Huawei Technologies BTS3612A-1900 CDMA Base Station User Manual Part 3

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Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Overall Structure.......................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Physical Structure .............................................................................................................. 1-1
1.2 Functional Structure........................................................................................................... 1-3
Chapter 2 Baseband Subsystem ................................................................................................. 2-1
2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.1 Functional Structure ................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.2 Introduction to Baseband Boards............................................................................ 2-1
2.2 BCKM................................................................................................................................. 2-2
2.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-2
2.2.2 Structure and Principle............................................................................................ 2-2
2.2.3 External Interfaces .................................................................................................. 2-4
2.2.4 Indices ..................................................................................................................... 2-5
2.3 BCIM .................................................................................................................................. 2-5
2.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-5
2.3.2 Structure and Principle............................................................................................ 2-5
2.3.3 External Interfaces .................................................................................................. 2-7
2.3.4 Indices ..................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.4 BCPM................................................................................................................................. 2-7
2.4.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-7
2.4.2 Structure and principle ............................................................................................ 2-8
2.4.3 External Interfaces .................................................................................................. 2-9
2.4.4 Indices ................................................................................................................... 2-10
2.5 BRDM .............................................................................................................................. 2-10
2.5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 2-10
2.5.2 Structure and Principle.......................................................................................... 2-10
2.5.3 External Interfaces ................................................................................................ 2-12
2.5.4 Indices ................................................................................................................... 2-13
2.6 BASB ............................................................................................................................... 2-13
2.6.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 2-13
2.6.2 Structure and Principle.......................................................................................... 2-13
2.6.3 External Interfaces ................................................................................................ 2-14
2.6.4 Indices ................................................................................................................... 2-14
2.7 BESP ............................................................................................................................... 2-14
2.7.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 2-14
2.7.2 Structure and Principle.......................................................................................... 2-15
2.7.3 External Interfaces ................................................................................................ 2-16
2.7.4 Indices ................................................................................................................... 2-16
Technical Manual
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System Principle
Table of Contents
2.8 BFAN ............................................................................................................................... 2-17
2.8.1 BFMM.................................................................................................................... 2-17
2.8.2 BFIB ...................................................................................................................... 2-19
Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Subsystem ..................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.1.1 Radio Frequency Subsystem Functional Structure................................................. 3-1
3.1.2 Introduction to RF Modules ..................................................................................... 3-2
3.2 BTRM................................................................................................................................. 3-2
3.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 3-2
3.2.2 Structure and Principle............................................................................................ 3-3
3.2.3 External Interfaces .................................................................................................. 3-5
3.2.4 Indices ..................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.3 BHPA ................................................................................................................................. 3-6
3.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 3-6
3.3.2 Structure and Principle............................................................................................ 3-6
3.3.3 External Interfaces .................................................................................................. 3-8
3.3.4 Indices ..................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.4 BTRB ................................................................................................................................. 3-8
3.4.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 3-8
3.4.2 Structure and Principle............................................................................................ 3-8
3.4.3 External Interfaces .................................................................................................. 3-9
3.4.4 Indices ................................................................................................................... 3-10
3.5 CDU ................................................................................................................................. 3-10
3.5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 3-10
3.5.2 Structure and Principle.......................................................................................... 3-10
3.5.3 External Interfaces ................................................................................................ 3-11
3.5.4 Indices ................................................................................................................... 3-12
3.6 DFU.................................................................................................................................. 3-12
3.6.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 3-12
3.6.2 Structure and Principle.......................................................................................... 3-12
3.6.3 External Interfaces ................................................................................................ 3-13
3.6.4 Indices ................................................................................................................... 3-13
3.7 DDU ................................................................................................................................. 3-14
3.7.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 3-14
3.7.2 Structure and Principle.......................................................................................... 3-14
3.7.3 External Interfaces ................................................................................................ 3-15
3.7.4 Indices ................................................................................................................... 3-15
3.8 RLDU ............................................................................................................................... 3-16
3.8.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 3-16
3.8.2 Structure and Principle.......................................................................................... 3-16
3.8.3 External Interfaces ................................................................................................ 3-17
3.8.4 Indices ................................................................................................................... 3-18
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Table of Contents
3.9 BRFM............................................................................................................................... 3-18
3.9.1 BBFM .................................................................................................................... 3-18
3.9.2 BBFL ..................................................................................................................... 3-20
Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem.................................................................................... 4-1
4.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.2 RF Antenna & Feeder........................................................................................................ 4-1
4.2.1 Antenna ................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2.2 Feeder ..................................................................................................................... 4-3
4.2.3 Lightning Arrester (Optional) ................................................................................... 4-3
4.2.4 Tower-top Amplifier (Optional) ................................................................................ 4-4
4.3 Satellite Synchronization Antenna & Feeder ..................................................................... 4-4
4.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 4-4
4.3.2 Antenna ................................................................................................................... 4-7
4.3.3 Feeder ..................................................................................................................... 4-7
4.3.4 Lightning Arrester.................................................................................................... 4-7
4.3.5 Receiver .................................................................................................................. 4-7
Chapter 5 Power & Environment Monitoring Subsystem ......................................................... 5-1
5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 5-1
5.2 Power Distribution.............................................................................................................. 5-2
5.2.1 AC Distribution ........................................................................................................ 5-2
5.2.2 DC Distribution ........................................................................................................ 5-3
5.2.3 Power Distribution Devices ..................................................................................... 5-5
5.3 Environment Monitoring..................................................................................................... 5-6
5.3.1 Structure of Monitoring System............................................................................... 5-6
5.3.2 Monitoring Devices.................................................................................................. 5-7
Chapter 6 Lightning Protection and Grounding......................................................................... 6-1
6.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 6-1
6.2 BTS Lightning Protection Principle .................................................................................... 6-1
6.2.1 Principle and Characteristics................................................................................... 6-1
6.2.2 Lightning Protection for AC Power .......................................................................... 6-2
6.2.3 Lightning Protection for Trunk Cables..................................................................... 6-2
6.2.4 Lighting Protection for Antenna & Feeder Subsystem ............................................ 6-3
6.3 Grounding of BTS Equipment............................................................................................ 6-4
6.3.1 Internal Grounding of Cabinet ................................................................................. 6-4
6.3.2 External Grounding of Cabinet................................................................................ 6-4
6.3.3 Grounding of AC Lightning Arrester ........................................................................ 6-4
6.3.4 Grounding of Transmission Equipment................................................................... 6-5
6.3.5 Grounding of Overhead E1/T1 and HDSL Cables .................................................. 6-5
6.3.6 Grounding of BTS Surge Protector ......................................................................... 6-5
Chapter 7 BTS Signal Flows......................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 7-1
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Table of Contents
7.2 Abis Traffic Signal Flow ..................................................................................................... 7-3
7.3 Abis Signaling Message Flow............................................................................................ 7-4
7.4 O&M Signal Flow ............................................................................................................... 7-5
7.5 Clock Signal Flow .............................................................................................................. 7-5
Chapter 8 BTS Configuration ....................................................................................................... 8-1
8.1 Configuration Principle....................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 Configuration of Main Equipment ...................................................................................... 8-1
8.2.1 Configuration of Baseband Boards ......................................................................... 8-1
8.2.2 Configuration of RF Modules .................................................................................. 8-3
8.2.3 Configuration of Power Modules ............................................................................. 8-5
8.3 Configuration of Auxiliary Equipment................................................................................. 8-5
8.3.1 Batteries .................................................................................................................. 8-5
8.3.2 Temperature Control Device ................................................................................... 8-6
8.3.3 Monitoring Devices.................................................................................................. 8-6
8.3.4 Transmission Equipment......................................................................................... 8-7
8.4 Configuration of Antenna and Feeder ............................................................................... 8-7
8.5 Networking Configuration .................................................................................................. 8-7
8.5.1 Star Networking....................................................................................................... 8-8
8.5.2 Chain Networking .................................................................................................... 8-9
8.5.3 Tree Networking .................................................................................................... 8-10
8.5.4 Fractional ATM Networking................................................................................... 8-11
8.5.5 Cascading with ODU3601Cs ................................................................................ 8-11
8.6 Typical Configurations ..................................................................................................... 8-12
8.6.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 8-12
8.6.2 S(2/2/2) Configuration ........................................................................................... 8-13
8.6.3 S(4/4/4) Configuration ........................................................................................... 8-14
Appendix A Performance of Receiver and Transmitter.............................................................A-1
A.1 Performance of Receiver...................................................................................................A-1
A.1.1 Frequency Coverage ..............................................................................................A-1
A.1.2 Access Probe Acquisition .......................................................................................A-1
A.1.3 R-TCH Demodulation Performance........................................................................A-1
A.1.4 Receiving Performance ........................................................................................A-10
A.1.5 Limitations on Emissions ......................................................................................A-12
A.1.6 Received Signal Quality Indicator (RSQI) ............................................................A-12
A.2 Performance of Transmitter.............................................................................................A-13
A.2.1 Frequency Requirements .....................................................................................A-13
A.2.2 Modulation Requirements.....................................................................................A-13
A.2.3 RF Output Power ..................................................................................................A-14
A.2.4 Limitations on Emissions ......................................................................................A-15
Appendix B EMC Performance ....................................................................................................B-1
B.1 EMI Performance...............................................................................................................B-1
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B.2 EMS Performance .............................................................................................................B-2
Appendix C Environment Requirements ....................................................................................C-1
C.1 Storage Environment ........................................................................................................C-1
C.2 Transportation Environment..............................................................................................C-3
C.3 Operation Environment .....................................................................................................C-5
Appendix D Electromagnetic Radiation ......................................................................................D-1
D.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................D-1
D.2 Maximum Permissible Exposure.......................................................................................D-1
D.3 Estimation of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields............................................................D-3
D.4 Calculation of Safe Distance .............................................................................................D-3
D.5 Location of BTS Antennae ................................................................................................D-4
D.5.1 Exclusion Zones .....................................................................................................D-4
D.5.2 Guidelines on Arranging Antenna Locations ..........................................................D-5
Appendix E Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................................E-1
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Chapter 1 Overall Structure
Chapter 1 Overall Structure
1.1 Physical Structure
A BTS3612A cabinet in full configuration is composed of two parts, as shown in Figure
1-1. The right half is the main cabinet, while the left half is for the auxiliary devices.
(1) Baseband subrack
(2) Carrier subrack
(3) Duplexer subrack
(4) AC distribution/lightning protector/wave filter unit
(5) Battery subrack
(6)Power supply subrack
(7) Auxiliary cabinet secondary power switch box
(8) Transmission equipment subrack
Figure 1-1 BTS3612A cabinet in full configuration
I. Main cabinet
The main cabinet is used to hold the baseband processing boards, Radio Frequency
(RF) modules, etc.
Baseband subrack
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Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Chapter 1 Overall Structure
The baseband subrack is configured with various baseband processing boards, such
as BCIM, BCPM, BCKM and BRDM.
A main cabinet secondary power switch box is configured to the left of the subrack.
With the secondary power switch box, each board and module can be separately
powered by the PSUDC/DC. All the baseband processing boards share one power switch.
Each pair of BTRM and BHPA boards share one power switch. The RLDU has its own
power switch.
Carrier subrack
There are two carrier subracks used to configure the carrier units, each of which is
composed of one BTRM and one BHPA. Each subrack can be configured with one
RLDU.
Duplexer subrack
The duplexer subrack is located between the upper and lower carrier subracks. It is
configured with duplexer units DFU or DDU as needed.
To the right of the subrack is a lightning protector connecting to the GPS/GLONASS
synchronization antenna.
Other devices
Between the baseband subrack and the upper carrier subrack are the fiber flange,
cabling trough, fan box and air inlet.
The cabling trough is used to route the satellite signal receiving cable and fibers
(connecting the BRDM and carrier modules). The extra fibers can be coiled on the fiber
flange.
The fan box, the air inlet and air outlet (on the top of the cabinet) form a ventilation path
to discharge the heat in the baseband subrack.
II. Auxiliary cabinet
The auxiliary cabinet is configured with the PSUAC/DC, PSUDC/DC, storage batteries, and
built-in transmission equipment.
Transmission equipment subrack
Standard space is reserved in this subrack to accommodate microwave, High-speed
Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL), or SDH transmission equipment so as to support
various networking modes.
Power supply subrack
The power supply subrack is configured with PSUDC/DC and PSUAC/DC. A Power
Monitoring Unit (PMU) can also be installed.
Battery subrack
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Chapter 1 Overall Structure
The battery subrack can be configured with storage batteries or DC lightning
protector/wave filter, based on actual configuration requirements.
Other devices
A lightning protection board and an auxiliary cabinet secondary power switch box are
configured between the transmission equipment subrack and the power supply
subrack.
E1 Surge Protector (BESP) or SDH surge protector can be used, according to the
transmission equipment configured.
The secondary power switch box is used to control the power supply to the PSUAC/DC.
III. Cabinet door
Temperature-control device, such as air conditioner or heat exchanger, are equipped
on the cabinet door.
1.2 Functional Structure
Functionally, the BTS3612A system is composed of the baseband subsystem, Radio
Frequency (RF) subsystem, antenna & feeder subsystem, and power & environment
monitor subsystem, as shown in Figure 1-2.
Um
interface
MS
Antenna & feeder
subsystem
Radio Frequency
subsystem
Baseband
subsystem
Abis
interface
BSC
220V AC
or
110V AC
Power & environment monitor subsystem
BTS3612A
Figure 1-2 BTS3612A system structure
Standard space is reserved in the cabinet to accommodate transmission equipment
such as microwave and SDH so as to support different networking modes.
The following chapters will detail each subsystem of BTS3612A.
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Chapter 2 Baseband Subsystem
Chapter 2 Baseband Subsystem
2.1 Overview
Baseband subsystem consists of BTS Control & Clock Module (BCKM), BTS Resource
Distribution Module (BRDM), BTS Channel Processing Module (BCPM), BTS Control
Interface Module (BCIM) and Baseband Backplane (BASB).
2.1.1 Functional Structure
The functional structure of baseband subsystem is shown in Figure 2-1.
Satellite signal receiving
antenna
BCK
BCKM
Optical fiber
BRD
BRDM
BTRM/ODU3601C
...
...
Other functional units
High-speed data
bus
BCPM
BCPM
Emergency serial port
BCIM
BCIM
Backplane bus
E1/T1
Clock bus
BSC
BTRM/ODU3601C
BCIM: BTS Control Interface Module
BCKM: BTS Control & Clock Module
BTRM: BTS Transceiver Module
BCPM: BTS Channel Process Module
BRDM: BTS Resource Distribution Module
BSC: Base Station Controller
Figure 2-1 functional structure of baseband subsystem
Baseband subsystem accesses transmission system through E1/T1 interface provided
by the BCIM so as to connect to BSC equipment. It connects to carrier units through
optical interface provided by the BRDM. Carrier units can be BTRM modules of the
same BTS, or MTRM module of the ODU3601C extended afar.
