Tranzeo Wireless Technologies RAKT3KN2 WIRELESS MESH ROUTER User Manual USERS MANUAL 2

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Document No. TR0149 Rev C5
EnRoute500
User’s Guide
Rev. C5
Next Generation Mesh Networks, Today™
Tranzeo Confidential
Tranzeo Wireless Technologies Inc.
19473 Fraser Way, Pitt Meadows, BC, Canada, V3Y 2V4
www.tranzeo.com
technical support email: support@tranzeo.com
EnRoute500 User’s Guide
Tranzeo, the Tranzeo logo and EnRoute500 are trademarks of Tranzeo Wireless Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.
All other company, brand, and product names are referenced for identification purposes only and may be trademarks that are
the properties of their respective owners.
Copyright © 2007, Tranzeo Wireless Technologies Inc.
TR0149 Rev. C5
EnRoute500 User’s Guide
FCC Notice to Users and Operators
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two
conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) This device must
accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for Class B Digital Device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates
and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the
instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does
cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning
the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or
more of the following measures.
•
•
•
•
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna
Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is
connected
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help
Any changes or modification to said product not expressly approved by Tranzeo
Wireless Technologies Inc. could void the user's authority to operate this device.
The Tranzeo EnRoute500 Mesh Router must be installed by a trained professional,
value added reseller, or systems integrator who is familiar with RF cell planning
issues and the regulatory limits defined by the FCC for RF exposure, specifically
those limits outlined in sections 1.1307.
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
Table of Contents
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
Working with the EnRoute500........................................................................... 8
EnRoute500 Capabilities.......................................................................................8
Network Topology .................................................................................................9
Network Terminology ..........................................................................................10
EnRoute500 Interfaces .......................................................................................10
Deployment Considerations ................................................................................12
Mesh channel selection...................................................................................... 13
AP channel selection.......................................................................................... 13
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.5.5
2.5.6
2.5.7
2.5.8
2.5.9
2.5.10
2.5.11
2.5.12
2.5.13
2.5.14
2.5.15
2.5.16
Using the Command Line Interface ................................................................ 14
Accessing the CLI ...............................................................................................14
User Accounts.....................................................................................................15
CLI Interfaces......................................................................................................16
CLI Features .......................................................................................................16
Control of the Cursor.......................................................................................... 16
Cancel a Command ........................................................................................... 16
Searching the Command History ....................................................................... 17
Executing a Previous Command ........................................................................ 17
CLI Commands ...................................................................................................17
‘?’ command....................................................................................................... 17
‘whoami’ command ............................................................................................ 17
‘help’ command .................................................................................................. 18
‘show’ command ................................................................................................ 18
‘use’ command ................................................................................................... 19
‘set’ command .................................................................................................... 20
‘get’ command.................................................................................................... 21
‘list’ command .................................................................................................... 22
‘ping’ command .................................................................................................. 22
‘ifconfig’ command ............................................................................................. 23
‘route’ command................................................................................................. 23
‘clear’ command ................................................................................................. 23
‘history’ command .............................................................................................. 24
‘!’ command........................................................................................................ 25
‘exit’ command ................................................................................................... 26
‘quit’ command ................................................................................................... 26
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Using the Web Interface .................................................................................. 27
Accessing the Web Interface...............................................................................27
Status Page.........................................................................................................28
Setting Parameters .............................................................................................29
Help Information..................................................................................................30
Rebooting............................................................................................................30
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
Initial Configuration of an EnRoute500 .......................................................... 32
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Configuration Profile Management................................................................. 34
Saving the Current Configuration ........................................................................34
Load a Configuration Profile................................................................................34
Delete a Configuration Profile .............................................................................35
Downloading a Configuration Profile from a Node ..............................................35
Uploading a Configuration Profile to a Node .......................................................36
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
System Settings ............................................................................................... 37
User Passwords ..................................................................................................37
Operating Scheme ..............................................................................................37
Mesh / Node ID ...................................................................................................39
Mesh Prefix .........................................................................................................40
LAN Prefix ...........................................................................................................40
DNS / Domain Settings .......................................................................................41
DNS Proxy Configuration ....................................................................................42
Netbios Server ....................................................................................................42
Location...............................................................................................................43
Certificate Information .........................................................................................44
CLI timeout..........................................................................................................45
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
Mesh Radio Configuration............................................................................... 46
Channel...............................................................................................................46
ESSID .................................................................................................................47
Encryption ...........................................................................................................47
Transmit Power ...................................................................................................48
IP Configuration ..................................................................................................49
Neighbor Status ..................................................................................................49
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
Ethernet Interface Configuration .................................................................... 51
IP Configuration for Repeater Nodes and Their Clients ......................................51
Ethernet Client Device Address Space .............................................................. 51
Ethernet Interface IP Address ............................................................................ 54
IP Configuration of Clients Devices via DHCP ................................................... 54
Manual IP Configuration of Client Devices ......................................................... 54
IP Configuration for Gateway Nodes...................................................................55
DHCP ................................................................................................................. 55
Manual IP Configuration..................................................................................... 56
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
Access Point (AP) Configuration.................................................................... 58
Access Point Interfaces.......................................................................................58
Access Point Client Device Address Space ........................................................59
Enabling and Disabling Access Points ................................................................60
Channel...............................................................................................................61
ESSID .................................................................................................................62
IP Configuration for Nodes and Their Clients ......................................................62
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
9.6.1
9.6.2
9.6.3
9.7
9.8
9.8.1
9.8.2
9.8.3
9.9
Access Point IP Address .................................................................................... 63
IP Configuration of Clients Devices via DHCP ................................................... 63
Manual IP Configuration of Client Devices ......................................................... 63
Client Devices .....................................................................................................64
Encryption and Authentication.............................................................................64
WEP Encryption ................................................................................................. 65
WPA Pre-Shared Key Mode (WPA-PSK)........................................................... 66
WPA EAP Mode................................................................................................. 66
Transmit Power ...................................................................................................67
10
10.1
10.2
10.2.1
10.2.2
Client DHCP Configuration.............................................................................. 69
Using Local DHCP Servers .................................................................................69
Using a Centralized DHCP Server ......................................................................71
Configuring the EnRoute500s ............................................................................ 72
Configuring the Central DHCP Server................................................................ 74
11
11.1
11.2
11.3
Connecting an EnRoute500 Gateway to a WAN ............................................ 75
Manual Configuration ..........................................................................................75
Network Address Translation (NAT)....................................................................75
VPN Access to a Mesh Gateway ........................................................................76
12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.4.1
12.4.2
Controlling Access to the EnRoute500 .......................................................... 78
Firewall................................................................................................................78
Gateway Firewall.................................................................................................79
Blocking Client-to-Client Traffic ...........................................................................80
Access Control Lists (ACLs)................................................................................81
Access Point Access Control Lists (ACLs) ......................................................... 82
Mesh ACL .......................................................................................................... 82
13
13.1
13.2
13.3
Quality of Service (QoS) Configuration.......................................................... 84
Priority Levels......................................................................................................84
Rate Limiting .......................................................................................................87
Rate Reservation ................................................................................................89
14
14.1
14.2
Enabling VLAN Tagging .................................................................................. 92
Client Interface Configuration..............................................................................92
Gateway Configuration........................................................................................93
15
15.1
15.1.1
15.1.2
15.1.3
15.1.4
15.2
15.3
Integration with Enterprise Equipment .......................................................... 95
Configuring Splash Pages...................................................................................95
Enabling Splash Pages ...................................................................................... 95
Configuring Splash URLs ................................................................................... 96
Configuring the Authentication Server................................................................ 99
Trusted MAC Addresses .................................................................................... 99
Backhaul Health Monitoring ..............................................................................100
Layer 2 Emulation .............................................................................................101
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
16
16.1
Hardware Configuration ................................................................................ 102
Power Over Ethernet Source ............................................................................102
17
17.1
17.2
Firmware Management .................................................................................. 104
Displaying the Firmware Version.......................................................................104
Upgrading the Firmware....................................................................................104
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
Working with the EnRoute500
Thank you for choosing the Tranzeo EnRoute500 Wireless Mesh Router. The EnRoute500
allows a wireless mesh network to be rapidly deployed with little configuration required by the
end user. This user’s guide presents a wide array of configuration options, but only a limited
number of options have to be configured in order to deploy a mesh network of EnRoute500s.
1.1
EnRoute500 Capabilities
The EnRoute500 is capable of automatically forming a mesh network that allows devices that
are connected to it, either with a wired or a wireless connection, to communicate with each
other and external networks that are accessed through gateway nodes. The EnRoute500 has
two radios, an 802.11a mesh backhaul radio and an access point radio for 802.11b/g-client
devices. An EnRoute500 will currently support up to four virtual access points (APs), each with
different access and performance settings. It is also possible to connect devices to an
EnRoute500 using an Ethernet connection.
Figure 1. EnRoute500 sample network – devices attach to
the EnRoute500 through both wired and wireless connections
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
1.2
Network Topology
EnRoute500s can be used to create two network topologies: a stand-alone network or an
Internet extension network that attaches to a network with connectivity to the Internet.
RPT
GW
Repeater
Gateway
Internet
Internet
RPT
RPT
RPT
GW
RPT
RPT
RPT
RPT
RPT
RPT
RPT
Figure 2. Internet extension network
An Internet extension network (shown in Figure 2) is typically used when the goal is to provide
Internet access to a number of clients that connect to the mesh network. Alternatively, this
configuration can be used to provide access for client devices to remote resources on a private
network. The key feature to note is that there is at least one gateway node that provides
access from the mesh network to an external network.
RPT
Repeater
RPT
RPT
RPT
RPT
RPT
RPT
RPT
RPT
RPT
RPT
Figure 3. Stand-alone network
In a stand-alone network, as shown in Figure 3, all nodes are configured to operate in the
same mode. This network configuration is suitable for applications where the clients using the
mesh only need to communicate with each other and do not need to access the Internet or
other remote network resources that are not directly connected to the mesh.
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
1.3
Network Terminology
The following terms will be referred to throughout this manual.
Mesh cloud – a group of nodes configured as one or more clusters
Mesh cluster – a group of two or more EnRoute500s with at least one configured as a
gateway
Mesh node – a single EnRoute500 device that is part of a mesh
1.4
EnRoute500 Interfaces
The EnRoute500 has four external interfaces: power, Ethernet and two radio ports.
Mesh radio
port
AP radio
port
Power Ethernet
Figure 4. EnRoute500 interfaces
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
Interface
Power
Mesh radio port
AP radio port
Ethernet
Passive PoE
Description
Power input (100-240VAC 50-60 Hz)
N-type antenna connector for mesh radio
N-type antenna connector for access point radio
10/100 Mbit Ethernet interface
PoE secondary power input (9-28VDC, 12W)
Not compatible with IEEE 802.3af
Table 1. EnRoute500 Interfaces
The EnRoute500 is equipped with an auto-sensing Ethernet port that allows both
regular and cross-over cables to be used to connect to it.
Pin
Signal
Tx+
TxRx+
PoE+V
PoE+V
RxGnd
Gnd
Standard Wire Color
White/Orange
Orange
White/Green
Blue
White/Blue
Green
White/Brown
Brown
Table 2. Ethernet port pinout
The EnRoute500 Ethernet port supports passive Power over Ethernet (PoE). The PoE power
injector should supply an input voltage between 9-28VDC and a minimum of 12W. The pinout
for the Ethernet interface on the EnRoute500 is provided in Table 2.
Attach the supplied antennas to the mesh and access point (AP) radio ports on the
EnRoute500. The antennas used for the two radios are different and it is important to correctly
match the antennas with the radio ports.
The mesh antenna should be attached to the mesh radio port and the access point antenna
should be attached to the AP antenna port, as shown in Figure 5.
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
Mesh antenna
Access point
antenna
Figure 5. Connecting the mesh and access point antennas
1.5
Deployment Considerations
The EnRoute500’s radios operate in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz ISM bands. It is
possible that there will be other devices operating in these bands that will interfere with the
EnRoute500’s radios. Interference from adjacent EnRoute500s can also degrade performance,
if the EnRoute500s are not configured properly.
It is advisable to carry out a site survey prior to installation to determine what devices are
operating in the two bands that the EnRoute500 uses. To detect the presence of other 802.11
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
devices, a tool such as Netstumbler (http://www.netstumbler.com/downloads/) can be used. A
spectrum analyzer can be used for further characterization of interference in the band.
1.5.1
Mesh channel selection
The mesh radio channel must be the same for all EnRoute500s in a given mesh cluster.
Adjacent mesh clusters will get a performance benefit if they are on different channels as the
clusters will not interfere with each other. The 802.11a channels that the EnRoute500 mesh
radio can be configured to use are all non-overlapping.
1.5.2
AP channel selection
The access point radio channels used by the EnRoute500s in a mesh cluster can differ. It is
advisable to use different access point channels for adjacent mesh nodes to reduce
interference.
However, it may be more important to select the access point channel based on the presence
of other 802.11 devices in the area rather than configuring it to be different than that of an
adjacent EnRoute500. A site survey should be conducted to determine which access point
channel will provide the best performance.
Some of the 802.11b/g channels that the EnRoute500 access point radio can be configured to
use are overlapping. Only channels 1, 6, and 11 are non-overlapping.
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
Using the Command Line Interface
All configurable EnRoute500 parameters can be accessed with a Command Line Interface
(CLI).
The CLI allows you to:
•
•
•
•
Modify and verify all configuration parameters
Save and restore device configurations
Reboot the device
Upgrade the firmware
2.1
Accessing the CLI
The EnRoute500’s command-line interface (CLI) is accessible through the device’s network
interfaces using an SSH client. Any of the network interfaces can be used to establish the
SSH connection to the EnRoute500. However, connecting through the Ethernet port is
recommended for devices that have not previously been configured.
The EnRoute500 has a dedicated configuration interface that is accessible via the Ethernet
port. This interface is present regardless of the EnRoute500’s standard Ethernet interface
configuration. The address and netmask of this interface are provided in Table 3.
