ZyXEL Communications AMG1312T10B Wireless N ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway with USB User Manual AMG1312 T10B UG part2 REV1

ZyXEL Communications Corporation Wireless N ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway with USB AMG1312 T10B UG part2 REV1

Contents

AMG1312-T10B UG part2_REV1

AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 161CHAPTER 13Dynamic DNS Setup13.1 Overview Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or many dynamic DNS services so that anyone can contact you (in NetMeeting, CU-SeeMe, etc.). You can also access your FTP server or Web site on your own computer using a domain name (for instance myhost.dhs.org, where myhost is a name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an IP address that changes each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to call you even if they don't know your IP address.First of all, you need to have registered a dynamic DNS account with www.dyndns.org. This is for people with a dynamic IP from their ISP or DHCP server that would still like to have a domain name. The Dynamic DNS service provider will give you a password or key. 13.1.1 What You Can Do in the DDNS ScreenUse the Dynamic DNS screen (Section 13.2 on page 161) to enable DDNS and configure the DDNS settings on the AMG1312-T Series.13.1.2 What You Need To Know About DDNSDYNDNS WildcardEnabling the wildcard feature for your host causes *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful if you want to be able to use, for example, www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach your hostname.If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use Dynamic DNS.13.2 The Dynamic DNS ScreenUse this screen to change your AMG1312-T Series’s DDNS. Click Network Setting > Dynamic DNS. The screen appears as shown.
Chapter 13 Dynamic DNS SetupAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide162Figure 81 Network Setting > Dynamic DNSThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 61 Network Setting > Dynamic DNSLABEL DESCRIPTIONDynamic DNS SetupActive Dynamic DNSSelect this check box to use dynamic DNS.Service Provider This is the website of your Dynamic DNS service provider.Host Name Type the domain name assigned to your AMG1312-T Series by your Dynamic DNS provider.You can specify up to two host names in the field separated by a comma (",").Username Type your user name.Password Type the password assigned to you.Enable Wildcard OptionSelect the check box to enable DynDNS Wildcard.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 163CHAPTER 14Filters14.1 Overview This chapter introduces three types of filters supported by the AMG1312-T Series. You can configure rules to restrict traffic by IP addresses, MAC addresses, IPv6 addresses and/or URLs.14.1.1 What You Can Do in the Filter Screens•Use the IP/MAC Filter screen (Section 14.2 on page 163) to create IP and MAC filter rules.•Use the IPv6/MAC Filter screen (Section 14.3 on page 166) to create IPv6 and MAC filter rules.14.1.2 What You Need to Know About FilteringURLThe URL (Uniform Resource Locator) identifies and helps locates resources on a network. On the Internet the URL is the web address that you type in the address bar of your Internet browser, for example “http://www.zyxel.com”.URL and IP Filter StructureThe URL, IP and IPv6 filters have individual rule indexes. The AMG1312-T Series allows you to configure each type of filter with its own respective set of rules. 14.2 The IP/MAC Filter ScreenUse this screen to create and apply IP and MAC filters. Click Security > Filter > IP/MAC Filter. The screen appears as shown.
Chapter 14 FiltersAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide164Figure 82 Security > Filter > IP/MAC FilterThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 62 Security > Filter > IP/MAC FilterLABEL DESCRIPTIONRule TypeRule Type selection Select White List to specify traffic to allow and Black List to specify traffic to disallow.IP / MAC Filter Rule EditingIP / MAC Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter rule.Active Use this field to enable or disable the filter rule.Interface Select the PVC to which to apply the filter.Direction Apply the filter to Incoming or Outgoing traffic direction.Rule Type Select IP or MAC type to configure the rule.Use the IP Filter to block or allow traffic by IP addresses.Use the MAC Filter to block or allow traffic by MAC address.Source IP Address Enter the source IP address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is 0.0.0.0.Subnet Mask Enter the IP subnet mask for the source IP addressPort Number Enter the source port of the packets that you wish to filter. The range of this field is 0 to 65535. This field is ignored if it is 0.Destination IP Address Enter the destination IP address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is 0.0.0.0.
Chapter 14 FiltersAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 165Subnet Mask Enter the IP subnet mask for the destination IP address.Port Number Enter the destination port of the packets that you wish to filter. The range of this field is 0 to 65535. This field is ignored if it is 0.Protocol Select ICMP, TCP or UDP for the upper layer protocol.IP / MAC Filter ListingIP / MAC Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter set from the drop-down list box.#This is the index number of the rule in a filter set.Active This field shows whether the rule is activated.Interface This is the interface that the filter set applies to.Direction The filter set applies to this traffic direction.Src IP/Mask This is the source IP address and subnet mask when you select IP as the rule type.Dest IP/Mask This is the destination IP address and subnet mask.Mac Address This is the MAC address of the packets being filtered.Src Port This is the source port number.Dest Port This is the destination port number.Protocol This is the upper layer protocol.Apply Click this to apply your changes.Delete Click this to remove the filter rule.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 62 Security > Filter > IP/MAC Filter (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 14 FiltersAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide16614.3 IPv6/MAC FilterUse this screen to create and apply IPv6 filters. Click Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC Filter. The screen appears as shown.Figure 83 Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC FilterThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 63 Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC FilterLABEL DESCRIPTIONRule TypeRule Type selection Select White List to specify traffic to allow and Black List to specify traffic to block.IPv6 / MAC Filter Rule EditingIPv6 / MAC Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter rule.Active Use this field to enable or disable the filter rule.Interface Select the PVC to which to apply the filter.Direction Apply the filter to Incoming or Outgoing traffic direction.Rule Type Select IP or MAC type to configure the rule.Use the IP Filter to block or allow traffic by IPv6 addresses.Use the MAC Filter to block or allow traffic by MAC address.Source IP Address Enter the source IPv6 address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is ::.Source Prefix Length Enter the prefix length for the source IPv6 addressDestination IPv6 Address Enter the destination IPv6 address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is ::.