2.1.2 Introduction to Baseband Boards
Baseband subsystem is held in the baseband subrack. The full configuration of
baseband subrack is as shown in Figure 2-1
Baseband subrack supports the following boards:
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Chapter 2 Baseband Subsystem
BCKM: BTS control & clock module, providing clock for BTS system and realizing
the control of BTS system resource.
BCIM: BTS control interface module, used for accessing transmission system to
connect to the BSC. It supports E1/T1 transmission.
BCPM: BTS channel process module, processing the data of CDMA forward
channel and reverse channel.
BRDM: BTS resource distribution module, connecting BCPM to BTRM to realize
the work mode of BCPM resource pool.
In addition to the boards introduced, this section also covers the backplane of
baseband subrack, E1 lightning-protection board and fan module.
2.2 BCKM
2.2.1 Overview
BCKM controls and manages the entire BTS system. Its functions are listed as follows:
Main control functions: Call procedure control, signaling processing, resource
management, channel management, cell configuration, etc.
Operation & maintenance functions (O&M): BTS operation and maintenance, such as
software download, status management, data configuration, test management,
interface tracing, fault management, log management, maintenance console interface,
active/standby BCKM switchover, etc.
Clock function: It provides high-precision oscillation clock and can be synchronized
with an external clock (such as GPS/GLONASS clock). Thus it provides the entire BTS
system with reference clock signal.
In addition, BCKM also provides external interfaces. See the following sections for
detail.
2.2.2 Structure and Principle
The structure of BCKM module is as shown in Figure 2-2.
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Chapter 2 Baseband Subsystem
BCKM
...
Other
functional
units
Clock
module
External
communication
module
Satellite
signal
receiver
BASB
CPU
module
Backplane
bus module
Power supply
module
BASB
Figure 2-2 Structure of BCKM module
The BCKM comprises the following parts:
I. Clock module
Clock module is the clock source of BTS, which provides working clock for various
boards.
Clock module supports two work modes: External synchronization mode (locked mode)
and free oscillation mode (holdover mode). In the former mode, it receives
GPS/GLONASS clock signals through its satellite signal receiver. In the latter mode, it
provides clock reference through high precision oscillator (oven control & voltage
control oscillator).
For the introduction to satellite signal receiver, see “4.3.5 Receiver”.
II. CPU module
CPU module controls logical circuits to initialize relevant components. The
management and control of BTS system is implemented through its system software,
which includes main control software and operation & maintenance software. For
specific function, see ”2.1 Overview”.
III. Backplane bus module
The communication port of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) is connected with other
boards of BTS through the backplane bus module, and processes or transmits O&M
signaling from other boards of BTS (BRDM, BCPM and BCIM).
IV. External communication module
External communication module utilizes the multiple communication control ports
provided by the main control CPU to implement functions such as maintenance
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Chapter 2 Baseband Subsystem
console interface, environment monitoring interface, test interface and external
synchronization interface.
V. Power supply module
The power supply module converts +24V input power into +5V, +3.3V and +2.5V for
various modules of local board.
2.2.3 External Interfaces
Local maintenance console interface
This interface is a 10/100M compatible Ethernet interface to connect with local
maintenance console.
Remote maintenance serial port
This port is a RS232 serial port to connect with the Modem so as to provide remote
monitoring and maintenance in case of interruption of OML link.
Environment alarm interface
This port is a RS485 serial port to connect with an external monitoring device so as to
collect and process the equipment room environment information (such as fire, water,
temperature and humidity alarms).
GPS/GLONASS antenna interface
It is used to receive satellite signal from the GPS/GLONASS so as to provide
GPS/GLONASS antenna with +5V feed.
External synchronization interface
If the GPS/GLONASS is not available, the system clock can keep synchronization with
external clock system.
Test interface
It is an interface for BTS test, providing 10MHz and 2s signals
Backplane interface
It includes backplane bus interface, clock bus interface, and emergency serial port. The
board management is accomplished through backplane bus. Other boards are
provided with clock signal through clock bus. Boards can still keep communication
through emergency serial port in case of board fault.
Fan module interface
Fan module interface is a RS485 serial port, used to monitor the fan module and power
supply module of baseband subrack.
Power supply interface
Led out from the power connector on the backplane, the interface is connected with
+24V power, +24V power ground and PGND.
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Chapter 2 Baseband Subsystem
2.2.4 Indices
Power voltage: +24V.
Power consumption: <20W.
Dimensions: 460mm%233.35mm (Length%Width).
2.3 BCIM
2.3.1 Overview
The BCIM is located in BTS baseband subrack. It is a functional entity for the
connection of BTS and BSC. Its major functions are as follows:
In uplink direction, backplane bus receives O&M command from BCKM and traffic
data from BCPM, and transmit ATM cells on the multiple E1 links to BSC with IMA
technology in compliance with G.804 standards.
In downlink direction, it receives ATM cells distributed on the multiple E1/T1 links
from BSC, multiplexes them into a single ATM cell flow with IMA technology and
finally sends them to corresponding processing boards through the backplane
bus.
Each BCIM provides 8 E1/T1 links, which can support at the most 4 IMA link sets.
In BTS, there are two BCIMs, working in load sharing mode and providing physical
interfaces to BSC. At the most 16 E1/T1 links can be provided.
It communicates with BSC through IMA state machine program on the local board
and monitors the working status of E1/T1 link to ensure the implementation of IMA
protocol.
It transmits O&M command through backplane bus or emergency serial port,
reports the status information of the local board to BCKM and provides interface
for board maintenance and network management.
2.3.2 Structure and Principle
BCIM is available in two specifications:
BCIM with E1 interface.
BCIM with E1/T1 interface. This type of BCIM works either in E1 mode or T1 mode
according to the setting of the DIP switches.
Figure 2-3 illustrates the structure of BCIM with E1/T1 interface.
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Chapter 2 Baseband Subsystem
Data bus
RS232
Backplane bus
module
CPU
module
IMA
module
...
BASB
E1/T1
BCKM
BESP
Control bus
Clock
module
Power supply
module
Figure 2-3 Structure of BCIM
BCIM comprises the following parts:
I. IMA module
IMA module inversely multiplex an ATM cell flow based on cells into multiple physical
links for transmission, and remotely multiplex the cell flows transmitted on different
physical connections into a single ATM cell flow.
In uplink direction, IMA module receives AAL2 traffic cells from BCPM and AAL5
signaling cells from BCKM through the backplane bus. It splits the ATM cell flow into
cells, transmits them on multiple E1/T1 link according to G.804 standard before
sending them to BSC.
In downlink direction, it receives ATM cells from BSC that are distributed on multiple
E1/T1 trunk lines, inversely multiplexes them into a single ATM cell flow. Then it sends
AAL2 traffic cells to BCPM and AAL5 signaling cells to BCKM through the backplane
bus.
II. CPU module
The CPU module implements such functions as IMA protocol processing, executing
OAM function of IMA, as well as E1/T1 link management and communication with
BCKM.
III. Backplane bus module
BCIM communicates with other boards in the baseband part through the backplane bus
module, including control information communication with BCKM and traffic data
communication with BCPM.
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Chapter 2 Baseband Subsystem
IV. Clock module
It provides working clock for the local board.
V. Power supply module
The power supply module converts +24V input power into +3.3V for various modules of
local board.
2.3.3 External Interfaces
E1/T1 interface
Interface with BSC. BTS can be connected to the transmission system to connect to the
BSC.
Backplane bus interface
Interface with the other boards in the baseband part.
Emergency serial port
Emergency serial port is an RS-232 serial port, works as a slave node and is used for
communication with BCKM when other part of the board is faulty.
Power supply interface
Led out from the power connector on the backplane, the interface is connected with
+24V power, +24V power ground and PGND.
2.3.4 Indices
Power voltage: +24V.
Power consumption <15W.
Dimensions: 460mm%233.35mm (Length%Width).
2.4 BCPM
2.4.1 Overview
The BCPM is logically located between the BRDM and the BCIM. The BCPM is the
traffic processing board of the system. In full configuration, six BCPMs are needed.
Data from various forward and reverse channels are processed by this board.
The BCPM also processes digital signals, including encoding/decoding baseband
signals and one-time modulation and demodulation of baseband signals. In addition, it
processes high layer control signals. The main functions are as follows:
In forward direction, after ATM cell data from the network side are processed by
the high performance processor, BCPM performs functions such as encoding
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Chapter 2 Baseband Subsystem
(convolutional code, TURBO code), interleaving, spreading, modulation and data
multiplexing, and converts them into high-speed signals. Then the signals are
processed by a dedicated processing chip and transmitted through the radio
interface side of the channel processing board.
In reverse direction, data received by BCPM are demultiplexed, demodulated,
de-interlaced and decoded (convolutional code, TURBO code). Then under the
control of the high performance processor, the data are sent to BSC via BCIM in
the form of ATM cells.
The BCPM supports in-board and inter-board daisy chains, forming a
resource-processing pool.
High performance processor with two kernels and internal cache.
2.4.2 Structure and principle
The BCPM comprises the following parts as shown in Figure 2-4:
BCPM
High
speed
data bus
BRDM
Multiplex/demultiplex
module
Data bus
Baseband
processing
module
Control bus
Data bus
BASB
Backplane
bus module
Data bus
Clock
module
CPU module
RS232
BCKM
Power supply
module
Figure 2-4 Structure of BCPM
I. Multiplex/demultiplex module
In forward direction, baseband data in the channel processing board are multiplexed
into high-speed signals and sent to radio side in the form of differential signals. In
reverse direction, the high-speed differential signals are demultiplexed and sent to
baseband processing chip.
II. Baseband processing module
The QUALCOMM new generation processing chip is used to perform forward and
reverse baseband data processing. With the help of in-board and inter-board data
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daisy chains, channel processing capability is increased greatly. Maximally 6 sectors
can be supported.
III. CPU module
The high performance control CPU on BCPM mainly processes the forward & reverse
high-speed traffic data and control data and reports board status. At the network side,
the processing module receives control signaling, receives/transmits ATM cells and
communicates with BSC through BCIM. At the radio side, it controls the dedicated
baseband processing chip to generate orthogonal (IQ) data. After multiplexing, the data
pass BRDM as high-speed differential signals, to implement data exchange with radio
side.
IV. Backplane bus module
The BCPM communicates with other boards in the BTS baseband part through
backplane bus, including control information communication with BCKM and traffic data
communication with BCIM.
V. Clock module
The clock module performs double-frequency phase-locking to the clock signals from
the backplane, provides clock for boards, and drives and co-phases the clock signals
generated on the local board, to get satisfactory clock signals.
VI. Power supply module
The power supply module converts +24V input power into +3.3V for various modules of
local board.
2.4.3 External Interfaces
High-speed data bus interface
Interface with BRDM.
Backplane bus interface
Interface with other boards of baseband part
Emergency serial port
Emergency serial port is an RS-232 serial port, works as a slave node and is used for
communicating with BCKM when other part of the board is faulty.
Power supply interface
Led out from the power connector on the backplane, the interface is connected with
+24V power, +24V power ground and PGND.
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2.4.4 Indices
Power voltage: +24V.
Power consumption <30W.
Dimensions: 460mm%233.35mm (Length%Width)
2.5 BRDM
2.5.1 Overview
The BRDM is logically located between BTRM and BCPM, providing path for
orthogonal data connection (IQ) and exchange between the two so as to support the
flexible configuration relation between BCPM and BTRM. The BRDM also support
daisy chain cascading between BCPMs.
Data from the BTRM is sent to the BRDM through optical fibers. Then the BRDM
distributes the data before sending them to BCPMs via the high-speed data bus. With
the function of building cascades of daisy chain for BCPMs, the BRDM connects the
short daisy chain cascades to form standard daisy chain cascades of a certain length.
This facilitates the utilization of channel resource and flexible configuration of the
channel capacity of each sector carrier.
The BRDM has the following functions and features:
Optical interfaces are configured to provide high-speed data paths to BTRM/
ODU3601C.
Six pairs of high-speed data bus interfaces are provided to six BCPM slots through
the backplane.
Flexible data distribution and exchange between BTRM/ODU3601C and BCPM
are enabled.
Flexible data exchange between BCPMs is enabled. It can be cascaded to form
daisy chains, so BCPM resource pool can be achieved. The resource pool
improves the utilization ratio of channel resource and makes the configuration of
channel capacity of each sector carrier flexible.
It exchanges O&M information with the BCKM through the backplane bus or
emergency serial port.
It forwards and receives O&M information of BTRM/ODU3601C via optical fibers and
provides O&M links between the baseband subrack and BTRM/ODU3601C.
2.5.2 Structure and Principle
The BRDM has two specifications as follows:
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The BRDM configured with six pairs of multi-mode optical interfaces used to
connect to the BTRM.
The BRDM with three pairs of single-mode optical interfaces used to cascade with
ODU3601C.
The two specifications differ in optical modules configured.
The structure of BRDM is shown in Figure 2-5.
BRDM
BTRM
BTRM
BTRM
BTRM
BTRM
BTRM
Optical
Optical
Optical
Optical
module
Optical
module
High-speed
data
interface
Optical
module
Optical
Optical
module
Optical
Optical
module
Optical
High-speed
data
interface
Switching
module
High-speed
data
interface
High-speed
data
interface
High-speed
data
interface
Optical
module
Power supply
module
High-speed
data
interface
CPU
module
Clock
module
Bus
interface
module
4 high-speed
data buses
4 high-speed
data buses
4 high-speed
data buses
4 high-speed
data buses
BCPM
BCPM
BCPM
BCPM
Backplane
bus
RS232
BCKM
Figure 2-5 Structure of BRDM module (6 pairs of multi-mode optical interfaces)
The BRDM is composed of optical module, high-speed data interface module,
switching module, CPU module, bus interface module, power supply module and clock
module.
I. Optical module
The optical module converts optical signals into electrical signals. The BRDM can be
classified into single-mode BRDM and multi-mode BRDM according to different types
of optical module.
The multi-mode BRDM is equipped with six optical modules and provides six pairs of
optical interfaces. It is used to connect to the BTRM in the same BTS.
The single-mode BRDM is equipped with three optical modules and provides three
pairs of optical interfaces. It is used to cascade with ODU3601C.The single-mode
BRDM can be further classified into two kinds, namely 10km and 70km, according to
the transmission capability of the optical module.
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II. High-speed data interface module
The high-speed data interface module converts rates of high-speed signals for the
convenient processing of the switching module.
III. Switching module
The switching module segments and paste data as required. It is a core processing
module of this board. Data from BTRM/ODU3601C are sent to this board, where the
switching module will distribute and paste them before sending them to the BCPM. The
switching module can also provide daisy chain cascading for the BCPMs through the
distribution and pasting of data.
IV. CPU module
The CPU module processes O&M information and configures switching parameters.
The O&M information from the BCKM is sent to this board via the bus interface module.
Then the CPU module processes the information and sends some specific O&M
information to the corresponding BTRM/ODU3601.
V. Bus interface module
This module provides the conversion of interfaces between the board and the
backplane, and provides a path for O&M information between this board and the
backplane.