Since the configuration IP address (shown in Table 3) is the same for all
EnRoute500s, you should not simultaneously connect multiple EnRoute500s to a
common LAN and attempt to access them using the configuration IP address.
Parameter
IP address
Netmask
Protocol
User name
Default password
Setting
169.254.253.253
255.255.0.0
SSH v2
admin
mesh
Table 3. EnRoute500 Ethernet configuration interface settings
To use this interface:
1. Configure a computer with an IP address on the 169.254.0.0 subnet
2. Connect the PC to the EnRoute500 using an Ethernet cable. A standard or cross-over
cable will work.
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
3. Login to the node using an SSHv2-capable client application with the credentials
provided in Table 3.
Windows XP does not include an SSH client application. You will need to install a
3rd-party
client
such
as
SecureCRT
from
Van
Dyke
software
(http://www.vandyke.com/products/securecrt) or the free PuTTY SSH client
(http://www.putty.nl/) to connect to an EnRoute500 using SSH.
If you are configuring multiple EnRoute500s with the same computer in rapid
succession, it may be necessary to clear the ARP cache since the IP addresses for
the EnRoute500s will all be the same, but the MAC addresses will vary. The
following commands can be used to clear the ARP cache
Windows XP (executed in a command prompt window)
arp -d *
to clear the entire cache, or
arp -d 169.254.253.253
to just clear the EnRoute500 entry
Linux
arp -d 169.254.253.253
When you log in to the node, the CLI will present a command prompt. The shell timeout is
displayed above the login prompt. The CLI will automatically log out a user if a session is
inactive for longer than the timeout period. Section 6.10 describes how to change the timeout
period.
Shell timeout: 3 minutes.
Press '?' for help..
2.2
User Accounts
There are two user accounts for accessing the EnRoute500: ‘admin’ and ‘monitor’. With the
‘admin’ account all parameters can be set and viewed. The ‘monitor’ account only allows users
to view a subset of the parameters available. Parameters that affect access to the network,
such as encryption keys, are not viewable by the ‘monitor’ user. The only parameter that can
be set by the ‘monitor’ user is the shell timeout (see section 6.10). The passwords for both
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
users can only be set by the ‘admin’ user. The procedure for changing passwords is described
in section 6.1.
2.3
CLI Interfaces
The CLI provides the user with a number of interfaces that contain related parameters and
controls. Some of these interfaces are actual hardware interfaces, such as Ethernet, while
others are virtual interfaces that contain a set of related parameters.
The available interfaces are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
mesh0 – controls for the mesh radio
wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4 – controls for the virtual APs supported by the EnRoute500
eth0 – controls for the Ethernet interface
firewall – controls access through the EnRoute500’s network interfaces
qos – controls Quality of Service (QoS) settings
version – displays version information for the installed firmware
system – system settings
The currently selected interface is shown as part of the command prompt. For example, when
the mesh interface is selected, the command prompt will be
mesh0>
After logging in, no interface is selected by default. Before setting or retrieving any parameters,
an interface must be selected.
2.4
CLI Features
The CLI has a number of features to simplify the configuration of the EnRoute500.
2.4.1
Control of the Cursor
The cursor can be moved to the end of the current line with Ctrl+E. Ctrl+A moves it to the
beginning of the line.
2.4.2
Cancel a Command
Ctrl+C cancels the input on the current command line and moves the cursor to a new, blank
command line.
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
2.4.3
Searching the Command History
The command history can be searched by pressing Ctrl+R and entering a search string. The
most recently executed command that matches the string entered will be displayed. Press
‘Enter’ to execute that command.
2.4.4
Executing a Previous Command
By using the up and down arrow keys you can select previously executed commands. When
you find the command you wish to execute, you can either edit it or press ‘Return’ to execute it.
2.5
CLI Commands
The usage of all CLI commands is explained below. The command syntax used is
command 
command [optional argument]
2.5.1
‘?’ command
Syntax
Description
Pressing ‘?’ at any time in the CLI will display a help menu that provides an
overview of the commands that are described in this section. It is not
necessary to press ‘Enter’ after pressing ‘?’.
2.5.2
‘whoami’ command
Syntax
whoami
Description
Displays the name of the user you are logged in as.
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
2.5.3
‘help’ command
help [command|parameter]
Syntax
where [command] is one of the CLI commands or [parameter] is a
parameter in the currently selected interface.
Description
When no argument follows the help command, a help menu showing a list
of available commands is displayed. When a command is supplied as the
argument, a help message for that particular command is displayed. When
a parameter in the current interface is specified as the argument, help
information for it is displayed.
Example
help get
will display the help information for the ‘get’ command. With the ‘sys’
interface selected
sys> help scheme
displays help information about that ‘scheme’ parameter, as shown below
scheme : wireless node type
2.5.4
‘show’ command
Syntax
show
Description
Displays all available interfaces. An interface in this list can be selected
with the ‘use’ command.
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
2.5.5
‘use’ command
Syntax
use 
where  is one of the EnRoute500’s interfaces. A complete list of
interfaces is available with the ‘show’ command.
Description
Selects an interface to use. By selecting an interface you can view and
modify the parameters associated with the interface.
Example
use mesh0
will select the backhaul mesh radio interface and change the CLI prompt to
mesh0>
to reflect the interface selection.
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
2.5.6
‘set’ command
Syntax
set =
where  is the parameter being set and  is the value it
is being set to.
Description
Sets a configuration parameter. Note that is only possible to set the
parameters for the currently selected interface. If the value of the
parameter contains spaces, the value must be surrounded by double
quotes (“ “).
If a valid 'set' command is entered, it will output its result and any effects on
other parameters. If changes are made to attributes of other interfaces as a
result of changing the parameter, these attributes are preceded by a '/' to
signify that they are in another interface.
Changing certain parameters will require the node to be rebooted.
Example
With the ‘sys’ interface selected
set id.node=2
will set the node ID to 2, while
set id.mesh=1
will have an impact on a larger number of parameters as can be seen in
the output below.
id.mesh
private.nets.default
/mesh0.routes.static
splash.local_network
/mesh0.cellid
/mesh0.ip.address
Reboot needed.
"172.29.0.0/16 10.1.0.0/16"
224.0.0.0/4,10.1.0.0/16
"172.29.1.0/24 10.1.0.0/16"
00:05:88:01:0a:01
172.29.1.7
Note that changes were made to variables in the ‘mesh0’ interface, as
indicated by the ‘/’ at the beginning of those lines.
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
2.5.7
‘get’ command
Syntax
get 
where  is the parameter whose value is being fetched
Description
Gets the value of one or more configuration parameters for the currently
selected interface. The ‘*’ character can be used to specify wildcard
characters. This allows multiple values to be fetched with a single
command.
Example
With the ‘sys’ interface selected
get id.node
will return the node’s ID, while
get id.*
will return all parameters that begin with ‘id.’
sys.id.lanprefix = 10
sys.id.mesh = 4
sys.id.meshprefix = 172.29
sys.id.node = 7
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2.5.8
‘list’ command
Syntax
list
Description
Lists all parameters for the selected interface
Example
With the ‘firewall’ interface selected
list
will display
firewall.gateway.enable : prevent uninitiated incoming connections
past the gateway?
firewall.node.allowc2c.eth0 : allow clients to see each other if
.role=access
firewall.node.allowc2c.wlan1 : allow clients to see each other if
.role=access
firewall.node.allowc2c.wlan2 : allow clients to see each other if
.role=access
firewall.node.allowc2c.wlan3 : allow clients to see each other if
.role=access
firewall.node.allowc2c.wlan4 : allow clients to see each other if
.role=access
firewall.node.enable : firewall enabled? if not, nothing else
here matters.
firewall.node.tcp.allow.dest : tcp dest ports (space separated)
to allow to this node
firewall.node.tcp.allow.source
tcp
source
ports
(space
separated) to allow to this node
firewall.node.udp.allow.dest : udp dest ports (space separated)
to allow to this node
firewall.node.udp.allow.source
udp
source
ports
(space
separated) to allow to this node
2.5.9
‘ping’ command
Syntax
ping 
Description
Pings a remote network device. Halt pinging with Ctrl+C
Example
ping 172.29.1.1
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EnRoute500 User’s Guide
2.5.10
‘ifconfig’ command
Syntax
ifconfig 
Description
Displays information, such as IP address and MAC address, for a particular
network interface.
Example
ifconfig wlan1
will display
wlan1
2.5.11
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:15:6D:52:01:FD
inet addr:10.2.10.1 Bcast:172.29.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:2434 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:233128 (227.6 Kb)
‘route’ command
Syntax
route
Description
Displays the current route table.
2.5.12
‘clear’ command
Syntax
clear
Description
Clears the screen
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2.5.13
‘history’ command
Syntax
history
Description
Shows the command history since the node was last rebooted
Example
After switching to the ‘wlan1’ interface, inspecting the ESSID setting, and
then changing it
history
will display
1: use wlan1
2: get essid
3: set essid=er500ap
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2.5.14
‘!’ command
Syntax
!
!
!!
Description
Executes a previously-executed command based either on a command
history number or matching a string to the start of a previously-executed
command. Note that there is no space between the ‘!’ and the argument.
The ‘history’ command shows the command history, with a number
preceding each entry in the command history. Use this number as an
argument to the ‘!’ command to execute that command from the history.
When a string is provided as an argument to the ‘!’ command, the string will
be matched against the beginning of previously-executed commands and
the most recently executed command that matches will be executed.
Use ‘!!’ to execute the last command again.
Example
If the command history is as follows
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
use
get
set
use
set
wlan1
essid
essid=er500ap1
wlan2
essid=er500ap2
the command
!1
will execute
use wlan1
The command
!use
will execute
use wlan2
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2.5.15
‘exit’ command
Syntax
exit
Description
Terminates the current CLI session and logs out the user
2.5.16
‘quit’ command
Syntax
quit
Description
Terminates the current CLI session and logs out the user
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Using the Web Interface
The EnRoute500 has a web interface accessible through a browser that can also be used to
configure the node and display status parameters.
3.1
Accessing the Web Interface
You can access the web interface by entering one of the node’s IP addresses preceded by
“https://” in the URL field of a web browser (see section 2.1 for a description of how to access
an unconfigured node using its Ethernet interface). When you enter this URL, you will be
prompted for a login and password. The login and password used for the web interface is the
same as for the CLI (see Table 3 in section 2.1).
The node IP must be preceded by “https://”, not “http://”, to access the web interface
Figure 6. Login window for web interface
Since the certificate used in establishing the secure link to the node has not been signed by a
Central Authority (CA), your browser will most likely display one or more warnings similar to
those shown below. These warnings are expected and can be disregarded.
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Figure 7. Certificate warning
3.2
Status Page
A status page is loaded by default after the login process has been completed. This page
contains the following information
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
System type (gateway or repeater)
System uptime
Interface IP addresses
VLAN status and ID for all interfaces
Mesh interface channel and ESSID
Access point status, channel, ESSID, and encryption type
Ethernet interface use (client access or backhaul)
Firmware version
To access the status page from any other page in the web interface, click on the “Status”
button on the left side of the page.
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Figure 8. Sample status page
3.3
Setting Parameters
Many of the web interface pages allow you to set EnRoute500 operating parameters. Each
page that contains settable parameters has a “Save Changes” button at the bottom of the
page. When you have made your changes on a page and are ready to commit the new
configuration, click on the “Save Changes” button. It typically takes a few seconds to save the
changes, after which the page will be reloaded.
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For the changes to take effect, the node must be rebooted. After a change has been
committed, a message reminding the user to reboot the node will be displayed at the top of the
screen.
Figure 9. Sample page showing "Save Changes" button and message prompting the user to reboot
3.4
Help Information
Help information is provided on most web GUI pages. The help information is shown on the
right-hand side of the page. The help information can be hidden by clicking on the ‘Hide Help’
link inside the help frame. When help is hidden, it can be displayed by clicking on the ‘Show
help’ link.
3.5
Rebooting
Click on the “Reboot” link on the left of the page and then click on the “Reboot Now” button to
reboot the node.
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Figure 10. Rebooting the node
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Initial Configuration of an EnRoute500
This user’s guide provides a comprehensive overview of all of the EnRoute500’s features and
configurable parameters. However, it is possible to deploy a network of EnRoute500s while
only changing a limited number of the settable parameters. The list below will guide you
through a minimal configuration procedure that prepares a network of EnRoute500s for
deployment.
Change the ‘admin’ and ‘monitor’ passwords.
The default passwords should be changed to prevent
unauthorized access to the node.
See section 6.1
Set the operating scheme for the node
Most nodes will be configured as repeaters, with one node
per mesh cluster configured as a gateway.
See section 6.2
Set the node and mesh IDs
By setting the mesh and node IDs, the nodes will be able
to form a mesh cluster and communicate with each other.
See section 6.3
Set the DNS servers
Specify DNS servers to allow hostnames to be resolved.
See section 6.6
Set the mesh radio channel
The mesh radios on all nodes in a mesh cluster must be
set to operate on the same channel.
See section 7.1
Set the mesh ESSID
Set the mesh interface ESSID to a common value for all
nodes in a mesh cluster. It should be different than the
ESSID for any adjacent mesh clusters.
See section 7.2
Set the AES encryption key for the mesh
Change the default AES encryption key to prevent
unauthorized access to the mesh.
See section 7.3
Set the mesh radio transmit power
Set the mesh power to the maximum allowed value to
achieve the best possible connectivity between mesh
nodes.
See section 7.4
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After these settings have been changed, the EnRoute500s will be able to form a mesh cluster
and you will be able to configure the nodes from a central location. This minimal configuration
must be performed prior to deployment, but all other configuration can be carried out after
deployment.
To simplify initial configuration, the web GUI has a page that allows the user to change all the
parameters listed in this section on a single page. This page can be accessed by clicking on
the ‘Minimal configuration’ link that is present on the left-hand side of all web GUI pages.
