Yaesu Musen 20575X50 HF / VHF / UHF All Mode Transceiver User Manual FT 991
Yaesu Musen Co., Ltd. HF / VHF / UHF All Mode Transceiver FT 991
Contents
- 1. Users Manual Part 1 Rev 1
- 2. Users Manual Part 2
- 3. TempConfidential_05_User_Manual_scope_function_only
Users Manual Part 2
![Page 42 FT-991 OperaTing ManualinTerferenCe reJeCTioniF notch Filter operAtion (SSb/cw/rtty/dAtA/AM ModeS)The IF NOTCH lter is a highly effective system that allows you to slice out an interfering beat note or other carrier signal from inside the receiver passband.1. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [NOTCH] on the LCD to activate the Notch filter. The DSP graphic display will illuminate and the current “null” position of the NOTCH filter will appear in the NOTCH indicator on the display. The MULTI knob functions as the Notch adjustment knob.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to adjust the “null” position of the Notch lter.3. To cancel the NOTCH filter, touch [NOTCH] on the LCD. The graphic disappears from the NOTCH indicator on the display, conrming that the NOTCH lter is no longer in operation.Advice: Alternate touches of [NOTCH], will switch the NOTCH lter between on and off. Advice: The bandwidth of the NOTCH lter (either narrow or wide) may be adjusted using Menu item “114 IF NOTCH WIDTH”. The factory default setting is “WIDE”.The performance of the IF NOTCH lter is illus-trated in Figure “A”, where the effect of rotation of the MULTI knob is depicted. In Figure “B” you can see the notching effect of the IF NOTCH lter as you rotate the MULTI knob to eliminate the interfering heterodyne. A BDesired Signal Desired SignalQRM(Heterodyne)QRM(Heterodyne)IF BANDWIDTH IF BANDWIDTHMULTIF(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-1.png)
![Page 43FT-991 OperaTing ManualdigitAl notch Filter (dnF) operAtionThe Digital NOTCH Filter (DNF) is an effective beat-canceling lter that can null out a number of interfering beat notes inside the receiver passband. Because this is an Auto-Notch feature, there is no adjustment knob associated with this l-ter.Advice:If a very strong interfering carrier is encountered, we recommend you rst use the IF NOTCH lter, as it is the most ef-fective notching tool in the receiver section.1. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [DNF] on the LCD. The “DNF” will appear in the display.To disable the Digital NOTCH Filter, just repeat the above procedure, touching [DNF] on the LCD to choose “OFF”. The “DNF” will turn off, confirming that the Digital NOTCH Filter is not active.digitAl noiSe reduction (dnr) operAtionThe Digital Noise Reduction (DNR) system is designed to reduce the level of random noise found on the HF and 50 MHz bands, and it is especially effective during SSB operation. By setting the Menu item “110 DNR LEVEL”, any of 15 different noise-reduction algorithms can be selected; each of these algorithms was created for dealing with a different noise prole. You will want to experiment with the DNR system to nd the best setting corresponding to the noise cur-rently being experienced.1. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [DNR] on the LCD. The “DNR” will appear in the display.To disable the DNR system, just repeat the above proce-dure, touching [DNR] on the LCD to choose “OFF”. The “DNR” will turn off, conrming that the DNR system is not active.inTerferenCe reJeCTionF(M-LIST) ButtonF(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-2.png)
![Page 45FT-991 OperaTing ManualTools for CoMforTable and effeCTive reCepTionAudio peAk Filter1. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [APF] on the LCD. The “APF” indicator will appear in the DSP display.Advice: When APF is engaged, the peak position of the APF is depicted graphically in the NOTCH indicator on the display.2. Touch [AFP] on the LCD again to disable the APF.Advice:The APF may only be activated while the transceiver is in CW mode.F(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-4.png)
![Page 46 FT-991 OperaTing ManualAgc (AutoMAtic gAin control)The AGC system is designed to help compensate for fading and other propagation effects. The AGC characteristics can be individually set for each operating mode. The basic objective of AGC is to maintain a constant audio output level once a certain minimum threshold of signal strength is achieved.Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [AGC] on the LCD repeatedly to select the desired receiver-recovery time constant. You will observe the AGC status notation in the AGC column of the Key Function Display on the TFT display, denoting the AGC receiver-recovery time currently in use. For most operations, we recommend the “AUTO” mode. Additionally, you may disable the AGC by touching [AGC] on the LCD.note: The “AUTO” selection mode selects the optimum receiver-recovery time for the reception mode. In this case, the selected receiver-recovery time in the AGC column of the Key Function Display glows green (Normally glows blue). Touching [AGC] on the LCD allows selection of the desired receiver-recovery time constant. Normally, the “AUTO” selection is satisfactory for most situ-ations, but in the event of operation on a crowded band where you wish to receive a weak signal, you may wish to change the setting to FAST. The AUTO mode selections are:Tools for CoMforTable and effeCTive reCepTionAdvice: If the AGC receiver-recovery time is set to “Off” by touching [AGC] on the LCD, the S-meter will no longer deect. Additionally, you will likely encoun-ter distortion on stronger signals, as the IF ampliers and the following stages are probably being over-loaded.quick point:Several aspects of AGC performance may be congured via the Menu. However, because AGC can have such a profound impact on overall receiver performance, we generally do not recommend any changes to the AGC Menu selections until you are thoroughly familiar with the performance of the FT-991.terMinology:Automatic Gain Control, or AGC, is a circuit that senses the received signal strength, and then limits the gain of the RF and IF stages to keep the output audio volume at a more-or-less constant level. AGC also protects the RF, IF, Audio, and DSP stages from overload, as it limits the signal strength that is allowed to ow, irrespective of the input signal level.Auto Agc SelectionSLOWFASTMIDoperAting ModeLSB/USB/AMCW/FMRTTY/DATAF(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-5.png)
![Page 47FT-991 OperaTing ManualAdjuStAble receiver Audio FilterThe FT-991 includes an adjustable receiver audio lter, that provides precise, independent control of the low; and upper audio ranges.Tools for CoMforTable and effeCTive reCepTion1. Press the MENU button to enter the Menu mode.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to nd Menu items “040” through “043” these parameters apply to the adjust-ment of the receiver audio filter in the AM mode, Menu items “050” through “053” apply to the adjustment of the RX audio lter in the CW mode, Menu items “067” through “070” apply to the ad-justment of the RX audio lter in the DATA mode, Menu items “092” through “095” apply to the ad-justment of the RX audio lter in the RTTY mode, and Menu items “102” through “105” apply to the adjustment of the RX audio lter in the SSB mode3. Touch [SELECT] on the LCD.4. Rotate the MULTI knob to adjust the receiver audio response as desired.5. Touch [ENTER] on the LCD to save the new set-ting.6. Press the MENU button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation.Mode Menu iteM AvAilAble vAlueSAM040 AM LCUT FREQ OFF/100(Hz) ~ 1000(Hz)041 AM LCUT SLOPE 6dB/oct / 18dB/oct042 AM HCUT FREQ 700(Hz) ~ 4000(Hz)/OFF043 AM HCUT SLOPE 6dB/oct / 18dB/octCW050 CW LCUT FREQ OFF/100(Hz) ~ 1000(Hz)051 CW LCUT SLOPE 6dB/oct / 18dB/oct052 CW HCUT FREQ 700(Hz) ~ 4000(Hz)/OFF053 CW HCUT SLOPE 6dB/oct / 18dB/octDATA067 DATA LCUT FREQ OFF/100(Hz) ~ 1000(Hz)068 DATA LCUT SLOPE 6dB/oct / 18dB/oct069 DATA HCUT FREQ 700(Hz) ~ 4000(Hz)/OFF070 DATA HCUT SLOPE 6dB/oct / 18dB/octRTTY092 RTTY LCUT FREQ OFF/100(Hz) ~ 1000(Hz)093 RTTY LCUT SLOPE 6dB/oct / 18dB/oct094 RTTY HCUT FREQ 700(Hz) ~ 4000(Hz)/OFF095 RTTY HCUT SLOPE 6dB/oct / 18dB/octSSB102 SSB LCUT FREQ OFF/100(Hz) ~ 1000(Hz)103 SSB LCUT SLOPE 6dB/oct / 18dB/oct104 SSB HCUT FREQ 700(Hz) ~ 4000(Hz)/OFF105 SSB HCUT SLOPE 6dB/oct / 18dB/octMULTI KnobMENU Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-6.png)