Chapter 14 FiltersAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 167Destination Prefix Length Enter the prefix length for the destination IPv6 address.ICMPv6 Type Select the ICMPv6 message type to filter. The following message types can be selected:1 / Destination Unreachable: 0 - no route to destination; 1 - communication with destination administratively prohibited; 3 - address unreachable; 4 - port unreachable2 / Packet Too Big3 / Time Exceeded: 0 - hop limit exceeded in transit; 1 - fragment reassembly time exceeded4 / Parameter Problem: 0 - erroneous header field encountered; 1 - unrecognized Next Header type encountered; 2 - unrecognized IPv6 option encountered128 / Echo Request129 / Echo Response130 / Listener Query - Multicast listener query131 / Listener Report - Multicast listener report132 / Listener Done - Multicast listener done143 / Listener Report v2 - Multicast listener report v2133 / Router Solicitation134 / Router Advertisement135 / Neighbor Solicitation136 / Neighbor Advertisement137 / Redirect - Redirect messageProtocol This is the (upper layer) protocol that defines the service to which this rule applies. By default it is ICMPv6.IPv6 / MAC Filter ListingIPv6 / MAC Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter set from the drop-down list box.#This is the index number of the rule in a filter set.Active This field shows whether the rule is activated.Interface This is the interface that the rule applies to.Direction The filter set applies to this traffic direction.ICMPv6 Type The ICMPv6 message type to filter.Src IP/PrefixLength This displays the source IPv6 address and prefix length.Dest IP/PrefixLength This displays the destination IPv6 address and prefix length.Mac Address This is the MAC address of the packets being filtered.Protocol This is the (upper layer) protocol that defines the service to which this rule applies. By default it is ICMPv6.Apply Click this to apply your changes.Delete Click this to remove the filter rule.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 63 Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC Filter (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 168CHAPTER 15Firewall15.1 OverviewThis chapter shows you how to enable the AMG1312-T Series firewall. Use the firewall to protect your AMG1312-T Series and network from attacks by hackers on the Internet and control access to it. The firewall:• allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all other networks. • blocks traffic that originates on other networks from going to the LAN.• blocks SYN and port scanner attacks.By default, the AMG1312-T Series blocks DDOS, LAND and Ping of Death attacks whether the firewall is enabled or disabled.The following figure illustrates the firewall action. User A can initiate an IM (Instant Messaging) session from the LAN to the WAN (1). Return traffic for this session is also allowed (2). However other traffic initiated from the WAN is blocked (3 and 4).Figure 84 Default Firewall Action15.1.1 What You Can Do in the Firewall Screens•Use the General screen (Section 15.2 on page 170) to select the firewall protection level on the AMG1312-T Series.•Use the Default Action screen (Section 15.3 on page 171) to set the default action that the firewall takes on packets that do not match any of the firewall rules.•Use the Rules screen (Section 15.4 on page 173) to view the configured firewall rules and add, edit or remove a firewall rule.•Use the Dos screen (Section 15.5 on page 179) to set the thresholds that the AMG1312-T Series uses to determine when to start dropping sessions that do not become fully established (half-open sessions).WANLAN3412A
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 16915.1.2 What You Need to Know About FirewallSYN AttackA SYN attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet causes the targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted system waits for the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all outstanding SYN-ACK responses on a backlog queue. SYN-ACKs are moved off the queue only when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer terminates the three-way handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all incoming SYN requests, making the system unavailable for legitimate users.DoSDenials of Service (DoS) attacks are aimed at devices and networks with a connection to the Internet. Their goal is not to steal information, but to disable a device or network so users no longer have access to network resources. The AMG1312-T Series is pre-configured to automatically detect and thwart all known DoS attacks.DDoSA Distributed DoS (DDoS) attack is one in which multiple compromised systems attack a single target, thereby causing denial of service for users of the targeted system.LAND AttackIn a Local Area Network Denial (LAND) attack, hackers flood SYN packets into the network with a spoofed source IP address of the target system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent the packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the target system tries to respond to itself.Ping of DeathPing of Death uses a "ping" utility to create and send an IP packet that exceeds the maximum 65,536 bytes of data allowed by the IP specification. This may cause systems to crash, hang or reboot.SPIStateful Packet Inspection (SPI) tracks each connection crossing the firewall and makes sure it is valid. Filtering decisions are based not only on rules but also context. For example, traffic from the WAN may only be allowed to cross the firewall in response to a request from the LAN.RFC 4890 SPEC TrafficRFC 4890 specifies the filtering policies for ICMPv6 messages. This is important for protecting against security threats including DoS, probing, redirection attacks and renumbering attacks that can be carried out through ICMPv6. Since ICMPv6 error messages are critical for establishing and maintaining communications, filtering policy focuses on ICMPv6 informational messages.
