SABINE SW70-HD3 Handheld Microphone User Manual B1 SWM7000 OpGuide pmd

Sabine, Inc. Handheld Microphone B1 SWM7000 OpGuide pmd

users manual 1a

Sabine 2.4 GHzSmart Spectrum™Wireless SystemsOperating Guide(Beta 02.10.22)®
2Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)Declaration of ConformityManufacturer's Name: Sabine, Inc.Manufacturer's Address: 13301 NW US Highway 441Alachua, FL 32615 USAType of Equipment: Wireless Microphone SystemsModel No.: SWM7000Serial No.:Year of Manufacture: 2002I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the equipment specified above conforms to the above Directive and Standard.Place: Alachua, Florida, USA Signature:Date: October 31, 2002 Full Name: Doran Oster, Sabine PresidentDECLARATION OF CONFORMITYApplication of Council Directive: 73/23/EEC and 89/336/EECStandards to which conformity is declared:EN 60065: 1993EN 60742: 1995EN 55103-1: 1997EN 55022: 08:94 + a1:05:05EN 55103-2: 1997
3Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B1-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - htoTable of ContentsDECLARATION OF CONFORMITY .......................................................................................................................................... 21. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................................. 41.1. Section Contents ......................................................................................................................................................... 41.2. Wireless Microphones ................................................................................................................................................ 52. PRODUCT VIEWS ............................................................................................................................................................... 82.1. Receivers ..................................................................................................................................................................... 82.2. Transmitters ................................................................................................................................................................ 92.3. Components ................................................................................................................................................................ 93. QUICK SETUP ................................................................................................................................................................... 103.1. Receiver & Transmitter .............................................................................................................................................. 103.2. FBX Quick Setup ........................................................................................................................................................ 114. TRANSMITTER OPERATION ............................................................................................................................................. 124.1. First step .................................................................................................................................................................... 124.2. Displays and Settings ............................................................................................................................................... 125. RECEIVER OPERATION .................................................................................................................................................... 185.1. LCD Display. .............................................................................................................................................................. 185.2. Parameter Control & LCD Display ............................................................................................................................ 205.3. RF Channel Select .................................................................................................................................................... 215.4. Output Level ............................................................................................................................................................... 215.5. Receiver Antenna Placement .................................................................................................................................... 226. MIC SUPERMODELING™................................................................................................................................................. 246.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 246.2. Emulation Choices .................................................................................................................................................... 246.3. Mic Modeling Front Panel Control ............................................................................................................................. 256.4. Future Microphone Modeling Choices ...................................................................................................................... 257. FBX FEEDBACK EXTERMINATOR®.................................................................................................................................. 267.1. FBX Set Up ................................................................................................................................................................. 267.2. FBX Bypass Button .................................................................................................................................................... 278. COMPRESSOR/LIMITER OPERATION ............................................................................................................................. 288.1. Basics of Compression ............................................................................................................................................ 288.2. Using the Compressor.............................................................................................................................................. 288.3. Suggested Compression Settings ........................................................................................................................... 298.4. Possible Compression Trouble Areas ..................................................................................................................... 308.5. Release & Knee Settings .......................................................................................................................................... 309. DE-ESSER......................................................................................................................................................................... 319.1. De-mystifying De-essers........................................................................................................................................... 319.2. The Sabine De-Esser ................................................................................................................................................ 319.3. Using the De-esser ................................................................................................................................................... 3110 PROGRAM SAVE & RECALL ........................................................................................................................................... 3210.1. Saving a Preset ....................................................................................................................................................... 3210.2. Loading a Preset ..................................................................................................................................................... 3210.3. Naming a Preset ..................................................................................................................................................... 3211. MULTIPLE SYSTEMS OPERATION.................................................................................................................................. 3311.1. Overview ................................................................................................................................................................... 3312. EXTENSION ANTENNAS ................................................................................................................................................. 3613. REMOTE CONTROL OPERATION .................................................................................................................................. 3813.1. Overview................................................................................................................................................................... 3813.2. Software Installation ................................................................................................................................................ 4013.3. Launching the software .......................................................................................................................................... 4113.4. Remote Control Operation ..................................................................................................................................... 4214. FEEDBACK CONTROL THEORY & PRACTICE ............................................................................................................. 4614.1. Introduction to FBX®................................................................................................................................................ 4614.2. The Advantages of FBX Filters ................................................................................................................................. 4714.3. Parametric Filters and FBX ..................................................................................................................................... 4815. TIPS & TROUBLESHOOTING ......................................................................................................................................... 5115.1. Tips for Maximum Performance .............................................................................................................................. 5115.2. Troubleshooting ...................................................................................................................................................... 5115.3. Common Sources of RF Interference ..................................................................................................................... 5216. APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................................................. 54Appendix A: Beltpack Connector Wiring Diagrams .......................................................................................................... 54Appendix B: Specifications ............................................................................................................................................... 55Appendix C: Typical System Diagram .............................................................................................................................. 55Appendix D: Dip Switch Settings ...................................................................................................................................... 5517. CAUTIONS & WARRANTY ............................................................................................................................................... 56INDEX .................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
4Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)1. INTRODUCTIONCongratulations on purchasing a Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum True Mobility™ Wireless System. True Mobil-ity™ Wireless Systems give you all the built-in processing you need on every microphone, and offer unique andpowerful features unavailable with any other wireless microphone1.1. Section ContentsSection 1 Introduction — explains the use of this operating guide and the features found on Sabine 2.4 GHzSmart Spectrum systems. Describes common problems with wireless microphone operation, and theunique solutions offered by the SWM7000 series. Concludes with a brief description of 2.4 GHz SmartSpectrum operation.Section 2 Product Views — illustrates system components (front & back panel views, transmitters, accessorylists and part numbers).Section 3 Quick Setup — gives the Quick Setup procedures for Receiver & Transmitter Operation and using theFBX Feedback Exterminator®. Note that there is also a quick-start label on top of your True Mobilityreceiver for the Sabine FBX Feedback Exterminator®, Compressor/Limiter and De-Esser functions.Section 4 Transmitter Operation — details transmitter setup and operation.Section 5 Receiver Operation — details receiver installation and setup.Section 6 Mic SuperModeling™ — explains the use of the Sabine Mic SuperModeling™ and lists the micro-phones modeled.Section 7 FBX Feedback Exterminator® — explains how to set up your FBX filters.Section 8 Compressor/Limiter — explains the use of the Compressor.Section 9 De-Esser — details operation of the True Mobility’s De-Esser.Section 10 Program Save & Recall — explains how to save and recall individual program settings.Section 11 Multiple Systems — how multiple systems interface, computer control of multiple systems, sugges-tions for maximum number of collocated systems.Section 12 Antenna Distribution Amplfiers & Extension Antennas — how to get maximum performanceusing a Sabine Antenna Distribution Amplifier and Extension Antennas.Section 13 Sabine Remote Control Software — how to control up to 70 units from one PC.Section 14 Feedback Control Theory — explains the how and why of Sabine’s FBX technology and FBX filtersetup.Section 15 Tips & Troubleshooting — gives tips on how to get the best performance from your Sabine Wire-less, and describes some possible operating problems and their solutions.Section 16 Appendices — has wiring diagrams, frequency charts, speficications, typical system diagrams anddip switch settings for Sabine 2.4 GHz Wireless systems.Section 17 Cautions & Warranties — states caution and warranty information for your True Mobility™ Wirelesssystem.IndexIntroduction
5Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B1-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - hto1.2. Wireless Microphones1.2.1. The ChallengeOne of the more subtle technological revolutions of the last 30 years has been the development of wirelesscommunication. The airwaves of the world are alive with invisible signals — radio and television broadcast, mobiletelephones, satellite communication, wireless local area computer networks, garage door openers, baby moni-tors, radio-controlled toy cars and airplanes, and so on. In the world of professional audio, the use of wirelessmicrophones has become extremely common, owing in large part to the attraction of the dream offreedom from the limitations of cables. Unfortunately, this dream comes at a price, paidwith the diminished performance and reliability of wireless microphones. Often, the hostof problems with wireless usage renders wired microphones the first choice in manysituations. Here are some of the challenging problems:1. Available Spectrum. The radio frequency spectrum is a finite thing. As moreand more technology uses some form of RF transmission/reception, thespectrum has become increasingly crowded, particularly in those ar-eas where the hardware required to use the spectrum is affordableand easy to manufacture. Wireless microphones have long suf-fered as a “secondary service,” relegated to a meager share of thespectrum, and forced to work in the frequencies left in the wake ofairwave gluttons like television and radio broadcasts. How do wesolve this problem of diminished space and the resulting by-prod-uct of interference?2. Transmission and reception are not 100% reliable. Dropoutsand interference from other radio signals can interrupt the audiosignal and/or impair its fidelity. Interference can come from a vari-ety of radio sources, from on-site transmitters (including other wire-less microphone systems) to off-site high-power broadcasts suchas television (including the new digital television frequency bands).3. Battery failure. Because wireless transmitters require batteries to operate, wireless users live in fear ofbattery failure. Battery failure is catastrophic — the audio signal completely disappears — and is difficult topredict. Consequently, many wireless users resort to frequent battery replacement, often at the beginning ofeach use, a solution both expensive (at some point battery purchases can exceed the cost of the wirelessunit itself) and environmentally damaging (toxic waste from battery acid).4. Increased feedback potential of wireless microphones. A very important problem arises from the verynature of the extra freedom gained by use of a wireless. Unleash performers from cable microphones andthey will invariably put themselves — and their microphones — into dangerous “feedback zones.” A station-ary, wired microphone has only one set of fixed conditions that might create feedback, whereas a movingmicrophone offers an infinite number of possible disastrous mic-to-speaker location combinations.4. Governmental regulations. The freedom promised by wireless microphones may also be severely compro-mised by governmental regulation — legal UHF and VHF frequencies vary from country to country. You mighteven need a license to legally operate UHF and VHF wireless microphones, or may find your “legal status”changing as you move from one country to another, or even within the same country.6. Wireless microphone fidelity and frequency response. A wireless connection is fine for a portable tele-phone, where poor frequency response is the norm, but may not be ideal for quality live sound or audiorecording. For example, most wireless microphones have a significant low-end roll-off.7. Proprietary technology and limited interchangeability. Knowledgeable (or at least opinionated) micro-phone users often have a “favorite” microphone, and, of course, such opinions are not only strongly held, butcompletely at odds with other equally strong preferences. Moreover, different microphones are better suitedto different applications and vocal sounds. In the case of wired microphones, it’s relatively easy to swap amicrophone — just plug a new one in. In the case of wireless mics, it’s often not possible to change the micwithout changing the entire wireless system.1.2.2. The Solution: Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart SpectrumTM Wireless SystemsSabine’s new 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum is a ground-breaking new wireless microphone system that addressesthese problems. The SWM7000 packs more innovative features into one rack space than any other availablesystem, addressing not just one, but all of the problems identified above.1. Better reception and reduced interference. Unlike conventional systems, the SWM7000 Series operatesin the 2.4 GHz band. This is well above the spectrum range of high power RF broadcasts like digital television,and thus less susceptible to interference from such sources.Introduction
6Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)IntroductionUp till now, wireless microphones manufacturers have sought their “clear space” niche at increasingly higherfrequencies, starting in the low VHF range (below 100 MHz), moving up to higher frequency VHF (100-300MHz), and ultimately settling at “Ultra High Frequency” (UHF) ranges as high as 900+ MHz. Now, this UHFfrequency band is being encroached upon by the proliferation of digital television (DTV) broadcasts.The SWM7000 series operates at an even higher frequency range. The 2.4 GHz band (actually coveringfrequencies from 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz) has been reserved by international agreement for worldwide li-cense-free operation of low power, short range wireless devices, including wireless microphones. Aside fromavoiding the interference of high power RF sources, which are restricted to below 1 GHz, the 2.4 GHz rangerequires less spectrum space and powerto transmit and receive (just as high fre-quency audio waves require less powerand take up less spectrum than bass fre-quencies). Thus, more users can reliablyshare the same bandwidth, and an in-creased number of simultaneous wirelesssystems can operate in one location. Youcan have up to 70 simultaneous users onstage, not the usual ten or fifteen. Thinkof the advantages this offers for large ven-ues, such as large stage productions,sports stadiums, congress halls, conferences rooms or convention centers.2. The SWM7000 Tireless Wireless™ system solves battery life problems.Each transmitter comes with a rechargeable NiMH battery, which can be chargedby plugging an SWCPOWR charger directly into either the handheld and beltpacktransmitters — just like your cell phone. Or you can simply park the handheld micro-phone in its Sabine microphone clip — the clip contains a built-in charger that will top off thecharge, even while the mic is in use. All SWM7000 transmitters and receivers also report batteryvoltage. The transmitters provide a cumulative run time count for active battery usage, and both receivers andtransmitters flash warnings when battery voltage approaches a critical threshold. All of these warnings andindications are designed to help prevent surprise battery death. Finally, the Tireless Wireless™ Chargercircuit increases rechargeable battery life by, first, periodically discharging the battery prior to recharge (toprevent elasticity), and second, by preventing overcharging once a battery is fully charged. Together, theseinnovative features mean Tireless WirelessTM batteries will last for hundreds of recharges, provide reliableperformance, and ultimately save the significant expense of repeated single charge battery purchases.3. Free signal processing! Superior RF performance is only the beginning of the SWM7000 story. Everyreceiver comes with five digital signal processors built in at no extra charge. This processing has beenspecifically tailored to help you realize the finest fidelity and performance when amplifying voice or instrument.The first of these, Sabine’s patented FBX Feedback Exterminator® uses transparent, super-narrow filters toprovide automatic feedback control, maximum gain, and increased clarity on every mic channel. Furthermore,using the included Sabine software and a computer, FBX filters can be changed into Parametric filters andfine tuned to help solve the most demanding acoustic situations. The Compressor/Limiter provides usefulgain management you can customize for different performers and applications. The adaptive De-esser re-moves unwanted sibilance (esssss sounds), using an algorithm that adapts automatically to match a particu-lar voice.4. Mic SuperModeling™. We could have provided you a kit of detachable, interchangeable capsule assem-blies for your handheld transmitter — but at a serious cost to your bank balance. Instead, we’ve provided youwith the functional digital equivalent — a library of virtual microphone capsules you can dial in with the flick ofyour wrist, at no extra cost. Skeptical purists who raise eyebrows at such digital hocus-pocus will be pleasedwith the high-quality sound of the SWM7000 series dynamic or condenser handheld mics just the way theyare. But if your application calls for another mic “personality,” you’ll discover that the Mic SuperModeling™feature is as simple as turning a knob to dial up the sound of many of your favorite microphones. (NOTE: MicSuperModeling™ works only with handheld systems. The other DSP processing works with all systems.)5. Sound quality and fidelity. OK, so the mic capsule is capable of chameleon behavior and offers excellentquality, but a system is only as strong as its weakest link. Do you want to then take your wonderfulmicrophone and transmit its signal with reduced low frequency response? That’s what you get with most ofthe wireless microphone systems on the market today. It’s a different story with Sabine’s SWM7000 series,which provides transmission and reception frequency response that is flat from 20 Hz to 20 KHz — ideal foruse with both voice and musical instruments. Try one with a guitar interface and a 5-string bass (loweststring is B, down around 30 Hz) for a dramatic demonstration of the improved low end — or hear the benefitswith a standard guitar, male vocalist or speaker.Fig. 1a - SW72-R Dual Channel Receiver & SW70-H Handheld Microphone
7Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B1-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - hto6. Freedom from governmental regulation. The 2.4 GHz band hasbeen reserved around the world for low power radio transmissionand reception, and does not require governmental licensing. More-over, because of the nature of Smart Spectrum transmission, oursystem’s power rating falls well below the accepted limits for li-cense-free operation, even in countries with the strictest regula-tions — at no sacrifice to performance. The SWM7000 microphonesystem thus offers the ultimate freedom — not only can you roamfreely about a stage, conference room, lecture hall, or church, butyou can take your system with you and roam to any country in theworld, and never worry about buying a license.1.2.3. More Benefits & EnhancementsWe’re not through with the parade of benefits yet. Here are more excit-ing features that Sabine’s SWM7000 offers:1. Targeted Input Processing. Any microphone benefits from pro-cessing, and the most useful varieties are included at virtually noextra cost, built right into the receiver. Just as important as thisconvenience and power is the fact that all this processing power istotally dedicated to a single microphone. So you get not only afeedback controller, parametric equalizer, compressor, de-esser, and modeler, but you don’t have to sharethese goodies by diluting them with other mics or channels.2. Ergonomic controls and displays give you quick information and easy control of essential features. Sabine’sTweek ‘n’ Peek function displays the precise value of every function on the LCD with the touch of any frontpanel control. Fifteen recallable preset configurations allow you to customize and save your setups. Transmit-ters also have programmable LCDs and controls, with tamper-protected switches to prevent unauthorizedchanges. Each receiver has a two-stage lockout to allow complete or programmable disabling of front panelcontrols.3. A whole gamut of peripherals. Active extension antennas, antenna distribution amplifiers, transmitter bat-tery chargers, and microphone capsule upgrades are available to augment standard single and dual-channelsystems. The standard handheld mics are supplied with either an Audix dynamic capsule (OM-3) or a Sabinecondenser head. The Audix OM-5 is also available. Lavalier mics are available in cardioid, omni, or miniatureomni configurations. Headset mics and instrument systems are also available. In addition, the standard 4-pin mini-XLR connector on the belt pack will allow you to easily connect any lavalier or headset microphonesyou may already own, or are considering purchasing.4. Software control. All Sabine True MobilityTM systems include the True MobilityTM Remote Software at noextra charge. This software controls one or more Sabine receivers via a serial connection. Software connec-tion allows for control of all front panel features of the receiver, plus offers two additional advantages. First,additional parameter adjustments not available from the front panel can be made from the Remote Software,allowing control of additional compressor (release time and knee) and filter settings (by changing FBX fitlersto adjustable parametric filters). Second, the serial connection allows future receiver firmware updates to bedownloaded from Sabine’s web site (www.Sabine.com) and installed, using Sabine’s Upgrade Wizard. Thismeans your receiver operating firmware is effectively “future proof” — every time we make an improvement,you can easily upgrade your receivers, from home, work, or the installation site. (See Section 13 for detailson upgrading firmware).5. Centralized wireless network control (ND series). All Sabine True MobilityTM ND-model systems providean additional powerful application of Sabine’s Remote Software. By daisy-chaining receivers (RJ45 connec-tors using RS485 protocol) from the first receiver connected to your computer, to additional receivers (inseries), you gain centralized control of up to 70 RF channels. See Section 13 for details about using thispowerful software.6. Digital audio outputs (ND series). All Sabine True MobilityTM ND-model systems provide a digital audiooutput (in addition to analog), to allow you to maintain a digital signal path when using your wireless micro-phones with digital mixers or recorders. The back panel of each Sabine ND-series receiver also provides aword-clock input, to assure problem-free digital synchronization with your other digital equipment. Bothanalog and digital outputs are simultaneously active.IntroductionSabine Mic SuperModelingTMSuperModelingTM Dynamic Models*: - Shure SM-58 - Shure Beta-58A - Audio-Technica ATM 41aSuperModelingTM Condenser Models*: - Shure Beta 87A - AKG C535 EB - Audio-Technica ATM 89R*Company names, product names, andtrademarks listed as modeled are the prop-erty of their respective owners and are usedonly to identify evaluated microphones usedto develop digital processing; they in no wayimply association, endorsement, or approvalby any named manufacturer.
8Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)2. PRODUCT VIEWS2.1. Receivers2.1.1. Front panel viewsProduct ViewsFig. 2b - SW71-NDR & SW71-R One-channel ReceiversFig. 2a - SW72-NDR & SW72-R Two-channel Receivers Antenna 1Plug Ch. ADisplayAntenna 2PlugPowerCh. BDisplayProgramOutputLevelRF Ch.SelectCompressorLimiterDe-esserMicModelFBXCh. AContrast,ChannelSelectCh. BContrast,ChannelSelectFig. 2f - SW71-R One-channel ReceiverFig. 2e - SW72-R Two-channel ReceiverFig. 2d - SW71-NDR One-channel Receiver w/Network & Digital InterfaceFig. 2c - SW72-NDR Two-channel Receiver w/Network & Digital InterfaceAntenna 2 AES/EBUDigital Output SyncInput AC Power& Fuses RS485Network RS232Serial Dip Switches Mic/Line BalancedOutput B Mic/Line BalancedOutput A Antenna 12.1.2. Back panel Views
9Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B1-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - htoProduct ViewsProduct ViewsFig. 2g - Handheld TransmittersSW70-HD3SW70-HD5SW70-HDCFig. 2h - SWC70CL - SW70-HD3 & SW70-HD5 Mic Clip with Built-in ChargerFig. 2i - SW70-T Beltpack Transmitter2.2. Transmitters2.2.1. Handheld2.2.2. Beltpack2.3. ComponentsReceiversSW72-NDR: 2-Ch. Receiver w/Network & Digital InterfaceSW71-NDR: 1-Ch. Receiver w/Network & Digital InterfaceSW72-R: 2-Ch. ReceiverSW71-R: 1-Ch. ReceiverMicrophonesSWT24L-TA4: Cardioid Lavalier MicSWT36L-TA4: Omni Lavalier MicSWTVT50-TA4: Miniature Omni Lavalier (Voice Technologies)SWT56W-TA4: Headworn MicSWT70G-TA4: Instr. Input w/cableTransmittersSW70-T: Beltpack TransmitterSW70-HD3: Handheld Mic w/Dynamic Element (Audix OM3)SW70-HD5: Handheld Mic w/Dynamic Element (Audix OM5)SW70-HC: Handheld Mic w/Condenser ElementAntennasSWA700: TNC Front to Rear Converter Kit (Set of 2)SWA6SS: 2.4 GHz S.S. Antenna Distribution Amp for 6systemsSWASS-EXT: 2.4 GHz S.S. Extension Antenna Kit (Set of 2)BatteriesSWBC1: Rechargeable NiMH C for SW70-HSWBAA2: Rechargeable NiMH AA set for SW70-TMic & Transmitter AccessoriesSWCCLIP-H: SW70-H Mic Holder w/Built-in ChargerSWCCLIP-L: SW56-L Mic HolderSWCPOWR: Plug-in charger for SW70 Series TransmittersSWC4P-TA4: Standard Mini-XLR ConnectorWind Screens and Mic Clips available for all micsALKALINE BATTERY CAUTION Alkaline batteries must be one of following types: NEDA: 14A ANSI: 14A IEC: LR14!!READ CAUTION BELOWShown with cableattached. Requiresassembly.
10Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)3. QUICK SETUP3.1. Receiver & TransmitterPlease read Section Four Transmitter Operation and Section Five Receiver Opera-tion for a complete understanding of how to set up your Sabine 2.4GHz Smart SpectrumTrue MobilityTM Receiver.Be sure that all transmitters are off.1. Place the receiver in an open area within visual range ofthe intended transmitter locations. Note that the range of yourtransmitters is about100 meters, but that structural objectsin the transmission path can reduce that range. For bestresults, maintain a line-of-sight path between receiver anten-nas and transmitters. In some instances you may wish toconsider using Sabine’s SWASS-EXT Extension Antenna Kit(see Section 12).2. Turn the OUTPUT LEVEL of the 2.4 GHz receiver andmixer gain to the minimum settings.3. Connect the output (¼-inch or XLR jack) of your 2.4 GHzTrue MobilityTM receiver to the mic or line input of your mixeror amplifier (the receiver output gain can be adjusted to matchthe mixer input).4. Turn on the receiver. Select a channel and check that there is noRF SIGNAL indicated in that channel’s display. If RF SIGNAL isindicated before the transmitter is turned on, choose another chan-nel.5. Turn on the wireless microphone (or transmitter when using a micplugged into a belt pack). Press the parameter SELECT buttonuntil CHANNEL appears in the LED, then use the up or down but-ton until the desired channel appears above CHANNEL. Check thatthe receiver’s RF SIGNAL display now indicates a strong signal.6. Adjust gain settings.a. Transmitter. While speaking or singing into the microphone,or when using Sabine’s beltpack transmitter in conjunction withan instrument, adjust the transmitter PAD, if necessary, untilthe transmitter AUDIO LEVEL display extends to, but does notinclude the 6th (last) LED bar when source signals reach theirloudest levels (see Fig. 3b). Inputs beyond that point will causeclipping. Remember that performance levels often exceed soundcheck, so err on the side of greater headroom.b. Receiver. Adjust the receiver OUTPUT LEVEL to supply astrong input level to the mixer (or, in some cases, directly tothe amplifier or active loudspeaker). If your receiver output isconnected to a microphone level input on the mixer, keep thereceiver output gain lower than when connecting to a line levelmixer input.c. Mixer. Adjust the output gain of the mixer so that the mixeroutput meters approach clipping when all the inputs to the mixerare active, and the audio program reaches its peak level.d. Amplifier/active loudspeaker/crossover. Finally, adjust theamplifier gain control (and/or crossover gain, if one is used) toprovide the desired level of sound pressure in the auditorium orlistening area.Quick SetupFig. 3a - Receiver & Antenna placementFig. 3b - Transmitter AUDIO LEVEL settingClipping zone
11 Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B1-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - hto3.2. FBX Quick Setup1. After setting up and verifying your signal path by following steps 1-6 above, place microphones and loudspeakers in the exact loca-tions where they will be used. Make sure your receiver and trans-mitter are turned on. For now, keep the gain of the mixer or ampli-fier turned down.2. With the microphone located in the primary area of use, pressand hold the SETUP button (Fig. 3d) on the receiver until theLCD SETUP indicator (Fig. 3e) flashes 4 times and then stopsflashing — then release it. IMPORTANT: Do not use the mi-crophone for performance in this mode. Do not talk or makesound into the microphone until the setup is complete. If you do,the FBX section may set incorrect filters.3. Slowly raise the gain on the mixer or amp until FBX eliminatesthe first few feedback tones. With each new feedback frequency,you will hear a short, quiet burst of feedback that will disappearimmediately as a filter is set.4. Pause raising the gain, and move the microphone to another areawhere it will be used. Resume slowly raising the mixer gain, untilFBX eliminates a few more feedback tones.5. Repeat step 4 until the SETUP indicator automatically turns offand the READY indicator comes on (Fig. 3f). When choosingmicrophone setup locations, try to anticipate likely areas wherethe microphone will be positioned or moved to, or areas that maybe especially prone to feedback problems (e.g., under an over-head speaker).3.2.1. Quitting SetupYou may quit SETUP mode at any time prior to its automatic exitby simply pressing the READY button (Fig. 3d). This will also en-able ready-to-operate status, but with fewer fixed FBX filters inplace. In the default factory setting, dynamic FBX filters will stillbe held in reserve to catch and eliminate new feedback, regardlessof how or when SETUP mode is exited. NOTE: If you wish to enableunset fixed filters and/or allow the fixed filters to set deeper, pressthe READY button a second time. (See Section 14.4.2 for detailson the differences between fixed and dynamic FBX filters and Sec-tion 14.4.2.3 for instructions on changing the balance of fixed ver-sus dynamic FBX filters.)3.2.2. FBX BypassThe BYPASS button (Fig. 3d) bypasses only the FBX filters, andnot the additional signal processing (de-essing, compression andMic SuperModelingTM) available on the Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spec-trum True MobilityTM Wireless Receiver. This is a useful buttonthat allows comparison of the sound quality when FBX filters are inplace, to the sound with no filters (the quality should be very simi-lar). Before pressing BYPASS, take care to reduce your overallsystem gain so that you do not release suppressed feedback!Fig. 3f - READY indicatorFig. 3d - FBX: SETUP, READY & BYPASSFig. 3c - Receiver Display for SETUPStrong RF input signal(at least 3 bars)Fig. 3g - BYPASS indicatorFig. 3e - SETUP indicator flashingQuick SetupFBX BYPASS CAUTIONBypassing FBX filters may allow suppressed feedback to be released!
12Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)Transmitter Operation4. TRANSMITTER OPERATION4.1. First stepBefore you begin, let’s look at a few basics regarding your transmitters.The handheld mic is ready to go — the microphone and transmitter arecombined in one unit. To use the belt pack transmitter, however, youwill have to connect a lavalier or headworn microphone (or instrumentpick up) to its input. Sabine lavalier and headworn mics, and Sabine’sguitar/instrument connector (SW70G-TA4) come equipped with theproper TA4F connector, and are ready to plug right in. Be sure to lineup the pins properly — do not force the connector into the belt pack.If you are using a different microphone with the Sabine belt pack, pleaserefer to the Appendix A for the required wiring plan. Failure to use theproper wiring scheme may damage your mic or the belt pack, and voidyour warranty.Use the clip on the back of the belt pack transmitter to attach it to yourbelt or clothing. The spring clip can be removed and reversed, to allowthe transmitter and antenna to point either up or down in its clipped-onposition. You can also remove the clip if you choose to keep the trans-mitter in your pocket. NOTE: it is essential that transmitters retain aline-of-sight relationship with the receiver antennas.4.2. Displays and SettingsYour Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum handheld microphone and beltpack transmitter have many powerful features, all of which are easilymonitored (using the transmitter LCD display) and adjusted. The con-trols and displays for both handheld and belt pack transmitters areidentical in function, though positioning differs (compare figures 4b &4c). The LCD display and one control switch are located on the exte-rior of the transmitters. A more powerful set of recessed controls islocated under the hinged access panel, to prevent accidental or inap-propriate alteration of settings.4.2.1. LCD DisplayWhen the transmitter is first turned on, it shows an initial test screen(Fig. 4f), followed by the default screen (Fig. 4g). The LCD also revertsto this default display within a few seconds after any programmingchanges are made with the recessed controls. The default LCD displayalways shows transmission channel, audio level, and battery voltagelevel; additional information will appear to indicate important changescaused either by user adjustments, or automatically as transmitterstatus changes.4.2.2. Accessing Transmitter ControlsControl of all your transmitter functions is made using the Select but-ton and the Up/Down buttons. These control buttons are located in-side the access compartment on the beltpack or handheld transmit-ters.Fig. 4aExternalSwitchFixedAntennaTA4F connectorBelt clip1. Parameter Select Button2. Up Button3. Down Button4. Programmable Control of External Switch5. External Switch6. Recessed control and battery compartmentsFig. 4c SW70T Transmitter Control Setting ButtonsSELECTON ON ONOFF MUTE ON2.4 GHZ SMART SPECTRUM341626Fig. 4b SW70H Handheld Control Setting Buttons2451SELECTON ON ONOFF MUTE ON2.4 GHZ SMART SPECTRUM3
13 Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B2-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - htoOpening the Beltpack Transmitter Access Compartment:1. Press down firmly with thumb on door handle (above Sabine logo)and slide away from LCD.2. Lift bottom edge of door slightly and continue pulling door downaway from LCD until the door opens fully (90-degree angle fromtransmitter body).Closing the Beltpack Transmitter Access Compartment:1. Swing door down, flush with transmitter body.2. With thumb pressing firmly on door handle (above Sabine logo),slide door up toward LCD until door lip catches under main body oftransmitter, and bottom of door is flush with bottom of transmitterbody.Opening the Handheld Transmitter Access Compartment:1. Grip door handles with thumb and index finger and lift up.Opening the Handheld Transmitter Access Compartment:1. Fold door closed until flush and locked in place.Transmitter OperationCHARGE: Illuminates when the transmitter battery is being charged(i.e., when the charger is connected, either by direct plug-in or byplacing the handheld mic in the Sabine charging clip).BATTERY VOLTAGE LEVEL METER: Indicates measured bat-tery voltage; the more segments illuminated, the higher the volt-age, and the greater the remaining battery life.AUDIO LEVEL METER: Shows the audio output level of the trans-mitter (affected by the pad setting).PARAMETER VALUE: In default mode this indicates the RFTRANSMISSION CHANNEL chosen for the transmitter. In con-junction with the Parameter Select button (see figures 4b & 4c),this field will also display battery run-time hours, or when a lowfrequency roll-off filter or an attenuation (pad) is active (see Fig. 4g).“TIME”: Displays when battery run-time hours are being displayed.“MUTE”: Indicates output is currently muted.“PAD”: Illuminates when the microphone pad is turned on.“ON”: Illuminates when either the audio and RF transmission, orthe RF transmission only, are turned on.“CHANNEL”: Illuminates in default mode to display transmissionchannel.Fig. 4f: Start up Transmitter LCD displayFig. 4d: SW70-TTo Open: Press downfirmly on door handleand slide away from LCDTo Close: Swing doordown, flush with trans-mitter body. Slide doorup toward LCD until doorlip catches.SABINEBattery door handleTransmitter LCD Dis-play IndicatorsFig. 4e: SW70-HTo Open: Swing door upfrom indented area on body.To Close: Swing doordown until it latches.
14Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)Transmitter OperationTransmitter LCD Display Cycle - pressing the Parameter Select button cycles the LCD through thefollowing screens. Individual screens appear for approximately 4 seconds, during which the function is editable.4.2.3. Adjusting Transmitter SettingsDEFAULT/CHANNEL: Press the Select button to enter Edit Mode,and repeat until the CHANNEL indicator flashes. In this mode, theUp/Down buttons will adjust Transmission Channel (1-70 available).PAD: Microphone pad setting. Press the Select button until the PADindicator flashes. The Up/Down buttons will adjust attenuation (0,10, 20, or 25 dB). When any level of attenuation is programmed,the default screen will illuminate PAD.TIME: Battery Run-Time Hours. Selecting this option changes thedisplay to indicate the length of power-on time (hours and minutes)since the last battery change or recharge.NOTE: battery run-time hours will reset when the battery is re-moved and replaced with the same or a different battery, or thetransmitter (with battery in place) is connected to a charger. In thecase of the charger, run-time hours will not start again until thecharger is disconnected.LOW FREQUENCY ROLL-OFF: Selecting this option adds a 12 dB/octave low frequency roll-off filter, starting at 75 Hz, to the audiooutput of the transmitter. A roll-off filter may help reduce micro-phone handling noise, or other unwanted low frequency content.Pressing the Up or Down button toggles between the conditions ofno filter (indicated in the display as L 0) or low roll-off (indicated byL 75).INTERNAL CONTROL OF EXTERNAL SWITCH: The recessed con-trols include a 3-position switch, which in turn determines how thetransmitter’s external two-position switch behaves (see figures 4a,4b & 4h). From left-to-right, the 3 positions of the internal switchcorrespond to the following external switch operations:1. ON/OFF. In internal position #1, the external switch acts as atypical on/off switch. Use this setting if you trust the micro-phone user to switch the microphone on and off as needed, and/or wish to conserve transmitter battery life during down times.In the ON position the transmitter LCD will display ON. Bothaudio and RF are on. In the OFF position the LCD ON is nolonger illuminated. Both RF and audio are off, and the batteryrun-time hours meter is off. Note that Sabine’s squelch systemprevents any “popping” when switching the transmitter on andoff. However, this protection causes a very short “power-on”delay in the reactivation of the audio when the external switch isturned from OFF to ON.Fig. 4gDefault Screen Channel Select Battery Run-Time DisplayPAD Select Low CutFig. 4h - Programmable Control of External SwitchON ON ONOFF MUTE ON
15 Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B2-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - htoTransmitter Operation2. ON/MUTE. In internal position #2, the external switch acts as atypical mute switch. Use this setting if you trust the micro-phone user to switch the microphone audio output on and off asneeded; it will not conserve battery life in MUTE condition, butwill allow the receiver to monitor and display the RF signal strengthin either switch position. In the on position the default LCD willdisplay ON. Both audio and RF are on. In the off position theword MUTE is displayed in the LCD. The audio is muted but thetransmitter is still transmitting the RF signal, and the batteryrun-time meter is running. There are no audible pops when switch-ing the transmitter between MUTE and ON. Switching from MUTEto ON will instantaneously pass audio signal (there will be NOdelay as with internal position #1).3. ON/ON. In internal position #3, the external switch is disabled.The transmitter (both RF and audio) is always on, and the wordON is always displayed in the transmitter LCD screen. Usethis setting if you do not want to allow the speaker or performerto turn off the transmitter, or are worried that a transmitter maybe accidentally turned off. Caution: When your program is overwe suggest you move this switch to another setting so you canturn off the transmitter and save your battery. You may alsoelect to remove the battery (though replacing the same one willrestart the run-time meter and affect its accuracy accordingly).Once you have completed the transmitter setup, you are ready to workwith your receiver (see Section 5). First, however, let’s talk about theissues and solutions concerning the source of transmitter power: thebattery.4.2.4 Transmitter Battery Management4.2.4.1. Battery problems and Sabine solutionsRecharable Battery memory. Batteries that are repeatedly re-charged prior to a complete discharge may fail more quickly in sub-sequent uses. This problem is usually referred to as “battery memory.”Fortunately, Sabine’s innovative Tireless Wireless™ Charger takessteps to avoid this problem, by automatically reconditioning the bat-tery whenever its intelligent diagnostics determine this is appropri-ate. For this process to work best, we recommend that eachcharger be paired with a specific transmitter for a “monoga-mous” charging relationship. If you have multiple pairing options— i.e., multiple channel systems, we recommend color- or number-coded charger/transmitter pairs. With these precautions, use ofSabine’s Tireless Wireless™ Charger will insure maximum life perbattery charge, and also prolong the useful multiple-charge life spanof rechargeable batteries.Rechargeable battery life. This leads nicely to the next concern ofthe rechargeable battery skeptic: the fact that a fully recharged bat-tery does not last as long as an alkaline disposable battery. Let’sfirst consider what types of batteries might be used to power Sabine’swireless transmitters. Both handheld and belt pack transmitters canwork with disposable alkaline, disposable heavy-duty (manganesedioxide-carbon zinc), or rechargeable Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)batteries. We specifically caution against using NiCad rechargeablesdue to well-known battery memory problems, and specifically rec-ommend using Sabine’s well-tested SWBC1 (C-cell for the handheldmicrophone) or SWBAA2 (double-A for the belt pack) batteries. WithTech TipTransmitter/Charger PairingFor best results, pair each chargerwith a specific transmitter for a “mo-nogamous” charging relationship.
16Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)Transmitter OperationSabine’s rechargeable SWBC1, the typical recharge life of thehandheld transmitter battery is 8 hours! If that’s not long enough,you can get 15 hours life from an alkaline C-cell. For the beltpackrechargeable SWBAA2 batteries, the results are still impressive —about 10 hours per recharge, and 18 hours from a pair of alkalineAAs. Heavy-duty batteries will fall somewhere in the middle, be-tween rechargeables and alkalines.Sabine’s rechargeable revolution. Here are two more good rea-sons why you can feel more confident about using rechargeablebatteries, as part of Sabine’s rechargeable revolution:1. All transmitters report two types of battery status information.The first report is the all-important voltage the battery is supply-ing. Second, you’ll know how long the battery has been in use(battery run time hours). Each receiver channel also receivestelemetry information from its associated transmitter, regardingthe battery voltage, and displays the information in the receiverLCD (see figure 5b). When the voltage reaches a level indicat-ing an estimated 30 remaining minutes of useful battery life,both transmitter and receiver automatically flash warnings in theirLCD displays. As an alternative means of anticipating batterydepletion, you can check the number of hours of use, by check-ing the transmitter LCD display (see Section 4.2.2 and figure4g), or the Remote Control Software.2. The handheld microphone clip that we provide with each handheldtransmitter not only holds the microphone — it also can doubleas an unobtrusive charger housing. Anytime the mic is parkedin the clip (and the clip is connected to the charger power sup-ply), the mic is being charged. As an additional safety marginagainst battery failure, the mic placed in the powered clip getsits power from the charger, not the battery, so it will work per-fectly even if the battery is completely dead.Still more battery solutions. At this point, you might think that weare running out of battery problems to solve. Not quite — we’ve thoughtof four more.First, Sabine’s intelligent charger circuitry detects the type of bat-tery in place within the battery compartment, and automaticallyturns off the charger if the battery is not compatible with the charger.Second, the Tireless Wireless™ Charger detects when a battery isfully charged, and turns off the charging cycle.Third, the Tireless Wireless™ Charger prevents futile attempts toresuscitate dead batteries — if the battery is unresponsive, the charg-ing cycle is stopped.Fourth, we’ve greatly simplified the process of changing batteries,down to the point where you don’t even need to. That’s because youcan recharge both belt pack and handheld batteries without remov-ing them from the transmitters. Just connect charger plug to thetransmitter jack — no muss, no fuss (see figure 4h). Aside from theconvenience, minimizing battery removals and replacements saveswear and tear on the contact points, a definite practical advantage.In the “most discharged” battery condition, a full recharge may takeup to 10 hours for a handheld C-cell, or 3 hours for the AA batteriesused with the belt pack transmitter. When in doubt, charge the bat-teries overnight. Sabine’s battery-protection circuit will shut thecharger down when charging is completed.NEDA: 14A ANSI: 14A IEC: LR14Alkaline batteries must be one of following types:Acceptible Batteries for use with Transmitters- Sabine NiMH Rechargable- Alkaline- Heavy DutyHandheld: SWBC1 or Beltpack: SWBAA2Important Battery Information
17 Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B2-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - htoTransmitter Operation4.2.4.2. Charging Your BatteriesEquipment Connections. Each SW70T or SW70H transmittercomes equipped with an SWC-POWR Tireless Wireless™ plug-incharger (see figure 4g). In addition, each SW70H comes with itsown battery-charging mic clip (SWC70-CL). The SWC-POWR chargercan be plugged directly into either the transmitter or into the clip. ASabine rechargeable battery (SWBC1) will charge whenever the micclip is connected to the Sabine SWC-POWR charger and thehandheld is properly placed within the mic clip.Charging Indicators. Much like your cell phone, the transmitterswill let you know the charging status of the battery. When the bat-tery is charging, the battery meter will flash to indicate the relativelevel of the charge — one, two, three or four elements will flash (seefigure 4h). Once the battery is fully charged, all four elements in thebattery meter will flash. This indicates that the charging circuit is nolonger on (see figure 4i).NOTE: indicators may flash in unison for several minuteswhen charging is first attempted. The lower the battery level,the longer this initial “not charging” flashing sequence will con-tinue. During this time, the Tireless Wireless battery circuit isevaluating the suitability and charge status of the battery in place.When it has completed its evaluation, it will either commencethe progressive flashing depicted in figure 4h (CHARGING), orcontinue to flash in unison (NOT CHARGING). Flashing in uni-son signifies that the battery is either fully charged, or not suit-able for charging.These same indications will also be displayed on the receiver LCD,and on the Remote Control Software screen.NOTE: the Tireless Wireless battery charger will only chargeNiMH rechargable batteries. If you place any other kind of bat-tery in the transmitter, and then attempt to charge it by connect-ing the charger, the Tireless Wireless circuit will detect the typeof battery and will not begin charging. Again, the battery indica-tor on the transmitter will flash all four elements indicating nocharging (see figure 4i).Battery Warnings. When the transmitter battery voltage drops be-low a critical threshold, the battery icon (which normally displaysthe voltage level) will begin to flash. This is an indication that youneed to replace the battery, or charge it by placing the handheld micin the charger clip. NOTE: microphone will still transmit audio whenplaced in clip.Alternatively, you can connect the charger directly to the transmitterusing the built-incharger jack lo-cated on the side ofthe beltpack trans-mitter and near theantenna on thehandheld transmit-ter (see figure 4j).Fig. 4j: SWC-POWR plug-in charger for SW70 Series Transmitters & SWC70CL Mic ClipSWC70CL(Mic Clip for SW70H)Fig. 4i: Battery Indicator — NOT CHARGINGBattery indicator segments will flash inunison to indicate that the charging is off.Fig. 4h: Battery Indicator — CHARGINGBattery indicator segments will flash pro-gressively starting from the relative chargestate of the battery. This example depictsa fully discharged battery being charged.As the charge progresses, left-side seg-ments will remain visible as right sidesegments continue to flash, until all seg-ments are visible. At that point, all seg-ments will flash on and off in unison (seefigure 4i).SW70TSW70H
18Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)5. RECEIVER OPERATION5.1. LCD Display.The receiver LCD display is shown below(Fig. 5b). Two-channel receiv-ers feature two LCDs, one for each channel. The display provides asnapshot report of the condition of your wireless channel, includingbattery status information sent from the transmitter by telemetry.The left two-thirds of the display primarily shows status informationregarding the condition of your receiver channel, as follows:Receiver OperationFig. 5a: SW72R front panelFig. 5b: Receiver LCD Compete DisplayReceiver LCD Status BarsRelative Position Indicator Function Value DisplayFunction Display MessagesFBX, Lock and Edit Status Indicators
19 Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B2-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - htoReceiver OperationDiversity Status: Either 1 or 2 is lit, showing the active antenna.RF Signal Strength Indicator: Indicates presence of RF (from transmit-ter, or external sources) on the chosen reception channel. The greater thenumber of illuminated icons, the stronger the RF signal detected.Compression Meter: Shows the active gain reduction applied to the re-ceiver channel’s audio output.Audio Level Meter: Shows the audio input level (received audio signal).Battery Voltage Level Meter: Indicates the battery voltage of the corre-sponding transmitter; the more segments are illuminated, the higher thevoltage, and the greater the remaining battery life.Receiver LCD Status BarsFBX, Lock and Edit Status IndicatorsFBX Status: SETUP is illuminated while the receiver is in SETUP MODE.READY is the normal operational mode, indicating SETUP has been per-formed and FBX filters are active. BYPASS indicates the audio signal isNOT going through FBX filters (but all other DSP processing is active).Front Panel Lock Status: LOCK 1 indicates all front panel controls arelocked to prevent intentional tampering, or accidental programming. LOCK2 indicates a subset of controls are locked, allowing selected others to beadjusted with software only. Default LOCK 2 setting locks out all functionsexcept FBX and Program Load.Edit Status: In a 2-channel receiver, this field illuminates when the corre-sponding Channel Button is pushed, indicating Controls are assigned tothis channel.Firmware Version: Displays for 2 seconds on power up; shows the re-ceiver firmware version.Transmitter Battery Low: You have 30 minutes or less to change trans-mitter batteries.Mute: Transmitter muted; the transmitter on/off switch is set to mute.Front Panel Locked: Front Panel is locked and the selected functioncannot be edited.De-Esser: The De-Esser is actively reducing sibilance.Function Display Messages
20Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)Receiver Operation5.2. Parameter Control & LCD Display5.2.1 One set of Controls for 1 or 2 ChannelsWhether you have a one- or two-channel SWM7000 series receiver isapparent by the number of LCD displays on the front panel. However,only one set of control knobs is provided for either one- or two-channelreceivers. Note that in a 2-channel receiver, this set of controls is shared,and assigned to a channel by pushing either the A or B Channel Select/ Contrast button (see Seciton 5.2.2). Your SWM7000 Series receiveruses Sabine’s Tweek-n-Peek™ digital control system. Whenever youturn a control knob one click, the associated function is shown on twolines of text display in the LCD. The large numeric display will indicatethe current parameter value. Additional turns/clicks change the param-eter setting and display the value as the change is made. After a fewseconds of inactivity, the LCD will revert to its default display (RF chan-nel).Sabine’s Tweek-n-PeekTMWhenever you turn a control knob one click, the name of the corre-sponding function is shown and the current edit setting is displayed onthe LCD. This applies for all the front panel knobs.For example, if you turn the Compressor ratio knob one click, you willsee the current compression ratio in the Settings Display. The Textdisplay will show COMP on the first line and RATIO on the second.Subsequent turns will edit that setting up or down, depending on thedirection you turn the knob.Since the control knobs are continuous rotary encoders with no endpoints, the Relative Position Indicator (RPI) is a handy way of seeingwhere you are in relation to the full range of the knob in question. In ourcompressor Ratio example, if you are at a ratio of 9:1, about the middleof the range, the RPI will display about one half of the bar. NOTE: Thesetting range of each control is printed on the front panel below eachknob.Fig. 5d Tweek-n-Peek exampleRelative Position IndicatorIn our compressor Ratio example, ifyou are at a ratio of 9:1, about themiddle of the range, the RPI willdisplay about one half of the bar.Function DisplayThe Function display will show COMPon the first line and RATIO on thesecond.EDIT will light in thechannel display of thechannel being edited.Fig. 5c Sabine Tweek-n-Peek
21 Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B2-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - hto5.2.2. Contrast / Channel Select Button.The elliptical button immediately adjacent to the LCD has multiple func-tions. First, it adjusts the LCD contrast and viewing angle. Change thedegree of angle by pressing and holding the button down. The adjust-ment range will cycle in a continuous loop, and then start over again atthe minimum value, as indicated by a changing value in the LCD con-trast. You can stop holding the button down and initiate single buttonpushes to advance the contrast setting incrementally.In addition, the Contrast/Channel Select button has another function, in2-channel receivers only (SWM-52-R or SWM-52ND-R). Such unitsfeature two LCDs and two Contrast/Channel Select buttons. A single(without continuing pressure) push assigns all Parameter Control knobsto the selected channel. The button will light, the associated LCD willbrighten, and the word EDIT will appear in the lower left of the LCD, allindicating the active edit channel. For the active channel, turning anyParameter Control knob will first display (one click) and then adjust(subsequent turns) the settings of the function selected, indicating thechanges in the Settings Display. For the inactive channel, turning anyParameter Control knob will display the current setting in that channel’sSettings Display. The channel must be activated in order to changesettings.5.2.3. Special LCD Display Messages.In addition to the Status and programmable information discussed above,the text lines of the LCD Settings Display may also (under certaincircumstances) automatically override other displays. The conditionswhen this will occur, and the messages displayed, are shown to theright of figure 5b on page 25.5.3. RF Channel SelectRange = 1 to 70 Choose the RF channel for this system. Thetransmitter must have the same channel selected. Turn the controlknob until the desired channel is displayed on the LCD. See chart(Appendix QQQ) for exact frequency of each channel.Helpful Hint: Be sure to check the RF Signal meter on your receiverLCD screen. If several “antenna icons” are showing when your transmit-ter is off, select another channel (see also the RF Scan function of yourTrue Mobility Wireless Remote Control Software in section 13).5.4. Output LevelRange = MUTE to -0 dB Adjust the output level to match the inputcharacteristics of the downstream component. The output level variesfrom microphone level to line level, so if you are patching the receiver tothe mic level input of a mixer, turn down the level to avoid overdriving themixer input. Minus 15 dB is a good place to start. If you are patchinginto a line level device, turn up the receiver output. For best results,follow the golden rule of gain structure: maximize gain at early stagesin the signal path, to minimize noise that will be accumulated and am-plified by adding late-stage gain.Receiver OperationFig. 5gFig. 5fFig. 5e: Contrast buttonTap to select which chanel to controlHold to adjust contrast
22Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)Receiver Operation5.5. Receiver Antenna PlacementOne of the biggest potential problems in any wireless system is RF interference.Understanding wave interference patterns will help you to place and orient your receiv-ers and antennas properly, and thereby reduce the likelihood of RF interference.Your SWM7000 series receiver ships with two standard coaxial bipole antennas.When aimed straight up, each antenna picks up in a donut-shaped (toroidal) pattern,more or less equally in all directions, with null points directly above and below.5.5.1. Multi-path InterferenceLike sound waves, radio waves are subject to wave interference patterns produced byreflected or delayed waves combining with direct, unreflected waves, converging upona receiving antenna simultaneously. In the RF world this phenomenon is called multi-path interference. As with audio comb filtering, radio waves can combine additivelyor subtractively. Subtractive combination is the result of phase cancellation, the pre-cise pattern of which is in part a function of the length of a radio wave. The radiowavelength associated with 2.4 GHz operation is approximately 5” (12.7 cm). A one-quarter fraction of this wavelength equates to about 1.25,” or a little over 3 cm. Multi-path reflections that correspond to even multiples of this one-quarter wavelength (e.g.2/4, 4/4, 6/4, or 6 cm, 12 cm, 18 cm) tend to reinforce reception, while odd multiples (3cm, 9 cm, 15 cm) tend to reduce signal strength. Thus, mounting an antenna close toa reflective surface can result in poor reception. For example, if the receptive part ofthe antenna (the top 3 cm) is 3, 6, or 9 cm away from the face plate of any rack-mounted equipment, you might improve reception simply by repositioning, or re-aiming, the antennas.In some situations — for example, those with difficult lines-of-sight, or when transmit-ters and receivers are separated by a wall, or when receiver placement options arelimited — an extension antenna may be necessary to guarantee reliable reception.Please refer to Section 12 for information about the advantages and use of Sabine’sSWASS-EXT Extension Antenna Kit.5.5.2. Receiver & Antenna Placement Tips1. Maximize the distance between the receiver and light sources, such asfluorescent bulbs or neon signs, which may emit very short-range, broadbandinterference. These light sources should not be a problem in normal circum-stances, but, as a cautionary preventative, we recommend a minimum distanceof 3 meters (10 feet) between them and any receivers or extension antennas.2. Note the placement of any microwave ovens in the immediate vicinity.Place any receivers or extension antennas as far away as is practical from micro-wave ovens.3. Mount receiver antennas at 90 degrees to one another, leaning away at 45degree angles, in the same plane. This will decrease the likelihood that oneantenna will be susceptible to the same orientation-specific directional or multi-path problems that may affect the other one.4. Decide on front or rear panel antenna mounting. Antennas typically mounton the rear panel of your receiver, but with the optional accessory SWA-500 frontmounting kit, can be screwed onto the front and connected via jumper to theback panel terminals. When mounting receivers in a rack that is deeper than thereceiver, move the antennas to the front for improved reception. For any rackmounted receiver, try to keep the top 1.25 “ (3 cm) of both antennas extendedoutside the sides of the rack (see figure 5h).5. When using multiple receivers, try to maintain at least 1 foot (30 cm) dis-tance between antennas from different units. If you are rack-mounting mul-tiple receivers, you may want to avoid spacing them in adjacent rack spaces, tomaintain distance between antennas. When such antenna spacing proves diffi-cult or impossible, we recommend using Sabine’s Antenna Distribution Amplifier(Sabine SWA6SS), which can help manage antenna configurations and, moreimportantly, improve system-wide interference rejection. The SWA6SS workswith up to six receivers.