VI. Clock module
The clock module performs double-frequency phase-locking to the clock signals from
the backplane. It provides clocks for boards, and drives and co-phases the clock
signals generated on the local board to get satisfactory clock signals.
VII. Power supply module
The power supply module converts +24V input power into +3.3V and 1.8V for various
modules of the local board.
2.5.3 External Interfaces
Optical interface
There are two specifications of optical interface available according to optical modules:
6 pairs and 3 pairs. They connect to the BTRM and the ODU3601C respectively,
transmitting orthogonal (IQ) data and O&M information.
High-speed data interface
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The interfaces are connected with six traffic slots (BCPM slots) through the backplane,
for transmitting baseband orthogonal (IQ) data.
Backplane bus interface
The interface is used for transmitting O&M information between BCKMs.
Clock interface
The interface is connected with the BCKM via the backplane. It receives 2s, 16
%1.2288MHz clock signals and active/standby clock selection signal.
Emergency serial port
Emergency serial port is an RS-232 serial port, works as a slave node and is used for
communicating with the BCKM when other parts of the board are faulty.
Power supply interface
Led out from the power connector on the backplane, the interface is connected with
+24V power, +24V power ground and PGND.
2.5.4 Indices
Power voltage: +24V.
Power consumption <45W.
Dimensions: 460mm%233.35mm (Length%Width)
2.6 BASB
2.6.1 Overview
The baseband backplane (BASB) is used to make interconnection of high-speed data
links among the boards of baseband part, and exchanges various management and
control information of boards with high-speed backplane technology.
Specifically, the backplane:
Realizes interconnection of various signals between boards.
Supports hot plug/unplug of all boards.
Supports active/standby switchover of the BCKM.
Leads in system power supply and distributes the power to all boards.
Leads in signal monitoring lines for the fan subrack and the power subrack.
Provides protection against misplugging.
2.6.2 Structure and Principle
Functions of the slots in the BASB are as shown in Figure 2-6.
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Figure 2-6 Functions of all slots in the BASB
A backplane includes two parts: connector and board slot.
The connector part includes 2 input connectors of backplane +24V power/ground, and
3 DB37 D-connectors. Power input connector, D-connector are all crimped devices.
The slots of the backplane are defined as follows:
Slots 0~1 are for BCIMs.
Sots 5~6 are for BCKMs.
Slots 7~8 are for BRDMs.
Slots 2~4, 9~11 are for BCPMs.
2.6.3 External Interfaces
The interfaces between the backplane and external devices include:
System power interface
Remote maintenance serial port
Environment alarm interface
Fan alarm serial port in baseband subrack
System external synchronization interface
Sixteen E1/T1 interfaces
2.6.4 Indices
Dimensions: 368mm %262mm (Length%Width)
2.7 BESP
2.7.1 Overview
The E1 Surge Protector (BESP) is placed between the transmission equipment
subrack and the power supply subrack. It is a functional entity for the BTS to implement
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lightning protection with E1/T1 trunk line. The 8 pairs of lightning protection units of the
BESP are used to discharge transient high voltage on the sheath and core of E1/T1
trunk line to the PGND.
2.7.2 Structure and Principle
I. Structure
The structure of BESP is shown in Figure 2-7.
BESP
Level-2
Level-1
protection protection
PGND
Interface
DB25
...
4 E1s/T1s
Level-2
Level-1
protection protection
BSC
PGND
Interface
DB37
Interface
DB25
...
4 E1s/T1s
...
BCIM
...
8 E1s/T1s
BSC
Level-2
Level-1
protection protection
PGND
Figure 2-7 Structure of BESP
The board consists of three parts: DB25 connector, lightning protection unit and DB37
connector.
Lightning protection unit
E1/T1 lightning protection unit has two inbound lines connected with DB25, two
outbound lines connected with DB37, and one PGND. Here PGNDs of all lightning
protection units can be interconnected.
DB37 connector
The DB37 is a male connector, connected with eight E1/T1 cables.
DB25 connector
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The DB25 is a female connector. There are two DB25 connectors, respectively
connected with four E1/T1 cables.
II. Principle of lightning protection
The principle of lightning protection is shown in Figure 2-8.
Core
Lead in
Lead out
DB25
DB37
Sheath
PGND
Figure 2-8 Principle of E1/T1 lightning protection
When the BTS E1 trunk line is struck by lightning, high voltage will arise first on the
DB25 and then spread to the lightning protection units. The lightning protection units
have two protection levels: air discharge tube and voltage limit mesh. The air discharge
tube discharges the high voltage to the ground and lowers it to 600V below. Then the
voltage limit mesh further lowers the voltage to 30V below.
2.7.3 External Interfaces
E1/T1 interface
Interface with the BSC (DB25).
Connection with the BCIM (DB37)
2.7.4 Indices
Bearable surge current: >10kA (common mode), >5KA (differential mode)
Output residual voltage: <30V.
Dimensions: 140mm %120mm (Length%Width)
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2.8 BFAN
The fan module (BFAN) is installed right under the baseband subrack, serving as a part
of the blower type cooling system of the baseband subrack. The BFAN consists of fan
boxes and fan enclosures.
Each fan box contains four fan units (24V DC brush-free fan) and one BTS Fan Monitor
Module (BFMM). .
The fan enclosure is used for installation of fan boxes, whose outside is the BTS3612A
Fan Block Interface Board (BFIB) providing a system interface.
The structure of BFAN is shown in Figure 2-9.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(8)
(7)
(1) Fan box
(4) BFIB
(7) Blind mate connector
(5)
(2) LED indicator
(5) System signal interface
(8) BFMM
(6)
(3) Fan enclosure
(6) Power input interface
Figure 2-9 Structure of BFAN
2.8.1 BFMM
I. Overview
Built in the fan box, the BTS Fan Monitor Module (BFMM) communicates with the
BCKM and receives instructions from the BCKM. It can make speed adjustment of the
PWM on the fan units and report board status information to the BCKM when it is
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queried. It can also guarantee a safe and proper cooling system and lower the system
noise. Its main functions are as follows:
Control rotating speed of the fans.
Check whether fan units are in position and report their information.
Check and report fan unit blocking alarm.
Drive fan operating status indicator.
Communicate with the Main Control Unit (MCU) of BCKM and report in-board
status information.
II. Structure and principle
The position of BFMM is shown in Figure 2-9. And its function is shown in Figure 2-10.
Fan drive module
Temperature collection module
Main control unit
Communication module
Fan-in-position & fault
detection module
Switch value alarm module
Indicator drive module
Power supply module
Figure 2-10 Functions of BFMM
Power supply module
The power supply module converts +24V input power into the voltage required by
various modules of local board.
Main Control Unit (MCU)
The MCU controls the fans and communicates with the BCKM. That is:
- Generates control PWM signals according to the instruction sent from the BCKM to
control the speed of fans.
- Detects fan alarm signal and in-board logic alarm signal, and reports them to the
BCKM.
- Generates panel indicator signals.
Communication module
The module performs serial communication with the BCKM.
Fan driving module
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The PWM control signal generated in the MCU provides controlled power input for fans
by isolating driving circuits.
Fan in position and fault detection module
This module isolates the fan-in-position signal and fan blocking alarm signal, then
converts them into logic level for the MCU to sample and analyze.
Temperature collection module
The module collects the ambient temperature information of BFMM in real time, which
is realized by the MCU in query operation.
Indicator driving module:
When a functional alarm (such as communication interruption in main control mode)
occurs to the board or a fan blocking alarm occurs to the motor, this module provides a
LED optical alarm interface inside the fan block, to drive the LED indicator on the fan
block front panel.
III. External interface
Power interface
The interface is used to lead in working power for the BFMM.
Communication serial port
Serial port communication ports 0 and 1 provide access for system active/standby
serial port. When the system has only one serial port, only port 0 is used.
LED indicator driving output interface
This is the driving interface for LED status indicator on the panel of the fan box.
Fan unit driving interface
Maximally six such interfaces are provided. They also serve as the interfaces for
fan-in-position detection and fan blocked detection.
IV. Indices
Power voltage: +24V.
Power consumption <5W.
Dimensions: 280mm%35mm (Length%Width)
2.8.2 BFIB
I. Overview
The BTS Fan Block Interface Board (BFIB) provides electrical connection between fan
boxes and the system. On one hand, it provides blind mate interfaces for the fan boxes.
On the other hand, it provides the system with power interfaces and serial
communication interfaces.
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II. Structure and principle
The position of BFIB is shown in Figure 2-9.
The BFIB implements interface conversion function. Refer to "3) Interface" for the
definition of interfaces.
Its structure is shown in Figure 2-11.
(1) MOLEX connector
(2) Large 3PIN power socket
(3) DB-15 signal socket
Figure 2-11 Illustration of BFIB structure
III. External interface
Fan box electrical interface
Power supply ports and serial port communication ports are provided for the fan boxes
through MOLEX connectors.
System power supply interface
The interface leads in the system power through big 3-pin connectors.
System serial communication interface
External serial communication interface is provided through the DB-15.
IV. Indices
Dimensions: 230mm%30mm (Length%Width)
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Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Subsystem
3.1 Overview
3.1.1 Radio Frequency Subsystem Functional Structure
The structure of RF (radio frequency) subsystem is shown in Figure 3-1.
Antenna & feeder
BHPA
BRDM
BTRM
BRDM
BTRM
CDU
BHPA
RLDU
BRDM: BTS Resource Distribution Module
BHPA: BTS High Power Amplifier Unit
RLDU: Receive LNA Distribution Unit
BTRM: BTS Transceiver Module
CDU: Combining Duplexer Unit
Figure 3-1 Structure of RF subsystem
Note:
The above figure illustrates the duplexer configuration for 800MHz band. For 800MHz band, the duplexer
can also be DDU. For 450MHz band, the duplexer can be DFU, DDU or CDU. For 1900MHz band, the
duplexer can be DDU or CDU.
The RF subsystem is connected with the BCIM of the baseband subsystem via the
optical interface provided by the BTRM, and connected with the antenna & feeder
subsystem via the feeder interface provided by a CDU, DDU, or DFU. It implements the
following functions:
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In forward link, it performs power adjustable up-conversion and linear power
amplification to the modulated transmission signals, filtering the transmission signals to
meet the corresponding air interface standard.
In reverse link, it filters the signals received by the BTS antenna to suppress out-band
interference, and then performs low-noise amplification, noise factor adjustable
frequency down-conversion, and channel selective filtering.
3.1.2 Introduction to RF Modules
The RF subsystem is composed of RF modules. Figure 8-3 shows the RF subsystem in
full configuration.
RF modules include:
BTRM: Complete the modulation/demodulation of baseband signal and up/down
conversion.
BHPA: Complete the high-power linear amplification of transmitting carrier signals.
DFU: Complete the wave filtering and duplex isolation of one main
transmitting/receiving signal, and the wave filtering of diversity receiving signal. It
is one of the RF front-end modules.
DDU: Complete the isolation and duplex filtering of two receiving/transmitting
signals. It is one of the RF front-end modules and is not equipped with the
combiner function.
CDU: Complete the combination and wave filtering of two transmitting signals,
duplex isolation of main transmitting and receiving signals, and the wave filtering
of diversity receiving signal. It is one of the RF front-end modules.
RLDU: Complete the low noise amplification and dividing of receiving signals.
Besides the above modules, the backplane of RF module and the RF fan module will
also be introduced in this chapter.
3.2 BTRM
3.2.1 Overview
In reverse link, the BTS Transceiver Module (BTRM) receives the main/diversity RF
signals from the RLDU, and then changes the RF signals into baseband signals
through down-conversion, wave filtering and multiplexing. Finally the BTRM sends the
baseband signals to the baseband subsystem through the BRDM.
In forward link, the BTRM receives the baseband signals from the BRDM, then
changes the baseband signals into RF signals through de-multiplexing, wave filtering
and up-conversion. Finally the BTRM sends the RF signals to the RF subsystem
through the RF front module such as CDU.
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The BTRM also receives the management and configuration information from the
BCKM, and reports the status and alarms of itself to the BCKM.
3.2.2 Structure and Principle
The BTRM consists of BTS Intermediate Frequency Module (BIFM) and BTS Radio
up-down Converter Module (BRCM). Its structure is shown in Figure 3-2.
BIFM
BRCM
CPU
BRDM
PSU
Demultiplexer/multiplexer
Optical interface
BHPA
FIR
DAGC
Main receiver
RLDU
Diversity receiver
RLDU
Clock
Down
converter
ADC
Filter
Down
converter
ADC
Filter
Local oscillator
FIR
DAGC
+24V
Up
converter
DAC
Filter
Transmitter
BHPA
Power
Figure 3-2 Structure of BTRM
I. BIFM
The BIFM consists of up-converter, down-converter, multiplexer/demultiplexer, optical
interface, clock, CPU, and power supply sub-unit. It is in charge of the conversion
between the analog intermediate frequency signal and the digital baseband signal, and
the control of the BTRM. The functions of each sub-unit are as below:
Up-converter
The up-converter accomplishes the wave filtering, digital up-conversion and
digital-analog conversion of the signals in the transmit path.
On receiving the baseband I/Q signals that have been de-multiplexed, the up-converter
performs digital up-conversion after baseband filtering. Then the digital intermediate
frequency signals are converted into analog intermediate frequency signals after
digital-analog conversion and wave filtering. At last, the analog intermediate frequency
signals are sent to the transmitter in BRCM via radio frequency (RF) interface.
The
Down-converter
down-converter
accomplishes
the
analog-digital
conversion,
down-conversion and baseband filtering of the signals in the receive path.
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On receiving the analog intermediate frequency signals via the radio interface, the
down-converter converts them into digital intermediate frequency signals via
analog-digital conversion. Then the digital intermediate frequency signals are
converted into baseband I/Q signals via digital down-conversion and baseband filtering.
As last, the I/Q signals are transmitted to the demultiplexer/multiplexer.
Demultiplexer/multiplexer
Under the control of the CPU, the demultiplexer/multiplexer de-multiplexes the forward
I/Q signals, and multiplexes the reverse I/Q signals. At the same time, it
multiplexes/de-multiplexes the operation & maintenance (O&M) signals of the OML.
Optical interface
The optical interface performs channel coding and decoding, and accomplishes
optical-electrical signal conversion and electrical-optical signal conversion. It is the
interface between the BIFU and the BRDM of the upper-level BTS, and the interface
between the BIFU and the MTRM (Micro-bts Transceiver Module) in the lower-level
SoftSite.
Clock
The clock generates all the clock signals needed by the BIFU, which include the clocks
for up/down conversion, analog-digital conversion (ADC), and digital-analog
conversion (DAC), as well as other working clocks. It also provides the reference clock
for the BRCM.
CPU
The CPU is in charge of the control of BTRM, which includes the initialization upon
power-on, alarm collecting and reporting, and processing operation & maintenance
related messages.
Power supply
With input voltage of +24V, the power supply sub-unit provides power supply to BIFU
and BRCU.