![Page 48 FT-991 OperaTing Manual1. Press the BAND button to shown the band list, then touch a band key corresponding to the Amateur band on which you wish to operate.2. Press the MODE button to show the mode list, then select the operating mode by touching the corre-sponding key.Advice: By convention, LSB is used in the 7 MHz and lower Amateur bands for SSB communication, and USB is used on the 14 MHz and higher bands (the 10 MHz band is used for CW and data modes only).3. Rotate the Main Tuning Dial knob to adjust the op-erating frequency. Alternately, you may use the UP/DWN scanning buttons on the MH-31A8J Hand Mi-crophone to sweep up or down the current band.4. Press the microphone PTT (Push To Talk) switch to begin transmission; speak into the microphone in a normal voice level.Advice: The “ ” indicator will light up in the LED in-dicators area, conrming that transmission is in progress. When transmitting in the AM mode, set a maxi-mum (carrier) power output of 25 Watts via [PROC] displayed by pressing the F(M-LIST) button.5. Adjust the microphone amplier gain to match the microphone and your voice level: Touch [METER] on the LCD repeatedly to select the “ALC”. Press and hold the PTT switch, and speak into the microphone in a normal voice level. In the SSB mode, touch [MIC GAIN] and then ad-just MULTI knob so that the ALC meter stays within the ALC zone of the meter (up to half scale deec-tion) on voice peaks. In the AM mode, touch [MIC GAIN] and then adjust MULTI knob so that the ALC meter does not deect at voice peaks.6. Release the PTT switch at the end of your transmis-sion. The transceiver will return to the receive mode.ssb/aM Mode TransMissionON/OFF SwitchMain Tuning Dial KnobF(M-LIST) ButtonMULTI KnobMODE ButtonBAND Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-7.png)
![Page 49FT-991 OperaTing Manualssb/aM Mode TransMissionAdvice: ALC meter deection may be caused by excessive drive power, but also by reflected power detected in the antenna system. If the impedance presented to the transceiver is other than 50 Ohms, ALC me-ter action may be observed that is not related to the proper setting of [MIC GAIN] on the LCD. There-fore, we recommend that you make [MIC GAIN] adjustments into a dummy load or antenna system presenting impedance very close to 50 Ohms. When performing “on air” tests (such as the setup of microphone gain), be sure to check the frequency be-fore transmitting, to avoid interference to others who may already be using the frequency. Four techniques for exercising Transmit/Receive control are provided on the FT-991. You may choose the technique(s) that best suit your operating needs: Pressing the microphone PTT switch will engage the transmitter. The rear panel PTT jack may be connected to a foot switch or other manual switching device in order to engage the transmitter. Touching [MOX] displayed by pressing the F(M-LIST) button will lock the transmitter on. Touch [MOX] on the LCD again to return to receive. The VOX (Voice Operated Xmit) circuit will engage the transmitter automatically when you speak into the microphone. For details of VOX operation refer to page ##.](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-8.png)
![Page 52 FT-991 OperaTing ManualPArAMetric Microphone equAlizer (SSb/AM/FM Mode)The FT-991 includes a unique Three-Band Parametric Microphone Equalizer that provides precise, independent control over the low, mid and treble ranges in your voice waveform. You may utilize one group of settings when the speech processor is off and an alternate group of settings when the speech processor is on. The speech processor feature is de-scribed in the next chapter.quick point:The Parametric Equalizer is a unique technique for adjusting the signal quality. The three audio ranges may be adjusted so precisely, it is possible to craft an audio response that provides a natural and pleasant sound that you may not have ever experienced before. Alternately, the effective “talk power” can be signicantly enhanced.The aspects of conguration that you may adjust on the Parametric Equalizer are:Center Frequency: The center frequency of each of the three bands may be adjusted.Gain: The amount of enhancement (or suppression) within each band may be adjusted.Q: The bandwidth over which the equalization is applied may be adjusted.Setup of the Parametric Microphone Equalizer1. Connect the microphone to the MIC jack.2. Set the RF output power to minimum value.Advice: We recommend that you connect a dummy load to one of the Antenna jacks, and monitor your signal on a separate receiver, to prevent interfer-ence to other users. You will have the best chance of hearing the ef-fects of adjustments if you wear headphones (connected to the monitor receiver) while listen-ing to your transmitted signal.3. To adjust the Parametric Microphone Equalizer while the speech processor is disabled, press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [MIC-EQ] to select “ON”. To adjust the Parametric Microphone Equalizer with the speech processor engaged, press the F(M-LIST)button, then touch [PROC] to select “ON”.7. Touch [SELECT] on the LCD, then rotate the MULT knob to perform adjustments to a particular Menu item.8. Press and hold the PTT switch, and speak into the microphone while listening to the effect of the changes you are making. Because the overall effect on the sound will change with each adjustment, you should make several passes through each adjustment area, to be sure that you are achieving the optimum settings.9. When you have completed all adjustments, touch [ENTER] on the LCD to save the new settings. 10. Press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation. If you only touch [BACK] momentarily to exit, none of the changes you performed will be stored.Advice:To roll off excessive bass response in a wide-range stu-dio microphone, try putting a 10 dB null at 100 Hz with a bandwidth of “1” or “2”, do about a 3 dB null centered on 800 Hz with a bandwidth of “3,” and then put an 8 dB peak centered on 2100 Hz with a bandwidth of “1.” These are starting recommendations; each microphone and user’s voice will be different, often requiring differ-ent settings. enhanCing TransMiT signal QualiTYMULTI KnobMENU(SETUP) Button F(M-LIST) Button4. Touch [MONI], if you want to listen on the FT-991 internal monitor.5. Press the MENU(SETUP) button. The Menu list will appear in the display.6. Rotate the MULT knob to nd the “EQ” Menu area, containing Menu items “119” through “127”; these parameters apply to the adjustment of the Parametric Microphone Equalizer when the speech processor is disabled. Menu items “128” through “136” ap-ply to the adjustment of the Parametric Microphone Equalizer when the speech processor is engaged.](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-11.png)
![Page 53FT-991 OperaTing ManualenhanCing TransMiT signal QualiTYpArAMetric Microphone equAlizer (SSb/AM/FM Mode)Activating the Parametric Microphone Equalizer1. Adjust [MIC GAIN] on the LCD, as described on page ##.2. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [MIC-EQ] on the LCD to select “ON”. If you use the Paramet-ric Microphone Equalizer with the speech processor engaged, press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [PROC] on the LCD to select “ON”. The “MIC EQ” (and “PROC”) will appear in the display, conrming that the Parametric Microphone Equalizer is engaged.3. Press the PTT switch on the microphone, and speak into the microphone in a normal voice level.4. To switch the Parametric Microphone Equalizer off, touch [MIC-EQ] on the LCD again until the “MIC EQ” icon disappears.3-StAge pArAMetric equAlizer AdjuStMentS (Speech proceSSor: “oFF”)Center Frequency “119 PRMTRC EQ1 FREQ” “100” (Hz) ~ “700” (Hz) / “OFF” “122 PRMTRC EQ2 FREQ” “700” (Hz) ~ “1500” (Hz) / “OFF” “125 PRMTRC EQ3 FREQ” “1500” (Hz) ~ “3200” (Hz) / “OFF”Parametric Gain “120 PRMTRC EQ1 LEVEL” (Low) “–20” (dB) ~ “+10” (dB) “123 PRMTRC EQ2 LEVEL” (Mid) “–20” (dB) ~ “+10” (dB) “126 PRMTRC EQ3 LEVEL” (High) “–20” (dB) ~ “+10” (dB)Q (Bandwidth) “121 PRMTRC EQ1 BWTH” (Low) “1” ~ “10” “124 PRMTRC EQ2 BWTH” (Mid) “1” ~ “10” “127 PRMTRC EQ3 BWTH” (High) “1” ~ “10”Parametric Gain3-StAge pArAMetric equAlizer AdjuStMentS (Speech proceSSor: “on”)Center Frequency “128 P-PRMTRC EQ1 FREQ” “100” (Hz) ~ “700” (Hz) / “OFF” “131 P-PRMTRC EQ2 FREQ” “700” (Hz) ~ “1500” (Hz) / “OFF” “134 P-PRMTRC EQ3 FREQ” “1500” (Hz) ~ “3200” (Hz) / “OFF”Parametric Gain “129 P-PRMTRC EQ1 LEVEL” (Low) “–20” (dB) ~ “+10” (dB) “132 P-PRMTRC EQ2 LEVEL” (Mid) “–20” (dB) ~ “+10” (dB) “135 P-PRMTRC EQ3 LEVEL” (High) “–20” (dB) ~ “+10” (dB)Q (Bandwidth) “130 P-PRMTRC EQ1 BWTH” (Low) “1” ~ “10” “133 P-PRMTRC EQ2 BWTH” (Mid) “1” ~ “10” “136 P-PRMTRC EQ3 BWTH” (High) “1” ~ “10”F(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-12.png)