23 Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B2-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - htoReceiver Operation6. In very rare instances, poorly shielded or malfunctioning computers or digi-tal effects units may cause RF interference. You can test whether such unitsare the sources of such interference by switching them off one at a time, anddetermining if interference rejection improves.7. When possible, maintain line of sight from transmitter to receiver. Considerthe potential range of transmitter “roaming,” and locate your receiver accordingly.If direct line of sight proves impossible or difficult, consider using Sabine’s low-profile, active Extension Antenna Kit (SWASS-EXT), which boosts the signalstrength, extends the maximum distance from transmitter to receiver, expandsand focuses antenna sensitivity, and allows antenna and receiver to be posi-tioned further apart or in separate rooms.8. Turn on your system one component at a time, beginning with the firstreceiver. If you don’t have a computer handy, keep all other receivers and trans-mitters switched off for the time being. As you turn the RF channel select knob onthe first receiver channel, keep an eye on the received RF signal strength indica-tor on the corresponding LCD. Make note of any channels that indicate thepresence of any RF signal. Since nothing in your system is actively transmittingat this time, such a reading is indicative of a potential source of interference. Ifmicrowave ovens are present in the vicinity, you should try this test when theovens are actively operating. After you have scrolled through all 50 RF channels,select any channel that does NOT indicate presence of RF signal as your firstchannel for operation.9. Use the RF Scan function included in the Remote Control Software. This willgive you a picture of the potential interference in your area, both real-time andover time. Please refer to Section 13.4.2.5. for information on Sabine RemoteControl Software’s Automatic RF Scan function, which will automatically deter-mine the best RF channels to use.10. Maintain a minimum distance of at least 3 meters (10 feet) between all trans-mitters and receivers or extension antennas. Plug all other microphones orinstruments into the associated beltpack transmitters (the Sabine handheld mi-crophone contains its own internal transmitter). Turn on the first transmitter (beltpackor handheld), and set it to transmit on the channel corresponding to the selectedreceiver channel (see Section 4 for details on setting the transmission channel).Talk into the microphone, or play the instrument, and verify on the transmitterLCD that an audio signal is being transmitted. Check the receiver channel’saudio meter — you should see signal indication. Turn up the receiver output gain(take care not to overdrive or clip the input channel), plus any downstream poweramplifiers or active speakers, until you can hear the audio signal well enough tomake sure the signal is clear, and audio is being received and amplified with fullfidelity.10. Repeat the process for additional RF channels, one at a time, keeping alltransmitters and receivers already set up turned on and active. Monitor the RFsignal strength indicator and audio integrity for all transmission channels. Becareful not to set more than one transmitter to the same channel; eachpaired transmitter and receiver should be set to unique corresponding channels,until all channels are receiving clearly and cleanly.11. If interference problems occur that appear to result from a source located tothe rear of a receiver, and repositioning the receiver is difficult, you can createyour own RF shield out of a small piece of metal (say 6” x 6”, or 15 cm x 15cm) placed behind the antenna (towards the source of the interference). Properlypositioned, this shield will not only reduce interfering RF signals arriving from therear, but can also reinforce front-arrival signals (the transmitter signals). The bestdistance to achieve such phase-additive reinforcement is about ½ or 2 times thelength of a quarter radio wave length. In the case of 2.4 GHz operation, thesedistances are approximately 1.5 cm (.6 inches) and 6 cm (2.5 inches). You canempirically determine the proper distance by turning on the appropriate transmit-ter, and varying the distance between the shield and the antenna as you monitorthe RF signal strength indicator on the receiver LCD.12. Once the physical placement of your receiver(s) and antenna(s) is decided,proceed with the remainder of the setup process.
24Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)Fig. 6a6. MIC SUPERMODELING™6.1. IntroductionMicrophones come in a dazzling variety of shapes, sizes, polar pat-terns, frequency response curves, phase response curves, etc. Fewthings arouse as much passion amongst audio engineers as discus-sions about what microphone to use in a given application. Soundrental companies and recording studios proudly tout their impressivemicrophone collections, and singers frequently favor a certain brandand model number as “perfect for my voice.”The only viable “please everyone” strategy is to stock a wide assort-ment of microphones. This is far easier for wired microphones than forwireless. Changing a wired microphone is as simple as disconnectingone mic and connecting an alternative — the same cable and samemicrophone stand allows easy interchangeability. At worst you mighthave to exchange microphone clips along with the microphones them-selves.For wireless microphones, however, the situation is not so simple. Withdifferent transmission frequencies, different proprietary designs, differ-ent types of connectors (microphone to belt pack transmitter), and thematched-set nature of transmitters and receivers, changing a micro-phone/transmitter is far more complex. In the worst case (and mostcommon) scenario, it also entails changing the receiver to a compat-ible model, which in turn necessitates new connections into the mixer,and a reconfiguring of EQ and gain settings. This is not only timeconsuming, but also potentially expensive, as purchasing a variety ofmicrophones also necessitates buying a similar number of receivers.Sabine has a better idea — Sabine’s proprietary MicrophoneSuperModelingTM. With digital technology, it’s possible to start withthe sonic signature of a high quality microphone (such as Sabine’sstandard condenser and dynamic capsules used in our SWM7000handheld series systems), and emulate the characteristics of otherpopular microphones—all at the twist of a knob. You won’t have tochange microphones, cables, connections, or receivers, interrupt a per-formance, or even get up from your mixing chair! Best of all, you willhave an instant answer to a variety of demands from singers and speak-ers for their favorite microphone — even if they pass the microphonearound.6.2. Emulation ChoicesEach Sabine SWM7000 receiver (SW72-NDR, SW71-NDR,SW72-R,SW71-R) comes equipped with 7 different Super Model microphonesavailable per channel. Four of these (Shure SM-58, Shure Beta 58,Audio Technica ATM 41A, and AKG D-3800)* are designed for use witheither of Sabine’s dynamic handheld microphone/transmitters (SW70-HD3 or SW70-HD5). The remaining three (Shure Beta 87A, AKGC535EB, and Audio Technica ATM 89R)* are designed for use withSabine’s condenser handheld microphone/transmitter (SW70-HC). Inaddition to these Super Model choices, you may prefer to use Sabine’shigh quality microphones “just the way they are;” i.e., without emula-tion.Telemetry information sent by the handheld transmitter to the corre-sponding receiver (or receiver channel for a 2-channel unit) identifiesthe type of transmitter, and loads the appropriate emulation library. NoteMic SuperModeling™Sabine Mic SuperModelingTMSuperModelingTM Dynamic Models*: - Shure SM-58 - Shure Beta-58A - Audio-Technica ATM 41aSuperModelingTM CondenserModels*: - Shure Beta 87A - AKG C535 EB - Audio-Technica ATM 89R*Company names, product names, andtrademarks listed as modeled are the prop-erty of their respective owners and are usedonly to identify evaluated microphones usedto develop digital processing; they in no wayimply association, endorsement, or approvalby any named manufacturer.
25 Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B2-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - htothat beltpack transmitters also send telemetry that turns off the SuperModel option, as this feature is designed to work only with handheldmicrophone/transmitters.6.3. Mic Modeling Front Panel ControlSimply turn the parameter control labeled “Mic Modeling” to scroll throughand select the microphone you wish to emulate. (If you are using a 2-channel receiver, you must first select the channel you wish to edit bypressing the Contrast button. The first click of the knob will show thecurrent setting, without changing it; additional turns will change theemulation that is active. The top text line of the Settings Display willread either MICDYN (dynamic) or MICCON (condenser) depending onthe telemetry information sent by the handheld; the bottom line willdisplay the microphone being emulated. Note that one choice is tobypass modeling, and simply utilize the excellent quality of the Sabinemicrophone capsules. In this case the bottom text line will simply readNONE. Finally, whenever telemetry information indicates that a beltpack transmitter is the RF source, or if a handheld transmitter is re-placed by a belt pack with the same receiver (or some such otherunpredictable event transpires), the Settings Display will read MICMOD/NONE whenever the Mic Modeling knob is turned.There are no modeling settings for lavalier or headset microphones —mic placement makes these an unrealistic choice for modeling. NOTE:other lavalier microphones can be used with the Sabine Beltpack Trans-mitter.6.4. Future Microphone Modeling ChoicesWhen Sabine adds to the library of “virtual microphones” that are mod-eled by the receiver DSP, these will be made available as a firmwareupgrade from the Sabine web site, www.Sabine.com. See Section 13for information about the upgrade procedure.Mic SuperModeling™
26Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)SETUP IndicatorFig. 7a7. FBX FEEDBACK EXTERMINATOR®For a complete explanation of FBX, see Section 14.7.1. FBX Set UpFollow these easy steps to obtain the maximum gain and protectionfrom feedback. Sabine FBX employs a very fast and quiet setup modeto make it easy to use.1. Place the speakers in the positions where they will be used duringthe program.2. If there is any equipment with a noise gate in the signal path, youMUST DISENGAGE the noise gate(s) prior to the setup procedure.You may reengage these noise gates upon conclusion of your FBXsetup.3. Patch your Sabine receiver into the mixer or amp channel. Set theamp master output gain to a normal operating position.NOTE: The level of your power amplifier should be set to a level thatallows a healthy gain structure prior to the amplifier. If your ampli-fier is turned up fully, and your mixer meters show little movementwhen signal passes through, then your amplifier will have to workharder to process the weak signal. You will improve the perfor-mance of your sound system and lower system noise by reducingthe gain on your power amp and increasing your mixer gain. FBXresponse time will also be better with proper gain structure.4. First, turn on your receiver and select a clear channel (no RF Sig-nal bars showing). Then turn on your wireless transmitter or handheldmicrophone and select the same channel, Now turn on the mixer(gain low), then any other accessories, and finally the power amp.If you are using a graphic EQ, adjust only for the desired tonalqualities, but DO NOT NOTCH FOR FEEDBACK.5. With the microphone turned on, raise the OUTPUT LEVEL of thereceiver slowly until a strong input signal at the mixer is apparent.The microphone should now be audible.6. Now you are ready to set FBX filters. Press and hold SETUP (farleft button) on the wireless receiver, until the word SETUP in thechannel LCD flashes 4 times, then stops flashing. This will clearany FBX filters already in place. NOTE: You should do this eachtime you move your sound system, change a sound system com-ponent, or relocate your microphone. Your Sabine True MobilityTMWireless System will remember its settings from the last time youturned the unit off.7. During SETUP mode, do not talk into the microphone or passaudio program through a transmitter. This may cause the SabineTrue Mobility™ system to set inappropriate filters. The only appro-priate use of the SETUP mode is to create and filter feedback.SETUP must be exited prior to normal microphone usage. Thishappens automatically after setting FBX filters, or you may exitmanually by pressing READY at any time.8. Identify the primary usage positions, and likely feedback-prone lo-cations, in the potential movement range of the wireless micro-phone. Take the microphone to the first of these locations.9. Slowly raise the mixer channel gain to the point of feedback — andthen slowly beyond, until you hear the chirping tones of feedbackquickly being eliminated by FBX filters setting. Stop raising gainFBX Feedback ExterminatorFig. 7b: READY IndicatorNOTE: make sure READY is displayed beforeusing your system for a performance.