II. BRCM
The BRCM consists of transmitter, main/diversity receiver and local oscillator. It
up-converts, amplifies the intermediate frequency signals output by BIFM, and
performs
spuriousness-suppression
wave
filtering.
It
also
performs
analog
down-conversion, amplification of BTS main/diversity receiving signal input from the
RLDU, and channel-selection wave filtering. The functions of each sub-unit are as
below.
Transmitter
When receiving the modulated analog intermediate frequency signals output by BIFM,
the transmitter converts them to specified RF band via two times of up-conversions.
Before and after the up-conversion, wave filtering, signal amplification and power
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control are performed, so as to ensure the RF signals output meet the protocol
requirements on power level, Adjacent Channel Power Radio (ACPR) and
spuriousness.
Main/diversity receiver
The main/diversity receiver converts the RF signals output by RLDU to specified
intermediate frequency signals via down-conversion, and performs wave filtering,
signal amplification and power control before/after the down-conversion, so as to
ensure the intermediate frequency signals output can be received by BIFM.
Local oscillator
The local oscillator consists of intermediate frequency source, transmit RF synthesizer
and receive RF synthesizer.
The intermediate frequency source generates the local oscillator signals for
intermediate frequency up conversion in transmit path.
The transmit RF synthesizer generates the local oscillator signals for the up-conversion
of the transmit path.
The receive RF synthesizer generates the local oscillator signals for the down
conversion of main/diversity receive path.
3.2.3 External Interfaces
There are interfaces between the BTRM and the BHPA/RLDU/BRDM/PSU. The
descriptions of each interface are given as below:
RF interface between the BTRM and the BHPA
The RF transmitting signal is output via this interface to BHPA, where the signal is
amplified and then outputted.
RS485 interface between the BTRM and the BHPA
This interface is used to transfer alarm and control signal, and power detection signal.
RF interface between the BTRM and the RLDU
The main/diversity RF receiving signal output by RLDU is received via this interface.
Optical interface between the BTRM and the BRDM
Baseband data are transmitted or received via this interface.
Power supply interface
Interface with BTS3612A TRx Backplane (BTRB), This interface is used to provide
+24V power supply to BTRM.
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3.2.4 Indices
Supported frequency band: 450MHz, 800MHz and 1900MHz
Power voltage: +24V
Power consumption: 51W
Dimensions: 460mm % 233.5mm % 64mm (Length % Width % Depth)
Note:
BTRM supports the different frequency bands with different BTRM types, such as BTRM for 450MHz band,
BTRM for 800MHz band, BTRM for 1900MHz band. And this principle also applies to the other RF
modules including BHPA, CDU, DFU, DDU, and RLDU.
3.3 BHPA
3.3.1 Overview
Located at the left side of the BTRM, the BTS High Power Amplifier Module (BHPA)
amplifies the RF modulation signals output by BTRM. Its main functions are:
RF power amplification: The BHPA performs power amplification for the RF
modulation signals from BTRM.
Over-temperature alarm: When the temperature of power amplifier base board
exceeds a specified threshold, the BBFM will process the over-temperature alarm
signal generated by HPAU and report it to BTRM.
Over-excited alarm: When the power level of BHPA input RF signal exceeds a
specified threshold, the BBFM will process the over-excited alarm signal
generated by HPAU and report it to BTRM.
Gain decrease alarm: When the gain of the power amplifier drops over 6dB, the
BBFM will process the gain decrease alarm signal generated by HPAU and report
it to BTRM.
Fan monitoring: The BBFM installed in BHPA performs such functions as fan
alarm and power amplifier alarm signal processing & reporting, and fan speed
adjustment.
3.3.2 Structure and Principle
The structure of BHPA module includes the following parts, as shown in Figure 3-3:
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RF input
BTRM
Power
amplification
Coupler
Circulator
RF output
CDU
Sampling
port
HPAUz
Alarm
circuit
BDCS
+24V
Alarm signal
Alarm signal
BBFM
BHPA
BTRB
BTRM
Figure 3-3 Functional structure of BHPA module
I. HPAU
The High Power Amplifier Unit (HPAU) consists of two parts: power amplifier and alarm
circuit.
The power amplifier amplifies the RF signals from BTRM. The amplified RF signals are
then sent to CDU or DFU via BTRB.
The alarm circuit monitors the power amplifier status and generates over-temperature
alarm, over-excited alarm and gain decrease alarm signals when necessary. The alarm
signals will be sent to BBFM, where they will be processed and reported to BTRB.
The coupler is used to couple the RF output signals to the sampling port for test
purpose.
The output power of HPAU can be adjusted by controlling the RF output signal of
BTRM.
II. BBFM
The BTS BTRM Fan Monitor (BBFM) processes fan alarm signals and power amplifier
alarm signals, and sends them to BTRM via BTRB, and then BTRM will report them to
upper level. BBFM can adjust the fan speed based on the ambient temperature and the
actual BHPA output power in order to lower the noise of fans.
For the detail of BBFM, see “3.9 BRFM”
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3.3.3 External Interfaces
External interfaces of the BHPA module are D-type combination blind mate connectors,
including:
RF interface
The RF interface of BHPA has one input port and one output port. They are connected
respectively with BTRM RF output port via BTRB and CDU/DFU/DDU RF input port via
coaxial cable.
Power supply interface
Interface with BTS3612A TRx Backplane (BTRB), This interface is used to provide
+24V power supply to BTRM.
The +24V power is supplied with the BTS Direct Current Switch box (BDCS).
Alarm interface
Interface with BTRM. Fan alarm signals and power amplifier alarm signals are sent via
BTRB to BTRM.
3.3.4 Indices
Supported frequency band: 450MHz, 800MHz, and 1900MHz
Power supply: +24V
Power consumption: <380W
Dimensions: 460mm %233.5mm %64mm (Length % Width % Depth)
3.4 BTRB
3.4.1 Overview
The BTS3612A TRx Backplane (BTRB) accomplishes the following functions:
Fastening the connection between BTRM and BHPA.
Fastening the RLDU.
Monitoring BHPA temperature.
Providing alarm signal interface between BTRM and RLDU.
Key internal parts of BTRB include connectors and temperature sensors.
3.4.2 Structure and Principle
The BTRB structure is as shown in Figure 3-4.
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RS485
RS485
Temperature
Sensor
Temperature
Sensor
2mmHM A/N
connnector
RS485
RLDU0
Functional
group 2
24W7
connnector
24W7
connnector
RS485
Functional
group 1
2mmHM A/N
connnector
24W7
connnector
Functional
group 0
2mmHM A/N
connnector
RLDU1
System Principle
Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Subsystem
Temperature
Sensor
Figure 3-4 Functional structure of BTRB
I. BTRM 2mm connector
Each set of 2mm connectors includes one 5%22pin A-connector and three 3-socketC4-connectors.
A-connector transfers RLDU alarm signals from DB9 connector and RS485 interface
message from BHPA 24W7 combination DB-connector.
C4-connector transfers the main/diversity input/output RF signal of BTRM and +24V
DC power signal needed by BTRM.
II. BHPA 24W7 D-type combination blind mate connector
Each 24W7 D-type combination blind mate connector includes two coaxial contacts
(transferring BHPA input/output RF signals), two high-current power contacts
(transferring +24V power supply and PGND signals), one set of RS485 signal contacts
and a group of contacts for temperature sensor signals.
III. DB9 connector
There are two angled DB9 connectors on BTRB for two RLDUs alarm signals
transferred to BTRM.
IV. Temperature sensor
There are three temperature sensors for the three BHPA slots, used for sensing the air
temperature at each BHPA air outlet. They will convert the information into current and
send to BFMM on BHPA for processing. In this way, fan speed can be controlled on a
real-time basis.
3.4.3 External Interfaces
See the introduction to connectors in Section 3.4.2.
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3.4.4 Indices
Dimensions: 664mm%262mm%3mm (Length % Width % Depth)
3.5 CDU
3.5.1 Overview
The Combining Duplexer Unit (CDU) accomplishes the following functions:
Combining two carrier signals from the two BHPAs into one.
Isolating and filtering the receiving and transmitting signals.
Filtering the transmitting signals so as to suppress BTS spurious emissions.
Filtering the receiving signals so as to suppress the interference from outside the
receive band.
Key internal parts of CDU include isolator, 2-in-1 combiner, duplexer, filter and
directional coupler.
3.5.2 Structure and Principle
CDU structure is as shown in Figure 3-5.
Pr-OUT D
Pf-OUT D
ISOLATOR
FILTER COMB.
TX1 D
LPF
TX2 D
LPF
S TX-TEST
DUPLEXER
N TX/RXM-ANT
COUPLER
S RXM-TEST
RXM-OUT D
S RXD-TEST
BPF
LPF
N RXD-ANT
RXD-OUT D
D-SUB
N N-Type
LPF: Low Pass Filter
S SMA-Type
BPF: Band Pass Filter
Figure 3-5 Structure of CDU
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Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Subsystem
I. Isolator
There are two isolators at each input port of the combiner in CDU. They are used to
isolate the two carriers from two input ports.
II. Combiner
The combiner is a narrow band cavity filtering combiner. In comparison with broadband
combiner, it features lower insertion loss and effective isolation.
III. Duplexer
The duplexer is used to isolate transmitted signals and received signals, suppress
transmission spurious and reduce antenna quantity.
IV. Filter
The filter on the transmitting channel filters transmitting signal.
The filter on the main/diversity receive channel filters main/diversity receive signals
respectively. Then it sends them to low-noise amplifier in the RLDU for amplification.
V. Directional coupler
The directional coupler couples forward/reverse power to RLDU, and monitors the
antenna VSWR.
3.5.3 External Interfaces
The CDU is a module shared by the transmit and receive paths of the BTS. Therefore,
it has interfaces with other modules both in the transmitting and in the receiving paths.
Its external interfaces include a set of 8W8 D-type combination blind mate connectors
on the backside, and a set of N-connectors and SMA connectors on the front side. The
interface signals include:
RF signals between CDU combiner input ports and BHPA output ports. They are
transferred through the blind mate connectors on the backside.
BTS receiving signals output from the duplexer. They are sent to RLDU via the
blind mate connector on the backside.
BTS transmitting signals, which are transferred to the cabinet-bottom antenna
interface through the RF cable connected with the N-connector at the front side of
CDU.
BTS receiving signals, which are transferred from the cabinet-bottom antenna
interface through the RF cable connected with the N-connector on the front side of
CDU.
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Forward/reverse coupled RF signals, which are sent to RLDU via the blind mate
connector on the backside.
Forward/reverse coupled test signals, which are output through the standard SMA
connector on the front side of CDU.
3.5.4 Indices
Number of combined signals: 2
Supported frequency band: 450MHz, 800MHz, and 1900MHz.
Module dimensions: 450mm%100mm%344.8mm (Length % Width % Depth)
3.6 DFU
3.6.1 Overview
The Duplexer Filter Unit (DFU) accomplishes the following functions:
Isolating and filtering the transmitting and receiving signals for the single carrier.
Filtering the diversity receiving signals so as to suppress out-band interference.
Key parts of DFU include low-pass filter, duplexer, filter and directional coupler.
3.6.2 Structure and Principle
The DFU structure is shown in Figure 3-6.
LPF
S RXD-TEST
BPF
N TX/RXD-ANT
RXD-OUT D
LPF
S TX-TEST
DUPLEXER
COUPLER
TX D
N TX/RXM-ANT
LPF
S RXM-TEST
RXM-OUT D
Pf-OUT D
Pr-OUT D
D-SUB
LPF: Low Pass Filter
N N-Type
S SMA-Type
BPF: Band Pass Filter
Figure 3-6 Structure of DFU
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Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Subsystem
I. Filter
The filter on the transmitting channel filters transmitting signal.
The filter on the main/diversity receive channel filters main/diversity receive signals
respectively. Then it sends them to low noise amplifier in the RLDU for amplification.
II. Duplexer
The duplexer is used to isolate transmitting and receiving signals, suppress
transmission spurious and reduce antenna quantity.
III. Directional coupler
The directional coupler couples forward/reverse power for RLDU, and monitors the
antenna VSWR.
3.6.3 External Interfaces
DFU is a module shared by the transmit and receive paths of the BTS. Therefore, it has
interfaces with other modules in both the transmit and receive paths.
Its external interfaces include a set of 8W8 D-type combination blind mate connectors
on the backside, and a set of N connectors and SMA connectors on the front side. The
interface signals include:
The signals between DFU and BHPA, which are transferred through the blind
mate connectors on the backside.
BTS transmitting signals, which are transferred to the cabinet-bottom antenna
interface through the RF cable connected with the N-connector at the front side of
the module.
BTS receiving signals, which are transferred from the cabinet-bottom antenna
interface to DFU for filtering through the RF cable connected with the N-connector
on the front side of the module.
BTS receiving signals output from the duplexer and diversity receive filter. They
are sent to RLDU via the blind mate connector on the backside.
Forward/reverse coupled RF signals, which are sent to RLDU via the blind mate
connectors on the backside.
Forward/reverse coupled test signals, which are output through the standard SMA
connector on the front side.
3.6.4 Indices
Supported frequency band: 450MHz
Module dimensions: 450mm%100mm%344.8mm (Length % Width % Depth)
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3.7 DDU
3.7.1 Overview
The Dual Duplexer Unit (DDU) implements the following functions:
Isolation and low-pass filtering of two receiving and transmitting signals.
Providing two DC feeds to T-type Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA).
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) test on transmit channels in both forward
and backward directions.
Coupling test of transmitting and receiving signals.
Key components within DDU include low-pass filter, duplexer, directional coupler, and
BIAS T (DC supply unit for TMA) which is optional.
3.7.2 Structure and Principle
There are two types of DDU, type A with the BIAS T, type B without the BIAS T. Type A
can be selected to feeder DC to the TMA which may be used when the BTS operates at
1900MHz band.
The DDU (with the BIAS T) structure is shown in Figure 3-7.
Pr1-OUT D
Pf1-OUT D
DUPLEXER
LPF
BIAS T
TX1 D
BIAS T
S TX1-TEST
N TX/RXM-ANT
LPF
COUPLER
RXM-OUT D
S RXM-TEST
Pr2-OUT D
Pf2-OUT D
DUPLEXER
LPF
TX2 D
BIAS T
BIAS T
N TX/RXD-ANT
LPF
COUPLER
RXD-OUT D
D-SUB
S TX2-TEST
N N-Type
LPF: Low-pass Filter
Figure 3-7 Structure of DDU
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S RXD-TEST
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System Principle
Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Subsystem
I. Low-pass filter
The low-pass filter is used to suppress the high-order harmonic wave. The low-pass
filter on receive channel also functions to suppress the interference from the transmit
channel.
II. Duplexer
The duplexer is used to isolate both transmitting and receiving signals, suppress
spurious emission and save antennae.
III. Directional coupler
The bi-directional coupler couples forward and reverse power for RLDU, and monitors
the antenna VSWR.