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide170Anti-ProbingIf an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your AMG1312-T Series, an ICMP response packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the AMG1312-T Series exists. The AMG1312-T Series supports anti-probing, which prevents the ICMP response packet from being sent. This keeps outsiders from discovering your AMG1312-T Series when unsupported ports are probed. ICMPInternet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a message control and error-reporting protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams, but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent to the application user. DoS ThresholdsFor DoS attacks, the AMG1312-T Series uses thresholds to determine when to drop sessions that do not become fully established. These thresholds apply globally to all sessions. You can use the default threshold values, or you can change them to values more suitable to your security requirements.15.2 The Firewall General ScreenUse this screen to select the firewall protection level on the AMG1312-T Series. Click Security > Firewall > General to display the following screen.Figure 85 Security > Firewall > General
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 171The following table describes the labels in this screen.15.3 The Default Action ScreenUse this screen to set the default action that the firewall takes on packets that do not match any of the firewall rules. Click Security > Firewall > Default Action to display the following screen.Figure 86 Security > Firewall > Default Action Table 64 Security > Firewall > GeneralLABEL DESCRIPTIONHigh This setting blocks all traffic to and from the Internet. Only local network traffic and LAN to WAN service (Telnet, FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, DNS, POP3, SMTP) is permitted. Medium This is the recommended setting. It allows traffic to the Internet but blocks anyone from the Internet from accessing any services on your local network. Low This setting allows traffic to the Internet and also allows someone from the Internet to access services on your local network. This would be used with Port Forwarding, Default Server. Custom This setting allows the customer to create and edit individual firewall rules. Firewall rules can be created in the Default Action screen (Section 15.3 on page 171) and Rules screen (Section 15.4 on page 173).Off This setting is not recommended. It disables firewall protection for your network and could potentially expose your network to significant security risks. This option should only be used for troubleshooting or if you intend using another firewall in conjunction with your ZyXEL router.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide172The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 65 Security > Firewall > Default ActionLABEL DESCRIPTIONPacket Direction This is the direction of travel of packets (LAN to Router, LAN to WAN, WAN to Router, WAN to LAN).Firewall rules are grouped based on the direction of travel of packets to which they apply. For example, LAN to Router means packets traveling from a computer/subnet on the LAN to the AMG1312-T Series itself. Default Action Use the drop-down list boxes to select the default action that the firewall is to take on packets that are traveling in the selected direction and do not match any of the firewall rules. Select Drop to silently discard the packets without sending a TCP reset packet or an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender.Select Reject to deny the packets and send a TCP reset packet (for a TCP packet) or an ICMP destination-unreachable message (for a UDP packet) to the sender.Select Permit to allow the passage of the packets.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 17315.4 The Rules ScreenClick Security > Firewall > Rules to display the following screen. This screen displays a list of the configured firewall rules. Note the order in which the rules are listed.Note: The firewall configuration screen shown in this section is specific to the following devices: P-The ordering of your rules is very important as rules are applied in turn.Figure 87 Security > Firewall > Rules The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 66 Security > Firewall > RulesLABEL DESCRIPTIONFirewall Rules Storage Space in UseThis read-only bar shows how much of the AMG1312-T Series's memory for recording firewall rules it is currently using. When you are using 80% or less of the storage space, the bar is green. When the amount of space used is over 80%, the bar is red.Packet Direction Use the drop-down list box to select a direction of travel of packets for which you want to configure firewall rules.Create a new rule after rule number Select an index number and click Add to add a new firewall rule after the selected index number. For example, if you select “6”, your new rule becomes number 7 and the previous rule 7 (if there is one) becomes rule 8.The following read-only fields summarize the rules you have created that apply to traffic traveling in the selected packet direction. The firewall rules that you configure (summarized below) take priority over the general firewall action settings in the General screen.#This is your firewall rule number. The ordering of your rules is important as rules are applied in turn. Active This field displays whether a firewall is turned on or not. Select the check box to enable the rule. Clear the check box to disable the rule.Source IP Address This column displays the source addresses or ranges of addresses to which this firewall rule applies. Please note that a blank source or destination address is equivalent to Any.Destination IP Address This column displays the destination addresses or ranges of addresses to which this firewall rule applies. Please note that a blank source or destination address is equivalent to Any.Service This column displays the services to which this firewall rule applies. See Appendix F on page 286 for more information.Action This field displays whether the firewall silently discards packets (Drop), discards packets and sends a TCP reset packet or an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender (Reject) or allows the passage of packets (Permit).Source Interface This column displays the source interface to which this firewall rule applies. This is the interface through which the traffic entered the AMG1312-T Series. Please note that a blank source interface is equivalent to Any.
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide17415.4.1 The Rules Add ScreenUse this screen to configure firewall rules. In the Rules screen, select an index number and click Add or click a rule’s Edit icon to display this screen and refer to the following table for information on the labels.Destination Interface This column displays the destination interface to which this firewall rule applies. This is the interface through which the traffic is destined to leave the AMG1312-T Series. Please note that a blank source interface is equivalent to Any.Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.Click the Remove icon to delete an existing firewall rule. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the firewall rule. Note that subsequent firewall rules move up by one when you take this action.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 66 Security > Firewall > Rules (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 175Figure 88 Security > Firewall > Rules > Add The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 67 Security > Firewall > Rules > AddLABEL DESCRIPTIONActive Select this option to enable this firewall rule. Action for Matched PacketsUse the drop-down list box to select whether to discard (Drop), deny and send an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender of (Reject) or allow the passage of (Permit) packets that match this rule. IP Version Type Select the IP version, IPv4 or IPv6, to apply this firewall rule to.Rate Limit Set a maximum number of packets per second, minute, or hour to limit the throughput of traffic that matches this rule. Maximum Burst NumberSet the maximum number of packets that can be sent at the peak rate. Log This field determines if a log for packets that match the rule is created or not. Rules/Destination Address
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide17615.4.2 Customized Services Configure customized services and port numbers not predefined by the AMG1312-T Series. For a comprehensive list of port numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) website. See Appendix F on page 286 for some examples. Click the Edit Customized Services button while editing a firewall rule to configure a custom service port. This displays the following screen.Address Type Do you want your rule to apply to packets with a particular (single) IP, a range of IP addresses (for instance, 192.168.1.10 to 192.169.1.50), a subnet or any IP address? Select an option from the drop-down list box that includes: Single Address, Range Address, Subnet Address and Any Address. Start IP Address Enter the single IP address or the starting IP address in a range here. End IP Address Enter the ending IP address in a range here.Subnet Mask Enter the subnet mask here, if applicable.Source Mac Address Specify a source MAC address of traffic to which to apply this firewall rule applies. Please note that a blank source MAC address is equivalent to any.Source Interface Specify a source interface to which this firewall rule applies. This is the interface through which the traffic entered the AMG1312-T Series. Please note that a blank source interface is equivalent to any.Destination Interface Specify a destination interface to which this firewall rule applies. This is the interface through which the traffic is destined to leave the AMG1312-T Series. Please note that a blank source interface is equivalent to any.ServicesAvailable Services Please see Appendix F on page 286 for more information on services available. Select a service from the Available Services box.Edit Customized ServiceClick the Edit Customized Service button to bring up the screen that you use to configure a new custom service that is not in the predefined list of services.TCP Flag Specify any TCP flag bits the firewall rule is to check for.Schedule Select the days and time during which to apply the rule. Select Everyday and All Day to always apply the rule.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 67 Security > Firewall > Rules > Add (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 177Figure 89 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized ServicesThe following table describes the labels in this screen. 15.4.3 Customized Service Add/Edit Use this screen to add a customized rule or edit an existing rule. Click Add or the Edit icon next to a rule number in the Firewall Customized Services screen to display the following screen.Figure 90 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services: Add/EditTable 68 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized ServicesLABEL DESCRIPTION#This is the number of your customized port. Name This is the name of your customized service.Protocol This shows the IP protocol (TCP or UDP) that defines your customized service.Port Type This is the port number or range that defines your customized service.Start Port This is a single port number or the starting port number of a range that defines your customized service.End Port This is a single port number or the ending port number of a range that defines your customized service.Modify Click this to edit a customized service.Add Click this to configure a customized service.Back Click this to return to the Firewall Edit Rule screen.