Figure 11. Initial configuration web page
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Configuration Profile Management
Configuration profiles describe an EnRoute500’s configuration state and can be created to
simplify the provisioning and management of nodes. The EnRoute500 supports the following
configuration profile-related tasks:
•
•
•
•
•
Saving the current configuration as a configuration profile
Applying a configuration profile stored on the node
Downloading a configuration profile stored on the node to a computer
Uploading a configuration profile from a computer to the node
Deleting a configuration profile stored on the node
Currently configuration profile management is only supported via the web interface.
5.1
Saving the Current Configuration
The current configuration can be saved on the “Save” tab on the “Profile Management“ page of
the web interface. Enter a profile name or select an existing profile name from the list of
existing configuration, and then click on “Save Profile”. The saved profile is stored locally on
the node and will appear in the “Existing profiles” text box. Use the “Download from Node” tab
to download it to a different device.
Figure 12. Save a configuration profile
5.2
Load a Configuration Profile
A configuration stored on the node can be loaded on the “Load” tab on the “Profile
Management“ page of the web interface. This profile must either have been saved earlier or
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uploaded to the node. Choose a profile name from the “Existing Profiles” box and then click on
“Load Profile”. It is necessary to reboot the node for the loaded profile settings to take effect.
Figure 13. Load a configuration profile
5.3
Delete a Configuration Profile
A locally-stored configuration profile can be deleted using the “Delete” tab on the “Profile
Management“ page of the web interface. Choose a profile to delete from the profile drop-down
box on the page and then click on “Delete Profile”.
Figure 14. Deleting a configuration profile
5.4
Downloading a Configuration Profile from a Node
A configuration profile can be download from a node using the “Download from node” tab on
the “Profile Management“ page of the web interface. The existing configuration profiles are
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listed on this page. Click on the one that is to be downloaded to a computer and you will be
given the option to specify where the profile should be save on the host computer.
Figure 15. Downloading a configuration profile from a node
5.5
Uploading a Configuration Profile to a Node
A configuration profile can be uploaded to a node using the “Upload to node” tab on the
“Profile Management“ page of the web interface. Use the “Browse” button to select a profile file
on your host computer for upload to the node. Alternatively, enter the file name by hand in the
text box adjacent to the “Browse” button. Click on the “Upload Profile” button to upload the
selected file to the node.
Figure 16. Uploading a configuration profile to a node
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System Settings
This section describes settings that are applicable to the overall operation of the EnRoute500,
but are not related directly to a particular interface.
6.1
User Passwords
The passwords for the ‘admin’ and ‘monitor’ users can be set using the ‘password.admin’ and
‘password.monitor’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface. By default, both user accounts have the
password ‘mesh’. The passwords will not be displayed when using the ‘get’ command with
these parameters. Note that the ‘monitor’ account password can only be changed by an
‘admin’ user.
The example below shows how to set the ‘admin’ password using the CLI.
> use sys
sys> set password.admin=er500
The passwords can be changed via the web interface using the “Passwords” tab on the
“System Parameters” page. The passwords can be changed independently – if only one
password is modified, the other password will remain unchanged.
Figure 17. Setting passwords page
6.2
Operating Scheme
The operating scheme determines a node’s role in the mesh network. Typically one of two
configurations will be used in a network:
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•
•
All ER500s will be configured as ‘aprepeater’ nodes to create a stand-alone mesh cluster
All but one of the ER500s in a mesh cluster will be configured as ‘aprepeater’ nodes, with
one node configured as an ‘apgateway’. The ‘apgateway’ node is connected to an external
network using the node’s Ethernet interface. This network configuration will create an
Internet extension network.
Mode
Description
The EnRoute500 will function as a relay in the mesh network.
Client devices can connect to the node using both wired (10/100
Ethernet) and wireless (built-in APs) interfaces. The node can
provide IP addresses to clients on both the wired and wireless
interfaces.
aprepeater
The EnRoute500 will function as a relay in the mesh network and
a gateway to a WAN. Client devices can only connect to the
node using the wireless (built-in APs) interfaces. The node can
provide IP addresses to clients on the wireless interface.
apgateway
Ethernet interface
Client devices can connect to
it. IP addresses can be
provided to client devices
using DHCP or be manually
configured.
Used to connect the mesh
cluster to a larger network.
Will expect to be provided an
IP address by a DHCP server
or have a static address
assigned to it.
Table 4. EnRoute500 operating schemes
Ensure that only one node in a mesh cluster is configured as an ‘apgateway’.
To set the EnRoute500’s operating scheme with the CLI, use the commands
> use sys
sys> set scheme=
For example, to set the operating scheme to ‘apgateway’ mode use:
> use sys
sys> set scheme=apgateway
The operating scheme can be set via the web interface using the “System” tab on the “System
Parameters” page.
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Figure 18. Setting the operating scheme
6.3
Mesh / Node ID
An EnRoute500 must be assigned a mesh ID and a node ID before it is deployed as part of a
mesh cluster. The mesh ID identifies nodes that are members of the same mesh cluster and
the node ID uniquely identifies a node within a mesh cluster.
The mesh ID must be the same for all nodes in a mesh cluster. Each mesh that is connected
to a common WAN network must have a different mesh ID since it is a component of the mesh
nodes’ IP addresses. The mesh ID is set with the ‘id.mesh’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface as
shown below. The range of valid mesh IDs is 0 through 254.
> use sys
sys> set id.mesh=12
A node in a mesh cluster must be given a unique node ID. This node ID is part of the node’s IP
address as shown in Figure 19. The allowable range for node IDs is 1 through 254. The node
ID is set as shown below.
> use sys
sys> set id.node=107
172.29 . 12 . 107
Mesh prefix
Mesh ID Node ID
Figure 19. EnRoute500 mesh interface IP address
The mesh and node IDs can be set via the web interface using the “System” tab on the
“System Parameters” page.
Figure 20. Setting the mesh and node IDs
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6.4
Mesh Prefix
The mesh prefix parameter sets the first two octets of a node’s mesh interface IP address. The
mesh prefix is set with the ‘id.meshprefix’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface as shown in the
example below. The mesh prefix must be set the same for all nodes in a given mesh cluster.
The recommended range of values is 172.16 through 172.30.
> use sys
sys> set id.meshprefix=172.29
The mesh prefix can be set via the web interface using the “Mesh” tab on the “Wireless
Interfaces” page.
Figure 21. Setting the mesh prefix
6.5
LAN Prefix
Class C subnets are created for an EnRoute500’s access point and Ethernet interfaces. The
subnet address space is based on the mesh ID, node ID, and LAN prefix. The LAN prefix is set
with the ‘id.lanprefix’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface as shown in the example below. The
suggested values for the LAN prefix are 10 and 192. The LAN prefix must be the same for all
nodes in a mesh cluster.
> use sys
sys> id.lanprefix=10
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10 . 12 . 107 . 0
LAN prefix
Mesh ID
Node ID
Figure 22. Subnet address structure
A node’s subnet is split up between its different client interfaces (eth0, wlan1-4). By default the
subnet is split as shown in Table 5. See sections 8.1.4 and 9.6.3 for instructions on how to
adjust how the subnet is segmented between interfaces.
Interface
wlan1
wlan2
wlan3
wlan4
eth0
Interface address
subnet.1
subnet.129
subnet.161
subnet.193
subnet.225
Broadcast address
subnet.127
subnet.159
subnet.191
subnet.223
subnet.255
Client address range
subnet.2-126
subnet.130-158
subnet.162-190
subnet.194-222
subnet.226-254
subnet = ..
Table 5. Default subnet segmentation between interfaces
6.6
DNS / Domain Settings
The DNS server(s) used by the node are specified with the ‘dns.servers’ parameter in the ‘sys’
interface. To specify multiple DNS servers, list them as a space-delimited string enclosed by
quotes as shown in the example below
> use sys
sys> set dns.servers =”10.5.0.5 192.168.5.5”
If a gateway node acquires DNS server information through DHCP, this DNS server
information will overwrite the ‘dns.servers’ setting. Note that the DNS server settings will not be
passed to repeater nodes that are in the same mesh cluster that the gateway is serving – you
will need to set this on each of the repeater nodes.
A primary and secondary DNS server can be set via the web interface using the “DNS” tab on
the “System Parameters” page.
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Figure 23. Setting the DNS server(s)
6.7
DNS Proxy Configuration
DNS proxy entries can be added to an EnRoute500 to force local resolution of host names to
IP addresses. A list of hostname/IP address to be resolved locally can be specified using the
‘dnsproxy.hosts’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface. If multiple hostname/IP address entries are
specified, they must be separated by semi-colons, as shown in the example below. DNS
proxying must be explicitly enabled using the ‘dnsproxy.enable’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface
after the list of hosts has been specified.
> use sys
sys> set dnsproxy.hosts=”server1.domain.com=10.0.0.1;server2.domain.com=10.0.0.129”
6.8
Netbios Server
The Netbios server parameter is used to define a Netbios server address that is provided to
client devices via the local DHCP server. To specify multiple Netbios servers, list them as a
space-delimited string enclosed by quotes as shown in the example below
> use sys
sys> set netbios.servers =”10.6.0.5 192.168.6.5”
A primary and secondary Netbios server can be set via the web interface using the “DNS” tab
on the “System Parameters” page.
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Figure 24. Setting the Netbios server(s)
6.9
Location
Two types of node location information can be stored:
•
•
Latitude/longitude/altitude
Postal address or description a node’s location
The GPS location of the node can be stored in the following fields in the ‘sys’ interface:
•
•
•
sys.location.gps.altitude
sys.location.gps.latitude
sys.location.gps.longitude
Note that these values are not automatically updated and must be entered after a node has
been installed. Altitude is in meters. Latitude ranges from -90 to 90 (with negative being south,
positive being north). Longitude ranges from -180 to 180 (with negative being west, positive
being east).
For example, you can set the latitude value as follows.
> use sys
sys> set location.gps.latitude=”34.01”
A description of the node’s location can be stored in the ‘location.postal’ field in the ‘sys’
interface. For example, you can set the location value as shown below.
> use sys
sys> set location.postal=”Light post near 123 Main St., Anytown, CA”
The location information can be set via the web interface using the “Location” tab on the
“System Parameters” page.
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Figure 25. Setting location information
6.10
Certificate Information
A certificate for use with splash pages and the web interface is locally generated on the node.
The information embedded in this certificate can be set using the ‘organization’ parameters in
the ‘sys’ interface. These parameters are:
•
•
•
•
sys.organization.name –name of organization (must be enclosed in quotes if it contains
spaces)
sys.organization.city – city name (must be enclosed in quotes if it contains spaces)
sys.organization.state – state name
sys.organization.country – two-letter country abbreviation
A new certificate is automatically generated whenever any of these parameters are changed.
The certificate information can be set via the web interface using the “Location” tab on the
“System Parameters” page.
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Figure 26. Setting certificate information
6.11
CLI timeout
The CLI will automatically log out a user if the interface has remained inactive for a certain
length of time. The time, in minutes, that a shell must remain inactive before a user is
automatically logged out is set with the ‘shell.timeout’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface, as
shown in the example below. The maximum idle time that can be set is 360 minutes.
> use sys
sys> set shell.timeout=15
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Mesh Radio Configuration
The EnRoute500 has an 802.11a radio dedicated to mesh backhaul traffic. The settings for this
radio are independent of any settings for the radio used for the EnRoute500’s built-in access
points. The majority of the mesh radio settings must be the same on all nodes in a given mesh
cluster for the nodes to be able to communicate.
Figure 27. Mesh interface parameters
7.1
Channel
The 802.11a radio can be set to operate in the channels listed in Table 6. All these channels
are non-overlapping.
Channel
149
153
157
161
165
Center Frequency (GHz)
5.745
5.765
5.785
5.805
5.825
Table 6. Mesh radio channels and frequencies
All the nodes in a mesh cluster need to be configured to use the same 802.11a channel. The
mesh radio channel is set as shown in the example below.
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> use mesh0
mesh0> set channel=157
The mesh radio channel can be set via the web interface using the “Mesh” tab on the
“Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 27).
7.2
ESSID
The ESSID, or Extended Service Set Identifier, is used in 802.11 communication to identify a
particular network. It differentiates logical networks that operate on the same radio channel.
The mesh radio ESSID for all the nodes in a mesh cluster must be the same. If you have
adjacent mesh clusters where one or more nodes from each cluster are within communication
range of each other, the ESSID for the clusters must be different.
The mesh radio ESSID is set as shown in the example below. The ESSID value must be a text
string that has a maximum length of 32 characters. It must only contain alphanumeric
characters, spaces, dashes (“-“), and underscores (“_”). The ESSID setting is case sensitive.
When setting an ESSID that contains spaces, the ESSID value must be enclosed by quotes.
The quotes are optional otherwise.
> use mesh0
mesh0> set essid=”enroute500_mesh”
The broadcast of the ESSID can be controlled with the ‘hide_essid’ parameter in the ‘mesh0’
interface. The example below shows how hiding of the ESSID can be enabled. You will
generally want the ESSID to be hidden, and it is hidden by default.
> use mesh0
mesh0> set hide_essid=yes
The mesh radio ESSID can be set via the web interface using the “Mesh” tab on the “Wireless
Interfaces” page (see Figure 27).
7.3
Encryption
The mesh radio link can be protected with an encryption key to prevent unauthorized users
from intercepting or spoofing mesh traffic. To enable encryption, set the ‘key’ parameter in the
‘mesh0’ interface. The ‘key’ parameter can either be specified as a 16-character ASCII string
preceded by “s:” or a 32-character hexadecimal string. Each node in a mesh cluster must have
the same encryption key. The examples below illustrate how to set the encryption key.
Encryption can be enabled using an ASCII key with
> use mesh0
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mesh0> set key=”s:abcdefghijklmnop”
or using a hexadecimal key with
> use mesh0
mesh0> set key=”0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef”
Encryption can be disabled by specifying a blank value as shown below.