IV. DC supply unit for TMA (BIAS T)
If the BTS is applied to 1900MHz band, a TMA may be used. The BIAS T of the DDU is
to combine and divide RF signals and DC feed so as to provide the TMA with DC.
3.7.3 External Interfaces
The DDU is a module shared by both the transmitting and receiving paths of the BTS. It
provides interfaces with other modules both in the transmitting and receiving paths. Its
external interfaces include a set of 8W8 DB combination blind mate connectors on the
back, and a set of N-connectors and the SMA connectors in the front. The interface
signals include:
Signals between transmit input port and the BHPA interface. They are transmitted
through the blind mate connectors on the back.
Transmitting signals, which are transmitted to the cabinet-bottom antenna port
through the RF cable connected with the N-connector in front of the DDU.
Receiving input signals, which are transmitted from the cabinet-bottom antenna
port through the RF cable connected with the N-connector in front of the DDU.
Signals output from the receive filter. They are sent to the RLDU via the blind mate
connector on the back.
Transmitting forward and reverse coupled RF signals, which are sent to the RLDU
via the blind mate connector on the back.
Transmitting and receiving coupled test signals, which are outputted through the
standard SMA connector in front of the DDU.
3.7.4 Indices
Supported band: 800MHz, and 1900MHz
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Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Subsystem
Module dimensions: 450mm%100mm%344.8mm (Length%Width%Depth)
3.8 RLDU
3.8.1 Overview
The Receive LNA Distribution Unit (RLDU) consists of Low Noise Amplifier (LNA),
distribution unit, configuration switch and alarm monitoring circuit. Its main functions
are:
Low noise amplification and distribution for BTS main/diversity receiving signals.
Built-in electronic RF switch supporting multiple BTS configurations (3 sectors or 6
sectors).
Antenna VSWR monitoring and alarming, BTS forward RF power detecting, LNA
running status monitoring and alarming.
3.8.2 Structure and Principle
The RLDU structure is shown in Figure 3-8.
RXBD-IN
RXBM-IN
RXAD-IN
RXAM-IN
RXAM-TEST
VSWR and power
check
RXBM-TEST
APf-IN
APr-IN
BPf-IN
BPr-IN
RXAM1
RXAM2
RXAD1
Switch distribution
module
LNA
module
RXAD2
RXAM3/RXBM1
RXAM4/RXBM2
RXAD3/RXBD1
RXAD4/RXBD2
Power supply
DC-IN
PWR
S/W
VSWR check processing
Forward power output
DB15
Figure 3-8 Structure of RLDU
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Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Subsystem
I. Receiving signal low noise amplification and distribution unit
There are 4 LNAs and distributors inside the RLDU, which process 4 signals. The 4
LNAs have the same specifications such as gain, noise factor and dynamic to ensure
the balance among 4 receive paths.
II. Configuration switch unit
The electronic switches inside the RLDU are designed for supporting different BTS
configurations. When the BTS is configured in the 3-sector mode, the electronic
switches can be set to make the RLDU operate in the single-sector mode that has two
main/diversity receiving paths (Each path provides 1-in-4 output to support 1~4 carriers
configuration for each sector). When the BTS is configured in the 6-sector mode, the
electronic switches can be set to make the LDU operate in the 2-sector mode. And
each sector provides 4 main/diversity receive paths (Each path provides 1-in-2 output,
supporting 1~2 carriers configuration in each sector).
III. Antenna VSWR and LNA status monitoring unit
The transmitted forward/reverse power coupling signals from the CDU or the DFU or
the DDU are processed in the antenna VSWR monitoring circuit inside the RLDU.
When the VSWR of transmitting antenna exceeds a specified threshold, alarm will
occur. At the same time, the RLDU also converts transmit coupling power signal into
DC level signal through its RF power detecting circuits. Through this DC level signal,
any exception of transmit signal power of antenna can be monitored in realtime. LNA
status monitoring circuit monitors the voltage and current of the 4 LNAs inside the
RLDU. It generates alarm when fault t is found.
3.8.3 External Interfaces
RLDU is the reverse link function module of the BTS, which interfaces with CDU/DFU
and BTRM in both input and output sides through the two sets of 8W8 D-type
combination blind mate connectors on the back of the module.
Interface signals between the RLDU and the CDU/DFU/DDU are:
Main/diversity path receiving RF signals outputted from two CDU/DFU/DDU
receive filters. They are amplified and distributed by the RLDU.
The CDU/DFU/DDU coupling RF signals, which are used for antenna VSWR
monitoring and forward power detection.
Interface signals between the RLDU and the BTRM are:
Main/diversity path receiving RF signals transmitted to the BTRM after being
amplified and distributed.
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Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Subsystem
Antenna VSWR, the LNA status monitoring alarm signals and forward power
detection voltage signals, which are outputted to the BRCM by the RLDU through
a DB15 interface in front of the module and transmitted to the BIFM for processing.
The +24V DC power is necessary for the RLDU. It is provided directly by the secondary
power supply module in the BTS through a MOLEX power connector in front of the
module.
3.8.4 Indices
Supported frequency band: 450MHz band, 800MHz band, and 1900MHz band
Power supply: +24VDC
Power consumption: <50W
Module dimensions: 450mm%180mm%50mm (Length%Width%Depth)
3.9 BRFM
The BTS RF Fan Module (BRFM) mainly consists of the BBFM, the BBFL and fans.
The following is the introduction to the BBFM and the BBFL.
3.9.1 BBFM
I. Overview
The BTS BTRM FAN Monitor (BBFM) collects and analyzes the temperature
information of BHPA module and adjusts the fan speed in realtime to lower the system
noise, so as to prolong equipment service life and improve the external performance of
the overall system on the premise that the system works in a safe thermal status.
The Pulse Wide Modulation (PWM) control signal regarding the fan speed can be
generated by the MCU of the local board or configured by the control unit of the BTRM
module. At the same time, the BBFM reports to the BCKM the gain decrease,
over-temperature, over-excited alarm and fan failure alarm of the BHPA to ensure the
reliability of the BHPA module. Specifically, it functions to:
Control fan speed, monitor and report fan alarm.
Monitor and report the BHPA alarm.
Drive fan monitor indicator module.
Collect temperature information of the BHPA module.
Communicate with the BTRM module.
II. Structure and principle
The position of the BBFM in the BHPA module is as shown in Figure 3-9.
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Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Subsystem
Blind mate
connector
Fan cover
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
BHPA
BBFM
Figure 3-9 Position of BBFM in BHPA module
The structure of the BBFM is shown in Figure 3-10.
BBFM
Panel indicator
driving alarm
signal isolation
circuit
HPAU
Interface
circuit
BHPA
Temperature
collection
MCU
PWM
Modulation
circuit
External
temperature
collection
Communication
interface
Watchdog
Fan cover
Serial port
BTRM
Figure 3-10 Structure of BBFM module
MCU module
The MCU module implements the following functions:
- Collect and analyze the temperature information to generate PWM signals for
controlling the fan speed.
- Receive alarm signals generated by the BHPA module and fan alarm signals and
report to the BTRM module.
- Generate panel indicator signal.
- Communicate with the BTRM module.
BHPA interface module
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Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Subsystem
This module isolates and drives the interface with the BHPA.
Temperature information collection module
This module collects the temperature information of the BHPA module in real time,
which is implemented by the MCU in query mode.
Panel indicator driving and alarm signal isolation module
This module is used to drive the panel indicator and isolate fan alarm signals.
Communication module
The communication module performs serial communication with the BTRM module.
Power supply module
The input power of the BFMM is +24V, and power consumption is 3.5W (excluding
power for the fans).
III. External interfaces
BHPA interface
Interface with the BHPA module, used for the BHPA alarm monitoring.
Serial communication interface
Interface used to report the alarm of the fans and the BHPA module.
Interface with the fan cover
Including fan alarm signal, panel indicator, and fan power interface.
IV. Indices
Module dimensions: 200.0mm%55.0mm (Length%Width).
3.9.2 BBFL
I. Overview
The BTS BTRM FAN Lamp Module (BBFL) has three RUN indicators to indicate the
running status of the BTRM module, fans and the BHPA module. The board is
connected with the BBFM via the fan cover interface. It is an auxiliary board.
II. Structure and principle
The structure of the BBFL is shown in Figure 3-11.
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BTRM indicator
FAN indicator
LED1
LED2
LED3
Fan 2 interface
Fan 1 interface
BHPA indicator
Fan cover port (connect to BBFM)
Figure 3-11 Structure of BBFL module
The BBFL consists of the following parts:
Fan 1 interface module
It is a 4pin ordinary socket connector connected with the Fan 1, including power supply
input port and fan alarm output port.
Fan 2 interface module
It is a 4pin ordinary socket connector connected with the Fan 2, including power supply
input port and fan alarm output port.
Fan cover port interface module
It is connected with the fan cover of the BBFM.
III. Panel indicators
LED1: BTRM operating signal
LED2: Fan operating signal
LED3: BHPA operating signal
IV. Indices
BBFL dimensions: 55.0mm%25.0mm (Length%Width).
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Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem
Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem
4.1 Overview
The BTS antenna & feeder subsystem consists of two parts: the RF antenna & feeder,
and the satellite (GPS/GLONASS) synchronization antenna & feeder. The former
transmits the modulated RF signals and receives MS signals, while the latter provides
precise synchronization for the CDMA system.
4.2 RF Antenna & Feeder
The RF antenna & feeder of the BTS is composed of antenna, jumper from antenna to
feeder, feeder, and the jumper from feeder to cabinet-bottom, as shown in Figure 4-1.
Antenna
Sector
α
Jumper
Feeder
Sector
γ
Sector
β
Jumper
BTS cabinet
Figure 4-1 Structure of RF antenna & feeder
4.2.1 Antenna
Antenna is the end point of transmitting and start point of receiving. The type, gain,
coverage pattern and front-to-rear ratio of the antenna all will affect the system
performance. The network designer should select antenna properly based on the
subscriber number and system coverage.
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Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem
I. Antenna gain
Antenna gain is the capability of the antenna to radiate the input power in specific
directions. Normally, in the direction where the radiation intensity of the antenna is the
strongest, the higher the gain is, the stronger the field intensity will be in a faraway
place and the larger the effective coverage area will be. But there may be blind areas in
the vicinity.
II. Antenna pattern
Antenna pattern describes the radiation intensity of the antenna in all directions. The
horizontal antenna pattern is often used. It is also used as a standard to classify the
antennae
The BTS antenna is categorized in two types: omni antenna and directional antenna.
The directional antenna includes the following types: 120°, 90°, 65° and 33°.
III. Polarization
Polarization is used to describe the change path of the direction of the electric field. The
mobile communication system often uses uni-polarization antennas. Bi-polarization
antennae have been used recently. It is an antenna with two cross-over antenna
polarization directions. The isolation is above 30dB for both the +45o and -45o antennae.
The adoption of the bi-polarization antenna can save antennae, as one bi-polarization
antenna can replace two sets of independent uni-polarization antennae.
Normally bi-polarization directional antenna is used in directional cell. Compared with
the uni-polarization directional antenna, the bi-polarization directional antenna is
cost-effective, space saving and easy to install. However, uni-polarization omni
antenna is still adopted in omni cell.
IV. Diversity technology
Electrical wave propagation in urban area has the following features:
Field intensity value changes slowly with places and time. It changes in the rule of
logarithmic normal distribution, which is called the slow attenuation.
Field intensity transient value attenuates selectively due to the multi-path
transmission. The attenuation rules falls into Rayleigh distribution, which is called
the fast attenuation.
The fast attenuation, slow attenuation, multi-path effect, and shadow effect will impair
the quality of communication or even interrupts the conversation. Diversity technology
is one of the most effective technologies to tackle the attenuation problem. Diversity
receiving and combining technology can be used to minimize the attenuation when
there is little correlation between the two attenuated signals.
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Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem
There are polarized diversity and space diversity. In the present mobile communication
system, horizontal space diversity and polarized diversity are both supported. Space
diversity is effective when the distance between two antennae is over 10 wavelengths.
Polarized diversity facilitates antenna installation and saves space, therefore it is used
more and more extensively.
V. Antenna isolation
The receiving/transmitting antenna must be installed with sufficient isolation to
minimize the effect on the receiver. The isolation space is subject to the spuriousness
of the transmitter and the characteristics of the receiver.
4.2.2 Feeder
Normally, the standard 7/8 inch or 5/4 inch feeders are used to connect the antenna
and cabinet. In the site installation, 7/16 DIN connectors should be prepared based on
the actual length of feeders.
Three grounding cable clips for lightning protection should be applied at the tower top
(or building roof), feeder middle, and the end close to the cabinet-bottom. If the feeder
is excessively long, additional cable clips should be applied evenly in the middle.
Since 7/8 inch and 5/4 inch feeders should not be bent, the tower top (or building roof)
antenna and the feeder, cabinet and the feeder should be connected via jumpers. The
jumpers provided by Huawei are 1/2 inch, 3.5m long, and with 7/16DIN connectors.
The attenuation of the feeder often used is listed in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1 Attenuation (dB/100m) of the feeder (ambient temperature 20°C)
Frequency Band
7/8 inch feeder
5/4 inch feeder
450MHz
2.65dB
1.87dB
800MHz
3.9dB
2.8dB
1900MHz
5.9dB
4.51dB
Standard conditions: VSWR 1.0, ambient temperature 20°C (68°F).
4.2.3 Lightning Arrester (Optional)
When the BTS3612A works at the 1900MHz band, the lightning arrester is necessary,
but for other bands, it is not necessary.
The lightning arrester is used to prevent damage of lightning current to the antenna &
feeder system.
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Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem
Usually, there are two types of lightning arresters. The first type uses the microwave
principle to conduct the low frequency lightning current to the ground so as to sink the
current. The second one is a discharging tube, when the voltages at both ends of the
discharging tube reach a certain value, the tube conducts to sink the large current.
The second technique is used in BTS3612A. Lightning arrester should be installed
close to the BTS cabinet.
4.2.4 Tower-top Amplifier (Optional)
When the BTS3612A works at 1900MHz band, the tower-top amplifier (TA) is optional,
for the other bands, it is not necessary.
The TA is a low-noise amplification module installed on the tower. It is to amplify the
reverse signal from MS before the transmission loss occurs along the feeder. This
helps improve the receiving sensibility of the BTS system and the reverse coverage of
the system while lowering the transmitting power of MS and improving the conversation
quality.
Usually the triplex TA is configured. It is installed close to the antenna. This type of TA
consists of triplex filter, low-noise amplifier and feeder. The triplex filter is actually the
combination of two duplex filters. The signal from the antenna is first filtered off the
external interference at the triplex filter, and then is amplified by the low-noise amplifier,
and finally sent to the feeder.
Features of the TA include:
The noise factor of TA is very low.
The TA has a wide dynamic range, which is full adaptable to the change of
strength of signal received by antenna caused by different distances between the
MS and the BTS.
The TA has the alarm bypass function.
The TA is fed with feeder, so it has the feeding detection device.