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide178The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 69 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services: Add/EditLABEL DESCRIPTIONConfigService Name Type a unique name for your custom port.Service Type Choose the IP port (TCP or UDP) that defines your customized port from the drop down list box.Port ConfigurationType Click Single to specify one port only or Port Range to specify a span of ports that define your customized service. Port Number Type a single port number or the range of port numbers that define your customized service.Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Delete Click this to delete the current rule.
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 17915.5 The DoS ScreenUse this screen to enable DoS protection. Click Security > Firewall > Dos to display the following screen.Figure 91 Security > Firewall > DosThe following table describes the labels in this screen.15.5.1 The DoS Advanced ScreenFor DoS attacks, the AMG1312-T Series uses thresholds to determine when to start dropping sessions that do not become fully established (half-open sessions). These thresholds apply globally to all sessions.For TCP, half-open means that the session has not reached the established state-the TCP three-way handshake has not yet been completed. Under normal circumstances, the application that initiates a session sends a SYN (synchronize) packet to the receiving server. The receiver sends back an ACK (acknowledgment) packet and its own SYN, and then the initiator responds with an ACK (acknowledgment). After this handshake, a connection is established. Figure 92 Three-Way HandshakeFor UDP, half-open means that the firewall has detected no return traffic. An unusually high number (or arrival rate) of half-open sessions could indicate a DOS attack. Table 70 Security > Firewall > DosLABEL DESCRIPTIONDenial of Services Enable this to protect against DoS attacks. The AMG1312-T Series will drop sessions that surpass maximum thresholds.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Advanced Click this to go to a screen to specify maximum thresholds at which the AMG1312-T Series will start dropping sessions.
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide18015.5.1.1 Threshold ValuesIf everything is working properly, you probably do not need to change the threshold settings as the default threshold values should work for most small offices. Tune these parameters when you believe the AMG1312-T Series has been receiving DoS attacks that are not recorded in the logs or the logs show that the AMG1312-T Series is classifying normal traffic as DoS attacks. Factors influencing choices for threshold values are:1The maximum number of opened sessions.2The minimum capacity of server backlog in your LAN network.3The CPU power of servers in your LAN network.4Network bandwidth. 5Type of traffic for certain servers.Reduce the threshold values if your network is slower than average for any of these factors (especially if you have servers that are slow or handle many tasks and are often busy). • If you often use P2P applications such as file sharing with eMule or eDonkey, it’s recommended that you increase the threshold values since lots of sessions will be established during a small period of time and the AMG1312-T Series may classify them as DoS attacks. 15.5.2 Configuring Firewall ThresholdsClick Security > Firewall > DoS > Advanced to display the following screen.Figure 93 Security > Firewall > DoS > Advanced
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 181The following table describes the labels in this screen.15.6 Firewall Technical ReferenceThis section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.15.6.1 Firewall Rules OverviewYour customized rules take precedence and override the AMG1312-T Series’s default settings. The AMG1312-T Series checks the source IP address, destination IP address and IP protocol type of network traffic against the firewall rules (in the order you list them). When the traffic matches a rule, the AMG1312-T Series takes the action specified in the rule. Firewall rules are grouped based on the direction of travel of packets to which they apply: Note: The LAN includes both the LAN port and the WLAN.By default, the AMG1312-T Series’s stateful packet inspection allows packets traveling in the following directions:•LAN to Router These rules specify which computers on the LAN can manage the AMG1312-T Series (remote management). Note: You can also configure the remote management settings to allow only a specific computer to manage the AMG1312-T Series.Table 71 Security > Firewall > DoS > AdvancedLABEL DESCRIPTIONTCP SYN-Request CountThis is the rate of new TCP half-open sessions per second that causes the firewall to start deleting half-open sessions. When the rate of new connection attempts rises above this number, the AMG1312-T Series deletes half-open sessions as required to accommodate new connection attempts.UDP Packet Count This is the rate of new UDP half-open sessions per second that causes the firewall to start deleting half-open sessions. When the rate of new connection attempts rises above this number, the AMG1312-T Series deletes half-open sessions as required to accommodate new connection attempts.ICMP Echo-Request CountThis is the rate of new ICMP Echo-Request half-open sessions per second that causes the firewall to start deleting half-open sessions. When the rate of new connection attempts rises above this number, the AMG1312-T Series deletes half-open sessions as required to accommodate new connection attempts.Back Click this button to return to the previous screen.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.•LAN to Router •WAN to LAN• LAN to WAN • WAN to Router