> use mesh0
mesh0> set key=
The mesh radio encryption key can be set via the web interface using the “Mesh” tab on the
“Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 27). The same encryption key must be entered in both
the “Mesh Key” and “Verify Mesh Key” text boxes for the new key to be accepted.
Only ASCII keys can be entered using the web interface. Unlike the CLI, an ASCII
key should not be preceded by “s:”
7.4
Transmit Power
The transmit power of the mesh radio is configurable. Increased output power will improve
communication range, but will also extend the interference range of the radios. It is suggested
that the transmit power is initially set to the maximum for an installation and is then reduced if it
is determined that the transmit power far exceeds the level required to maintain links. It is also
recommended that a common transmit power value is used for all nodes in a mesh to reduce
the likelihood of asymmetric links. The default transmit power is 24dBm.
The mesh radio’s transmit power value must be in the range from 1 to 60 to be
in compliance with FCC regulations.
The example below shows how to set the mesh radio’s transmit power.
> use mesh0
mesh0> set txpower=60
The mesh radio transmit power can be set via the web interface using the “Mesh” tab on the
“Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 27).
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txpower
14
18
22
26
29
33
60
Output Power (dBm)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Table 7. Mesh radio output power settings
7.5
IP Configuration
The IP address, broadcast address, and netmask associated with the mesh radio interface can
be viewed, but not directly changed through the ‘mesh’ interface. To change the IP settings,
the ‘id’ settings in the ‘sys’ interface, from which the IP settings are derived, must be changed
(see sections 6.3 and 6.4).
The IP settings can be viewed with
> use mesh0
mesh0> get ip.address
ip.address = 172.29.2.4
[read-only]
mesh0> get ip.broadcast
ip.broadcast = 172.29.255.255
[read-only]
mesh0> get ip.gateway
ip.gateway =
[read-only]
mesh0> get ip.netmask
ip.netmask = 255.255.0.0
[read-only]
The mesh radio IP settings are also available through the web interface on the “Status” page.
7.6
Neighbor Status
Information on mesh neighbors is provided on the mesh status page, accessible under the
‘Status’ tab on the ‘Status’ page. The signal strength of each neighbor device, it’s MAC
address, its IP address, and the time since data was last received from it are listed. A sample
of the mesh neighbor status page is shown in Figure 28.
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Figure 28. Mesh neighbor status information
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Ethernet Interface Configuration
The function of the Ethernet interface (eth0) depends on the operating scheme that has been
selected (see section 6.2). In ‘aprepeater’ mode, the Ethernet interface can be used to connect
client devices to the mesh cluster. In ‘apgateway’ mode, the Ethernet interface is used as a
backhaul link that connects the mesh cluster to a WAN. Client devices cannot connect through
the Ethernet interface in this mode.
8.1
IP Configuration for Repeater Nodes and Their Clients
When an EnRoute500 is configured as a repeater, client devices can connect to it via the
Ethernet interface to access the mesh network. These client devices can either be assigned
their IP configuration using DHCP or be manually configured.
Figure 29. Wired interface parameters with EnRoute500 in repeater mode
8.1.1
Ethernet Client Device Address Space
The Ethernet interface, when the node is in repeater mode, is assigned a segment of the class
C address space that each node has to share between its client interfaces, which include eth0,
wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, and wlan4. The start address of the address segment and its size can be
set with the ‘ip.size.requested’ and ‘ip.start.requested’ variables. The following restrictions are
placed on the address segment configuration:
•
•
•
Each active client interface must be assigned an address segment.
The address segment start address, ‘ip.start.requested’, must be one of the following
values: 1, 33, 65, 97, 129, 161, 193, 225.
The address segment size, ‘ip.size.requested’, must be one of the following values: 31, 63,
127, 255.
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•
•
•
The address segment size and start address must be chosen such that the address
segment does not cross a netmask boundary. Table 8 lists allowed combinations.
The address spaces for enabled interfaces must start at different addresses.
The address spaces for enabled interfaces should not overlap.
ip.start.requested
33
65
97
129
161
193
225
31
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
ip.size.requested
63
127
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
255
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Table 8. Allowed 'ip.start.requested'/'ip.size.requested' combinations
In the first example below, the Ethernet interface is set to use the entire class C address space
(this requires that all the other client interfaces, wlan1-4, are disabled). In the second example,
the Ethernet interface is set to use the top half of the class C address space.
> use eth0
eth0> set ip.start.requested=1
eth0> set ip.size.requested=255
> use eth0
eth0> set ip.start.requested=129
eth0> set ip.size.requested=127
The eth0 ‘ip.start.requested’ and ‘ip.size.requested’ values can be set via the web interface
using the “DHCP” sub-tab on the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure
30).
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Figure 30. ‘eth0’ DHCP and address space settings
Each of the enabled interfaces’ address segments should be configured to avoid overlap with
the other interfaces’ address segments. In the case where a node is not configured such that
this requirement is met, address spaces will be automatically reduced in size to prevent
overlap. The actual start address and size of a segment are accessible via the ‘ip.start.actual’
and ‘ip.size.actual’ parameters.
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8.1.2
Ethernet Interface IP Address
The EnRoute500’s Ethernet interface address should not be changed directly using the ‘ip.*’
parameters in the ‘eth0’ interface when it is in repeater mode. To set the IP address to the
desired value, modify the ‘id.node’, ‘id.mesh’, and ‘id.lanprefix’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface
and the ‘ip.start.requested’ parameter in the ‘eth0’ interface (see sections 6.3 and 6.5). You
can view the resulting settings for the Ethernet interface with the ‘ip.*’ parameters in the ‘eth0’
interface as shown in the example below.
> use eth0
eth0> get ip.*
ip.address = 10.2.4.225
[read-only]
ip.address_force =
ip.broadcast = 10.2.4.255
[read-only]
ip.broadcast_force =
ip.gateway =
[read-only]
ip.gateway_force =
ip.netmask = 255.255.255.0
[read-only]
ip.netmask_force =
ip.size.actual =
[read-only]
ip.size.requested = 31
ip.start.actual =
[read-only]
ip.start.requested = 225
The Ethernet IP settings are also available through the web interface on the “Status” page.
It is strongly recommended that all the ‘ip.*_force’ variables are cleared when the EnRoute500
is configured as a repeater. This ensures that the Ethernet interfaces settings are inherited
from the ‘id.*’ settings in the ‘sys’ interface and client devices will get addresses that the mesh
can route to.
8.1.3
IP Configuration of Clients Devices via DHCP
When configured as a repeater, the EnRoute500 can be set to serve DHCP addresses to
clients on the Ethernet interface. Two distinct modes for providing addresses via DHCP exist.
These are described in depth in section 10.
8.1.4
Manual IP Configuration of Client Devices
The client devices connected via the Ethernet interface that use static IP addresses must have
addresses that are within the subnet of the Ethernet interface. The IP address and subnet of
the Ethernet interface can viewed with
> use eth0
eth0> get ip.address ip.netmask
eth0.ip.address = 10.2.4.225
[read-only]
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eth0.ip.netmask = 255.255.255.224
[read-only]
If the local DHCP server is enabled for the Ethernet interface, addresses must be reserved for
statically-configured devices by setting the ‘dhcp.reserve’ parameter in the ‘eth0’ interface.
This will reserve the specified number of addresses at the bottom of the IP range for the
interface. For example, if the interface has been assigned the address 10.2.4.225, the netmask
255.255.255.224, and the ‘dhcp.reserve’ value 5, the addresses 10.2.4.226 through 10.2.4.230
will be available for use by statically configured devices. The remaining addresses in the
interfaces address space can be assigned by the DHCP server to other client devices.
The ‘dhcp.reserve’ value can be set via the web interface using the “DHCP” sub-tab on the
“DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 30).
8.2
IP Configuration for Gateway Nodes
When an EnRoute500 is configured as a gateway, the Ethernet interface is used to provide
backhaul capability by connecting it to a WAN or directly to the Internet. Clients cannot connect
to the EnRoute500 through the Ethernet interface when operating in this mode. The Ethernet
interface address can either be acquired from a DHCP server on the WAN or be set manually.
Figure 31. Wired interface parameters with EnRoute500 using wired interface for backhaul
8.2.1
DHCP
When configured as a gateway, the EnRoute500 can be set to obtain an obtain an address for
its Ethernet interface using DHCP. To enable the DHCP client mode on the Ethernet interface,
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set the value of the ‘dhcp.role’ parameter in the ‘eth0’ interface to ‘client’, as shown in the
example below. When configured as a DHCP client, the EnRoute500 will continually attempt to
contact a DHCP server until it is successful.
> use eth0
eth0> set dhcp.role=client
The ‘dhcp.reserve’ parameter (described in section 6.1.1) has no effect when the
‘dhcp.role’ parameter is set to ‘client’.
To disable DHCP client mode, set the ‘dhcp.role’ parameter to ‘none’. If DHCP client mode is
disabled, the IP configuration must be carried out manually, as described in the next section.
> use eth0
eth0> set dhcp.role=none
The ‘dhcp.role’ value can be set via the web interface using the “DHCP” sub-tab on the
“DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 30).
8.2.2
Manual IP Configuration
When a node is configured as a gateway, there are no limitations imposed by the EnRoute500
on the IP address assigned to the Ethernet interface. If the ‘dhcp.role’ parameter in the ‘eth0’
interface is set to ‘none’, the manually configured IP address will be used. The default IP
configuration that is assigned to the interface based on the ‘id’ settings in the ‘sys’ interface is
visible through the following read-only parameters:
•
•
•
•
ip.address – IP address
ip.broadcast – IP broadcast address
ip.gateway – default gateway
ip.netmask – netmask
These parameters cannot be set though. These default parameters can be overridden with the
parameters listed below.
•
•
•
•
ip.address_force
ip.broadcast_force
ip.gateway_force
ip.netmask_force
The example below, shows how a custom address can be set for the Ethernet interface
> use eth0
eth0> set dhcp=none
eth0> set ip.address_force=192.168.1.2
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eth0> set ip.broadcast_force=192.168.1.255
eth0> set ip.gateway_force=192.168.1.1
eth0> set ip.netmask_force=255.255.255.0
The ‘ip.address_force’, ‘ip.gateway_force’, and ‘ip.netmask_force’ parameters can be set via
the web interface using the “Wired/Backhaul Interface” page (see Figure 31).
Note that for the manually configured address to be used, the ‘dhcp.role’ setting must be set to
‘none’ if the node is connected to a network which provides access to a DHCP server.
The IP configuration settings shown in the ‘eth0’ interface in the CLI and on the
“Wired/Backhaul Interface” page of the web interface do not necessarily reflect the
current settings of the interface. They are the requested settings and do not take into
account whether the interface has been configured via DHCP. If the ‘dhcp.role’
parameter is set to ‘client’, the ‘ip.address’, ip.broadcast’, ‘ip.gateway’, and
‘ip.netmask’ parameters will respond to a ‘get’ command with ‘’ to indicate
that the parameters will be assigned by a DHCP server instead of any values
assigned via the CLI. Use the ‘ifconfig eth0’ command in the CLI or access the
“Status” page in the web interface to get current interface settings.
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Access Point (AP) Configuration
The EnRoute500 has an 802.11b/g radio dedicated to access point traffic. The settings for this
radio are independent of any settings for the radio used for the mesh backhaul traffic. The
settings for the access points can vary from node to node in the mesh, but typically it is
desirable to set certain parameters to the same value for all the access points in a mesh to
allow clients to roam in the network.
An EnRoute500 has four access points that can be configured to suit different application
needs. With the exception of the ‘wlanN.channel’ parameter, all access point parameters can
be configured independently of each other.
The interfaces for the access points will be referred to as ‘wlanN’ when it applies to
all four access points. ‘wlan1’ will be used in all examples.
Figure 32. Access point interfaces
9.1
Access Point Interfaces
There are four access point interfaces that are used to configure the access points: wlan1,
wlan2, wlan3, and wlan4. The access points have equivalent configuration capabilities and
there is no inherent prioritization or preference for one access point. The section on quality-ofservice settings (section 13) describes how prioritization on a per-access point basis can be
configured.
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9.2
Access Point Client Device Address Space
The enabled wlanN interfaces are assigned segments of the class C address space that each
node has to share between its client interfaces, which include eth0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, and
wlan4. The start address of the address segment and its size can be set with the
‘ip.size.requested’ and ‘ip.start.requested’ variables. The following restrictions are placed on
the address segment configuration:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Each active interface must be assigned an address segment.
The address segment start address, ‘ip.start.requested’, must be one of the following
values: 1, 33, 65, 97, 129, 161, 193, 225.
The address segment size, ‘ip.size.requested’, must be one of the following values: 31, 63,
127, 255.
The address segment size and start address must be chosen such that the address
segment does not cross a netmask boundary. See Table 8 in section 8.1.4 for a list of
allowed combinations.
The address spaces for enabled interfaces must start at different addresses.
The address spaces for enabled interfaces should not overlap.
In the example below, the WLAN interfaces are set up to use the lower half of the class C
address space. This assumes that the Ethernet interface is either used for gateway purposes
or is assigned to an address segment in the upper half of the class C network.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set ip.start.requested=1
wlan1> set ip.size.requested=31
wlan1> use wlan2
wlan2> set ip.start.requested=33
wlan2> set ip.size.requested=31
wlan2> use wlan3
wlan3> set ip.start.requested=65
wlan3> set ip.size.requested=31
wlan3> use wlan4
wlan4> set ip.start.requested=97
wlan4> set ip.size.requested=31
Each of the enabled interfaces’ address segments should be configured to avoid overlap with
the other interfaces’ address segments. In the case where a node is configured such that this
requirement is not met, address spaces will be automatically reduced in size to prevent
overlap. The actual start address and size of a segment are accessible via the ‘ip.start.actual’
and ‘ip.size.actual’ parameters.
The wlanN ‘ip.start.requested’ and ‘ip.size.requested’ values can be set via the web interface
using the “DHCP” sub-tab on the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure
33).