The TA adopts strict water-proof sealing and is adaptable to a wide range of
working temperatures (-40ÿC~70ÿC).
The TA can sustain strong lightning strikes.
4.3 Satellite Synchronization Antenna & Feeder
4.3.1 Overview
Many important features of the CDMA system are closely related to and much
dependent on the global satellite navigation system. If the global satellite navigation
system stops working for a long time, the whole CDMA network will collapse.
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Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem
In consideration of system security and reliability, the BTS receives signals of the GPS
system or of the GLONASS system through a satellite synchronization antenna &
feeder, to implement radio synchronization. In this way, the whole network can still
operate normally without any adverse effect when the GPS or GLONASS system is not
available.
A satellite synchronization antenna & feeder system is composed of an antenna, the
jumper from antenna to feeder, feeders, a lightning arrester and the jumper from feeder
to cabinet-bottom (the feeders and jumpers can be configured as needed). Figure 4-2
shows the structure.
Antenna
Jumper
Feeder
Jumper
Lightning arrester
BTS cabinet
Figure 4-2 Structure of satellite synchronization antenna & feeder
Note:
When the length of the feeder is within 100m, use the 1/2” feeder, which can be directly connected to the
antenna and lightning arrester without any jumper.
When the length of the feeder exceeds 100m, use the 7/8” feeder. In this case, a jumper is needed.
Generally, one BTS is configured with one set of satellite synchronization antenna &
feeder. However, if two BCKM boards are configured to further enhance the reliability of
the system, the two BCKMs each should be configured with one set of independent
satellite synchronization antenna & feeder. In Figure 4-2, two satellite synchronization
antenna & feeder interfaces are provided.
The following describes the application of the GPS and the GLONASS in a CDMA BTS.
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Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem
I. GPS
The GPS is a high precision all-weather satellite navigation system based on radio
communications. It can provide high precision information about 3D-position, speed
and time. The 3D-position is accurate to less than 10 yards (approx. 9.1m) in space; the
time is accurate to less than 100ns in time.
The GPS signals can be received and used as the reference frequency.
The whole system consists of three parts: space part, land control part and user part.
The space part is a group of satellites (altogether 24) 20,183 kilometers high, orbiting
the earth at a speed of 12 hours/circle.
The land control part consists of a main control center and some widely distributed
stations.
The user part includes GPS receivers and their supporting equipment.
II. GLONASS
The GLONASS is a global satellite navigation system developed by the former Soviet
Union and inherited by Russia. With 24 satellites distributed on 3 orbits, it has a
structure similar to the GPS, but a smaller coverage.
III. Application of GPS and GLONASS in CDMA BTS
The BTS3612A supports GPS/GLONASS satellite system synchronization mode,
providing two synchronization solutions (GPS or GPS/GLONASS) as required by the
user.
In the CDMA2000 1X system, the BTS is a user of the GPS or GLONASS, utilizing their
timing function. BTS3612A adopts smart software phase-lock and holdover
technologies to minimize interference such as signal wander and jitter caused by
ionosphere and troposphere errors of GPS or GLONASS satellites.
The timing signal of the GPS or GLONASS features high reliability and long-term
frequency stability. BTS3612A is equipped with a crystal clock that promises high
stability. The short-term stability of this crystal clock and the long-term stability of the
GPS or GLONASS combine to ensure the reliability and stability of the CDMA2000 1X
system clock.
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Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem
4.3.2 Antenna
I. GPS antenna
The GPS antenna is an active antenna. L1 band (1565~1585MHz) GPS signals
received by the antenna are filtered by a narrow-band filter and amplified by a
preamplifier. Then they are sent to a GPS receiver integrated in the BCKM.
II. GPS/GLONASS dual-satellite antenna
The GPS/GLONASS dual-satellite antenna is also an active antenna. It receives both
L1 GPS and GLONASS signals (1602~1611MHz).
4.3.3 Feeder
Normally, standard 1/2 inch or 7/8 inch feeders are used to connect the antenna and
the cabinet. In site installation, 7/16DIN connectors should be prepared based on the
actual length of feeders.
Three grounding cable clips for lightning protection should be applied at the tower top
(or building roof), feeder middle, and the end close to the cabinet-bottom. If the feeder
is excessively long, additional cable clips are needed.
Since the 7/8 inch feeder should not be bent, the tower top (or building roof) antenna
and the feeder, the cabinet and the feeder should be connected via jumpers. The
jumpers provided by Huawei are 1/2 inch, 3.5m long, with 7/16DIN connectors.
The feeder is mainly used to transmit GPS/GLONASS signals received by the
GPS/GLONASS antenna to the GPS/GLONASS receiver. It also provides power for the
antenna module to make pre-amplification.
4.3.4 Lightning Arrester
Like the lightning arrester of RF antenna & feeder, the satellite uses the lightning
arrester of antenna & feeder to protect the equipment from direct lightning stroke or
inductive lightning. One feeder is configured with one lightning arrester.
4.3.5 Receiver
I. GPS receiver
There are many types of GPS receivers. The following introduces the one with 8
parallel paths.
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Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem
This kind of GPS receiver is capable of tracking 8 satellites concurrently. It receives
GPS signals of band L1 and tracks C/A codes.
Inside the receiver, the RF signal processor makes frequency down-conversion to the
GPS signals received by the antenna to get the Intermediate Frequency (IF) signals.
The IF signals are then converted to digital signals and sent to 8-path code and carrier
correlator, where signal detection, code correlation, carrier tracking and filtering are
performed.
The processed signal is synchronized and sent to the positioning Micro Processing Unit
(MPU), which controls the operational mode and decoding of the GPS receiver,
processes satellite data, measures pseudo-distance and pseudo-distance increment
so as to figure out the position, speed and time.
The receiver should be powered with regulated 5V DC and the sensitivity of the
receiver is -137dBm.
II. Dual-satellite receiver
The principle of the dual-satellite receiver is similar to the GPS receiver. It has 20
receiving paths and can be upgraded from GPS L1 to GPS/GLONASS L1+L2 or other
solutions.
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Chapter 5 Power & Environment Monitoring Subsystem
Chapter 5 Power & Environment Monitoring
Subsystem
5.1 Overview
The functional structure of the power & environment monitoring subsystem is shown in
Figure 5-1.
Env ironment
monitor and
sensors
Boolean v alue
RS485
PMU
Analog v alue
BCKM
Transmissio
n equipment
Heat
ex changer fan
Lamp
RS485
220V AC
or
110V AC
AC
distribution
unit
PSUAC/DC
-48VDC
DC
distribution
unit
-48VDC
PSUDC/
DC
Air conditioner/
heat ex changer
+24VDC
Battery subrack/
cabinet
Baseband
boards and RF
modules
Figure 5-1 Functional structure of the power & environment monitoring subsystem
The subsystem provides functions of power distribution and environment monitoring
(including temperature control).
The power distribution part includes the AC distribution unit, PSUAD/DC, the DC
distribution unit, PSUDC/DC, PMU, and the battery subrack or cabinet.
The environment monitoring part includes the PMU and the air conditioner or heat
exchanger.
The following sections describe the working principles of power distribution and
environment monitoring. As the PMU mainly implements the monitoring functions, it will
be introduced in Section 5.3, "Environment Monitoring"
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Chapter 5 Power & Environment Monitoring Subsystem
5.2 Power Distribution
5.2.1 AC Distribution
The BTS3612A supports four types of AC power supplies: three-phase 220V AC,
single-phase 220V AC, three-phase 110V AC and single-phase 110V AC.
I. Distribution of three-phase 220V AC
The three-phase 220V AC passes through the lightning protector and the
ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI) filter before reaching the AC distribution unit. From
the AC distribution unit, the power is distributed to the voltage regulator, PCUAC/DC and
power sockets (reserved). Each distribution path is protected with an air switch at the
input end. Detailed distribution paths are shown in Figure 5-2.
AC distribution unit
EMI filter
220VAC
Air switch
32A
A,N
Air conditioner/heat
exchanger
10A
Reserved
63A
B,N
PSUAC/DC
Lightning
arrester
Voltage
regulator
+24V DC
63A
C,N
PSUAC/DC
+24V DC
Figure 5-2 Distribution of three-phase 220V AC
The air switch, lightning protector and EMI filter are all installed in the power lightning
protector/filter box.
II. Distribution of single-phase 220V AC
If the single-phase 220V AC is used for the BTS3612A, a wiring terminal for phase
conversion should be equipped before the air switch to convert the single-phase power
into three-phase power. The power distribution in the cabinet is the same as that of the
three-phase 200V AC, as illustrated in Figure 5-3.
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Chapter 5 Power & Environment Monitoring Subsystem
AC distribution unit
32A
A,N
EMI filter
Air switch
Reserved
63A
B,N
PSUAC/DC
Lightning
arrester
Air conditioner/heat
exchanger
10A
220VAC
Voltage
regulator
+24V DC
63A
C,N
PSUAC/DC
+24V DC
Figure 5-3 Distribution of single-phase 220V AC
III. Distribution of three-phase 110V AC
If the single-phase 110V AC is used for the BTS3612A, an air conditioner (or heat
exchanger) and a PCUAC/DC that support 110V AC should be configured. The rest
configuration is the same with the distribution of three-phase 220V AC.
IV. Distribution of single-phase 110V AC
If the single-phase 110V AC is used for the BTS3612A, a wiring terminal for phase
conversion should be equipped before the air switch to convert the single-phase power
into three-phase power. The rest configuration is the same with the distribution of
three-phase 110V AC.
5.2.2 DC Distribution
I. Distribution of –48V DC
Figure 5-4 illustrates how the 220V AC is converted into –48V DC and then distributed.
The 220V AC is output by the AC distribution unit to the 220V AC power input busbar
on the backplane of the PSUAC/DC subrack. The PSUAC/DC converts the power and outputs
multiple –48V DC supplies to the busbar.
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Chapter 5 Power & Environment Monitoring Subsystem
AC distribution unit
Input busbar
220V AC
PSU
PSU
.....
PSU
PMU
Output busbar
-48V DC
DC distribution busbar
Figure 5-4 AC-DC conversion and distribution of –48V DC
Then the DC distribution busbar sends the –48V DC to the power consumption units
such as the PSUDC/DC subrack, batteries, transmission equipment, fans, lighting
equipment, and the internal and external circulation fans in the heat exchanger.
II. Distribution of +24V DC
Figure 5-5 illustrates how the –48V DC is converted into +24V DC and then distributed.
The -48V DC is output to the -48V DC power input busbar on the backplane of the
PSUDC/DC subrack. The PSUDC/DC converts the power and outputs multiple +24V DC
supplies to the output busbar. Then the power is sent to the distribution busbar of the
DC distribution box on the top of the cabinet along the cables in the cabling trough.
Switch box
-48VIN
DC/DC
GND
DC/DC
...
Wiring terminals
DC/DC
...
PSUDC/DC subrack
PGND
DU
BTRM0
9 service processing units
Figure 5-5 DC-DC conversion and distribution of +24V DC
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Chapter 5 Power & Environment Monitoring Subsystem
To ensure the normal power supply to other power consumption units when the power
to one of the unit is disconnected due to over current, a separate over-current
protection unit is equipped in the distribution box for each power consumption unit.
Through these protection units, the busbar distributes the power to the terminals on the
back panel, which will supply the power to various consumption units.
5.2.3 Power Distribution Devices
I. PSUAC/DC
The PSUAC/DC is composed of an AC-DC converter and a power monitor. The former
converts the ~220V AC (local mains) into –48V DC; the later detects status of the
PSUAC/DC and reports alarms.
II. PSUDC/DC
The PSUDC/DC is composed of a Direct Current - Direct Current (DC-DC) converter and
a power monitor. The former converts the –48V DC into +24V DC; the later detects
status of the PSUDC/DC and reports alarms.
III. Batteries
Note:
Batteries are optional.
When the local mains supply fails, batteries can maintain the normal operation of the
BTS for a period of time. A built-in battery subrack and an auxiliary battery cabinet are
available to satisfy different requirements.
Built-in battery subrack
The built-in battery subrack is configured in the auxiliary cabinet. It can be installed with
four 12V/65Ah storage batteries to maintain the normal operation of the BTS2612A in
S(1/1/1) configuration for more than 30 minutes.
Auxiliary battery cabinet
The auxiliary battery cabinet can hold up to twenty-four 2V/650Ah or 2V/300Ah or
2V/200Ah batteries to power the system for a longer period after the mains failure. An
auxiliary battery cabinet fully configured with twenty-four 2V/650Ah batteries can
support the normal operation of BTS3612A in S(1/1/1) configuration for more than eight
hours.
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Chapter 5 Power & Environment Monitoring Subsystem
5.3 Environment Monitoring
5.3.1 Structure of Monitoring System
As an outdoor BTS, the BTS3612A provides comprehensive power & environment
monitoring functions, which are implemented through sensors, TCU and PMU. The
temperature inside the cabinet is controlled by an independent temperature control
device.
The monitoring system is shown in Figure 5-6.
220/110VAC
Smoke
sensor
PSU
PSU
-48V Busbar
Protector
Current
measurement
Temp
sensor
Power control & battery
management
Water
sensor
Temp
measurement
RS485
Environment
monitoring
Battery
To BCKM of
baseband
subsystem
PMU
Door status
sensor
TCU
7 reserved
boolean value
Air switch
fuse
detector
Temperature
control
Figure 5-6 Monitoring system of BTS3612A
I. Monitoring functions of PMU
The PMU monitors on a real-time basis control value signals, Boolean value signals,
current/voltage analog signals and environment value analog signals.
Control value signals include:
Equal floating charge and current-limiting control of batteries
Protective load connect/disconnect of batteries
Boolean value signals include:
Air conditioner / heat exchanger failure alarm.
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Chapter 5 Power & Environment Monitoring Subsystem
AC lightening arrester alarm.
Battery interface lightening arrester of battery cabinet.
Cabinet smoke alarms, water alarms, and door control alarms.
Current/voltage analog signals include:
Current of the battery group (A)
Total load current (A)
Busbar AC voltage (V)
Environment value analog signals include:
Temperature (oC) inside the cabinet (with sensors)
Humidity (RH%) inside the cabinet (with sensors)
Power system management:
PSU failure and PSU protection alarm.
The communications (between the PSU and the PMU) failure alarm.
Mains available or unavailable alarm.
Mains over voltage or under voltage alarm.
DC over voltage or under voltage alarm.