![Page 54 FT-991 OperaTing ManualuSing the Speech proceSSor (SSb Mode)The FT-991 Speech Processor is designed to increase “talk power” by increasing the average power output (via a so-phisticated compression technique) and adjusting the audio quality to the menu settings (“128 P-PRMTRC EQ1 FREQ”, “131 P-PRMTRC EQ2 FREQ”, “134 P-PRMTRC EQ3 FREQ”). The result is improved intelligibility when conditions are difcult.1. Adjust [MIC GAIN] on the LCD, as described on page ##.2. Touch [METER] on the LCD to select “COMP” (Compression) meter.3. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [PROC] on the LCD to select “ON”. The “PROC” will appear in the display, conrming that the Speech Processor is engaged.4. Press the PTT switch on the microphone, and speak into the microphone in a normal voice level.5. Adjust the MULT knob to set the compression level within the 5 dB to 10 dB range.6. To switch the Speech Processor off, touch [PROC] on the LCD once more. The “PROC” will turn off, conrming that the Speech processor is turned off.Advice: You may adjust the Parametric Microphone Equal-izer when the speech processor is engaged, using Menu Items “128” through “136”. See page ## for details.enhanCing TransMiT signal QualiTYMULTI KnobF(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-13.png)
![Page 55FT-991 OperaTing ManualenhanCing TransMiT signal QualiTYAdjuSting the SSb trAnSMitted bAndwidth (SSb Mode)For transmission on SSB, a default bandwidth of 2.4 kHz is provided. This bandwidth provides reasonable delity along with good talk power, and is typical of the bandwidth used for decades for SSB transmission. The bandwidth may be varied by the operator, to provide different levels of delity or talk power, according to your preferences. Here are the steps to adjust the SSB transmit bandwidth:1. Press the MENU(SETUP) button to engage the Menu.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select Menu item “110 SSB TX BPF”.3. Touch [SELECT] on the LCD, then rotate the MULTI knob to select the desired bandwidth. The available selections are: 100-3000 Hz, 100-2900 Hz, 200-2800 Hz, 300-2700 Hz, and 400-2600 Hz. The default is 300-2700 Hz. A wider bandwidth will provide greater fidelity. A narrow bandwidth will compress the available transmitter power into less spectrum, resulting in more “talk power” for DX pile-ups.4. Touch [ENTER] on the LCD to save the new set-ting.5. Press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation.Advice:The Transmit Monitor function is a very helpful way to conrm the effect that changing the bandwidth will have on delity. With [MONI] displayed by pressing the F(M-LIST) button, you will be able to hear the difference in sound quality as you make changes.quick pointS:The higher delity associated with wide bandwidth will be particularly enjoyable on the low bands during local rag-chew QSOs.MULTI KnobMENU(SETUP) Button F(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-14.png)
![Page 56 FT-991 OperaTing Manualvoice MeMory (SSb/AM/FM ModeS: requireS optionAl dvS-6 And Fh-2)You may utilize the Voice Memory capability of the FT-991 for repetitive messages. The Voice Memory system includes ve memories capable of storing up to 20 seconds of voice audio each. The maximum that any memory can hold is 20 seconds.Voice Memory Operation from the FH-2 Remote Control KeypadYou may also utilize the Voice Memory capability of the FT-991 from the optional FH-2 Remote Control Keypad, which plugs into the rear panel’s REM/ALC jack.TransMiTTer ConvenienCe feaTuresRecording Your Own Voice in Memory1. Select the LSB, USB, AM, or FM mode using the front panel MODE button.2. Adjust [MIC GAIN] on the LCD, as described on page ##.3. Press the [MEM] key on the FH-2. A blinking “REC” icon will appear in the display.4. Press any of the FH-2’s keys numbered [1] through [5] to select that memory storage register.Advice: If you do not press the PTT key (see next step) with-in ve seconds, the memory storage process will be cancelled.5. Press the microphone’s PTT switch momentarily. The “REC” icon will glow steadily and recording will begin.6. Speak into the microphone in a normal voice level to record the message (such as “CQ DX, CQ DX, this is W 6 Delta X-Ray Charlie, W 6 Delta X-Ray Char-lie, Over”). Remember that the time limit for record-ing any message is 20 seconds.Checking Your Recording1. Be sure that [MOX] and [BK-IN] on the LCD dis-played by pressing the F(M-LIST) button are “Off”.2. Press the FH-2 [1] ~ [5] key (whichever one you just recorded in). The “PLAY” icon will appear in the display and you will hear the contents of the Voice Memory you just recorded.Advice:You may adjust the playback level of the recording via Menu item “009 RX OUT LEVEL”.7. Press the FH-2 [MEM] key to terminate the message storage process.](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-15.png)
![Page 57FT-991 OperaTing ManualTransMiTTer ConvenienCe feaTuresvoice MeMory (SSb/AM/FM ModeS: requireS optionAl dvS-6 And Fh-2)Transmitting the Recorded Message1. Select the LSB, USB, AM, or FM mode using the front panel MODE button.2. Press the front panel F(M-LIST) button, then touch [BK-IN] on the LCD.3. Press the FH-2 [1] ~ [5] key (whichever one you just recorded in). A “PLAY” icon will appear in the display and the message will be transmitted.Advice:You may adjust the transmit (audio) level of the record-ing via Menu item “010 TX OUT LEVEL”.](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-16.png)
![Page 58 FT-991 OperaTing Manualvox (SSb/AM/FM ModeS: AutoMAtic tx/rx Switching uSing voice control)Instead of using the microphone PTT switch or [MOX] displayed by pressing the F(M-LIST) button to activate the transmitter, the VOX (Voice Operated TX/RX Control) system provides hands-free, automatic activation of the trans-mitter, based on voice input into the microphone.1. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [VOX] on the LCD to select “ON”. The “VOX” will appear in the display.2. Without pressing the PTT switch, speak into the microphone in a normal voice level. When you start speaking, the transmitter should be activated auto-matically. When you nish speaking, the transceiver should return to the receive mode (after a short de-lay).3. To cancel VOX and return to PTT operation, touch [VOX] on the LCD once more. The “VOX” will turn off, signifying that the VOX circuitry has been turned off.Advice: The VOX Gain may be adjusted to prevent acciden-tal transmitter activation in a noisy environment. To adjust the VOX Gain:1) Activate the VOX circuitry, if necessary.2) Press the MENU(SETUP) button to engage the Menu mode.3) Rotate the MULTI knob to select Menu item “143 VOX GAIN”, then touch [SELECT] on the LCD.4) While speaking into the microphone, rotate the MULTI knob to the point where the transmitter is quickly activated by your voice, without back-ground noise causing the transmitter to activate. 5) When you satised with the setting, touch [EN-TER] on the LCD to save the new setting.6) Press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation. The “Hang-Time” of the VOX system (the transmit/receive delay after the cessation of speech) may also be adjusted via the Menu mode. The default delay is 500 msec. To set a different delay time:1) Activate the VOX circuitry, if necessary.2) Press the MENU(SETUP) button to engage the Menu mode.3) Rotate the MULTI knob to select Menu item “144 VOX DELAY”, then touch [SELECT] on the LCD.4) Rotate the MULTI knob while saying a brief syl-lable like “Ah” and listening to the hang time for the desired delay.5) When you satised with the setting, touch [EN-TER] on the LCD to save the new setting.6) Press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation.TransMiTTer ConvenienCe feaTures The Anti-Trip setting adjusts the level of negative re-ceiver audio feedback to the microphone, to prevent receiver audio from activating the transmitter (via the microphone). This setting can also be adjusted via Menu item “145 ANTI VOX GAIN”. VOX operation may be engaged on either Voice modes (SSB/AM/FM) or on AFSK-based Data modes. Use Menu item “142 VOX SELECT” (the se-lections are “MIC” and “DATA”).MULTI KnobMENU(SETUP) Button F(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-17.png)
![Page 59FT-991 OperaTing ManualTransMiTTer ConvenienCe feaTuresMonitor (SSb/AM/FM ModeS)You may listen to the quality of your transmitted signal using the Monitor feature.1. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [MONI] on the LCD. The “MONI” will appear on the TFT dis-play.2. During transmission, rotate the MULTI knob to ad-just the audio level in the Headphones or speaker. Clockwise rotation of this knob will increase the vol-ume level.3. To switch the Monitor off again, touch [MONI] on the LCD once more. Conrming that the Monitor is now disengaged.Advice: Because the Monitor feature samples the transmit-ter IF signal, it can be very useful for checking the adjustment of the Speech Processor or Parametric Equalizer on SSB, and for checking the general sig-nal quality on AM and FM.MULTI KnobMENU(SETUP) Button F(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-18.png)