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Figure 33. ‘wlanN’ DHCP and address space settings
9.3
Enabling and Disabling Access Points
An access point can be enabled with the ‘enable’ parameter in the ‘wlanN’ interface as shown
below.
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> use wlan1
wlan1> set enable=yes
An access point can be disabled with the following commands.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set enable=no
The access point status can be set via the web interface using the appropriate “wlanN” tab on
the “Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 32).
An access point can be configured when it is disabled and parameters are maintained when it
is disabled.
9.4
Channel
The 802.11b/g radio can be set to operate in the channels listed in Table 9.
Channel
10
11
Center Frequency (GHz)
2.412
2.417
2.422
2.427
2.432
2.437
2.442
2.447
2.452
2.457
2.462
Table 9. Access point channels and frequencies
Note that only channels 1, 6, and 11 are non-overlapping.
It is not possible to configure access points to use different channels. If ‘channel’ in
the ‘wlan2’ interface is changed, the same change will be made to ‘channel’ in
‘wlan1’, ‘wlan3’, and ‘wlan4’ interfaces. The nodes in a mesh cluster can be set to
use different access point channels though.
The example below shows how to set the AP channel to 6.
> use wlan1
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wlan1> set channel=6
The access point channel can be set via the web interface using the appropriate “wlanN” tab
on the “Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 32).
9.5
ESSID
The ESSID, or Extended Service Set Identifier, is used in 802.11 communication to identify a
particular network. It is used to differentiate logical networks that operate on the same channel.
Each access point can be configured with a different ESSID. This allows network
traffic to be separated based on ESSID. Assigning unique ESSIDs to the access
points in a mesh has the benefit of allowing a user to configure a client device to
connect to a specific node in the mesh. Typically a mesh will be deployed with the
access point ESSIDs having the same set of values for each EnRoute500 though.
This has the benefit of allowing client devices to connect to any node in the network
without having to be reconfigured.
The access point ESSID is set as shown in the example below. The ESSID value must be a
text string that has a maximum length of 32 characters. It must only contain alphanumeric
characters, spaces, dashes (“-“), and underscores (“_”).The ESSID setting is case sensitive.
When setting an ESSID that contains spaces, the ESSID value must be enclosed by quotes –
the quotes are optional otherwise
> use wlan1
wlan1> set essid=”wlan1_ap”
The broadcast of the ESSID can be controlled with the ‘hide_essid’ parameter in the ‘wlanN’
interface. The example below shows how hiding of the ESSID can be enabled.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set hide_essid=yes
The access point ESSIDs can be set via the web interface using the appropriate “wlanN” tab
on the “Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 32).
9.6
IP Configuration for Nodes and Their Clients
When an EnRoute500 is configured as a repeater, the access point interfaces allow client
devices to connect to it to access the mesh network. These client devices can either be
assigned their IP configuration using DHCP or be manually configured.
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9.6.1
Access Point IP Address
The IP address, broadcast address, and netmask associated with an access point interface
can be viewed, but not directly changed through the ‘wlanN’ interface. To set the IP address to
the desired value, modify the ‘id.node’, ‘id.mesh’, and ‘id.lanprefix’ parameters in the ‘sys’
interface. You can view the resulting settings for the AP interface with the ‘ip.*’ parameters in
the ‘wlanN’ interface as shown in the example below (see sections 6.3 and 6.5).
> use wlan1
wlan1> get ip.address
ip.address = 10.2.4.1
wlan1> get ip.broadcast
ip.broadcast = 10.2.4.127
wlan1> get ip.gateway
ip.gateway =
wlan1> get ip.netmask
ip.netmask = 255.255.255.128
The access points’ IP settings are also available through the web interface on the “Status”
page.
9.6.2
IP Configuration of Clients Devices via DHCP
The EnRoute500 can be set to serve DHCP addresses to clients on the access point
interfaces. Two distinct modes for providing addresses via DHCP exist. These are described in
depth in section 10.
9.6.3
Manual IP Configuration of Client Devices
The client devices that use static IP addresses must have an address that is within the subnet
of the access point interface that they connect to. The IP address and subnet of the access
point interface can viewed with
> use wlan1
wlan1> get ip.address ip.netmask
ip.address = 10.2.4.1
ip.netmask = 255.255.255.128
If the local DHCP server is enabled for an access point interface, addresses must be reserved
for statically configured devices by setting the ‘dhcp.reserve’ parameter. This will reserve the
specified number of addresses at the bottom of the IP range for the interface. For example, if
the interface has the address 10.2.4.1, the netmask 255.255.255.128, and the ‘dhcp.reserve’
value 5, the addresses 10.2.4.2 through 10.2.4.6 will be available for use by statically
configured devices.
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The ‘dhcp.reserve’ value can be set via the web interface using the “DHCP” sub-tab on the
“DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 33).
9.7
Client Devices
Each access point has a status page that displays information about attached clients and total
throughput through the access point. The signal strength of each client device, it’s MAC
address, its IP address, and the time since data was last received from it are listed. The status
pages can be accessed under the ‘Status’ tab on the ‘Status’ page, as shown in Figure 34.
Figure 34. Access point client status information
9.8
Encryption and Authentication
The EnRoute500 has supports several common encryption/authentication schemes, including
WEP, WPA, and WPA2, to provide secure wireless access for client devices. WEP keys with
40-bit or 104-bit lengths, pre-shared WPA keys, and multiple WPA-EAP modes are supported.
The WEP and WPA configuration settings for each access point are independent. An access
point can only support one of the encryption/authentication modes at a time, but the APs in the
EnRoute500 do not all have to use the same encryption/authentication scheme.
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Figure 35. Access point authentication and encryption settings
9.8.1
WEP Encryption
The access points can be protected with a WEP-based encryption key to prevent unauthorized
users from intercepting or spoofing traffic. To enable WEP-based encryption, set the ‘key’
parameter in the ‘wlanN’ interface. The length of the encryption key is determined by the
format used to specify the ‘key’ value. Valid key formats and the corresponding encryption type
and key length are listed in Table 10.
If WPA is enabled for an interface (‘wpa.enable’ parameter in the ‘wlanN’ interfaces),
the WPA settings will be used for encryption and authentication and the ‘key’ value
used to enable WEP will be ignored.
Key format
s:<5 ASCII characters>
<10 hex values>
s:<13 ASCII characters>
<26 hex values>

Encryption format
Encryption key length
WEP
40 bits
WEP
104 bits
None
N/A
Table 10. WEP encryption key formats
For example, 104-bit WEP encryption can be enabled using an ASCII key with
> use wlan1
wlan1> set key=”s:abcdefghijklm”
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or using a hexadecimal key with
> use wlan1
wlan1> set key=”0123456789abcdef0123456789”
WEP encryption can be disabled by specifying a blank value as shown below.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set key=
WEP encryption can be enabled and the key can be set via the web interface using the
“WPA/WEP” sub-tab under the “AAA” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 35).
Select “WEP” as the type of encryption from the drop-down menu for the access point you
wish to configure and set the WEP key in the text box below the drop-down menu. In the
example in Figure 35, ‘wlan1’ has been configured to use WEP.
9.8.2
WPA Pre-Shared Key Mode (WPA-PSK)
In WPA pre-shared key (PSK) mode, a common passphrase is used for clients connecting to
an EnRoute500 AP. To set the WPA-PSK mode, enable WPA for the interface and set the preshared key value as shown below. The passphrase must be between 8 and 63 characters in
length. It is suggested that the passphrase is 14 characters or longer to achieve an adequate
level of security from the encryption algorithm. The ‘wpa.key_mgmt’ parameter must also be
set to indicate that PSK mode is being used, as shown below.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set wpa.enable=yes
wlan1> set wpa.key_mgmt=”WPA-PSK”
wlan1> set wpa.passphrase=long_passphrases_improve_encryption_effectiveness
WPA-PSK can be enabled and the pre-shared key can be set via the web interface using the
“WPA/WEP” sub-tab under the “AAA” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 35).
Select “WPA-PSK” as the type of encryption/authentication from the drop-down menu for the
access point you wish to configure and enter the WPA-PSK key in the text box below the dropdown menu. The correct ‘wpa.key_mgmt’ value for WPA-PSK is automatically set by the web
interface. In the example in Figure 35, ‘wlan2’ has been configured to use WPA-PSK.
9.8.3
WPA EAP Mode
In WPA-EAP mode, a client device is authenticated using an 802.1x authentication server,
which is typically a RADIUS server. To configure the EnRoute500 to support 802.1x
authentication, the following parameters in a ‘wlanN’ interface must be set:
•
•
wpa.enable
wpa.key_mgmt
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•
•
•
wpa.auth.server.addr
wpa.auth.server.port
wpa.auth.server.shared_secret
The supported EAP modes are:
•
•
•
TLS
TTLS
PEAP
The ‘wpa.key_mgmt’ parameter must be set to indicate that both PSK and EAP modes can be
supported, as shown in the example below.
The ‘wpa.auth.server.addr’ parameter is the IP address of the 802.1x server that will be used
for authentication and the ‘wpa.auth.server.port’ is the port that the authentication server is
listening on (typically UDP port 1812 for a RADIUS server).
The parameter ‘wpa.auth.server.shared_secret’ is the shared secret for the authentication
server. The secret must be a string that is no longer than 32 characters in length.
The example below shows how to enable WPA EAP mode.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set wpa.enable=yes
wlan1> set wpa.key_mgmt=”WPA-PSK WPA-EAP”
wlan1> set wpa.auth.server.addr=1.2.3.4
wlan1> set wpa.auth.server.port=1812
wlan1> set wpa.auth.shared_secret=enroute500_radius_secret
WPA-EAP can be enabled and the authentication server parameters can be set via the web
interface using the “WPA/WEP” sub-tab under the “AAA” tab on the “System Parameters” page
(see Figure 35). Select “WPA-EAP” as the type of encryption/authentication from the dropdown menu for the access point you wish to configure and set the authentication server
address, port, and secret in the text boxes below the drop-down menu. The correct
‘wpa.key_mgmt’ value for WPA-EAP is automatically set by the web interface. In the example
in Figure 35, ‘wlan3’ has been configured to use WPA-EAP.
9.9
Transmit Power
The transmit power of the access point radio is configurable. Increased output power will
improve communication range, but will also extend the interference range of the radios. The
default power level is 25 dBm.
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The values for ‘txpower’ in the ‘wlanN’ interfaces must be no greater than the
values listed in Table 11 to be in compliance with FCC regulations. Note that
the power limit is dependent on the channel selected.
The example below shows how to set the access point radio’s transmit power.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set txpower=25
The access points transmit power can be set via the web interface using the appropriate
“wlanN” tab on the “Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 32).
To determine the currently selected channel for the access point, use the command
‘show channel’ when the appropriate ‘wlanN’ interface has been selected.
Channel
2 – 10
11
txpower setting
13
25
05
Table 11. Access point transmit power limits
txpower
10
13
17
21
25
28
Output Power (dBm)
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
Table 12. AP radio output power settings
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10 Client DHCP Configuration
Two configuration options exists for assigning IP addresses to client devices using DHCP:
•
•
Each EnRoute500 hosts a local DHCP server and supplies addresses to devices attaching
to any of the client interfaces
A centralized DHCP server supplies addresses to client devices, with the EnRoute500s in a
mesh relaying DHCP messages between client devices and the centralized server.
All client interfaces in a mesh cluster must use the same DHCP option or have DHCP
disabled.
10.1
Using Local DHCP Servers
The EnRoute500 can be set to serve DHCP addresses to clients on enabled access point
interfaces and the Ethernet interface on repeater nodes. The ‘dhcp.role’ parameters in the
‘wlanN’ and ‘eth0’ interfaces control DHCP behavior. When set to ‘server’, the EnRoute500 will
respond to DHCP requests received from client devices connected to the interface. The
examples below show how to set the DHCP server state for the ‘wlan1’ interface.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set dhcp.role=server
To disable the DHCP server, set the ‘dhcp.role’ parameter to ‘none’
> use wlan1
wlan1> set dhcp.role=none
The access point and wired interface DHCP servers’ state can be set via the web interface
using the “DHCP” sub-tab under the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see
Figure 36). All of the access points’ DHCP settings can be configured on this page.
The addresses provided by the DHCP server will be in the subnet defined by the ‘id.lanprefix’,
‘id.mesh’, ‘id.node’ in the ‘sys’ interface and the ‘ip.start.actual’ and ‘ip.size.actual’ parameters
in the appropriate client interface. For example, for the ‘wlan1’ interface, the start and end of
the address range are:
Start address =
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End address =
.
.
.
 -  - 2
Figure 36. Access point DHCP configuration
The EnRoute500 can be configured to set aside a number of addresses for client devices that
will use a static address. These addresses are taken from the pool that DHCP assigns
addresses from. Thus, increasing the number of addresses set aside for devices with static IP
addresses will reduce the size of the DHCP address pool. The parameter ‘dhcp.reserve’
controls the number of addresses that will be reserved for static use. By default, this parameter
is set to zero, assigning the maximum possible number of addresses to the DHCP pool. You
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may reserve the entire range of addresses, but the EnRoute500 will use at least the top
address in the range for DHCP.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set dhcp.reserve=5
The ‘dhcp.reserve’ setting for all access points and the wired interface can be set via the web
interface using the “DHCP” sub-tab under the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page
(see Figure 36).
If the ‘dhcp.reserve’ value is non-zero, the DHCP range start address will be affected as shown
below
Start address =
10.2
.
.
.
 + 1 - 
Using a Centralized DHCP Server
DHCP relay enables assignment of IP addresses to wireless clients from of a common remote
DHCP server. The remote DHCP server may reside either on a host connected to the mesh
gateway’s wired segment, or on a server that is beyond one or more routers. When using a
common DHCP server, wireless clients are assigned IP addresses from a single address pool,
and are allowed to keep their address while roaming seamlessly from AP to AP. Even though
they will not move seamlessly from one node to another, wired clients can also have their
addresses assigned by a centralized server.