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide182•LAN to WANThese rules specify which computers on the LAN can access which computers or services on the WAN.By default, the AMG1312-T Series’s stateful packet inspection drops packets traveling in the following directions:•WAN to LANThese rules specify which computers on the WAN can access which computers or services on the LAN. Note: You also need to configure NAT port forwarding (or full featured NAT address mapping rules) to allow computers on the WAN to access devices on the LAN.•WAN to RouterBy default the AMG1312-T Series stops computers on the WAN from managing the AMG1312-T Series. You could configure one of these rules to allow a WAN computer to manage the AMG1312-T Series.Note: You also need to configure the remote management settings to allow a WAN computer to manage the AMG1312-T Series.You may define additional rules and sets or modify existing ones but please exercise extreme caution in doing so.For example, you may create rules to:• Block certain types of traffic, such as IRC (Internet Relay Chat), from the LAN to the Internet.• Allow certain types of traffic, such as Lotus Notes database synchronization, from specific hosts on the Internet to specific hosts on the LAN.• Allow everyone except your competitors to access a web server.• Restrict use of certain protocols, such as Telnet, to authorized users on the LAN.These custom rules work by comparing the source IP address, destination IP address and IP protocol type of network traffic to rules set by the administrator. Your customized rules take precedence and override the AMG1312-T Series’s default rules. 15.6.2 Guidelines For Enhancing Security With Your Firewall6Change the default password via web configurator.7Think about access control before you connect to the network in any way.8Limit who can access your router.9Don't enable any local service (such as telnet or FTP) that you don't use. Any enabled service could present a potential security risk. A determined hacker might be able to find creative ways to misuse the enabled services to access the firewall or the network.10 For local services that are enabled, protect against misuse. Protect by configuring the services to communicate only with specific peers, and protect by configuring rules to block packets for the services at specific interfaces.
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 18311 Protect against IP spoofing by making sure the firewall is active.12 Keep the firewall in a secured (locked) room.15.6.3 Security ConsiderationsNote: Incorrectly configuring the firewall may block valid access or introduce security risks to the AMG1312-T Series and your protected network. Use caution when creating or deleting firewall rules and test your rules after you configure them.Consider these security ramifications before creating a rule:1Does this rule stop LAN users from accessing critical resources on the Internet? For example, if IRC is blocked, are there users that require this service?2Is it possible to modify the rule to be more specific? For example, if IRC is blocked for all users, will a rule that blocks just certain users be more effective?3Does a rule that allows Internet users access to resources on the LAN create a security vulnerability? For example, if FTP ports (TCP 20, 21) are allowed from the Internet to the LAN, Internet users may be able to connect to computers with running FTP servers.4Does this rule conflict with any existing rules?Once these questions have been answered, adding rules is simply a matter of entering the information into the correct fields in the web configurator screens.15.6.4 Triangle RouteWhen the firewall is on, your AMG1312-T Series acts as a secure gateway between your LAN and the Internet. In an ideal network topology, all incoming and outgoing network traffic passes through the AMG1312-T Series to protect your LAN against attacks.Figure 94 Ideal Firewall Setup15.6.4.1 The “Triangle Route” ProblemA traffic route is a path for sending or receiving data packets between two Ethernet devices. You may have more than one connection to the Internet (through one or more ISPs). If an alternate gateway is on the LAN (and its IP address is in the same subnet as the AMG1312-T Series’s LAN IP address), the “triangle route” (also called asymmetrical route) problem may occur. The steps below describe the “triangle route” problem. 12WANLAN
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide1841A computer on the LAN initiates a connection by sending out a SYN packet to a receiving server on the WAN.2The AMG1312-T Series reroutes the SYN packet through Gateway A on the LAN to the WAN. 3The reply from the WAN goes directly to the computer on the LAN without going through the AMG1312-T Series. As a result, the AMG1312-T Series resets the connection, as the connection has not been acknowledged.Figure 95 “Triangle Route” Problem15.6.4.2 Solving the “Triangle Route” ProblemIf you have the AMG1312-T Series allow triangle route sessions, traffic from the WAN can go directly to a LAN computer without passing through the AMG1312-T Series and its firewall protection. Another solution is to use IP alias. IP alias allows you to partition your network into logical sections over the same Ethernet interface. Your AMG1312-T Series supports up to three logical LAN interfaces with the AMG1312-T Series being the gateway for each logical network. It’s like having multiple LAN networks that actually use the same physical cables and ports. By putting your LAN and Gateway A in different subnets, all returning network traffic must pass through the AMG1312-T Series to your LAN. The following steps describe such a scenario.1A computer on the LAN initiates a connection by sending a SYN packet to a receiving server on the WAN. 2The AMG1312-T Series reroutes the packet to Gateway A, which is in Subnet 2. 3The reply from the WAN goes to the AMG1312-T Series. 4The AMG1312-T Series then sends it to the computer on the LAN in Subnet 1.123WANLANAISP 1ISP 2
Chapter 15 FirewallAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 185Figure 96 IP Alias123LANAISP 1ISP 24WANSubnet 1Subnet 2
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 186CHAPTER 16Parental Control16.1 OverviewParental control allows you to block web sites with the specific URL. You can also define time periods and days during which the AMG1312-T Series performs parental control on a specific user.16.2 The Parental Control ScreenUse this screen to enable parental control, view the parental control rules and schedules.Click Security > Parental Control to open the following screen. Figure 97 Security > Parental Control The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 72 Security > Parental ControlLABEL DESCRIPTIONParental Control Use this field to activate or deactivate parental control.Add new PCP Click this to create a new parental control rule.# This is the index number of the rule.Status This indicates whether the rule is active or not.A yellow bulb signifies that this rule is active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active.PCP Name This shows the name of the rule.Home Network User This shows the MAC address of the LAN user’s computer to which this rule applies.Internet Access ScheduleThis shows the day(s) and time on which parental control is enabled.Network Service This shows whether the network service is configured. If not, None will be shown.