![Page 60 FT-991 OperaTing ManualTransMiTTer ConvenienCe feaTuresSplit-Frequency operAtionA powerful capability of the FT-991 is its exibility in Split Frequency operation using the VFO-A and VFO-B fre-quency registers. This makes the FT-991 especially useful for high-level DX-peditions. The Split operation capability is very advanced and easy to use.1. Rotate the Main Tuning Dial knob to set the desired RX frequency.2. Press the A/B button, then rotate the Main Tuning Dial knob to set the desired split TX frequency.3. Press the A/B button, then press the SPLIT button. The VFO-B frequency will appear in the TFT dis-play and the LED indicators will look like as below: VFO-A RX Indicator: “ON” (LED glows Green) VFO-A TX Indicator: “OFF” (LED Off) VFO-B RX Indicator: “OFF” (LED Off) VFO-B TX Indicator: “ON” (LED glows Red)SPLIT ButtonTXW ButtonA/B ButtonDuring Split operation, the VFO-A register will be used for reception, while the VFO-B register will be used for transmission. If you press the SPLIT button once more, Split operation will be cancelled.Advice: During Split operation, pressing the A/ B button will reverse the contents of the VFO-A and VFO-B. Press the A/B button once more to return to the original frequency alignment. During Split operation you may listen to the TX fre-quency temporarily while pressing the TXW button located on the bottom left of the Main Tuning Dial knob. While pressing the TXW button during split opera-tions, the frequency on the transmission side can be changed. It is possible to set different operating modes (for ex-ample, LSB and USB) on the two VFOs used during Split operation. During Split operation it is also possible to set VFO-A and VFO-B to different Amateur bands if you use a multi band antenna.Quick Split OperationThe Quick Split feature allows you to set a one-touch offset of +5 kHz to be applied to your radio’s VFO-B (transmit) frequency, compared to the VFO-A frequency.1. Start with regular transceiver operation on the VFO-A. VFO-A RX Indicator: “ON” (LED glows Green) VFO-A TX Indicator: “ON” (LED glows Red) VFO-B RX Indicator: “OFF” (LED Off) VFO-B TX Indicator: “OFF” (LED Off)2. Press and hold in the SPLIT button for one second to engage the Quick Split feature, and apply a fre-quency 5 kHz above the VFO-A frequency to the VFO-B frequency register. The VFO conguration will then be: VFO-A RX Indicator: “ON” (LED glows Green) VFO-A TX Indicator: “OFF” (LED Off) VFO-B RX Indicator: “OFF” (LED Off) VFO-B TX Indicator: “ON” (LED glows Red)3. Press and hold in the SPLIT switch for one second to increment the Sub (VFO-B) frequency another +5 kHz.quick pointS: The operating mode applied to the VFO-B register will be the same as that in use on the VFO-A regis-ter. The offset of VFO-B from VFO-A is programmed via the Menu and is set to +5 kHz at the factory. However, other offsets may be selected using the fol-lowing procedure:1. Press the MENU(SETUP) button to engage the Menu mode.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select Menu item “034 QUICK SPLIT FREQ”.3. Touch [SELECT] on the LCD, then rotate the MULT knob to select the desired offset. The avail-able selections are –20kHz ~ +20kHz (factory de-fault: +5 kHz).4. Touch [ENTER] button to save the new setting.5. Press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation.](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-19.png)
![Page 61FT-991 OperaTing ManualThe powerful CW operating capabilities of the FT-991 permit operation using an electronic keyer paddle, a “straight key”, or a computer-based keying device.Setup For StrAight key (And StrAight key eMulAtion) operAtionBefore starting, connect your key line(s) to the front panel KEY jack. Be sure [BK-IN] displayed by pressing the F(M-LIST) button is turned off for now.1. Press the MODE button, then touch [CW-USB] on the LCD. The “USB CW” icon will appear in the display. The “MONI” icon will appear in the TFT display; and the CW monitor is activated.Advice: If you press and hold the MODE button, you will engage the “CW Reverse” mode, whereby the “op-posite” sideband injection is used, compared to the “normal” sideband. The “LSB CW” icon will ap-pear in the display if you select CW Reverse.2. Rotate the Main Tuning Dial knob to select the de-sired operating frequency.3. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [BK-IN] on the LCD to engage automatic activation of the trans-mitter when you close the CW key. The “BK-IN” icon will appear in the TFT display.Advice: When you close your CW key, the transmitter will automatically be activated, and the CW car-rier will be transmitted. When you release the key, transmission will cease, and after a brief delay, receive will be restored. The delay time is user-programmable per the discussion on page ##. As shipped from the factory, the FT-991 TX/RX system for CW is configured for “Semi-break-in” operation. However, using Menu item “057 CW BK-IN”, you may change this setup for full break-in (QSK) operation, whereby the switch-ing is quick enough to hear incoming signals in the spaces between the dots and dashes of your transmission. This may prove very useful during contest and trafc handling operations.4. Operation using your CW key may now proceed. If you set [BK-IN] displayed by pressing the F(M-LIST) button to Off, you may practice sending CW with the sidetone only, without having the signal go out over the air. If you reduce power via [PROC] displayed by press-ing the F(M-LIST) button, the ALC meter reading will increase; this is normal and does not indicate any problem whatsoever (because increased ALC voltage is being used to lower the power).terMinology: Semi-break-inThis is a pseudo-”VOX” mode used on CW, whereby the closure of the CW key will engage the transmitter, and release of the key will allow the receiver to recover after a short delay. No signals will be heard during the spaces between dots and dashes (unless the sending speed is extremely slow). Full break-inFull break-in (also known as “Full QSK”) involves very fast switching between transmit and receive, incoming signals may be heard between the dots and dashes as you send them. This allows you to hear a station that sud-denly starts transmitting on your frequency, while you are in the midst of a transmission.Cw Mode operaTionMULTI KnobMODE Button F(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-20.png)
![Page 62 FT-991 OperaTing ManualCw Mode operaTionuSing the built-in electronic keyerConnect the cable from your keyer paddle to the front panel KEY jack.1. Press the MODE button, then touch [CW-USB] on the LCD. The “USB CW” icon will appear in the display. The “MONI” icon will appear in the TFT display; and the CW monitor is activated. Advice: If you press the “CW” mode, you will engage the “CW Reverse” mode, whereby the “opposite” side-band injection is used, compared to the “normal” sideband. The “LSB CW” icon will appear in the display if you select CW Reverse.2. Rotate the Main Tuning Dial knob to select the de-sired operating frequency.3. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [KEYER] on the LCD to select “ON”. The “KEYER” will ap-pear in the display, conrming that the built-in Elec-tronic Keyer is now active.4. Touch [SPEED] on the LCD repeatedly to set the desired sending speed (4 ~ 60 WPM). Advice: The display will show the keying speed for 3 sec-onds whenever [SPEED] on the LCD is touched. When you press either the “Dot” or “Dash” side of your paddle, the CW keying tone will auto-matically be generated.5. Touch [BK-IN] on the LCD to engage automatic ac-tivation of the transmitter when you press either the “Dot” or “Dash” side of your paddle. The “BK-IN” icon will appear in the TFT display.6. CW operation utilizing your paddle may now com-mence.Advice: When you utilize your keyer paddle, the transmit-ter will automatically be activated, and the CW characters (or a string of dots and dashes) will be transmitted. When you release the keyer paddle con-tacts, transmission will cease, and reception will be restored after a brief delay. The delay time is user-programmable, per the discussion on page ##. If you set [BK-IN] displayed by pressing the F(M-LIST) button to Off, you may practice sending CW with the sidetone only, without having the signal go out over the air. If you reduce power via [PROC] displayed by press-ing the F(M-LIST) button, the ALC meter reading will increase; this is normal and does not indicate any problem whatsoever (because increased ALC voltage is being used to lower the power).MULTI KnobMODE Button F(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-21.png)