Fuse status value of the batteries (-0.3VDC 4.00 MHz
(ITU Class A Requirement)
-13 dBm / 1 kHz;
-13 dBm / 10 kHz;
-13 dBm/100 kHz;
-13 dBm / 1 MHz;
9 kHz < f < 150 kHz
150 kHz < f < 30 MHz
30 MHz < f < 1 GHz
1 GHz < f < 5 GHz
> 4.00 MHz
(ITU Class B Requirement)
-36 dBm / 1 kHz;
-36 dBm / 10 kHz;
-36 dBm/100 kHz;
-30 dBm / 1 MHz;
9 kHz < f < 150 kHz
150 kHz < f < 30 MHz
30 MHz < f < 1 GHz
1 GHz < f < 12.5 GHz
Table A-26 Conducted Spurious Emissions Performance (1900MHz band)
Offset from carrier central frequency
Spurious requirement
885 kHz~1.25 MHz
-45 dBc / 30 kHz
-60 dBc / 30 kHz; Pout ≥ 33 dBm
1.25 MHz~1.98 MHz
-27 dBm / 30 kHz; 28 dBm ≤ Pout < 33 dBm
-55 dBc / 30 kHz; Pout < 28 dBm
-55dBc/30kHz, Poutú33dBm
-22dBm/30kHz, 28dBm ≤ Pout < 33dBm
1.98 MHz~2.25 MHz
-50dBc/30kHz, Pout < 28dBm
2.25 MHz~4.00 MHz
-13dBm/1MHz
-13 dBm / 1 kHz;
-13 dBm / 10 kHz;
-13 dBm/100 kHz;
-13 dBm / 1 MHz;
> 4.00 MHz
(ITU Class A Requirement)
A-15
9 kHz < f < 150 kHz
150 kHz < f < 30 MHz
30 MHz < f < 1 GHz
1 GHz < f < 5 GHz
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix A Performance of Receiver and Transmitter
II. Radiated spurious emissions
The performance is in compliant with local radio specifications.
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Appendix B EMC Performance
Appendix B EMC Performance
ETSI EN 300 386 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM);
Telecommunication
network
Equipment;
ElectroMagnetic
Compatibility
(EMC)
Requirements are the international EMC standards.
The EMC performance of BTS3612A complies with ETSI EN 300 386 V1.2.1 (2000-03).
They are described in two aspects: ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI) and
ElectroMagnetic Sensitivity (EMS).
B.1 EMI Performance
I. Conductive Emission (CE) at DC input/output port
CE indices are listed in Table B-1.
Table B-1 CE indices at -48V port
Threshold (dB µV)
Frequency range
Average
Quasi-peak
0.15 ~ 0.5MHz
56~46
66~56
0.5 ~ 5MHz
46
56
5 ~ 30MHz
50
60
II. Radiated Emission (RE)
RE indices are listed in Table B-2.
Table B-2 RE indices
Band (MHz)
Threshold of quasi-peak (dB µV/m)
30 ~ 1000
61.5
1000 ~ 12700
67.5
Note:
Test field is arranged according to ITU-R 329-7 [1].
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Appendix B EMC Performance
B.2 EMS Performance
I. RF EM field immunity (80~1000MHz)
RF EM field immunity indices are listed in Table B-3.
Table B-3 RF EM field immunity indices
Port
Level
Whole cabinet
3V/m
Performance class
Note:
Test method complies with IEC1000-4-3 [9].
II. Voltage dips and short interruptions immunity
Among all test items of EMS, the requirement for continuous interference immunity is
class A and the requirement for transient interference immunity is class B.
Requirements for voltage dips and short interruptions is shown in Table B-4.
Table B-4 Voltage dips and short interruptions indices
Port
AC port
Test level
Performance class
Dip 30%
Duration: 10ms
Dip: 60%
Duration: 100ms
With backup power: A
With no backup power: The communication link need
not be maintained. It can be re-created and the
subscriber data can be lost.
Dip: over95%
Duration: 5000ms
With backup power: A
With no backup power: The communication link need
not be maintained. It can be re-created and the
subscriber data can be lost.
Note:
Test method complies with IEC61000-4-11 [13].
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Appendix B EMC Performance
III. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) immunity
ESD immunity indices are shown in Table B-5.
Table B-5 ESD immunity indices
Discharge mode
Level
Performance class
Contact
2kV, 4kV
Air
2kV, 4kV, 8kV
Note:
Test method complies with IEC 61000-4-2 [5].
In addition to the protection measures specified in the user's documents, ESD measures should be taken
to all exposed surface of equipment to be tested.
IV. RF induced currents
In CDMA equipment, the port where a cable of more than 1 meter may be connected to,
including control port, DC input/output port and the input/output port of the connection
line when cabinets are combined, should satisfy the requirements for RF induced
currents. The indices are shown in Table B-6.
Table B-6 Induced currents indices
Port
Voltage level
Performance class
DC line port
3V
AC line port
Signal line port and control line port
Note:
Test method complies with IEC61000-4-6 [9].
V. Surge immunity
For CDMA equipment, the DC power input port, indoor signal line of more than 3 m,
control line (such as E1 trunk line, serial port line) and the cable that may be led out to
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Appendix B EMC Performance
the outdoor should all satisfy the requirements for surge immunity. The indices are
shown in Table B-7.
Table B-7 Surge immunity indices
Port
Level
Performance class
Line~line, 2kV
AC port
Line~ground, 4kV
Control line, signal line
Control line, signal line (outdoors)
Line~line, 0.5kV
Line~ground, 1kV
Line~line, 1kV
Line~ground, 2kV
Note:
The test method complies with IEC61000-4-5 [11].
VI. Common-mode fast transient pulse immunity
The signal & data line between CDMA cabinets and that connected with other systems
(such as E1 trunk line), control line and cable connected to DC input/output port, should
satisfy the requirements for fast transient pulse immunity. The indices are shown in
Table B-8.
Table B-8 Common-mode fast transient pulse immunity indices
Port
Level
Performance class
Signal control line port
0.5kV
DC line input/output port
1kV
AC line input port
2kV
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Appendix B EMC Performance
Note:
Performance class A: BTS can withstand the test without any damage and it can run normally in the
specified range. There is not any change in the software or data (all data in the storage or the data being
processed) related to the tested switching equipment. Equipment performance is not lowered.
Performance class B: BTS can withstand the test without any damage. There is no change in the
software or the data in storage. Communication performance is lowered a little, but in the tolerance (as
defined for different products). The existing communication link is not interrupted. After the test, the
equipment can recover to the normal status before the test automatically without any interference of the
operator.
Performance class C: Some functions of BTS are lost temporarily during the test, but they will recover to
normal performance in a specific period after the test (normally the shortest time needed for system
reboot). There is no physical damage or system software deterioration.
Performance class R: After the test, there is no physical damage or fault (including software corruption)
with BTS. Protection equipment damage caused by external interference signal is acceptable. When the
protection equipment is replaced and the running parameters are re-configured, the equipment can
operate normally.
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Appendix C Environment Requirements
Appendix C Environment Requirements
The environment requirements of BTS3612A involve storage, transportation, and
operation environments. These requirements are specified based on the following
standards:
ETS 300019 Equipment Engineering (EE); Environmental conditions and
environmental tests for telecommunications equipment
IEC 60721 Classification of environmental conditions
C.1 Storage Environment
I. Climate environment
Table C-1 Requirements for climate environment
Item
Range
Altitude
ñ5000m
Air pressure
70kPa~106kPa
Temperature
-40~+70 Celsius degree
Temperature change rate
ñ1 Celsius degree/min
Relative humidity
10%~100%
Solar radiation
ñ1120W/s²
Thermal radiation
ñ600W/s²
Wind speed
ñ30m/s
Rain
Drippings
II. Biotic environment
No microorganism like fungal or mould multiplied around or inside.
Free from the attack of rodential animals (such as rats).
III. Air cleanness
No explosive, electrically/magnetically conductive, or corrosive particles around.
The density of physically active substances shall meet the requirements listed in
Table C-2.
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Appendix C Environment Requirements
Table C-2 Requirements for the density of physically active substances
Substance
Unit
Density
Suspending dust
mg/m³
ñ5.00
Falling dust
mg/m²∙h
ñ20.0
Sands
mg/m³
ñ300
Note:
Suspending dust: diameter ñ75m
Falling dust: 75mñdiameterñ150m
Sands: 150mñdiameterñ1,000m
The density of chemically active substances shall meet the requirements listed in
Table C-3.
Table C-3 Requirements for the density of chemically active substances
Substance
Unit
Density
SO2
mg/m³
ñ0.30
H2 S
mg/m³
ñ0.10
NO2
mg/m³
ñ0.50
NH3
mg/m³
ñ1.00
Cl2
mg/m³
ñ0.10
HCl
mg/m³
ñ0.10
HF
mg/m³
ñ0.01
O3
mg/m³
ñ0.05
IV. Mechanical stress
Table C-4 Requirements for mechanical stress
Item
Sinusoidal vibration
Unsteady impact
Sub-item
Range
Displacement
ñ7.0mm
Acceleration
ñ20.0m/s²
Frequency range
2~9Hz
9~200Hz
Impact response
spectrum II
ñ250m/s²
Static load capability
ñ5kPa
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Item
System Principle
Appendix C Environment Requirements
Sub-item
Range
Note:
Impact response spectrum: The max. acceleration response curve generated by the equipment under
the specified impact excitation. Impact response spectrum II refers to the semi sinusoidal impact
response spectrum whose duration is 6ms.
Static load capability: The capability of the equipment in package to bear the pressure from the top in
normal pile-up method.
C.2 Transportation Environment
I. Climate environment
Table C-5 Requirements for climate environment
Item
Range
Altitude
ñ5,000m
Air pressure
70kPa~106kPa
Temperature
-40~+70 Celsius degree
Temperature change rate
ñ3 Celsius degree/min
Relative humidity
5%~100%
Solar radiation
ñ1,120W/s²
Thermal radiation
ñ600W/s²
Wind speed
ñ30m/s
II. Biotic environment
No microorganism like fungal or mould multiplied around or inside.
Free from the attack of rodential animals (such as rats).
III. Air cleanness
No explosive, electrically/magnetically conductive, or corrosive particles around.
The density of physically active substances shall meet the requirements listed in
Table C-6.
Table C-6 Requirements for the density of physically active substances
Substance
Unit
Density
Suspending dust
mg/m³
No requirement
C-3
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix C Environment Requirements
Substance
Unit
Density
Falling dust
mg/m²∙h
ñ3.0
Sands
mg/m³
ñ100
Note:
Suspending dust: diameter ñ75m
Falling dust: 75mñdiameterñ150m
Sands: 150mñdiameterñ1,000m
The density of chemically active substances shall meet the requirements listed in
Table C-7.
Table C-7 Requirements for the density of chemically active substances
Substance
Unit
Density
SO2
mg/m³
ñ0.30
H2 S
mg/m³
ñ0.10
NO2
mg/m³
ñ0.50
NH3
mg/m³
ñ1.00
Cl2
mg/m³
ñ0.10
HCl
mg/m³
ñ0.10
HF
mg/m³
ñ0.01
O3
mg/m³
ñ0.05
IV. Mechanical stress
Table C-8 Requirements for mechanical stress
Item
Sub-item
Range
Displacement
ñ7.5mm
Acceleration
ñ20.0m/s²
ñ40.0m/s²
Frequency range
2~9Hz
9~200Hz
200~500Hz
Random
vibration
Acceleration spectrum density
10m²/s³
3m²/s³
1m²/s³
Frequency range
2~9Hz
9~200Hz
200~500Hz
Unsteady
impact
Impact response spectrum II
ñ300m/s²
Static load capability
ñ10kPa
Sinusoidal
vibration
C-4
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
Item
System Principle
Appendix C Environment Requirements
Sub-item
Range
Note:
Impact response spectrum: The max. acceleration response curve generated by the equipment under
the specified impact excitation. Impact response spectrum II refers to the semi sinusoidal impact
response spectrum whose duration is 6ms.
Static load capability: The capability of the equipment in package to bear the pressure from the top in
normal pile-up method.
C.3 Operation Environment
I. Climate environment
Table C-9 Temperature and humidity requirements
Temperature
Product
BTS3612A
Relative humidity
Long-term
Short-term
-40~+55 Celsius degree
-40~+45 Celsius degree
5%~100%
Note:
The measurement point of temperature and humidity is 2 m above the floor and 0.4 m in front of the
equipment, when there are no protective panels in front of or behind the cabinet.
Table C-10 Other climate environment requirements
Item
Range
Altitude
ñ4000m
Air pressure
70kPa~106kPa
Temperature change rate
ñ5 Celsius degree/min
Solar radiation
ñ1120W/m²
Rain
ñ12.5L/min±0.625 L/min (IPX5)
Wind speed
ñ50m/s
II. Biotic environment
No microorganism like fungal or mould multiplied around or inside.
Free from the attack of rodential animals (such as rats).
C-5
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix C Environment Requirements
III. Air cleanness
No explosive, electrically/magnetically conductive, or corrosive particles around.
The density of physically active substances shall meet the requirements listed in
Table C-11.
Table C-11 Requirements for the density of physically active substances
Substance
Unit
Density
Suspending dust
mg/m³
ñ5
Falling dust
mg/m²∙h
ñ20
Sands
mg/m³
ñ300
Note:
Suspending dust: diameter ñ75m
Falling dust: 75mñdiameterñ150m
Sands: 150mñdiameterñ1,000m
The density of chemically active substances shall meet the requirements listed in
Table C-12.
Table C-12 Requirements for the density of chemically active substances
Substance
Unit
Density
SO2
mg/m³
ñ0.30
H2 S
mg/m³
ñ0.10
NH3
mg/m³
ñ1.00
Cl2
mg/m³
ñ0.10
HCl
mg/m³
ñ0.10
HF
mg/m³
ñ0.01
O3
mg/m³
ñ0.05
NO2
mg/m³
ñ0.5
C-6
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix C Environment Requirements
IV. Mechanical stress
Table C-13 Requirements for mechanical stress
Item
Sinusoidal vibration
Unsteady impact
Sub-item
Range
Displacement
ñ3.5mm
Acceleration
ñ10.0m/s²
Frequency range
2~9Hz
9~200Hz
Impact response
spectrum II
ñ100m/s²
Static load capability
Note:
Impact response spectrum: The max. acceleration response curve generated by the equipment under
the specified impact excitation. Impact response spectrum II refers to the semi sinusoidal impact
response spectrum whose duration is 6ms.
Static load capability: The capability of the equipment in package to bear the pressure from the top in
normal pile-up method.
C-7
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix D Electromagnetic Radiation
Appendix D Electromagnetic Radiation
D.1 Introduction
The BTS has RF radiation (Radiation Hazard). Although there is no scientific evidence
of possible health risks to persons living near the BTSs, some recommendations are
giving below for the installation and operation of BTS.
Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) limits are specified by the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). FCC CFR part 1, subpart I, section 1.1307
requires operator to perform a Enviromenta Assemessmet (EA).
Equipment listed in the table 1 of before mentioned part are subjected to routine
environmental evaulation.
For facilities and operations licensed under part 22,
licensees and manufactuere are required tto ensure that their facility and equipment
comply with IEEE C95.1-1991.
The objective of the Environmental Evaluation is to ensure that human exposure to RF
energy does not go beyond the maximum permissible levels stated in the standard.
Therefore certain sites do not require an evaluation by nature of its design. It could be
that the antennas are placed high enough thereby resulting in extremely low RF fields
by the time it reaches areas that would be accessible to people.