27 Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B2-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - htoafter 2 or 3 feedback tones have chirped and corresponding FBXfilters have set. Rest assured that any feedback that occurs will beat a quiet volume, and very short in duration.10. Move the microphone to another area of use and slowly raise gainuntil FBX eliminates a few more feedback tones (2 or 3). Repeatthis step until the word SETUP automatically disappears and theword READY appears. This indicates your unit is ready for opera-tion. The total number of filters available for feedback filtering is 10;in the factory default setting, your unit will automatically enterREADY mode when the eighth filter is set. Alternatively, you mayenter READY status with fewer fixed FBX filters in place, simply bypressing the READY button at any time. NOTE: be sure that theword READY appears in the FBX section of your receiver LCDduring performance or any normal operation.Any feedback that occurs after setup will be eliminated by dynamicfilters, which remain in reserve to catch surprise feedback if it oc-curs during performance/operation.In most instances you will experience an additional gain of 6-9 dBbefore feedback when using the Sabine True MobilityTM System.Precise results will depend on system and acoustical consider-ations.All fixed filters in place will remain set until the SETUP button ispushed and held as described in step 6. All dynamic filters willremain in place until new feedback occurs (when they will move tothe new frequency), or until the SETUP button is pushed and held.Your True Mobility receiver will remember its FBX (and all other)settings even if the power is turned off. See Section 14 for a com-plete discussion of Sabine FBX Feedback Exterminators®.7.2. FBX Bypass ButtonThe BYPASS button bypasses only the FBX Section, and not the addi-tional signal processing (de-essing and compression) available in theTargeted Input Processing section of the Sabine True Mobility™ Wire-less Receiver.NOTE: You can easily bypass Compression signal processing by turn-ing the Compressor Ratio knob fully counter-clockwise, and the De-esser signal processing by turning the De-esser knob fully counter-clockwise.FBX Feedback ExterminatorFBX Power User Tip: Tweaking already-set filters to get more gain before feedback.When the FBX filter setup procedure finishes, the word READY appears in theFBX section of your receiver LCD and you are ready to use your True Mobility™wireless. If, however, you need to get more gain before feedback, you canallow the already-set fixed FBX filters to go a little deeper by pressing theREADY button again and slowly turning up your system gain (READY willdisappear from the LCD). Note that the frequencies of these already-set filterswill not change, only their depth. Nor will any new filters be set. When you aresatisfied with your gain before feedback, press READY again to lock yourfilters. Do not play program during this process and be sure that the wordREADY appears in the FBX section of your receiver LCD during perfor-mance.FBX BYPASS CAUTIONBypassing FBX filters may allow suppressed feedback to be released!Fig. 7c: READY ButtonFig. 7d:BYPASS ButtonTech TipREADY & Locked FixedREADY = Lock Fixed on otherSabine FBX products
28Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)8. COMPRESSOR/LIMITER OPERATION8.1. Basics of CompressionThe dynamic range (how loud we can hear to how quiet a sound we candetect) of the human ear is far greater than the capability of soundsystems to reproduce. Although some of this equipment limitation isat the upper extreme of the dynamic range (where too loud a signal willproduce distortion), much of the restriction occurs at the low level end,where the signal disappears below the “noise floor” of the circuitry.A compressor (or in its most powerful form, a limiter) is the most widelyused tool for controlling dynamic range. In the simplest terms, a com-pressor is designed to squeeze the dynamic range of an audio pro-gram; i.e., to make quiet signals louder, and loud signals quieter. Acompressor becomes a limiter when the compression ratio (the ratio ofthe input gain change to the output gain change) is so high that theoutput level effectively won’t rise above a “brick wall” ceiling, regardlessof how much the input gain increases (typically a ratio of 10:1 andgreater).A compressor acts like an “automatic mix engineer” with a hand on thefader and an inhumanly fast reaction time. When the input level in-creases, the “engineer” drops the fader; when the level decreases, thefader is raised. When the amount of fader compensation equals thevariation in signal level, the output level of the audio program will soundconsistent.The practical benefits of compression and limiting include:1. Speaker protection. A compressor will control sudden level peaksand prevent your speakers from damage. Most often in this type ofapplication, the compression ratio is high enough to qualify as alimiter.2. Perceived increase in loudness. Because compressed peaklevels are kept from rising as high as uncompressed signals, yougain headroom for your audio program and can raise its overallaverage gain. Compression is often added to the entire audio mix,both in live sound and recording, to increase its perceived loud-ness.3. Achieving more consistent levels. For expressive instrumentsor vocals, which may have a large dynamic range, compressioncan help maintain more consistent mix levels. So a speaker whovaries from a whisper to a shout will not disappear or stand out inthe mix, relative to other less dynamic instruments or vocals. Vo-cal level variations are also common when multiple users share asingle microphone, due to differences in voice volumes and mic-to-mouth positions from one user to another. Compression will helpeven out such variations as well.8.2. Using the CompressorCompressor knobs are located immediately to the right of the FBX andDe-Esser controls. The controls consist of standard Ratio, Thresh(threshold) and Attack knobs, and a horizontal gain ladder in the LEDdisplay shows compressor gain reduction.Compressor Limiter
29 Sabine 2.4 GHz Smart Spectrum Wireless (BETA)B2-SWM7000-OpGuide.pmd - 021022 - htoRatio: Compression ratio is the ratio of the input gain change tothe output gain change. The compression ratio on yourSabine Wireless ranges from 1:1 to 19:1, in increments of1 dB. Set Ratio to 1:1 to bypass CompressorThresh: Compression threshold sets the input level at which thecompressor/limiter begins to act on the signal. The inputlevel threshold at which compression is engaged can beadjusted from -30 dBv to 0 dBv, in increments of 1 dBv.Attack: Compressor attack time sets the speed with which signalcompression begins once an input signal exceeds thethreshold level. The range may be adjusted from 1 to 99mS, in 1 mS increments. Gain: (Output Level) Since the output gain is attenuated when-ever the input gain exceeds the compression threshold,the overall output level of a compressed signal will be re-duced. Commonly, this reduced output gain is compen-sated for by raising the level of the output signal (the termis “gain make-up”). Output Level range may be adjustedfrom mute (minus infinity) to +20 dB, in increments of 1dB.8.3. Suggested Compression Settings8.3.1. Vocal SettingsThe renowned expressiveness of the human voice is due in large part toits dynamics. A vocal that varies from a whisper to a scream has astrong emotional impact, but those same dynamics present a chal-lenge to the sound engineer. Ideal vocal compression maintains somedynamic range while keeping the vocal the focal point of the mix.Ratio: A soft voice might require a ratio of 2:1, whereas a loudvoice might require a ratio setting of 6:1.Thresh: The higher the threshold setting, the more signal is re-quired to initiate compression. Ideally this should be setto reign in peak levels, and allow signals of lower gain topass uncompressed. Threshold settings will depend onthe nature and variety of the signal source. Strong vocal-ists will require a different threshold than quiet speakers orsingers.Attack: Short attack times usually work well for voice. However,too strong a compression ratio, too low a threshold, andtoo fast an attack may attenuate speech consonants, whichprovide important intelligibility cues to the audience, thuscompromising clarity.8.3.2. Guitar SettingsRatio: A high compression ratio (with gain makeup) will add sus-tain to held notes and chords.Thresh: Moving the threshold will change the audible thick/thin-ness of the guitar tone, but generally you want to com-press all the notes played.Attack: Be wary of too quick an attack, which may reduce thepercussive attack of the guitar notes.In general, be wary of too much gain makeup, and too high a compres-sion ratio, which may make a noisy guitar amplifier more objectionable.Ratio settings might range from 6 to 20:1, threshold variable, slowerattack, soft knee, output gain boosted slightly to significantly depend-ing on amount of compression.Compressor Limiter

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