![Page 63FT-991 OperaTing ManualFull Break-in (QSK) OperationAs shipped from the factory, the FT-991 TX/RX system for CW is congured for “Semi-break-in” operation. However, this setup may be changed to full break-in (QSK) operation using Menu item “057 CW BK-IN”. With full break-in QSK, the TX/RX switching is quick enough to hear incoming signals in the spaces between the dots and dashes of your transmission.1. Press the MENU(SETUP) button to engage the Menu.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select Menu item “057 CW BK-IN”.3. Press the [SELECT] button, then rotate the MULTI knob to set this Menu item to “FULL”.4. When your adjustments are complete, touch [EN-TER] on the LCD to save the new setting.5. Press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation.A number of interesting and useful features are available during Electronic Keyer operation.uSing the built-in electronic keyerCw Mode operaTionSetting the Keyer Weight (Dot/Dash) RatioThis Menu item may be used to adjust the dot/dash ratio for the built-in Electronic Keyer. The default weighting is 3:1 (a dash is three times longer than a dot).1. Press the MENU(SETUP) button to engage the Menu.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select Menu item “01 3 CW WEIGHT”.3. Press the [SELECT] button, then rotate the MULTI knob to set the weight to the desired val-ue. The available adjustment range is a Dot/Dash ratio of 2.5 ~ 4.5 (default value: 3.0).4. When your adjustments are complete, touch [EN-TER] on the LCD to save the new setting.5. Press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation.MULTI KnobMULTI KnobMENU(SETUP) ButtonMENU(SETUP) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-22.png)
![Page 64 FT-991 OperaTing ManualCw Mode operaTionSelecting the Keyer Operating ModeThe conguration of the Electronic Keyer may be customized independently for the front panel KEY jack of the FT-991. This permits utilization of Automatic Character Spacing (ACS), if desired. This permits the use of an electronic keyer via the front jack and a straight key or computer-driven keying line via the rear panel jack.1. Press the MENU(SETUP) button to engage the Menu.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select Menu item “011 KEYER TYPE”.3. Press the [SELECT] button, then rotate the MULTI knob to set the keyer to the desired mode. The available selections are:OFF: The built-in Electronic Keyer is turned off (“straight key” mode).BUG: Dots will be generated automatically by the keyer, but dashes must be sent manually.ELEKEY: Both dots and dashes will be generated automatically when using a paddle.ACS: Same as “ELEKEY” except that the spac-ing between characters is precisely set by the keyer to be the same length as a dash (three dots in length)4. When your adjustments are complete, touch [EN-TER] on the LCD to save the new setting.5. Press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation.uSing the built-in electronic keyerMorse"E" & "T"Morse"E" & "T"ACSOFFスペースACSONInter-characterSpacing too shortMULTI KnobMENU(SETUP) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-23.png)
![Page 65FT-991 OperaTing Manualcw Spotting (zero-beAting)“Spotting” (zeroing in on another CW station) is a handy technique to ensure you and the other station are precisely on the same frequency.The Tuning Offset Indicator in the display may also be moved so you can adjust your receiver frequency to center the incoming station on the pitch corresponding to that of your transmitted signal.Using the Auto Zeroing System(Only when the optional FFT unit is installed)Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [ZIN] on the LCD to adjust the receiving frequency to the zero-in au-tomatically while receiving the CW signal.Using the SPOT SystemPress the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [SPOT] on the LCD. Touch [MONI] on the LCD, the Spot tone will be heard through your speaker. This tone corresponds to the pitch of your transmitted signal. If you adjust the receiv-er frequency until the pitch of the received CW signal matches that of the Spot tone, your transmitted signal will be precisely matched to that of the other station.Touch [SPOT] on the LCD again to turn the Spot tone off.Advice: In a tough DX pile-up, you may actually want to use the SPOT system to nd a “gap” in the spread of calling stations, instead of zeroing in precisely on the last station being worked by the DX station. From the DX side, if a dozen or more operators (also using Yaesu’s SPOT system) all call precisely on the same frequency, their dots and dashes merge into a single, long tone that the DX station cannot decipher. In such situations, calling slightly higher or lower in frequency may get your call through.quick pointS: The displayed frequency on CW normally reflects the “zero beat” frequency of your offset carrier. That is, if you were to listen on USB on 14.100.00 MHz to a signal with a 700 Hz offset, the “zero beat” fre-quency of that CW carrier would be 14.100.70 MHz; the latter frequency is what the FT-991 displays, by default. However, you can change the display to be identical to what you would see on SSB by using Menu item “060 CW FREQ DISPLAY” and setting it to “DIRECT FREQ” instead of the default “PITCH OFFSET” setting.Cw ConvenienCe feaTuresF(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-24.png)
![Page 66 FT-991 OperaTing Manualcw delAy tiMe SettingDuring semi-break-in (not QSK) operation, the hang time of the transmitter, after you have nished sending, may be ad-justed to a comfortable value consistent with your sending speed. This is the functional equivalent of the “VOX Delay” adjustment used on voice modes, and the delay may be varied anywhere between 30 msec and 3 seconds via Menu item “064 CW BK-IN DELAY”.1. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [BK-IN] on the LCD to enable CW transmission (Menu item “057 CW BK-IN” must be set to “SEMI”).2. Press the MENU(SETUP) button to enter the Menu mode.3. Rotate the MULTI knob to select Menu item “058 CW BK-IN DELAY”, then touch [SELECT] on the LCD.4. Start sending and rotate the MULTI knob to adjust the hang time, as you prefer for comfortable opera-tion.5. When your adjustments are complete, touch [EN-TER] on the LCD to save the new setting.6. Press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation.Cw ConvenienCe feaTuresMULTI KnobMENU(SETUP) Button F(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-25.png)
![Page 67FT-991 OperaTing ManualCw ConvenienCe feaTuresMULTI KnobMULTI KnobMENU(SETUP) ButtonMENU(SETUP) ButtonconteSt MeMory keyer (uSing the optionAl Fh-2 reMote control keypAd)You may also utilize the CW message capability of the FT-991 from the optional FH-2 Remote Control Keypad, which plugs into the rear panel REM/ALC jack.Message MemoryFive memory channels capable of retaining 50 characters each are provided (using the PARIS standard for characters and word length). Example: CQ CQ CQ DE W6DXC K (19 characters) -- •-- • -- -- •-- -- •-- • -- -- •-- --•-- • -- -- •-- --•• • •-- -- -- •••• -- •• -- ••-- --•-- • -- •-- (C) (Q) (C) (Q) (C) (Q) (D) (E) (W) (6) (D) (X) (C) (K)Storing A MeSSAge into MeMory1. Press the MENU(SETUP) button to enter the Menu mode.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select the CW Memory Register into which you wish to store the message; for now, we are just setting the message entry tech-nique to (Keyer entry). 017 CW MEMORY 1 018 CW MEMORY 2 019 CW MEMORY 3 020 CW MEMORY 4 021 CW MEMORY 53. Touch [SELECT] on the LCD, then rotate the MULTI knob to set the selected CW Memory Reg-ister to “MESSAGE”. If you want to use your keyer paddle for message entry on all memories, set all ve Menu items (#017 ~ 021) to “MESSAGE”.4. Touch [ENTER] on the LCD to save the new set-ting.5. Press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation.Contest Number ProgrammingUse this process if you are starting a contest, or if you somehow get out of sync with the proper number in the middle of a contest.1. Press the MENU(SETUP) button to enter the Menu mode.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select Menu item “016 CONTEST NUMBER”. The current contest num-ber appears on the TFT display.3. Touch [SELECT] on the LCD, then rotate the MULTI knob to set the Contest Number to the desired value.Advice: Touch [BACK] on the LCD to cancel the setting.4. Touch [ENTER] on the LCD to save the new set-ting.terMinology:PARIS Word Length: By convention among CW and Amateur operators (utilized by ARRL and others), the length of one “word” of CW is dened as the length of the Morse Code characters spelling the word “PARIS”. This character (dot/dash/space) length is used for the specic denition of code speed in “words per minute”.5. Press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal opera-tion.](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-26.png)