Chapter 16 Parental ControlAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 18716.2.1 Add/Edit Parental Control RuleClick Add new PCP in the Parental Control screen to add a new rule or click the Edit icon next to an existing rule to edit it. Use this screen to configure a restricted access schedule and/or URL filtering settings to block the users on your network from accessing certain web sites.Figure 98 Add/Edit Parental Control Rule The following table describes the fields in this screen. Website Blocked This shows whether the website block is configured. If not, None will be shown.Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Table 72 Security > Parental Control (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONTable 73 Parental Control: Add/EditLABEL DESCRIPTIONGeneralActive Select the checkbox to activate this parental control rule.
Chapter 16 Parental ControlAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide188Parental Control Profile NameEnter a descriptive name for the rule.Home Network User Select the LAN user that you want to apply this rule to from the drop-down list box. If you select Custom, enter the LAN user’s MAC address. If you select All, the rule applies to all LAN users.Internet Access ScheduleDay Select check boxes for the days that you want the AMG1312-T Series to perform parental control. Time of Day to Apply Enter the starting and ending time that the LAN user is allowed access. Network ServiceNetwork Service Setting If you select Block, the AMG1312-T Series prohibits the users from viewing the Web sites with the URLs listed below.If you select Access, the AMG1312-T Series blocks access to all URLs except ones listed below.Add new service Click this to show a screen in which you can add a new service rule. You can configure the Service Name, Protocol, and Name of the new rule.Active This shows whether a configured service is activated or not.Service Name This shows the name of the rule.Protocol This shows the protocol of the rule.Port This shows the port of the rule.Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.Blocked Site/URL Enter the URL of web sites or URL keywords to which the AMG1312-T Series blocks access. Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.Table 73 Parental Control: Add/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 189CHAPTER 17Certificate17.1 OverviewThe AMG1312-T Series can use certificates (also called digital IDs) to authenticate users. Certificates are based on public-private key pairs. A certificate contains the certificate owner’s identity and public key. Certificates provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication. 17.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•Use the Local Certificates screen to view and import the AMG1312-T Series’s CA-signed certificates (Section 17.3 on page 189).•The Trusted CA screen lets you save the certificates of trusted CAs to the AMG1312-T Series (Section 17.4 on page 191).17.2 What You Need to KnowThe following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.Certification Authority A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. There are commercial certification authorities like CyberTrust or VeriSign and government certification authorities. The certification authority uses its private key to sign certificates. Anyone can then use the certification authority's public key to verify the certificates. You can use the AMG1312-T Series to generate certification requests that contain identifying information and public keys and then send the certification requests to a certification authority.Certificate File FormatThe certification authority certificate that you want to import has to be in one of these file formats:• PEM (Base-64) encoded X.509: This Privacy Enhanced Mail format uses 64 ASCII characters to convert a binary X.509 certificate into a printable form.17.3 Local CertificatesUse this screen to view the AMG1312-T Series’s summary list of certificates and certification requests. You can import the following certificates to your AMG1312-T Series:
Chapter 17 CertificateAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide190• Web Server - This certificate secures HTTP connections.• SSH - This certificate secures remote connections.Click Security > Certificates to open the Local Certificates screen. Figure 99 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 74 Security > Certificates > Local CertificatesLABEL DESCRIPTIONWebServer Click Browse... to find the certificate file you want to upload. Current File This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. It is recommended that you give each certificate a unique name. Subject This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s owner, such as CN (Common Name), OU (Organizational Unit or department), O (Organization or company) and C (Country). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information. Issuer This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s issuing certification authority, such as a common name, organizational unit or department, organization or company and country.Valid From This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable. The text displays in red and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become applicable.Valid To This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and includes an Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has already expired.Cert Click this button and then Save in the File Download screen. The Save As screen opens, browse to the location that you want to use and click Save.SSH Type in the location of the SSH certificate file you want to upload in this field or click Browse to find it.Current File This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. It is recommended that you give each certificate a unique name. Key Type This field applies to the SSH certificate.This shows the file format of the current certificate.Replace Click this to replace the certificate(s) and save your changes back to the AMG1312-T Series.Reset Click this to clear your settings.
Chapter 17 CertificateAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 19117.4 The Trusted CA ScreenUse this screen to view a summary list of certificates of the certification authorities that you have set the AMG1312-T Series to accept as trusted. The AMG1312-T Series accepts any valid certificate signed by a certification authority on this list as being trustworthy; thus you do not need to import any certificate that is signed by one of these certification authorities. Click Security > Certificates > Trusted CA to open the Trusted CA screen.Figure 100 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA The following table describes the fields in this screen. 17.5 Trusted CA Import Click Import Certificate in the Trusted CA screen to open the Import Certificate screen. You can save a trusted certification authority’s certificate to the AMG1312-T Series.Table 75 Security > Certificates > Trusted CALABEL DESCRIPTIONImport Certificate Click this button to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a certification authority that you trust to the AMG1312-T Series.Name This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. Subject This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), OU (Organizational Unit or department), Organization (O), State (ST) and Country (C). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.Type This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. Action Click View to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate.Click Remove to delete the certificate.