Environmental evaluations are required, for Paging and Cellular Radiotelephone
Services, Part 22 Subpart E and H.
Non-rooftop antennas: height of radiation center < 10m above ground level and
total power of all channels > 1000 W ERP (1640 W EIRP)
Rooftop antennae: total power of all channels > 1000 W ERP (1640 W EIRP)
D.2 Maximum Permissible Exposure
Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) refers to the RF energy that is acceptable for
human exposure. It is broken down into two categories, Controlled and Uncontrolled.
Controlled limits are used for persons such as installers and designers that are in
control of the hazard and exposed to energy for limited amounts of time per day.
Occupational/controlled limits apply in situations in which are persons are exposed as a
consequence of their employment provided those persons are fully aware of the
potential for exposure and can exercise control over their exposure. Limits for
occupational/controlled exposure also apply in situations when an individual is
D-1
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix D Electromagnetic Radiation
transient through a location where occupational/controlled limits apply provided he or
she is made aware of the potential for exposure.
Uncontrolled limits are used for general public. Uncontrolled exposure apply in
situations is which the general public may be exposed, or in which persons that are
exposed as a consequence of their employment may not be fully aware of the potential
for exposure or can not exercise control over their exposure.
The exposure levels can be expressed in terms of power density, electric field strength,
or magnetic field strength, as averaged over 30 minutes for the general public and 6
minutes for trained personnel.
The exposure criteria are frequency dependent, and a chart covering the range from 3
kHz to 100 GHz can be found in NCRP No.86 (references IEEE C95.1-1991). Below
are the limits.
Limits for Occupational/Controlled Exposure
Frequency Range
Electric Field
Strength (E) (V/m)
(MHz)
Magnetic Field
Strength (H) (A/m)
Power Density (S)
(mW/cm2)
0.3-3.0
614
.63
(100)*
3.0-30
1842/f
4.89/f
(900/f2)*
30-300
61.4
0.163
1.0
300-1500
--
--
f/300
1500-100,000
--
--
Limits for General Population/Uncontrolled Exposure
Frequency Range
Electric Field
Strength (E) (V/m)
(MHz)
Magnetic Field
Strength (H) (A/m)
Power Density (S)
(mW/cm2)
0.3-3.0
614
1.63
(100)*
3.0-30
842/f
2.19/f
(180/f2)*
30-300
27.5
0.073
0.2
300-1500
--
--
f/1500
1500-100,000
--
--
1.0
D-2
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix D Electromagnetic Radiation
Power density S [mW/cm2] for controlled area at 880 MHz
S=
f [ MHz ] 880
= 2.9mW / cm 2
300
300
Power density S [mW/cm2] for uncontrolled area at 880 MHz
S=
f [ MHz ] 880
= 0.58mW / cm 2
1500
1500
D.3 Estimation of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields
The following method describes a theoretical approach to calculate possible exposure
to electromagnetic radiation around a BTS antenna.
Precise statements are basically only possible either with measurements or complex
calculations considering the complexity of the environment (e.g. soil conditions, near
buildings and other obstacles) which causes reflections, scattering of electromagnetic
fields.
The maximum output power (given in EIRP) of a BTS is usually limited by license
conditions of the network operator.
A rough estimation of the expected exposure in power flux density on a given point can
be made with the following equation. The calcualtions are based on FCC OET 65
Appendix B.
S=
P (W ) ∗ Gnumeric
4 ∗ r 2 (m) ∗π
Whereas:
P = Maximum output power in W of the site
G numeric = Numeric gain of the antenna relative to isotropic antenna
R = distance between the antenna and the point of exposure in meters
D.4 Calculation of Safe Distance
Calculation of safe distane can be made on a site by site basis to ensure the power
density is below the specified limitse. Or guidelines can be done beforehand to ensure
the minimum distances from the antenna is maintained through the site planning.
D-3
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
r=
System Principle
Appendix D Electromagnetic Radiation
1.64 * Gd * Pt
4πS
Whereas:
r = distance from the antenna [m]
Gd = Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole
Pt = Power at the antenna terminals [W]
S = power density [W/m2] see also MPE Limits
Note: 1mW/cm2 = 10W/m2
D.5 Location of BTS Antennae
BTS antennas, the source of the radiation, are usually mounted on freestanding towers,
with a height up to 30 m or on a tower on the top of buildings or, in some cases, to the
side of the building.
Generally the height of the antenna position does not fall below 10 m.
The power usually is focused into a horizontal main beam and slightly downward tilted.
The remaining power goes into the weaker beams on both side of the main beam. The
main beam however does not reach ground level until the distance from the antenna
position is around 50~200 m.
The highest level of emission would be expected in close vicinity of the antenna and in
line of sight to the antenna.
D.5.1 Exclusion Zones
Antenna location should be designed so that the public cannot access areas where the
RF radiation exceeds the levels as described above. .
If there are areas accessible to workers that exceed the RF radiation exceeds the
levels as described above make sure that workers know where these areas are, and
that they can (and do) power-down (or shut down) the transmitters when entering these
areas. Such areas may not exist; but if they do, they will be confined to areas within 10
m of the antennas.
Each exclusion zone should be defined by a physical barrier and by a easy
recognizable sign warning the public or workers that inside the exclusion zone the RF
radiation might exceed national limits.
D-4
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix D Electromagnetic Radiation
D.5.2 Guidelines on Arranging Antenna Locations
Observe the following guidelines when selecting the places for BTS antennas:
For roof-mounted antennas, elevate the transmitting antennas above the height of
people who may have to be on the roof.
For roof-mounted antennas, keep the transmitting antennas away from the areas
where people are most likely to be (e.g., roof access points, telephone service
points, HVAC equipment).
For roof-mounted directional antennas, place the antennas near the periphery and
point them away from the building.
Consider the trade off between large aperture antennas (lower maximum RF) and
small aperture antennas (lower visual impact).
Take special precautions to keep higher-power antennas away from accessible
areas.
Keep antennas at a site as for apart as possible; although this may run contrary to
local zoning requirements.
Take special precautions when designing "co-location" sites, where multiple
antennas owned by different companies are on the same structure. This applies
particularly to sites that include high-power broadcast (FM/TV) antennas. Local
zoning often favors co-location, but co-location can provide "challenging" RF
safety problems.
For roof-mounted antennas, elevate the transmitting antennas above the height of
people who may have to be on the roof.
For roof-mounted antennas, keep the transmitting antennas away from the areas
where people are most likely to be (e.g., roof access points, telephone service
points, HVAC equipment).
Take special precautions for antenna sites near hospital and schools.
D-5
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix E Abbreviations and Acronyms
Appendix E Abbreviations and Acronyms
Availability
A1/A2/A5
Interface between BSC and MSC
A3/A7
Interface between BSCs
A8/A9
Interface between BSC and PCF
A10/A11
Interface between PCF and PDSN
AAA
Authorization, Authentication and Accounting
AAL2
ATM Adaptation Layer 2
AAL5
ATM Adaptation Layer 5
Abis
Interface between BSC and BTS
AC
Authentication Center
AC
Alternating Current
A/D
Analog/Digital
ADC
Analog Digit Converter
AGC
Automatic Gain Control
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
ARQ
Automatic Repeat Request
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AUC
Authentication
BAM
Back Administration Module
BASB
BTS3606 Baseband Backplane
BBFL
BTS BTRM FAN Lamp Module
BBFM
BTS BTRM FAN Monitor
BCIM
BTS Control Interface Module
BCKM
BTS Control & Clock Module
BCPM
BTS Channel Process Module
BDCS
BTS Direct Current Switchbox
BEOM
BTS Electric-Optical Module
BESP
BTS E1 Surge Protector
E-1
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix E Abbreviations and Acronyms
BFAN
BTS FAN Module
BFIB
BTS3606 Fan Block Interface Board
BFMM
BTS Fan Monitor Module
BHPA
BTS High Power Amplifier Unit
BICM
BTS Intermediate Frequency Control Module
BIFM
BTS Intermediate Frequency Module
BPLI
BTS Power & Lighting protection lamp Indicator board
BPSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying
BRCM
BTS Radio Up-Down Converter Module
BRDM
BTS Resource Distribution Module
BRFM
BTS RF Fan Module
BS
Base Station
BSC
Base Station Controller
BSS
Base Station Subsystem
BTEM
BTS Test Module
BTRM
BTS Transceiver Module
BTRB
BTS3606 TRx Backplane
BTS
Base Transceiver Station
CCITT
International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative
Committee
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
CDU
Combining Duplexer Unit
CE
Channel Element
CLI
Command Line Interpreter
CLK
Clock
CM
Connection Management
CMM
Capability Mature Mode
CN
Core Network
CPU
Central Processing Unit
CRC
Cyclic Redundancy Check
CTC
Common Transmit Clock
D/A
Digit/Analog
E-2
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix E Abbreviations and Acronyms
DAC
Digit Analog Converter
DC
Direct Current
DAGC
Digit Automatic Gain Control
DCE
Data Communications Equipment
DDU
Dual Duplexer Unit
DFU
Duplexer and Filter Unit
EMC
Electro Magnetic Compatibility
EMI
Electro Magnetic Interference
EMS
Electro Magnetic Sensitivity
EIA
Electronics Industry Association
EIB
Erasure Indicator Bit
EIR
Equipment Identity Register
ESD
Electrostatic Discharge
ETS
European Telecommunication Standards
ETSI
European Telecommunication Standards Institute
FA
Foreign Agent
F-APICH
Forward Assistant Pilot Channel
F-ATDPICH
Forward Transmit Diversity Assistant Pilot Channel
F-BCH
Forward Broadcast Channel
FCACH
Forward Common Assignment Channel
FCC
Federal Communications Commission
F-CCCH
Forward Common Control Channel
FCH
Fundamental Channel
F-DCCH
Forward Dedicated Control Channel
F-DD
Frequency Division Duplex
FER
Frame Error Rate
F-FCH
Forward Fundamental Channel
F-PCH
Forward Paging Channel
F-PICH
Forward Pilot Channel
F-QPCH
Forward Quick Paging Channel
F-SCCH
Forward Supplemental Code Channel
F-SCH
Forward Supplemental Channel
E-3
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix E Abbreviations and Acronyms
F-SYNCH
Forward Sync Channel
F-TCH
Forward Traffic Channel
F-TDPICH
Forward Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
GLONASS
Global Navigation Satellite System
GPM
General Paging Message
GPS
Global Position System
GRIL
GPS/GLONASS Receiver Interface Language
GUI
Graphics User Interface
HA
Home Agent
HDLC
High level Data Link Control
HLR
Home Location Register
HPAU
High Power Amplifier Unit
HPBW
Half Power Beam Width
HPCM
BTS High Precision Clock Module
HPSK
Hybrid Phase Shift Keying
ICP
IMA Control Protocol
ID
IDentification
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IF
Intermediate Frequency
IMA
Inverse Multiplexing for ATM
IP
Internet Protocol
IPOA
IP over ATM
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
ITC
Independent Transmit Clock
ITU
International Telecommunications Union
ITU-R
International Telecommunications UnionRadiocommunication Sector
ITU-T
International Telecommunications
Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector
E-4
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix E Abbreviations and Acronyms
IWF
Interworking Function
JTAG
Joint Test Action Group
LAC
Link Access Control
LED
Light Emitting Diode
LMF
Local Maintenance Function
LNA
Low-Noise Amplifier
LPF
Low-Pass Filter
MAC
Medium Access Control
MC
Message Center
MCPA
Multi-Carrier Power Amplifier
MCU
Main Control Unit
Mcps
Million chips per second
MM
Mobility Management
MMI
Man Machine Interface
MOC
Mobile Originated Call
Modem
Modulator-Demodulator
MPU
Micro Process Unit
MS
Mobile Station
MSC
Mobile Switching Center
MT
Mobile Terminal
MTC
Mobile Terminated Call
MT1
Mobile Terminal 1
MTBF
Mean Time Between Failures
MTRB
Micro-bts Transceiver Board
MTTR
Mean Time To Repair
OAM
Operation & Maintenance
OEM
Original Equipment Manufacturer
OMC
Operation & Maintenance Center
OML
Operation & Maintenance Link
E-5
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix E Abbreviations and Acronyms
OMU
Operation & Maintenance Unit
OCXO
Oven voltage Control Oscillator
OQPSK
Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
OTD
Orthogonal Transmit Diversity
PCB
Printed Circuit Board
PCF
Packet Control Function
PCH
Paging Channel
PDSN
Packet Data Service Node
PGND
Protection Ground
PIB
Power Inspecting Board
PLL
Phase-Locked Loop
PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network
PMRM
Power Measurement Report Message
PN
Pseudo Noise
PP2S
Pulse Per 2 Seconds
PPP
Peer-Peer Protocol
PRM
Paging Response
PSPDN
Packet Switched Public Data Network
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network
PSU
Power Supply Unit
PVC
Permanent Virtual Channel
PVP
Permanent Virtual Path
PWM
Pulse-Width Modulation
QIB
Quality Identification Bit
QoS
Quality of Service
QPCH
Quick Paging Channel
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
R-ACH
Reverse Access Channel
RC
Radio Configuration
R-CCCH
Reverse Common Control Channel
E-6
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix E Abbreviations and Acronyms
R-DCCH
Reverse Dedicated Control Channel
R-EACH
Reverse Enhanced Access Channel
RF
Radio Frequency
R-FCH
Reverse Fundamental Channel
RLDU
Receive LNA Distribution Unit
RLP
Radio Link Protocol
RM
Radio Management
RNC
Radio Network Controller
R-PC
Reverse Power Control subchannel
R-PICH
Reverse Pilot Channel
R-SCCH
Reverse Supplemental Code Channel
R-SCH
Reverse Supplemental Channel
RSQI
Receive Signal Quality Indicator
R-TCH
Reverse Traffic Channel
SCH
Supplemental Channel
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SID
System Identification
SME
Signaling Message Encryption
SDU
Selection/Distribution Unit
SPU
Signaling Process Unit
SRBP
Signaling Radio Burst Protocol
SSSAR
Special Service Segmentation and Reassemble
STM-1
Synchronization Transfer Mode 1
STS
Space Time Spreading
TA
Timing Advance
TA
Terminal Adapter
TAm
Mobile Terminal Adapter
TCP
Transport Control Protocol
TDD
Time Division Duplex
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
TE
Terminal Equipment 1
TIA
Telecommunications Industry Association
E-7
Technical Manual
Airbridge BTS3612A CDMA Base Station
System Principle
Appendix E Abbreviations and Acronyms
TMA
Tower Mounted Amplifier
TMSI
Temp Mobile Subscriber Identifier
TRX
Transceiver
Um
Interface between BTS and MS
UNI
User Network Interface
UTC
Universal Coordinated Time
UART
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
VCI
Virtual Channel Identifier
VLR
Visitor Location Register
VPI
Virtual Path Identifier
VSWR
Voltage Standing Wave Radio
E-8

---

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