![Page 68 FT-991 OperaTing Manualchecking the cw MeMory contentS1. Be sure that Break-in is still turned “Off” by [BK-IN] on the LCD.2. Touch [MONI] on the LCD to enable the CW moni-tor.3. Press the FH-2 [1] ~ [5] key, whichever memory you just recorded in. You will hear the results in the sidetone monitor, but no RF energy will be transmit-ted.on-the-Air cw MeSSAge plAybAck1. Touch [BK-IN] on the LCD to enable transmission. Either Full- or Semi-break-in will be engaged, de-pending on the setting of Menu item “057 CW BK-IN”.2. Press the FH-2 [1] ~ [5] key, depending on which CW Memory Register message you wish to transmit. The programmed message will be transmitted on the air.note:If you subsequently decide to use the “Text Memory” technique for memory storage, please note that a mes-sage stored using keyer paddle input will not be trans-ferred over when you select “Text Memory technique” on a particular memory register (the Menu Mode Setting is set to “TEXT”).conteSt MeMory keyer (uSing the optionAl Fh-2 reMote control keypAd)MeSSAge MeMory progrAMMing (uSing your pAddle)1. Set the operating mode to CW.2. Set [BK-IN] on the LCD to “Off”.3. Turn the internal Electronic Keyer “On”.4. Press the [MEM] key on the FH-2. A blinking “REC” icon will appear in the display.5. Press any of the FH-2 keys numbered [1] through [5] to begin the memory storage process, and the “REC” icon will glow steadily.6. Send the desired message using your keyer paddle.Advice: If you do not start keying within ten seconds, the memory storage process will be cancelled.7. Press the [MEM] key on the FH-2 once more at the end of your message. Up to 50 characters may be stored in each of the ve memories.Cw ConvenienCe feaTures](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-27.png)
![Page 69FT-991 OperaTing ManualCw ConvenienCe feaTuresTEXT MemoryThe ve channels of CW message memory (up to 50 characters each) may also be programmed using a text-entry tech-nique. This technique is somewhat slower than when you send the message directly from your keyer paddle, but accu-racy of character spacing is ensured. Be sure to enter the character “}” at the end of texts. Example 1: CQ CQ CQ DE W6DXC K} (20 characters)The sequential Contest Number (“Count up”) feature is another powerful feature of the CW Memory Keyer. Example 2: 599 10 200 # K} (15 characters)text MeMory StorAge1. Press and hold in the MENU(SETUP) button for one second to enter the Menu mode.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select the CW Memory Register into which you wish to store the message; we are now setting the message entry technique to (Text entry). 017 CW MEMORY 1 018 CW MEMORY 2 019 CW MEMORY 3 020 CW MEMORY 4 021 CW MEMORY 5Advice:The following texts are programmed to the MEM-ORY 4 and MEMORY 5 in factory default.MEMORY 4: DE FT-991 K}MEMORY 5: R 5NN K}3. Touch [SELECT] on the LCD, then rotate the MULTI knob to set the selected CW Memory Regis-ter to “TEXT”. If you want to use text message entry on all memories, set all five Menu items (#017 ~ 021) to “TEXT”.4. Touch [ENTER] on the LCD to save the new set-ting.5. Press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation.conteSt MeMory keyer (uSing the optionAl Fh-2 reMote control keypAd)CW CODE SN AF SX KATEXT+ ,-./CW CODE AS WG KN KK CW CODE AR MIM DU AAA DNCW CODE OS KR BT CW CODE IMI @ AL CW CODE IQ TEXT ! ” # $ %TEXT: ;<=>TEXT?@[￥（＼）}TEXT^_} TEXT&´()＊MULTI KnobMENU(SETUP) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-28.png)
![Page 70 FT-991 OperaTing ManualconteSt MeMory keyer (uSing the optionAl Fh-2 reMote control keypAd)text MeSSAge progrAMMing1. Press the MODE button to set the operating mode to CW.2. Be sure that Break-in is “Off” with [BK-IN] on the LCD, if necessary.3. Press the FH-2 [MEM] key. A blinking “REC” icon will appear in the display.4. Press an FH-2 [1] ~ [5] key to select the desired CW Memory Register into which you wish to program the text, the blinking “REC” icon will disappear.5. Use the FH-2 [t] and [] keys to set the cursor position and use the FH-2’s [p] and [q] keys to choose the letter/number to be programmed in each slot of the memory. In the case of the second ex-ample on the previous page the “#” character desig-nates the slot where the Contest Number will appear.Advice: You may also use the Main Tuning Dial knob and the MULTI knobs to program the message characters.6. When the message is complete, add the “}” character at the end to signify the termination of the message.7. Press and hold in the FH-2 [MEM] key for one sec-ond to exit, once all characters (including “}”) have been programmed.checking the cw MeMory contentS1. Be sure that Break-in is still turned “Off” with [BK-IN] on the LCD.2. Touch [MONI] on the LCD to enable the CW moni-tor. 3. Press an FH-2 [1] ~ [5] key, whichever memory you just recorded in. You will hear the results in the sid-etone, but no RF energy will be transmitted.on-the-Air cw MeSSAge plAybAck1. Touch [BK-IN] on the LCD to enable transmission. Either Full-break-in or Semi-break-in will be en-gaged, depending on the setting of Menu item “063 CW BK-IN”.2. Press an FH-2 [1] ~ [5] key, depending on which CW Memory Register message you wish to transmit. The programmed message will be transmitted on the air.Cw ConvenienCe feaTures](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-29.png)
![Page 71FT-991 OperaTing ManualCw ConvenienCe feaTuresnote:If you subsequently decide to use the “Message Memo-ry” technique for memory storage, please note that the contents of a message stored using text input will not be transferred over when you set entry to “Message Memo-ry technique” on a particular memory register (the Menu Mode Setting is set to “MESSAGE”).Decrementing the Contest NumberUse this process if the current contest number gets slightly ahead of the actual number you want to send (in case of a duplicate QSO, for ex-ample).Press the FH-2 [DEC] key momentarily. The current Contest Number will be reduced by one. Press of the FH-2 [DEC] key as many times as necessary to reach the desired number. If you go too far, use the “Contest Number Programming” technique described previously.conteSt MeMory keyer (uSing the optionAl Fh-2 reMote control keypAd)Transmitting in the Beacon ModeIn “Beacon” mode, it is possible to repeatedly transmit any message programmed, either via paddle input, or via the “Text” input method. The time delay between message repeats may be set anywhere between 1 and 690 seconds (1 ~ 240 sec (1 sec/step) or 270 ~ 690 sec (30 sec/step)) via Menu item “014 BEACON TIME” If you do not wish the message to repeat in a “Beacon” mode, please set this Menu item to “OFF”.To transmit the message:1. Touch [BK-IN] on the LCD to enable trans-mission. Either Full-break-in or Semi-break-in will be engaged, depending on the setting of Menu item “057 CW BK-IN”.2. Press an FH-2 [1] ~ [5] key. Repetitive trans-mission of the Beacon message will begin.](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-30.png)
![Page 72 FT-991 OperaTing ManualFM Mode operationBasic OperatiOn1. Press the MODE button, then touch the correspond-ing key on the LCD to select the FM operating mode. The “FM” icon appears in the display.2. Rotate the Main Tuning Dial knob to select the de-sired operating frequency. Pressing the microphone UP or DWN button will cause frequency change in 5 kHz steps.3. Press the microphone PTT switch to transmit. Speak into the microphone in a normal voice level. Release the PTT switch to return to receive.4. Adjustment of the microphone gain may be accom-plished in two ways. At the factory, a default level has been programmed that should be satisfactory for most situations. However, using Menu item “077 FM MIC GAIN”, you may set a different xed value, or choose the “MCVR” option, which then lets you use [MIC GAIN] on the LCD to set the microphone gain in the FM mode.advice: The Transmit Monitor is another helpful way to verify proper adjustment of the FM MIC Gain. With [MONI] displayed by pressing the F(M-LIST) but-ton, you will be able to hear the differences in devia-tion as you make adjustments. FM is only used in the 28 MHz, 50 MHz, 144 MHz, and 430 MHz Amateur bands covered by the FT-991. Please do not use FM on any other bands.MODE Button F(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-31.png)
![Page 73FT-991 OperaTing ManualrepeAter operAtionThe FT-991 may be utilized on 29 MHz, 50 MHz, 144 MHz, and 430 MHz repeaters.1. Rotate the Main Tuning Dial knob to the output fre-quency (downlink) from the repeater.2. If CTCSS Tone operation is desired/needed, press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [TONE] on the LCD to engage the CTCSS mode.3. Touch [TONE] on the LCD repeatedly to select the desired CTCSS mode. If you just need to send the uplink encoding tone, select “ENC.” For encode/de-code operation, choose “T.SQL” instead. The avail-able choices are “OFF” “ENC (Tone Encoder)” “T.SQL (Tone Squelch)” “OFF”4. Rotate the MULTI knob to select the desired CTCSS Tone to be used. A total of 50 standard CTCSS tones are provided (see the CTCSS Tone Chart).5. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [RPT] on the LCD to select the desired repeater shift direction. The selections are: “SIMP” “+” “–” “SIMP” where “SIMP” represents “Simplex” operation (not used on a repeater).6. Press and hold the microphone PTT switch to begin transmission. You will observe that the frequency has shifted to correspond to the programming you set up in the previous steps, and a “t” notation will ap-pear on the “10 Hz” frequency digit while transmit-ting. Speak into the microphone in a normal voice level. Release the PTT switch to return to the receive mode.Advice: The conventional repeater shift used on 29 MHz is 100 kHz, while on the 50 MHz band the shift may vary between 500 kHz and 1.7 MHz (or more). To program the proper repeater shift, use Menu items “083 RPT SHIFT (28MHz)” (28 MHz), “084 RPT SHIFT (50MHz)” (50 MHz), “085 RPT SHIFT (144MHz)” (144 MHz), and “086 RPT SHIFT (430MHz)” (430 MHz) as appropriate. ctcSS tone Frequency (Hz) 67.0 69.3 71.9 74.4 77.0 79.7 82.5 85.4 88.5 91.5 94.8 97.4 100.0 103.5 107.2 110.9 114.8 118.8 123.0 127.3 131.8 136.5 141.3 146.2 151.4 156.7 159.8 162.2 165.5 167.9 171.3 173.8 177.3 179.9 183.5 186.2 189.9 192.8 196.6 199.5 203.5 206.5 210.7 218.1 225.7 229.1 233.6 241.8 250.3 251.4 - - - - - -fM Mode operaTionMULTI KnobMENU(SETUP) Button F(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-32.png)
