully, refer to the
Installation Guide.
Sea clutter curve
Adjust the system’s sensitivity to sea clutter. The steepest setting is 1 and the
shallowest is 8. The default setting is 4.
Parking offset
The default parking offset is 0 degrees: the scanner aligns with the pedestal, facing
forwards.
With parking offset selected you can use the rotary controller to adjust the parking
offset from 0 to 358 degrees in steps of two degrees.
This setting change is only available when the digital radar is set to Off or Standby.
The changes you make are applied at the end of the next transmit cycle.
To open the radar setup menu
1. Make a radar application window active.
2. Press the MENU button.
Chapter 8: Radar
177
Antenna size
The antenna size softkey is available to display the antenna size and type you have
attached. This should be automatiacally detected by the system.
8.2 Radar alarms
For information about the radarspecific alarms you can configure, see Alarm Setup
Menu on page 288.
Note: Until you are familiar with interpreting the radar display, take every opportunity
to compare the radar display with your physical surroundings. Note the location of
boats, buoys and coastal structures and their corresponding echoes on the radar dis
play. Practice harbor and coastal navigation during daylight hours and in clear weath
er conditions.
8.3 Powering on/off the various scanner operating modes
To control the power to the radar:
SCANNER
OFF
Switch scanner ON
or OFF
RADAR
TX
Select required
operating mode
D8397_1
SCANNER
ON
Notes: (1) When an open array antenna is fitted, the system stops the antenna in
the forward facing position when Standby mode is selected.
(2) Dual radar support will only allow one radar to be active at any one
time. You cannot set up two radar windows, each using a different
scanner.
8.4 Radar status
The following table summarizes the various scanner states and associated status
icons.
8.5 Radar range and image quality
Radar operates by transmitting radio pulses, then detecting the reflections as the
pulses bounce back from objects within radar range. The reflections are processed
and displayed onscreen as ‘echoes’.
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ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
Status
Icon
Description
Scanner on and transmitting.
This is the usual mode of operation.
D7440-1
Transmit
(TX)
(Rotating icon)
Standby (STDBY)
Scanner powered on but not transmitting;
antenna not rotating.
D6894-2
This is a power-save mode used when radar is not
needed for short periods. When you return to
transmit mode, the magnetron does not need to
warm up. This is the default mode.
(static icon)
Off
Scanner powered off.
D7441-1
When radar is not required.
(grayed-out icon)
D7442-1
Timed transmit
(rotating/static icon)
Scanner switches between on/transmitting &
standby mode.
Power save mode when constant use of radar not
required. To set up this option, see page 177
Range
Radar range is limited by the height of your scanner and the height of the target, as
illustrated below:
Rmax
a1
Earth
Radar
Rmax = 2.23 (
Rmax
h + H )
maximum radar range
radar antenna height
target height
Cliff
in nautical miles
in metres
in metres
Rmax = radar horizon of antenna (a1) + radar horizon of target (a2)
D1643-3
a2
The table below gives the approximate range for various antenna and target
heights.
Antenna height Object height
(m)
(m)
Range
(nm)
7.7
10
10.9
8.8
10
12
Chapter 8: Radar
179
Image quality
Not all radar echoes are produced by valid targets. Spurious echoes may be caused
by:
• Side lobes
• Indirect echoes
• Multiple echoes
• Blind sectors
• Sea, rain or snow clutter
• Interference
Through observation, practice, and experience, you can generally detect these
conditions very quickly and use the radar controls to minimize them.
Side lobes
Side lobe patterns are produced by small amounts of energy from the transmitted
pulses that are radiated outside the narrow main beam.
The effects of side lobes are most noticeable with targets at short range (normally
below 3 nm) and with large objects. Side lobe echoes form either arcs on the radar
screen similar to range rings, or a series of echoes forming a broken arc.
Main lobe
Side
lobe
Side
lobe
Arc
True echo
Side echoes
D1638-4
Antenna
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ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
Indirect echoes
There are several types of indirect echoes, or ‘ghost’ images. These sometimes have
the appearance of true echoes, but in general they are intermittent and poorly
defined.
Passing
ship
True echo
True echo
Mast
or funnel
False echo
D1641-4
False echo
Multiple echoes
Multiple echoes are uncommon but can occur if there is a large object with a wide
vertical surface at a comparatively short range. The transmitted signal bounces
between the object and your own vessel, producing multiple echoes. The false
echoes are displayed beyond the range of the true target echo, but on the same
bearing.
True echo
D1642-3
Multiple echoes
Blind sectors
Obstructions such as funnels and masts near the radar antenna can obstruct the
radar beam and cause radar shadows or ‘blind sectors’.
If the obstruction is relatively narrow, there will be a reduction of the beam intensity,
though not necessarily a complete cutoff. However, with wider obstructions there
can be a total loss of signal in the shadow area. There might also be multiple echoes
which extend behind the obstruction.