Seamless roaming denotes roaming from AP to AP with the same ESSID, while
maintaining Layer 4 session persistence. Certain wireless utility / card combos will,
instead of resetting the network adapter, re-request their currently assigned IP
address from the DHCP server when connecting to a new AP with the same ESSID
as the last one it was connected to. This behavior will leave existing Layer 4
(TCP/UDP) sessions intact.
There are three classes of entities that must be configured when using this DHCP mode:
1. The individual EnRoute500s, including the repeaters and the gateway node
2. The central DHCP server
3. Any intermediate router(s) in the path between the DHCP server and the mesh cluster
gateway node
When using a centralized DHCP server, an address space, from which client addresses are
assigned, must be defined. The client interfaces on the EnRoute500s (there can be up to 5 per
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node) must also have addresses that belong to this address space in order to facilitate DHCP
relay and selection of client addresses from the correct DHCP scope on servers that serve
hosts connected to different subnets. The client interface addresses need to be configured
statically. It is recommended that a contiguous range of addresses at the lower end of the
address space be set aside, one for each client interface on the mesh nodes.
Consider the example where a mesh cluster consists of 3 nodes, including the gateway node.
The DHCP server resides on a host that also acts as the upstream router and is connected to
the mesh gateway’s wired segment. We will set aside 15 addresses for the mesh nodes’ client
interfaces (3 nodes, up to 5 interfaces per node). Assuming the client address space is
192.168.5.0/24, with available addresses from 192.168.5.1 to 192.168.5.255, we will use
192.168.5.1 for the server hosting the DHCP server, 192.168.5.2 for the mesh gateway’s
backhaul interface, set aside 192.168.5.3 to 192.168.5.18 for the mesh AP interfaces, and
configure the remote DHCP server to serve addresses in the range of 192.168.5.19 to
192.168.5.254 to wireless clients. We will keep 192.168.5.255 as the broadcast address for
the mesh cluster.
10.2.1
Configuring the EnRoute500s
Each EnRoute500 in a mesh cluster must be configured to use the same centralized DHCP
server. This is set using the ‘dhcp.relay.enable’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface as shown in the
example below.
> use sys
sys> set dhcp.relay.enable=yes
DHCP relay mode can be enabled via the web interface on the “DHCP Relay” sub-tab under
the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 37).
Each client interface on the EnRoute500 must be configured to be in server mode for it to
support relay of addresses to clients from a central DHCP server. This configuration is set with
the ‘dhcp.role’ parameter in each of the client interfaces (eth0,wlan1-4). The example below
shows how to set this parameter for the wlan1 and wlan2 interfaces.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set dhcp=server
> use wlan2
wlan2> set dhcp=server
It is possible to disable DHCP address assignments to clients on a per-client interface basis
and have them use static addresses instead. To disable DHCP for an interface, set the
‘dhcp.role’ parameter in the interface to ‘none’, as shown below
> use wlan3
wlan3> set dhcp=none
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The IP address of the central DHCP server is set with the ‘dhcp.relay.server’ parameter in the
‘sys’ interface. The server must be reachable through the mesh gateway’s wired backhaul
interface. In the example below, the central DHCP server resides on a host on the same
segment to which the mesh gateway’s wired interface is connected.
> use sys
sys> set dhcp.relay.server=192.168.5.1
The external DHCP server address can be set via the web interface on the “DHCP Relay” subtab under the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 37).
The address space that is to be used for the wireless clients is set with the
‘dhcp.relay.dhcp_subnet’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface. This subnet can either be a class A
(/8), class B (/16), or class C (/24) network. The value must be specified in CIDR notatation (a
subnet and its size separated by a ‘/’) as shown in the example below.
> use sys
sys> set dhcp.relay.dhcp_subnet=192.168.5.0/24
Figure 37. DHCP relay settings for use with a centralized DHCP server
The address space used for the nodes’ DHCP clients can be set via the web interface on the
“DHCP Relay” sub-tab under the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure
37).
The IP addresses of the client interfaces (eth0, wlan1-4) need to be assigned to each of the
nodes in the mesh cluster. This is done by defining a base value for the interfaces using the
‘dhcp.relay.base’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface, which determines the address offset for each
individual node. The value must be in the range from 0 to 255 and is used to derive the perclient relay agent address by OR-ing it with the value of the dhcp_subnet parameter. It is
recommended that the gateway in a mesh cluster be assigned the lowest available value (3 in
the example above) and the repeaters in the mesh cluster are given successively higher
values, with an increment of 5 between them. The example below shows the configuration for
a mesh cluster consisting of 3 nodes.
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On the gateway:
> use sys
sys> set dhcp.relay.base=3
on the first repeater node:
> use sys
sys> set dhcp.relay.base=8
and on the second repeater node:
> use sys
sys> set dhcp.relay.base=13
The ‘dhcp.relay.base’ parameter can be set via the web interface on the “DHCP Relay” sub-tab
under the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 37).
10.2.2
Configuring the Central DHCP Server
Guidelines for configuring the central DHCP server are provided below. The full configuration
of the central DHCP server will depend on the type of DHCP server that is used and is beyond
the scope of this document.
Typically the following information must be available in order to configure the server:
1. The local interface (to the DHCP server) over which the DHCP-related messages from
the mesh cluster arrive
2. The parameter(s) that define the address lease time
3. Whether DNS and domain names are to be provided by the DHCP server to clients
4. The range of the flat IP address that is used for assigning addresses to clients. The
range must not include the addresses set aside for the client interfaces on each mesh
node.
The following is a segment of the dhcpd.conf file for a Linux DHCP server (ISC server) that
illustrates the scope settings for the mesh segment:
subnet 192.168.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
option broadcast-address
192.168.5.255;
option subnet-mask
255.255.255.0;
option domain-name
"domain.com";
range
192.168.5.18 192.168.5.254;
Note that in this definition no “routers” option is needed. If a global “routers” option is defined,
it will be set to the correct value for proper operation inside the mesh segment. In this
example, the mesh segment includes 3 mesh nodes, 2 addresses are set aside for the DHCP
server and the mesh gateway, and therefore the address pool starts from 192.168.5.18.
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11 Connecting an EnRoute500 Gateway to a WAN
The options for connecting an EnRoute500 gateway to a WAN are described below.
11.1
Manual Configuration
An EnRoute500 gateway can be directly connected to a WAN without using Network Address
Translation. With this gateway configuration, the router on the network that the gateway is
attached to must be configured to forward the mesh subnet and the LAN subnets to the
gateway’s Ethernet IP address. The subnets that need to be forwarded are:
Class B subnet:
Class C subnet:
..0.0
..0
The subnet information can be retrieved from the ‘sys’ interface as shown below.
> use sys
sys> get id.*
sys.id.lanprefix = 10
sys.id.mesh = 2
sys.id.meshprefix = 172.29
sys.id.node = 4
With this configuration, the subnets the router would need to forward to the gateway are
10.2.0.0/255.255.0.0 and 172.29.2.0/255.255.255.0.
11.2
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Network Address Translation (NAT) isolates a mesh cluster from the WAN network that its
gateway is connected to. The mesh nodes and their client devices are able to communicate
with devices connected to the external network that the mesh gateway is connected to.
However, devices on the external network cannot initiate communication with any nodes in the
mesh cluster, or their clients, other than the mesh cluster gateway.
The advantages of using NAT are:
•
•
You can easily attach a mesh cluster to an existing network. You do not need to modify any
settings on the router on your existing network to forward packets to the addresses used in
your mesh cluster.
The nodes in the mesh cluster are shielded from the network that the gateway is attached
to.
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•
You only consume a single IP address on your existing network when connecting the mesh
cluster to it.
The main disadvantage of using NAT is
•
You are not able to initiate connections with nodes in the mesh cluster or their clients from
outside the mesh cluster.
To set the NAT state, use the commands
> use sys
sys> set nat.enable=
The NAT state can be set via the web interface on the “Wired/Backhaul Interface” page (Figure
38).
Figure 38. NAT setting
11.3
VPN Access to a Mesh Gateway
An EnRoute500 configured as a gateway can establish a VPN connection to an OpenVPN
server. This VPN connection provides the following capabilities:
•
Any node in the mesh can be contacted directly from a remote host, even when NAT is
enabled on the gateway node. This allows remote access to nodes to monitor their
behavior or reconfigure them
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•
A secure path between the mesh and a host, which can monitor and reconfigure the mesh,
is established. The control and status traffic passing between the mesh and the host is
protected if it passes over a public network at any point.
The state of the VPN client on the EnRoute500 is set with the ‘vpn.enable’ parameter in the
‘eth0’ interface. The address of the VPN server and port are specified with the ‘vpn.server’
and ‘vpn.port’ parameters in the ‘eth0’ interface. Note that the ‘vpn.server’ parameter can
either be an IP address or a resolvable host name. The example below shows how to
configure the VPN client to talk to a VPN server.
> use eth0
sys> set vpn.enable=yes
sys> set vpn.server=192.168.0.1
sys> set vpn.port=1194
These parameters can be set via the web interface on the “Wired/Backhaul Interface” page
when the node scheme is set to ‘gateway’.
Figure 39. VPN client settings
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12 Controlling Access to the EnRoute500
The EnRoute500 supports the following methods for restricting access to the node and the
network that it is connected to:
•
•
•
•
Firewall
Gateway firewall
Client-to-client communication blocking
White lists / black lists
12.1
Firewall
The EnRoute500 has a firewall that blocks traffic to the EnRoute500. This prevents client
devices attached to a node and devices on the mesh gateway WAN from connecting to the
node.
The firewall only affects packets destined for the EnRoute500. All traffic destined for
devices ‘past’ the EnRoute500 is not affected by the firewall. This means the firewall
needs to be enabled on every EnRoute500 or connected clients will have full access
to the EnRoute500’s private ports.
The firewall is enabled by selecting the ‘firewall’ interface and setting the ‘node.enable’
parameter.
> use firewall
firewall> set node.enable=yes
Lists of allowed source and destination ports for inbound TCP and UDP traffic can be
specified. These lists can be set with the following parameters in the ‘firewall’ interface:
•
•
•
•
node.tcp.allow.dest
node.tcp.allow.source
node.udp.allow.dest
node.udp.allow.source
The list of allowed ports must be a space-delimited string enclosed by quotes. The example
below shows how to set the TCP source ports parameters.
> use firewall
firewall> set node.tcp.allow.dest=”22 23 80 5280”
By default, the ports listed in Table 13 are set to be allowed.
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Function
SSH
HTTPS
HTTP redirect
DNS
DHCP
DHCP
Roaming support
Roaming support
Port
22
443
3060
53
67
68
7202
7203
Type
Source & destination
Destination
Destination
Source & destination
Destination
Destination
Destination
Destination
Protocol
TCP
TCP
TCP
UDP
UDP
UDP
UDP
UDP
Table 13. Source and destination ports allowed by default
If ports that are open by default are reconfigured to be closed, certain EnRoute500
functions will be affected. It is strongly recommended that all of the ports listed in
Table 13 be kept open.
12.2
Gateway Firewall
The gateway firewall blocks connections originating outside the mesh cluster from entering the
mesh via the gateway, protecting mesh nodes and their clients from unwanted traffic. The
gateway firewall will permit return traffic for connections that originate inside the mesh cluster
or on mesh clients.
The gateway firewall should only be enabled on EnRoute500’s that are configured as
gateways. It is possible to have the gateway firewall set to be enabled on a repeater node, but
it does not have any effect on the flow of traffic through the node’s Ethernet interface.
If you have enabled NAT (see section 11.2) on the Ethernet interface ‘eth0’, you will
have an implicit firewall that limits the type of inbound connections that are possible.
The state of the gateway firewall is controlled with the ‘gateway’ parameter in the ‘firewall’
interface. Enable the gateway firewall with
> use firewall
firewall> set gateway=yes
disable it with
> use firewall
firewall> set gateway=no
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12.3
Blocking Client-to-Client Traffic
Client-to-client traffic can be blocked or permitted on a per-interface basis. By enabling clientto-client traffic blocking for one or more of an EnRoute500’s client interfaces, the clients that
attach to that particular interface will not be able to communicate with any clients attached to
that or any other client interface in the mesh. Client-to-client traffic can be controlled for
interfaces wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4, and eth0.
The parameters that control client-to-client access are all in the ‘firewall’ interface. They are:
•
•
•
•
•
node.allowc2c.eth0
node.allowc2c.wlan1
node.allowc2c.wlan2
node.allowc2c.wlan3
node.allowc2c.wlan4
To block client-to-client traffic, select the ‘firewall’ interface and set the parameter for the
appropriate interface to ‘no’, To allow traffic between clients, set the parameter to ‘yes’. The
examples below illustrate the how to configure these parameters.
To block client-to-client traffic for clients attached to wlan1:
> use firewall
firewall> set node.allowc2c.wlan1=no
To allow client-to-client traffic for clients attached to eth0:
> use firewall
firewall> set node.allowc2c.eth0=yes
The ‘node.allow_c2c’ parameters can be set via the web interface using the “Firewall” tab on
the “Security” page (see Figure 40).
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Figure 40. Client-to-client firewall settings
Note that devices connected to different interfaces can only communicate with each other if
client-to-client isolation is disabled for both interfaces.
Client-to-client isolation is only enabled if the EnRoute500 node firewall
(firewall.node.enable) is enabled (section 12.1).
12.4
Access Control Lists (ACLs)
Access control lists can be created for each of the access point interfaces and the mesh
interface.
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12.4.1
Access Point Access Control Lists (ACLs)
The access control lists (ACLs) for the access point interfaces (wlan1-wlan4) block access to
any device with a MAC address matching those on the list. Individual ACLs can be defined for
each access point.
The ACLs can be defined via the web interface on the appropriate “wlanN” sub-tab under the
“ACL” tab on the “Security” page. Enter a MAC address and click on the “Add MAC” button to
add the address to the ACL for that access point. Once an address has been added, it will
appear at the bottom of the page. To delete a MAC address in an ACL, click on the “Delete
MAC” button next to the address.