![Page 74 FT-991 OperaTing ManualfM Mode operaTiontone Squelch operAtionYou may also use “Tone Squelch” whereby your receiver will be kept silent until an incoming signal modulated with a matching CTCSS tone is received. The receiver squelch will then open in response to the reception of the required tone.1. Rotate the Main tuning Dial to the output frequency (downlink) from the repeater.2. If CTCSS Tone operation is desired/needed, press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [TONE] on the LCD to engage the CTCSS mode.3. Touch [TONE] on the LCD repeatedly to choose “T.SQL” from the available choices of “OFF” “ENC (Tone Encoder)” “T.SQL (Tone Squelch)” “OFF”4. Rotate the MULTI knob to select the desired CTCSS Tone to be used. Fifty standard CTCSS tones are provided (see the CTCSS Tone Chart).5. A “d” notation on the “1 Hz” frequency digit in the display will indicate that the Tone Decoder is engaged. A “t” notation on the “1 Hz” frequency digit while transmitting will indicate that the Tone Squelch is engaged.MULTI KnobMENU(SETUP) Button F(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-33.png)
![Page 76 FT-991 OperaTing ManualStAndArd MeMory operAtionThe Standard Memory of the FT-991 allows storage and recall of up to 99 memories, each storing frequency, mode, and a wide variety of status information, detailed previously. Memories may be grouped into as many as six Memory Groups, and additionally you get nine pairs of band-limit (PMS) memories along with ve QMB (Quick Memory Bank) memories.Memory Storage1. Set VFO-A up with the frequency, mode, and status, the way you want to have it stored.2. Press the AM button momentarily; the current channel number will start blinking in the display and the “MCK” notation will appear.3. Rotate the MULTI knob to select the memory chan-nel that you wish to store the data on.4. Press and hold in the AM button for one second to store the frequency and other data into the selected memory channel. A double beep will confirm that you have held the AM button in long enough.Memory Channel Recall1. Press the V/M button, if necessary, to enter the “Memory mode”. 2. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [MCH] on the LCD. A memory channel number and the “MCH” notation will appear in the display.3. After touching [MCH] on the LCD, you may rotate the MULTI knob to select the desired memory chan-nel.Advice:To work within a particular Memory Group, press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [GRP] on the LCD. Rotate the MULTI knob to select the desired Memory Group, then touch [ENTER] on the LCD (the “MCH” notation will appear instead of the “GRP”); you may now choose the memory channel within the selected Memory Group.F(M-LIST) ButtonV/M ButtonMULTI KnobAM ButtonMULTI KnobMeMorY operaTion](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-35.png)
![Page 77FT-991 OperaTing ManualMeMorY operaTionStAndArd MeMory operAtion Labeling MemoriesYou may wish to append an Alphanumeric “Tag” (label) to a memory or memories, to aid in recollection of the chan-nel’s use (such as a club name, etc.). To do this:1. Press the V/M button, if necessary, to enter the “Memory Mode”. 2. Press and hold in the F(M-LIST) button. The data stored in the currently selected memory channel will be displayed on the TFT.3. Rotate the MULTI knob to recall the memory chan-nel that you wish to append a label.4. Touch [TAG] on the LCD. A blinking cursor will appear on the rst digit.5. Touch a key on the LCD to enter the letters, num-bers, or symbols of the desired label.6. Repeat step 5 to program the remaining letters, num-bers, or symbols of the desired label. 18 characters may be used in the creation of a label. Use [] and [] on the LCD to set the cursor posi-tion and [t] on the LCD to erase a letter at the left of the cursor. 7. When you have completed the creation of the label, touch [ENT] on the LCD.8. Press the F(M-LIST) button to save the new setting and return to normal operation.Checking a Memory Channel StatusBefore programming a channel into memory, you can check the current contents of that channel without the danger of over-writing the channel accidentally.1. Press the AM button momentarily. The data stored in the currently selected memory channel will be displayed on the TFT. However, since you are only checking the contents of the memory channel, your radio will not have moved to the memory channel frequency.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select a different memory channel. To exit from the Memory Check mode, press the AM button momentarily once more.Advice: While the Memory Check function is engaged, the memory channel number will blink in the display. While operating in the VFO mode, using Memory Check, you may store the current VFO frequency into the selected memory by pressing and holding in the AM button for one second (until the double beep). Conversely, if you wish to write the contents of the current memory into the VFO-A register, press the V/M button.V/M ButtonV/M ButtonMULTI KnobAM ButtonMULTI Knob](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-36.png)
![Page 78 FT-991 OperaTing ManualMeMorY operaTionStAndArd MeMory operAtionMULTI KnobF(M-LIST) ButtonErasing Memory Channel Data1. Press and hold in the F(M-LIST) button.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select the memory chan-nel that you would like to erase. 3. Touch [ERASE] on the LCD.Advice: The FT-991 can not erase the memory channels “01” (and “501” through “510”: U.S. version). If you make a mistake and wish to restore the memo-ry’s contents, just repeat steps (1) through (3) above.](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-37.png)
![Page 79FT-991 OperaTing ManualMeMorY operaTionStAndArd MeMory operAtionMemory Tune OperationYou may freely tune off from any memory channel in a “Memory Tune” mode, this is similar to VFO operation. So long as you do not over-write the contents of the current memory, Memory Tune operation will not alter the contents of the memory channel.1. Press the V/M button to recall any memory channel.2. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [MCH] on the LCD.3. Rotate the MULTI knob to select the memory chan-nel.4. Rotate the Main Tuning Dial knob; you will now ob-serve that the memory channel frequency is chang-ing.Advice: During Memory Tune operation, you may change operating modes, and engage the offset Clarier, if desired.5. Press the V/M button momentarily to return to the originally memorized frequency of the current mem-ory channel. One more press of the V/M button will return to VFO operation. note:Computer software programs utilizing the CAT system interface port may presume that the transceiver is oper-ating in the VFO mode, for certain features like “band mapping” and/or frequency logging, because the “Mem-ory Tune” mode so closely resembles the VFO mode. Be sure that you have the FT-991 operating in a control mode compatible with your software’s requirements. Use the VFO mode if you’re not sure.V/M ButtonMULTI KnobF(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-38.png)