Blind sector effects can normally be minimized by careful selection of the scanner
site prior to installation.
Chapter 8: Radar
181
Sea clutter
Radar returns from waves around the vessel can clutter the centre of the radar
picture, making it difficult to detect real targets. Such ‘sea clutter’ usually appears as
multiple echoes on the display at short range, and the echoes are not repetitive or
consistent in position.
D3968-4
In high winds or extreme conditions, sea clutter can produce an almost solid disc on
a radar display.
Rain or snow clutter
Radar detects rain and snow. Returns from storm areas and rain squalls consist of
countless small echoes which continually change in size, intensity and position.
D3967-4
These returns sometimes appear as large hazy areas, depending on the intensity of
the rainfall or snow in the storm cell.
Mutual radar interference
This can occur when two or more radarequipped vessels are operating within range
of each other. The interference usually appears as a spiral of small dots from the
display centre, and is most marked at long ranges.
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ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
Radar window overview
Your position
By default your boat is shown at the centre of the radar display and your dead
ahead bearing is indicated by a vertical line known as the Ship’s Heading Marker
(SHM).
Operation modes
The radar gives excellent results in one of the four preconfigured operation modes
under the GAIN softkey. Select the mode that best suits your circumstances:
attempting to make manual adjustments to the settings could degrade your image.
(However, this facility is available.)
See page 187 for more information.
Other vessels or objects
Onscreen targets may be large, small, bright or faint, depending on the size of the
object, its orientation and surface type.
Remember that the strength of an object’s echo may not be proportional to the
physical size of the object. For example, a nearby object might produce an echo of
the same strength as a more distant, but larger object.
Chapter 8: Radar
183
With experience, the approximate size of different objects can be determined by the
relative size and brightness of the echoes.
Factors affecting echo strength
• The physical size of the reflecting object.
• The material from which the object is made. Metallic surfaces reflect signals better
than nonmetallic.
• Vertical surfaces, like cliffs, reflect the radar signal better than sloping surfaces, like
sandbanks.
• High coastlines and mountainous coastal regions can be observed at longer radar
ranges. Therefore, the first sight of land may be a mountain several miles inland
from the coastline. Although the coastline may be much nearer, it may not appear
on the radar until the vessel is closer to shore.
• Some targets, such as buoys and small boats, can be difficult to discern, because
they do not present a consistent reflecting surface as they bob about in the waves.
Consequently, these echoes tend to behave erratically on the radar screen.
• Buoys and small boats often resemble each other, but boats can often be distin
guished by their motion.
• Trees and shrubbery do not reflect radar. Thus, they can disguise the shape of
nearby land.
8.7
Using waypoints with the radar
You can use waypoints in the radar application for navigation (just like in the chart
application), using the WPTS/MOB button.
You can also edit waypoints from within the radar application.
For full details on using waypoints, see Chapter 3 and Chapter 4.
8.8
Radar display options
The presentation softkey on the radar toolbar gives you control over:
• Waypoint behavior
• Radar mode and display orientation
• Range rings
• AIS
These radar settings are locally applied, which means they affect only the scanner
and display on which you are working.
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ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
Orientation
Radar orientation refers to the relationship between the radar display and your
direction of travel. There are three orientation modes:
• Head up
• North up
• Course up
These orientation modes are used in conjunction with motion modes (see page 185)
to control how your vessel’s progress is shown on screen.
HeadingUp (HUP)
This is the default mode for the radar application.
e.g:
As your boat's heading changes:
SHM fixed upwards
Radar picture rotates accordingly
D8398_1
Ship's Heading Market (SHM)
(indicating the boat's current
heading) is upwards
NorthUp (NUP)
e.g:
True north at top
As your boat's heading changes:
Radar picture fixed (north up)
SHM rotates accordingly
D8399_1
If heading data becomes unavailable while in this mode, a warning message will be
shown, the status bar shows NorthUp in brackets and the radar uses 0° heading in
relative motion. When heading data becomes available once more, NorthUp mode
is reinstated.
It is not possible to select Head Up mode when the motion mode is set to True.
Chapter 8: Radar
185
CourseUp (CUP)
e.g:
As your boat's heading changes:
Radar picture fixed
SHM rotates accordingly
D8400_1
Current course upwards
If you select a new course, the picture will reset to display the new course upwards.
The reference used for CourseUp depends upon the information available at a given
time. The system prioritizes this information in the following order:
1. Bearing from origin to destination (your intended course).
2. Locked heading from an Autopilot.
3. Bearing to waypoint.
4. Instantaneous heading.
If heading data becomes unavailable while in this mode a warning message is
displayed; the status bar puts CourseUp in brackets to show it is suspended; and
the radar uses 0° heading in relative motion mode.
When heading data becomes available again, CourseUp mode is reinstated.
To select an orientation mode
1. Press the PRESENTATION softkey.
2. Press RADAR MODE & ORIENTATION.
3. Choose your preferred setting under the ORIENTATION softkey.
The selected orientation mode is displayed in the status bar.