Chapter 17 CertificateAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide192Note: You must remove any spaces from the certificate’s filename before you can import the certificate.Figure 101 Trusted CA > ImportThe following table describes the labels in this screen.17.6 View Certificate Use this screen to view in-depth information about the certification authority’s certificate, change the certificate’s name and set whether or not you want the AMG1312-T Series to check a certification authority’s list of revoked certificates before trusting a certificate issued by the certification authority.Table 76 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA > ImportLABEL DESCRIPTIONCertificate File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse to find it.Browse Click Browse to find the certificate file you want to upload. Apply Click Apply to save the certificate on the AMG1312-T Series.Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Chapter 17 CertificateAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 193Click Security > Certificates > Trusted CA to open the Trusted CA screen. Click the View icon to open the View Certificate screen. Figure 102 Trusted CA: ViewThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 77 Trusted CA: ViewLABEL DESCRIPTIONCertificate Name This field displays the identifying name of this certificate. If you want to change the name, type up to 31 characters to identify this key certificate. You may use any character (not including spaces).Certificate Detail This read-only text box displays the certificate or certification request in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format. PEM uses 64 ASCII characters to convert the binary certificate into a printable form.You can copy and paste the certificate into an e-mail to send to friends or colleagues or you can copy and paste the certificate into a text editor and save the file on a management computer for later distribution (via floppy disk for example).Back Click this to return to the previous screen.
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 194CHAPTER 18Logs18.1 Overview The web configurator allows you to choose which categories of events and/or alerts to have the AMG1312-T Series log and then display the logs or have the AMG1312-T Series send them to an administrator (as e-mail) or to a syslog server. 18.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•Use the Log screen to see the system logs for the categories that you select (Section 18.2 on page 195).18.1.2 What You Need To KnowThe following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter.Alerts and LogsAn alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites. Some categories such as System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black.Syslog Overview The syslog protocol allows devices to send event notification messages across an IP network to syslog servers that collect the event messages. A syslog-enabled device can generate a syslog message and send it to a syslog server.Syslog is defined in RFC 3164. The RFC defines the packet format, content and system log related information of syslog messages. Each syslog message has a facility and severity level. The syslog facility identifies a file in the syslog server. Refer to the documentation of your syslog program for details. The following table describes the syslog severity levels. Table 78 Syslog Severity LevelsCODE SEVERITY0 Emergency: The system is unusable.1 Alert: Action must be taken immediately.2 Critical: The system condition is critical.3 Error: There is an error condition on the system.4 Warning: There is a warning condition on the system.5 Notice: There is a normal but significant condition on the system.
Chapter 18 LogsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 19518.2 The System Log Screen Click System Monitor > Log to open the System Log screen. Use the System Log screen to see the system logs for the categories that you select in the upper left drop-down list box. Figure 103 System Monitor > Log > System LogThe following table describes the fields in this screen.6 Informational: The syslog contains an informational message.7 Debug: The message is intended for debug-level purposes.Table 78 Syslog Severity Levels (continued)CODE SEVERITYTable 79 System Monitor > Log > System LogLABEL DESCRIPTIONLevel Select a severity level from the drop-down list box. This filters search results according to the severity level you have selected. When you select a severity, the AMG1312-T Series searches through all logs of that severity or higher. Refresh Click this to renew the log screen. Clear Logs Click this to delete all the logs. Export Click this to download logs to a file on your computer.Email Log Now Click this to send logs to a specified e-mail address.#This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry.Time This field displays the time the log was recorded. Level This field displays the severity level of the logs that the device is to send to this syslog server.Message This field states the reason for the log.
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 196CHAPTER 19Traffic Status19.1 OverviewUse the Traffic Status screens to look at network traffic status and statistics of the WAN, LAN interfaces and NAT. 19.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•Use the WAN screen to view the WAN traffic statistics (Section 19.2 on page 196).•Use the LAN screen to view the LAN traffic statistics (Section 19.3 on page 197).•Use the NAT screen to view the NAT status of the AMG1312-T Series’s client(s) (Section 19.4 on page 198).19.2 The WAN Status Screen Click System Monitor > Traffic Status to open the WAN screen. You can view the WAN traffic statistics in this screen.Figure 104 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WANThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 80 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WANLABEL DESCRIPTIONStatus This shows the number of bytes received and sent through the WAN interface of the AMG1312-T Series.Refresh Interval Select how often you want the AMG1312-T Series to update this screen from the drop-down list box.Connected Interface This shows the name of the WAN interface that is currently connected.
Chapter 19 Traffic StatusAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 19719.3 The LAN Status ScreenClick System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN to open the following screen. You can view the LAN traffic statistics in this screen.Figure 105 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LANThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Packets Sent Data This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.Packets ReceivedData This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface.Table 80 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONTable 81 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LANLABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Interval(s)Select how often you want the AMG1312-T Series to update this screen from the drop-down list box.Set Interval Click this button to apply the new poll interval you entered in the Refresh Interval field.Stop Click Stop to stop refreshing statistics.Interface This shows the LAN or WLAN interface. Bytes Sent This indicates the number of bytes transmitted on this interface.Bytes Received This indicates the number of bytes received on this interface.Interface This shows the LAN or WLAN interface. Sent (Packet)
Chapter 19 Traffic StatusAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide19819.4 The NAT ScreenClick System Monitor > Traffic Status > NAT to open the following screen. You can view the NAT status of the AMG1312-T Series’s client(s) in this screen.Figure 106 System Monitor > Traffic Status > NATThe following table describes the fields in this screen.Data This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.Received (Packet) Data This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface.Table 81 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONTable 82 System Monitor > Traffic Status > NATLABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Interval Select how often you want the AMG1312-T Series to update this screen from the drop-down list box.Set Interval Click this button to apply the new poll interval you entered in the Refresh Interval field.Stop Click Stop to stop refreshing statistics.Device Name This shows the name of the client.IP Address This shows the IP address of the client.MAC Address This shows the MAC address of the client.No. of Open SessionThis shows the number of NAT sessions used by the client.