![Page 80 FT-991 OperaTing ManualMeMorY operaTionMeMory groupSMemory channels may be arranged into as many as six convenient groups, for easy identication and selection. For ex-ample, you might want to designate memory groups for AM BC stations, short-wave broadcast stations, contest frequen-cies, repeater frequencies and PMS limits, or any other groupings you like.Each memory group is capable of holding up to 20 memory channels (except Memory Group 01: it is 19 memory chan-nels, and the Group size is xed). When a memory channel is grouped, the channel numbers change to correspond to the chart below:Memory Group Assignment1. Press the MENU(SETUP) button to enter the Menu mode.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select Menu item “033 MEM GROUP”.3. Touch [SELECT] on the LCD, then rotate the MULTI knob to set this Menu item to “ENABLE” (the default setting is “DISABLE”).4. Touch [ENTER] on the LCD to save the new set-ting.5. Press the MENU(SETUP) button or [BACK] on the LCD to exit. Operation will now be restricted to the six Memory Groups.To cancel Memory Group operation, repeat steps (1) through (4) above, choosing “DISABLE” in step (3).Advice:To avoid confusion, note that the PMS memory group and the PMS memories “P-1L” through “P-9U” will be so designated. group MeMory “oFF”01 ~ 1920 ~ 3940 ~ 5960 ~ 7980 ~ 99P-1L/1U ~ P-9L/9U5M-01 ~ 5M-10MeMory chAnnel nuMbergroup MeMory “on”1-01 ~ 1-192-01 ~ 2-203-01 ~ 3-204-01 ~ 4-205-01 ~ 5-20P-1L/1U ~ P-9L/9UUS-1 ~ US-5Choosing the Desired Memory GroupYou may recall memories just within a particular Memory Group, if desired.1. Press the V/M button, if necessary, to enter the “Memory” mode.2. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [GRP] on the LCD. The “GRP” icon will appear on the dis-play.3. Rotate the MULTI knob to select the desired Memo-ry Group.4. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [MCH] on the LCD. The “MCH” icon will appear on the dis-play.5. Rotate the MULTI knob to select the desired Memo-ry Channel within the Selected Memory Group.Advice:If no channels have been assigned to a particular Memo-ry Group, you will not have access to that Group.MENU(SETUP) ButtonMULTI KnobF(M-LIST) ButtonV/M ButtonMULTI Knob](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-39.png)
![Page 81FT-991 OperaTing ManualSection 97.401(d) of the regulations governing amateur radio in the United States permit emergency amateur commu-nications on the spot frequency of 5167.5 kHz by stations in (or within 92.6 km of) the state of Alaska. This frequency is only to be used when the immediate safety of human life and/or property are threatened, and is never to be used for routine communications.The FT-991 includes the capability for transmission and reception on 5167.5 kHz under such emergency conditions via the Menu system. To activate this feature:1. Press the MENU(SETUP) button to enter the Menu mode.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select Menu item “149 EMERGENCY FREQ TX”.3. Touch [SELECT] on the LCD, then rotate the MULTI knob to select “ENABLE.”4. Touch [ENTER] on the LCD to save the new set-ting.5. Press the MENU(SETUP) button or [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation. Emergency com-munication on this spot frequency is now possible.6. Press the V/M button, as necessary, to enter the Memory mode. 7. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [MCH] on the LCD. 8. Rotate the MULTI knob to select the emergency channel (“EMERGENCY”), which is found between channels “510” and “01”).note: The receive-mode CLARIFIER functions normally while using this frequency, but variation of the trans-mit frequency is not possible. The full specications of the FT-991 are not necessarily guaranteed on this frequency, but power output and receiver sensitivity should be fully satisfactory for the purpose of emer-gency communication. If you wish to disable operation capability on the Alaska Emergency Frequency, repeat the above pro-cedures, but set the Menu item “149 EMERGENCY FREQ TX” to “DISABLE” in step 3. In an emergency, note that a half-wave dipole cut for this frequency should be approximately 45’3” on each leg (90’6” total length). Emergency operation on 5167.5 kHz is shared with the Alaska-Fixed Ser-vice. This transceiver is not authorized for operation, under the FCC Part 87, for aeronautical communica-tions.You may scan either the VFO or the memories of the FT-991, and the radio will halt scanning on any fre-quency with a signal strong enough to open the receiver squelch.operaTion on alaska eMergenCY freQuenCY: 5167.5 khz (u.s. version onlY)V/M ButtonMULTI KnobMENU(SETUP) Button F(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-40.png)
![Page 84 FT-991 OperaTing ManualpMs (prograMMable MeMorY sCanning)To limit scanning (and manual tuning) within a particular frequency range, you can use the Programmable Memory Scanning (PMS) feature, which utilizes nine special-purpose memory pairs (“P-1L/P-1U” through “P-9L/P-9U”). The PMS feature is especially useful in helping you to observe any operating sub-band limits, which apply to your Amateur license class.1. Store the Lower and Upper tuning/scanning limit frequencies into the memory pair “P-1L” and “P-1U”, respectively, or any other “L/U” pair of memories in the special PMS memory area. See page ## for de-tails regarding memory storage.2. Press the V/M button to enter the “Memory” mode.3. Press the F(M-LIST) button, then touch [MCH] on the LCD. The LEDs indicating the Memory mode will illuminate.4. Rotate the MULTI knob to select memory channel “P-1L” or “P-1U”.5. Rotate the RF GAIN knob so that the background noise is just silenced.6. Turn the Main Tuning Dial knob slightly (to activate memory tuning). Tuning and scanning are now limit-ed to the range within the P-1L/P-1U limits until you press the V/M button to return to memory channel or VFO operation.7. Press and hold in the microphone UP or DWN but-ton for one second to start scanning in the specied direction.Advice: If the scanner halts on an incoming signal, the decimal point between the “MHz” and “kHz” digits of the frequency display will blink. If the incoming signal disappears, scanning will resume in about ve seconds. On the SSB/CW and SSB-based Data modes, the scanner will pause on a received signal, then will step across the signal very slowly, giving you time to stop the scan, if you like. However, in these modes on the VFO, the scanner does not stop. If the scan has paused on a signal, pressing the microphone UP or DWN button will cause scan-ning to resume instantly.8. If you rotate the Main Tuning Dial knob in the op-posite direction from the current scanning direction (in other words, you rotate the dial to the left when scanning toward a higher frequency), the direction of the scan will reverse.9. If you press the microphone PTT switch during scanning, the scanner will halt at once. Pressing the PTT switch during scanning will not cause transmis-sion.V/M ButtonRF GAIN KnobMULTI KnobF(M-LIST) Button](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-43.png)
![Page 87FT-991 OperaTing ManualThe Menu system of the FT-991 provides extensive customization capability, so you can set up your transceiver just the way you want to operate it. The Menu items are grouped by general utilization category, and are numbered from “001 AGC” to “149 E/D PSK”.Using the Menu1. Press the MENU(SETUP) button to engage the Menu mode. The display will show the Menu Number, the Menu Group Name and the Menu Item.2. Rotate the MULTI knob to select the Menu item you wish to modify.3. Touch [SELECT] on the LCD, then rotate the MULTI knob to change the current setting of the se-lected Menu item.Advice: Touch [BACK] on the LCD to cancel the setting.4. When you have nished making your adjustments, touch [ENTER] on the LCD to save the new set-ting, then press the MENU(SETUP) button or touch [BACK] on the LCD to exit to normal operation. MULTI KnobMENU(SETUP ButtonMenu Mode](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-46.png)
![Page 91FT-991 OperaTing ManualSpecificationSGeneralRx Frequency Range: 30 kHz - 55.999995 MHz 118 MHz - 163.999995 MHz 420 MHz - 469.999995 MHzTx Frequency Ranges: 1.8 MHz - 430 MHz (Amateur bands only)Frequency Stability: ±0.5 ppm (after 1 minute @+14 °F to +140 °F [–10 °C to +60 °C])Operating Temperature Range: +14 °F to +122 °F (–10 °C to +50 °C)Emission Modes: A1A, A3E, J3E, F3E, F7W, F1B, F1D, F2D, G1BFrequency Steps: 5/10 Hz (SSB, CW), 50/100 Hz (AM, FM)Antenna Impedance: 50 Ohms, unbalanced 16.7 - 150 Ohms, unbalanced (1.8 MHz - 29.7 MHz) 25 - 100 Ohms, unbalanced (50 MHz - 54 MHz) (Tuner ON, 1.8 MHz - 50 MHz Amateur bands, TX only)Power Consumption (Approx.): Rx (no signal) 1.8 A Rx (signal present) 2.2 A Tx (HF/50 MHz, 100 W) 22 A, (144/430 MHz, 50 W) 15 ASupply Voltage: DC 13.8 V ± 15 % (Negative Ground)Dimensions (WxHxD): 9.01” x 3.15” x 9.96” (229 x 80 x 253 mm)Weight (Approx.): 9.46 lbs (4.3 kg)TransmitterPower Output: HF/50 MHz: 5 - 100 watts (2.5 - 25 watts AM carrier) 144/430 MHz: 5 - 50 watts (2.5 - 12.5 watts AM carrier)Modulation Types: J3E: Balanced, A3E: Low-Level (Early Stage), F3E: Variable Reactance F7W: 4FSK (C4FM)Maximum FM Deviation: ±5.0 kHz/±2.5 kHzHarmonic Radiation: Better than –50 dB (below 30 MHz) Better than –60 dB (above 30 MHz)SSB Carrier Suppression: At least 50 dB below peak outputUndesired Sideband Suppression: At least 50 dB below peak outputBandwidth: 3 kHz (LSB/USB), 500 Hz (CW), 6 kHz (AM), 16 kHz (FM)Audio Response (SSB): Not more than –6 dB from 300 to 2700 HzMicrophone Impedance: 600 Ohms (200 to 10 kOhms)](https://usermanual.wiki/Yaesu-Musen/20575X50.Users-Manual-Part-2/User-Guide-2440475-Page-50.png)