The ACL for an access point must be enabled after it has been created. Choose “blacklist”
from the drop-down menu and click on “Change ACL Mode” to enable the list. Choose “none”
from the drop-down menu and click on “Change ACL Mode” to disable the ACL.
Figure 41. AP ACL configuration
12.4.2
Mesh ACL
The access control list (ACL) for the mesh interface blocks access to the node via the mesh
interface for any node whose mesh MAC address is not listed in the ACL.
It is possible to isolate a mesh node from other nodes in the mesh if the mesh ACL
is incorrectly configured. If the mesh ACL is enabled and no MAC addresses are
present on the list, or the wrong addresses are present, it will not be possible for
other mesh nodes to communicate with the node.
The mesh ACL can be defined via the web interface on the “Mesh” sub-tab under the “ACL”
tab on the “Security” page. Enter a MAC address and click on the “Add MAC” button to add the
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address to the ACL for that access point. Once an address has been added, it will appear at
the bottom of the page. To delete a MAC address in an ACL, click on the “Delete MAC” button
next to the address.
The ACL for an access point must be enabled after it has been created. Choose “whitelist”
from the drop-down menu and click on “Change ACL Mode” to enable the list. Choose “none”
from the drop-down menu and click on “Change ACL Mode” to disable the use of the ACL for
the mesh interface.
Figure 42. Mesh ACL configuration
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13 Quality of Service (QoS) Configuration
The EnRoute500 has extensive support for quality of service settings that allow traffic to be
prioritized based on the source interface, destination interface, and type of traffic. The
EnRoute500 QoS scheme allows both rate limiting and rate reservation for all interfaces.
13.1
Priority Levels
The available priority levels are listed in Table 14.
Abbreviation
VO
VI
BE
BK
Description
Voice
Video
Best Effort
Background
Priority level
4 (highest)
1 (lowest)
Table 14. Priority levels
When sending data out through any of the wireless interfaces (wlanN, mesh0), these priorities
map directly to the hardware priority output queues on the wireless card if the receiver has
802.11e support, as the EnRoute500 does. The default level is Best Effort.
Priority levels are set with the following CLI parameters in the ‘qos’ interface:
in..hwpri{max,min}
in..flow_priority
where  is one of the following: default, local, eth0, mesh0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4.
‘local’ refers to traffic originating on the node itself, not from its clients (in practice this means
mesh network control traffic).
Flow priorities can be set via the web interface under the “QoS” tab on the “QoS” page (see
Figure 43).
The ‘in..flow_priority’ parameters set the relative priority of outbound traffic based on the
source interface. These parameters can be set to a value in the range from 0 to 99, with a
higher number indicating a higher priority. If a priority level parameter is set to ‘inherit’, the
interface will assume the default priority level of ‘in.default.flow_priority’.
Traffic originating from an interface with a higher priority will take priority over traffic from all
interfaces with a lower priority value until the higher-priority interface has no more data to
send. If multiple interfaces have the same priority level, their traffic will be given equal access
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to the outbound interface. Rate reservation and rate limiting, described in the following
sections, can be used to avoid one interface dominating the use of the mesh interface
bandwidth.
Figure 43. QoS settings
The absolute value of the priority settings do not have any weighting effect. If a
priority is higher for one interface than another, the former will always be prioritized
with any remaining bandwidth allocated to the other one.
The example below sets locally generated traffic to have top priority and wlan1 to have priority
over all other interfaces.
> use qos
qos> set in.default.flow_priority=10
qos> set in.local.flow_priority=90
qos> set in.wlan1.flow_priority=20
qos> set in.wlan2.flow_priority=inherit
qos> set in.wlan3.flow_priority=inherit
qos> set in.wlan4.flow_priority=inherit
qos> set in.eth0.flow_priority=inherit
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As a rule, locally generated traffic should always have the highest priority so that
EnRoute500 control traffic has precedence over client traffic and the mesh can be
maintained.
The ‘in..hwpri.max’ and ‘in..hwpri.min’ parameters can be used to limit the hardware
priority queues that traffic from a particular interface can use for outbound traffic. Valid values
for these parameters are from 1 to 4, which are the priority levels listed in Table 14. These
parameters can be set via the web interface under the “Advanced QoS” tab on the “QoS” page
(see Figure 44).
Figure 44. Advanced QoS configuration (only settings for some interfaces are shown)
To increase the hardware priority of traffic from a particular interface, set the value of
‘in..hwpri.min’ to a value larger than 1. This will force all traffic from the chosen interface
to use a hardware queue equal to or greater than the ‘in..hwpri.min’ value set. To reduce
the maximum hardware priority of traffic from an interface, set the ‘in..hwpri.max’
parameter to a value less than 4. To disable hardware prioritization, set the
‘in..hwpri.max’ and ‘in..hwpri.min’ parameters to ‘0’.
The example below shows how to configure the system such that all traffic from ‘wlan1’ with a
‘Voice’ or ‘Video’ priority will be reduced to a ‘Best Effort’ priority. Traffic with ‘Best Effort’ and
‘Background’ priorities will not be affected.
> use qos
qos> set in.wlan1.hwpri.max=2
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The example below shows how to configure the system such that all traffic from ‘wlan2’ with a
‘Background’ or ‘Best Effort’ priority will be increased to a ‘Video’ priority. Traffic with ‘Video’
and ‘Voice’ priorities will not be affected.
> use qos
qos> set in.wlan2.hwpri.min=2
This does not affect the rate limiting and reservation (section 13.2), it only affects which output
hardware queues are used.
13.2
Rate Limiting
A rate limit can be set at each QoS Control Point shown in Figure 45. The Control Points can
be split into three groups, listed below in decreasing order of importance:
•
•
•
Interface output limit
Interface output limit of traffic from a particular interface
Interface output limit of traffic of a certain type from a particular interface
Output
mesh0
eth0
wlan1
wlan2
wlan3
wlan4
wlan2
wlan3
wlan4
QoS Control Point
QOS
local
mesh0
eth0
wlan1
VI
VO
BK
BE
VI
VO
BK
BE
VI
VO
BK
BE
VI
VO
BK
BE
VI
VO
BK
BE
VI
VO
BK
BE
VI
VO
BK
BE
Input
Figure 45. Quality of Service rate limit control points
All rate limit parameter values are in kbps. If no rate limit parameter is set, rate
limiting will be disabled for that interface or interface and traffic combination.
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The maximum output data rate for interfaces can be limited with the ‘out..limit’
parameters in the ‘qos’ interface, where  is one of the following: default, eth0, mesh0,
wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4. The ‘out.default.limit’ value is applied to interfaces that have the
‘out..limit’ parameter set to ‘inherit’. These parameters can be set via the web interface
under the “QoS” tab on the “QoS” page (see Figure 43).
The example below shows how to limit the maximum output rate of the mesh0 interface to 8
Mbps and the maximum output rates of all four wlanN interfaces to 2 Mbps each.
> use qos
qos> set out.mesh0.limit=8192
qos> set out.wlan1.limit=2048
qos> set out.wlan2.limit=2048
qos> set out.wlan3.limit=2048
qos> set out.wlan4.limit=2048
The maximum data rate for traffic that enters the EnRoute500 through a particular interface
and exits it through another interface can be limited with the ‘out.
..limit’
parameters in the ‘qos’ interface, where 
 is one of the following: default, eth0,
mesh0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4; and  is one of the following: default, eth0, local,
mesh0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4. The ‘out.default.default.limit’ value is applied to interfaces
that have the ‘out.
..limit’ parameter set to ‘inherit’ or is left blank. These
parameters can be set via the web interface under the “Advanced QoS” tab on the “QoS” page
(see Figure 44).
There is no standalone input rate limiting. Limiting the input rate of an interface only
makes sense in the context of the output for another interface(s). In most cases you
are concerned with mesh0 as the output interface.
The example below shows how to limit the maximum output rate of data from wlan1, wlan2,
wlan3, and wlan4 through the mesh0 interface to 2 Mbps, 1 Mbps, 512 kbps, and 256 kbps,
respectively.
> use qos
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan1.limit=2048
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan2.limit=1024
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan3.limit=512
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan4.limit=256
Data rate limits can also be imposed based on traffic type through an interface. The maximum
data rate for a certain type of traffic that enters the EnRoute500 through a particular interface
and exits it through another interface can be limited with the ‘out.
...limit.’ parameters in the ‘qos’ interface, where 
 is one of the
following: default, eth0, mesh0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4;  is one of the following:
default, eth0, local, mesh0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4;  is one of the following:
‘vo’, ‘vi’, ‘be’, ‘bk’ (see Table 14 for description of traffic types). These parameters can be set
via the web interface under the “Advanced QoS” tab on the “QoS” page (see Figure 44).
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The ‘out.default.default.limit’ value is applied to interfaces that have the ‘out.
..limit’ parameter set to ‘inherit’.
The example below shows how to limit the maximum output rate of voice, video, best effort,
and background traffic from wlan1 through the mesh0 interface to 256 kbps, 1 Mbps, 256 kbps,
and 256 kbps, respectively.
> use qos
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan1.vo.limit=256
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan1.vi.limit=1024
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan1.be.limit=256
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan1.bk.limit=256
13.3
Rate Reservation
Rate reservation is used to guarantee bandwidth for certain types of traffic. Rate reservations
can be made for traffic based on:
•
•
The traffic input and output interfaces
The traffic type, input interface, and output interface
For rate reservations to be enforced, a rate limit must be set for the traffic type that
the reservation is made for. Setting a rate limit for a broader traffic type, of which the
one the reservation is made for is a subset, is also acceptable. For example, when
making a rate reservation for voice traffic from wlan1 to mesh0
(‘out.mesh0.wlan1.vo.reserve’), a limit must be set with ‘out.mesh0.limit’,
‘out.mesh0.wlan1.limit’, or ‘out.mesh0.wlan1.vo.limit’.
Rate reservations guarantee bandwidth for a particular traffic type, but if no such traffic is
present, the bandwidth reserved will be returned to the pool of available bandwidth for other
traffic types to use. The points at which rate reservations can be made are shown in Figure 46.
These points are similar to where rate limits can be placed, except that rate reservations
require both an input and output interface, whereas rate limits can be made without specifying
an input interface.
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Output
mesh0
eth0
wlan1
wlan2
wlan3
wlan4
wlan2
wlan3
wlan4
QoS Control Point
QOS
local
mesh0
eth0
wlan1
VI
VO
BK
BE
VI
VO
BK
BE
VI
VO
BK
BE
VI
VO
BK
BE
VI
VO
BK
BE
VI
VO
BK
BE
VI
VO
BK
BE
Input
Figure 46. Quality of Service rate reservation control points
All rate reservation parameter values are in kbps. If no rate reservation parameter is
set, rate reservation will be disabled for that interface or interface and traffic
combination.
A rate reservation, which guarantees a certain amount of bandwidth, can be made for traffic
that enters the EnRoute500 through a particular interface and exits it through another
interface. The parameters that are used to set these rate reservations are in the ‘qos’ interface
and are of the form ‘out.
..reserve’, where 
 is one of the
following: default, eth0, mesh0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4; and  is one of the
following: default, eth0, local, mesh0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4. The
‘out.default.default.reserve’ value is applied to interfaces that have the ‘out.
..reserve’ parameter set to ‘inherit’ or is left blank. These parameters can be set via the
web interface under the “Advanced QoS” tab on the “QoS” page (see Figure 44).
Typically, most rate reservations will involve reserving bandwidth for traffic from a particular
client interface to the mesh0 interface. The example below shows how to reserve differing
amount of bandwidth on mesh0 for traffic originating from the wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, and wlan4
interfaces.
> use qos
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan1.reserve=2048
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan2.limit=1024
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan3.limit=512
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan4.limit=256
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Rate reservations can also be set based on traffic type through an interface. A rate reservation
for a certain type of traffic that enters the EnRoute500 through a particular interface and exits it
through another interface can be set with the ‘out.
...reserve.’ parameters in the ‘qos’ interface, where 
 is one of the following:
default, eth0, mesh0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4;  is one of the following: default,
eth0, local, mesh0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4;  is one of the following: ‘vo’, ‘vi’,
‘be’, ‘bk’ (see Table 14 for description of traffic types). These parameters can be set via the
web interface under the “Advanced QoS” tab on the “QoS” page (see Figure 44).
The ‘out.default.default.limit’ value is applied to interfaces that have the ‘out.
..reserve’ parameter set to ‘inherit’ or is left blank.
The example below shows how to reserve bandwidth for voice, video, best effort, and
background traffic from wlan1 through the mesh0 interface to 512 kbps, 1 Mbps, 256 kbps, and
128 kbps, respectively.
> use qos
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan1.vo.reserve=512
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan1.vi.reserve=1024
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan1.be.reserve=256
qos> set out.mesh0.wlan1.bk.reserve=128
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14 Enabling VLAN Tagging
The EnRoute500 supports VLAN tagging, with each client interface capable of supporting a
different VLAN tag. If VLAN tagging is enabled for an interface, client devices that connect to
the interface must be capable of receiving VLAN-tagged frames.
14.1
Client Interface Configuration
VLAN tagging can be independently controlled on each client interface (eth0, wlan1-4). The
‘vlan.enable’ parameter in the ‘eth0’, ‘wlan1’, ‘wlan2’, ‘wlan3’, and ‘wlan4’ interfaces controls
the state of VLAN tagging. The example below shows how to enable VLAN tagging on the
‘wlan1’ interface. The VLAN-related parameters can be set via the web interface under the
“wlanN” tags on the “Wireless Interfaces” page and on the “Wired/Backhaul Interface” page
(see Figure 47).
> use wlan1
wlan1> set vlan.enable=yes
VLAN tagging must be enabled on the backhaul Ethernet interface on a mesh
cluster’s gateway for VLAN tags to be included in data frames sent to the WAN. See
section 14.2 for more details.