Setting the motion mode
Motion modes control how your progress is represented on the display. The selected
motion mode is displayed in the status bar. If no position data is available, the status
bar shows the motion mode in brackets.
There are two motion modes:
• Relative motion
• True motion
The default setting is relative motion.
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ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
Relative motion (RM) with optional vessel offset
When the motion mode is set to Relative, the position of your boat is fixed on the
screen and all the targets move relative to the boat.
0 offset
1/ offset
2/ offset
D6842-2
You can specify whether the boat is fixed in the centre of the window (0 offset) or
offset by 1/3 or 2/3:
The default vesseloffset value is zero.
True Motion (TM)
When the motion mode is set to True, fixed radar targets maintain a constant
position and moving vessels (including your boat) travel in true perspective to each
other and to fixed landmasses on the screen. As the boat’s position approaches the
edge of the screen, the radar picture is automatically reset to reveal the area ahead
of the boat.
If heading and position data become unavailable when true motion is selected: a
warning message is shown; the display reverts to relative motion; the status bar
indicates that True Motion is selected but suspended by showing it in parentheses
(TM).
It is not possible to select True Motion when the orientation is set to Head Up.
To set the motion mode
1. Press the PRESENTATION softkey.
2. Press RADAR MODE AND ORIENTATION.
3. Toggle between True and Relative Motion on the MOTION MODE key.
To change the vessel offset
1. Press the PRESENTATION softkey.
2. Press RADAR MODE & ORIENTATION.
3. Toggle to your desired offset using the VESSEL OFFSET softkey.
Chapter 8: Radar
187
Changing the bearing mode for EBLs
The default bearing mode for EBLs is relative to your vessel’s heading. If heading
data is available, you can set the bearing mode to be relative (REL) or magnetic/true
(M/T).
When M/T is selected, the EBL bearings will be expressed as either true or magnetic,
depending on the equipment connected. The current EBL bearing is given on the EBL
label and on the ADJUST VRM/EBL softkey label.
To change the EBL reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
8.9
Press MENU
Toggle to RADAR SETUP page
Toggle to EBL REFERENCE
Toggle between MAN/TRUE and RELATIVE on the EBL REFERENCE menu.
Press OK to select the desired option
Dual range
The ESeries system allows you to view either a short or a longrange image in
separate radar windows. To allow this, dual range must be enabled in the Radar
Setup Menu (see Radar setup on page 175).
To set the range
1. Press the PRESENTATION softkey.
2. Press RADAR MODE & ORIENTATION.
3. Toggle between LONG and SHORT on the DUAL RANGE softkey.
The default setting is long, which provides a standard scanner range. The short
setting provides a maximum range of six or twelve nautical miles.
Note: If chartradar sync is turned on in the chart application, you cannot enable dual
range in the radar application. If dual range is on, you cannot turn on chartradar syn
chronization.
8.10Tuning the radar display: GAIN
Gain reduces the effect of false echoes and clutter. For best results, retain the default
AUTO setting. You can, however, adjust gain settings manually if required.
Gain presets
There are four preset gain modes to give you the best picture in different
circumstances.
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ESeries Networked Display Reference Manual
Harbor is the default mode. This setting takes account of land clutter so that
smaller targets, like navigation buoys, are not lost.
Coastal accounts for the slightly higher levels of sea clutter you might encounter
out of harbor and adjusts the radar display accordingly.
Offshore automatically adjusts for high levels of sea clutter.
Buoy is a special mode to enhance the detection of small objects like mooring
buoys. It is useful at ranges up to 3/4 nm.
Manually adjusting gain
The gain function makes the radar picture clearer by changing the sensitivity of radar
reception.
• For long ranges select a sensitivity level that gives a slight speckle in the back
ground. Setting the gain too low can cause weak or small targets to disappear,
however.
• For shorter ranges reduce the gain slightly to reduce speckle and improve tar
get definition.
Note: If you control gain manually, check it each time you change the range scale.
To manually adjust gain settings
1. Press the GAIN softkey.
2. Press the ADJUST softkey for the preset mode you are in.
3. Select manual on the GAIN softkey.
The changes you make are applied to both the active window and any other radar
windows displaying this preset. Gain setting changes are kept at system poweroff.
Rain clutter
Radar detects echoes from rain or snow. The strength of these echoes depends upon
the altitude, range, density and size of the snow flakes or rain droplets and appear
on screen as countless small echoes continuously changing size, intensity and
position.
Turning the RAIN clutter function on suppresses the bulk effect of rain returns from
around your boat, so that recognizing other objects is easier.
Sea clutter
Radar echoes from waves around your boat can clutter the centre of the radar
picture, making it difficult to detect real targets (see page 177).
Adjusting the sea mode will reduce this clutter for up to 5 nautical miles (depending
on wave and sea conditions) from your boat. This reduces sea echoes to intermittent

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