The VLAN ID is set with the ‘vlan.id’ parameter in the respective interfaces that support VLAN
tagging. The VLAN ID must be in the range from 0 to 4095. Note that 0 and 4095 are reserved
values and 1 is the default VLAN ID. There are no restrictions on VLAN IDs for different
interfaces or nodes having to match or be different.
The VLAN-related parameters for the backhaul interface can be set via the web interface on
the “Wireless Interfaces” page and on the “Wired/Backhaul Interface” page (see Figure 47).
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Figure 47. Configuring VLAN for access point interfaces
14.2
Gateway Configuration
For VLAN tags to be preserved on traffic that exits a mesh cluster, VLAN support must be
enabled for the Ethernet interface on the mesh cluster’s gateway node. The ‘vlan.enable’
parameter in the ‘eth0’ interface controls the state of VLAN tagging. The example below shows
how to enable VLAN tagging on a gateway node. If VLAN tagging is enabled on the gateway’s
interface to the WAN, all inbound traffic will have their VLAN tags preserved. If VLAN tagging
is disabled for this interface, all VLAN tags will be stripped from frames entering the mesh
cluster.
> use eth0
eth0> set vlan.enable=yes
Data frames forwarded by the gateway to the WAN will preserve their existing VLAN tag, if
they have one. Frames that do not have a tag will be tagged with the default VLAN ID for the
gateway’s Ethernet interface, defined by the ‘vlan.id.’ parameter in the ‘eth0’ interface. The
example below shows how to set the VLAN ID for the Ethernet interface. The VLAN ID must
be in the range from 0 to 4095. Note that 0 and 4095 are reserved values and 1 is the default
VLAN ID.
> use eth0
eth0> set vlan.id=1
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Figure 48. Configuring VLAN for backhaul interface
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15 Integration with Enterprise Equipment
The EnRoute500 supports authentication, accounting, and monitoring services that easily
integrate with enterprise equipment. In this section the following topics are described:
•
•
•
Splash pages
Backhaul health monitoring
Layer 2 client emulation
15.1
Configuring Splash Pages
The EnRoute500 supports splash pages, which can be used to restrict access to the mesh
network and provide information to users that connect to the mesh. When a user connects
through a client interface to an EnRoute500 with splash page support enabled, the splash
page for the appropriate interface will be displayed and the user will be restricted from
accessing other destinations on the Internet until having logged in. The splash page can
require the user to enter logon credentials or simply click a button to complete the login
process.
To use splash pages, a number of URLs for login, successful login, and failed login must be
specified. A RADIUS server that provides authentication services must also be specified.
15.1.1
Enabling Splash Pages
The enabling of splash pages can be controlled on a per-interface basis with the
‘splash.enable.wlanN’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface. For a splash page to be displayed on
an interface, the appropriate parameter must be set to ‘yes’. The example below illustrates
how to set this parameter for the wlan1 interface.
> use sys
sys> set splash.enable.wlan1=yes
Splash pages can be enabled on the “Splash Pages” sub-tab under the “AAA” tab on the
“System Parameters” page of the web interface (see
Figure 49).
Two splash page mode are supported – one which requires clients to login in to gain access to
the network and another which requires them to simply click on a button on the web page to
proceed. Use the ‘splash.auth.server.wlanN.enable’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface to select
which mode is used for an interface. The example below illustrates how to set the parameter
for the wlan1 interface such that a user will be required to login to access the network.
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> use sys
sys> set splash.auth.server.enable.wlan1=yes
The “Require Login” settings on the “Splash Pages” sub-tab under the “AAA” tab on the
“System Parameters” page (see
Figure 49) is used to configure this parameter via the web interface.
Figure 49. Splash page configuration
15.1.2
Configuring Splash URLs
The URL that a user is redirected to for login purposes can be individually configured for each
client interface that supports splash pages (wlan1-4). URLs for successful login, failed login,
and error conditions can also be specified for each interface.
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The ‘splash.url..login’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface, where  is either ‘wlan1’,
‘wlan2’, ‘wlan3’, or ‘wlan4’, sets the URL that a user is redirected to when they attach to the
interface and have not yet been authenticated. This parameter should not be left blank if
splash pages are enabled for the interface since no client would be able to access the network
through the interface if it does not point to a valid URL.
The ‘splash.url..success’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface, where  is either ‘wlan1’,
‘wlan2’, ‘wlan3’, or ‘wlan4’, sets the URL that a user is redirected to when they have
successfully logged in. If this variable is left blank, a default page that indicates login success
will be displayed.
The ‘splash.url..fail’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface, where  is either ‘wlan1’,
‘wlan2’, ‘wlan3’, or ‘wlan4’, sets the URL that a user is redirected to when a login attempt fails.
If this variable is left blank, a default page that indicates login failure will be displayed.
The ‘splash.url..error’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface, where  is either ‘wlan1’,
‘wlan2’, ‘wlan3’, or ‘wlan4’, sets the URL that a user is redirected to when a login error has
occurred. For example, this page would be displayed if a valid authentication server could not
be reached. If this variable is left blank, a default page that indicates an error has occurred will
be displayed.
All of these URLs can be set on the “Splash Pages” sub-tab under the “AAA” tab on the
“System Parameters” page of the web interface (see
Figure 49).
The example below shows how the ‘wlan1’ and ‘wlan2’ interfaces can be used to set to use
different URLs for the login process.
> use sys
sys> set splash.url.wlan1.login=http://server.domain.com/wlan1_login.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan1.success=http://server.domain.com/wlan1_success.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan1.fail=http://server.domain.com/wlan1_fail.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan1.error=http://server.domain.com/wlan1_error.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan2.login=http://server.domain.com/wlan2_login.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan2.success=http://server.domain.com/wlan2_success.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan2.fail=http://server.domain.com/wlan2_fail.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan2.error=http://server.domain.com/wlan2_error.htm
The login page must contain specific form information as shown in the sample code in Figure
50 and Figure 51. Figure 50 contains the code required for an interface that requires a login
(‘splash.auth.server.enable.wlanN’ is set to ‘yes’). Figure 51 contains code for a login page
that the user just clicks through to unlock network access. The critical lines in Figure 50 are 6,
9, 10, and 12.
The ‘action’ value in line 6 of Figure 50 must point to a server name for which there is a DNS
proxy entry on the local node and the last part of it must be ‘/radius/login.cgi’. The DNS proxy
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entry, which will be different for each node in the network, must be mapped to one of the
node’s IP addresses (see section 6.7 for more information on DNS proxy configuration).
The example below shows how to configure the DNS proxy assuming the login page redirects
to the host ‘redirect.domain.com’ and the IP address of the wlan1 interface is 10.1.2.1.
> use sys
sys> set dnsproxy.enable=yes
sys> set dnsproxy.hosts=”dns.proxy.name.here=10.1.2.1”
The DNS proxy setting is used in conjunction with the splash pages to ensure that a
common login URL can be used on all nodes. The DNS proxy entry directs the
results of the login process to the right location – that is, the EnRoute500 that the
client device is connected to.
The login page must also contain the following ‘input’ fields on lines 12, 15, and 19. These are
used to allow a user logging in to provide their username and password, and to submit them.
The names of these input fields, ‘username’, ‘password’, and ‘login’, must not be changed.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22






Welcoming text or 'Terms of Service' could go here. 



 Username: 
 
 

 Password: 
  






Figure 50. Sample HTML code for login web page
If the splash page is not configured to require a user to provide login credentials
(‘splash.auth.server.enable.wlanN’ is set to ‘no’), the requirements for the login page are
slightly different, as shown in Figure 51. The page must still contain a form definition similar to
that on line 6 in Figure 51. The ‘action’ value must be set to point to a proxied server name,
just as for the case where a user is required to provide login credentials. The last part of the
‘action’ value must be ‘/splash/nologin.cgi’. Also, a button with the name ‘login’ must be
defined, as shown on line 8 of Figure 51.
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10
11






Welcoming text or 'Terms of Service' could go here.





Figure 51. Sample HTML code for web page when authentication is disabled
15.1.3
Configuring the Authentication Server
A RADIUS authentication server must be specified when the splash page is enabled for an
interface.
The
‘splash.auth.server..host’,
‘splash.auth.server..port’,
and
‘splash.auth.server..secret’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface, where  is either
‘wlan1’, ‘wlan2’, ‘wlan3’, or ‘wlan4’, specify the authentication server to use. The
‘splash.auth.server..host’ parameter can be either a hostname or and IP address.
‘splash.auth.server..port’ is the port that the authentication server is listening on.
‘splash.auth.server..secret’ is the shared secret that must be provided to the RADIUS
authentication server. This parameter must be a string of alphanumeric characters that is 32
characters or less in length.
The authentication server parameters can be set on the “Splash Pages” sub-tab under the
“AAA” tab on the “System Parameters” page of the web interface (see
Figure 49).
The example below shows how to configure the authentication server for interfaces ‘wlan1’ and
‘wlan2’.
> use sys
sys> set splash.auth.server.wlan1.host=auth1.yourserverhere.com
sys> set splash.auth.server.wlan1.port=1812
sys> set splash.auth.server.wlan1.secret=authsecret
sys> set splash.auth.server.wlan2.host=auth2.yourserverhere.com
sys> set splash.auth.server.wlan2.port=1812
sys> set splash.auth.server.wlan2.secret=authsecret
15.1.4
Trusted MAC Addresses
A list of trusted MAC addresses that do not require splash page authentication can be defined.
When a device with one of these MAC addresses connects to a node, it will automatically have
full access to the WAN. The list of trusted MAC addresses is set with the ‘splash.trusted_macs’
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parameter in the ‘sys’ interface. The MAC addresses are specified as a list of 48-bit addresses
separated by commas. An example of setting this parameter is shown below.
> use sys
sys> set splash.trusted_macs="aa:bb:cc:00:00:01,aa:bb:cc:00:00:02"
15.2
Backhaul Health Monitoring
A gateway node can monitor its connectivity to a remote device to ensure that its backhaul
connection is functioning properly. If a gateway determines that it has lost connectivity over its
backhaul link, it will stop advertising its gateway capability to nodes in the mesh cluster. If the
backhaul connection is re-established, the gateway will revert to advertising its gateway
services. While the backhaul link is down the gateway will switch to repeater mode and will
forward traffic from other mesh nodes and its clients.
The backhaul health monitoring function has no effect on a node configured as a
repeater.
Backhaul health monitoring is enabled with the ‘monitor.health.enable’ parameter in the ‘sys’
interface as shown in the example below.
> use sys
sys> set monitor.health.enable=yes
The health monitoring scheme, if configured incorrectly, can incapacitate a mesh
cluster. If the device that is used to check the state of the backhaul link fails or if an
address that the gateway cannot reach is specified, the gateway will not function
properly and it will not be possible to communicate with it over the backhaul link.
The host that the gateway uses to test backhaul health is specified with the
‘monitor.health.host’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface. The device specified with this parameter
must be capable of responding to ping, or ICMP echo, packets from the gateway for the health
monitoring to function properly. The example below shows how to set this parameter.
> use sys
sys> set monitor.health.host=10.0.1.1
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It is recommended that an IP address, rather than a hostname, is specified for the
‘monitor.health.host’ parameter to avoid a DNS failure from causing the gateway to
believe that its backhaul link is down. The IP address of the closest backhaul router
would be an appropriate host to specify.
15.3
Layer 2 Emulation
Certain back-end systems (Internet gateways) use the MAC addresses of client devices for
authentication and accounting purposes. The EnRoute500 uses a layer 3 approach to mesh
routing, which means that the client MAC addresses are typically not provided to the back-end
servers. A layer 2 emulation mode can be enabled on the EnRoute500 to provide the client
MAC address information to back-end systems.
When the layer 2 emulation mode is enabled, a mesh cluster gateway will send Ethernet (layer
2) frames to the WAN using the MAC address of the device the packet originated from as the
source address. Mesh gateways will also act as proxies and forward packets with MAC
destination addresses of clients that are in the mesh cluster they service.
Layer 2 emulation is enabled with the ‘l2_client_mac_fwd’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface. This
parameter should be set to the same value for all devices in a given mesh cluster. The
example below shows how to enable layer 2 emulation.
> use sys
sys> set l2_client_mac_fwd=yes
In combination with a centralized DHCP server, layer 2 emulation allows the EnRoute500
mesh network to behave like a series of access point bridges, a mode which is required by
certain Internet gateways to successfully forward IP packets to clients. For more information on
setting up a centralized DHCP server, see section 10.2.
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16 Hardware Configuration
An EnRoute500 can be equipped with a number of optional hardware components, such as a
Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) source and a back-up battery. The “Hardware” tab on the “System”
page in the web interface displays whether these optional hardware components are installed
or not. If they are installed, their current operational state will be displayed.
Figure 52. Node hardware configuration on node without PoE source capability
16.1
Power Over Ethernet Source
An EnRoute500 may optionally be equipped with a Power over Ethernet (PoE) source. If the
PoE source is installed, the ‘dev.poe.installed’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface will be set to
‘yes’. The state of the PoE source is controlled through the ‘dev.poe.enable’ parameter in the
‘sys’ interface. The PoE source voltage can be set to either 24 or 48V with the
‘dev.poe.voltage’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface.
The PoE-related parameters can be set via the web interface on the “Hardware” tab on the
“System Parameters” page (see Figure 53). This page will indicate whether a PoE source
option is installed and will only display the PoE parameters if it is installed.
PoE parameter changes will take effect when the node is rebooted.
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Figure 53. Node hardware configuration on node with PoE source capability
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17 Firmware Management
The EnRoute500 supports secure remote firmware upgrade.
17.1
Displaying the Firmware Version
Firmware version information is available in the ‘version’ interface. The example below shows
how to display the current firmware version.
> use version
version> get release
release = ENROUTE500_20060419_00_00_0133
The firmware version is also displayed at the top of the “Status” page accessible via the web
interface.
17.2
Upgrading the Firmware
Contact Tranzeo for instructions on upgrading the EnRoute500’s firmware.
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