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 199CHAPTER 20User Account20.1 Overview You can configure system password for different user accounts in the User Account screen.20.2 The User Account ScreenUse the User Account screen to configure system password.Click Maintenance > User Account to open the following screen. Figure 107 Maintenance > User AccountThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 83 Maintenance > User AccountLABEL DESCRIPTIONUser Name You can configure the password for the Power User and Admin accounts.Old Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this field.New Password Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a password, the screen displays a (*) for each character you type. After you change the password, use the new password to access the AMG1312-T Series.Retype to ConfirmType the new password again for confirmation.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 200CHAPTER 21TR-069 Client21.1 OverviewThe AMG1312-T Series supports TR-069 Amendment 1 (CPE WAN Management Protocol Release 2.0) and TR-069 Amendment 2 (CPE WAN Management Protocol v1.1, Release 3.0).TR-069 is a protocol that defines how your AMG1312-T Series (ZD) can be managed via a management server (MS) such as ZyXEL’s Vantage Access. Figure 108 LAN and WANAn administrator can use a management server to remotely set up the AMG1312-T Series, modify settings, perform firmware upgrades as well as monitor and diagnose the AMG1312-T Series. In order to use CWMP, you need to configure the following steps:1Activate CWMP2Specify the URL, username and password.3Activate periodic inform and specify an interval value.21.2 The TR-069 Client ScreenUse this screen to configure your AMG1312-T Series to be managed by a management server. Click Maintenance > TR-069 Client to display the following screen.MSZD
Chapter 21 TR-069 ClientAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 201Figure 109 Maintenance > TR-069 ClientThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 84 Maintenance > TR-069 ClientLINK DESCRIPTIONCWMP Select Enable to allow the AMG1312-T Series to be managed by a management server or select Disable to not allow the AMG1312-T Series to be managed by a management server.ACS URL Type the IP address or domain name of the management server. If the AMG1312-T Series is behind a NAT router that assigns it a private IP address, you will have to configure a NAT port forwarding rule on the NAT router.ACS User Name The user name is used to authenticate the AMG1312-T Series when making a connection to the management server. This user name on the management server and the AMG1312-T Series must be the same. Type a user name of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard. Spaces and characters such as @#$%^&*()_+ are allowed.ACS Password The password is used to authenticate the AMG1312-T Series when making a connection to the management server. This password on the management server and the AMG1312-T Series must be the same. Type a password of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard.Connection Request PathType the IP address or domain name of the AMG1312-T Series. The management server uses this path to verify the AMG1312-T Series.Connection Request PortThe default port for access to the AMG1312-T Series from the management server is port 7547. If you change it, make sure it does not conflict with another port on your network and it is recommended to use a port number above 1024 (not a commonly used port). The management server should use this port to connect to the AMG1312-T Series. You may need to alter your NAT port forwarding rules if they were already configured.Connection Request UserNameThe user name is used to authenticate the management server when connecting to the AMG1312-T Series. Type a user name of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard. Spaces and characters such as @#$%^&*()_+ are allowed.Connection Request PasswordThe password is used to authenticate the management server when connecting to the AMG1312-T Series. Type a password of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard. Spaces are not allowed.Inform Select Enable to have the AMG1312-T Series periodically send information to the management server (recommended if CWMP is enabled) or select Disable to not have the AMG1312-T Series periodically send information to the management serverInform Interval The interval is the duration in seconds for which the AMG1312-T Series must attempt to connect with the management server to send information and check for configuration updates. Enter a value between 1 and 86400 seconds.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 202CHAPTER 22System Settings22.1 OverviewThis chapter shows you how to configure system related settings, such as system time, password, name, the domain name and the inactivity timeout interval. 22.1.1 What You Can Do in the System Settings Screens•Use the System screen (Section 22.2 on page 202) to configure system settings.•Use the Time Setting screen (Section 22.3 on page 202) to set the system time.22.2 The System ScreenUse this screen to configure system admin password.Click Maintenance > System to open the screen as shown. Figure 110 Maintenance > SystemThe following table describes the labels in this screen. 22.3 The Time Screen Use this screen to configure the AMG1312-T Series’s time based on your local time zone. To change your AMG1312-T Series’s time and date, click Maintenance > System > Time Setting. The screen appears as shown.Table 85 Maintenance > SystemLABEL DESCRIPTIONAdministrator Inactivity TimerType how many seconds a management session (either via the web configurator) can be left idle before the session times out and you have to log in again. Very long idle timeouts may have security risks. A value of "0" means a management session never times out, no matter how long it has been left idle (not recommended).Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 22 System SettingsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 203Figure 111 Maintenance > System > Time SettingThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 86 Maintenance > System > TimeLABEL DESCRIPTIONCurrent Date/TimeCurrent Time This field displays the time and date of your AMG1312-T Series.Each time you reload this page, the AMG1312-T Series synchronizes the time and date with the time server.Time and Date SetupManual Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you configure a new time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the same time, the new time and date you entered has priority and the Time Zone and Daylight Saving settings do not affect it.Current Date/Time This field displays the last updated time (in hh:mm:ss format) from the time server or the last time configured manually.When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new time in this field and then click Apply. Current Time This field displays the last updated date (in yyyy/mm/dd format) from the time server or the last date configured manually.When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new date in this field and then click Apply.Get from Time ServerSelect this radio button to have the AMG1312-T Series get the time and date from the time server you specified below.Time Server Address 1/2Enter the IP address or URL (up to 20 extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.Time Zone SetupTime Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Chapter 22 System SettingsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide204Daylight Savings Daylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the evening.Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.Start Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you selected Enable Daylight Saving. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the second Sunday of March. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select Second, Sunday, March and type 2 in the o'clock field.Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, March. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1). End Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you selected Enable Daylight Saving. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the first Sunday of November. Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select First, Sunday, November and type 2 in the o'clock field.Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, October. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1). Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 86 Maintenance > System > Time (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 205CHAPTER 23Firmware Upgrade23.1 OverviewThis chapter explains how to upload new firmware to your AMG1312-T Series. You can download new firmware releases from your nearest ZyXEL FTP site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade your device’s performance.Only use firmware for your device’s specific model. Refer to the label on the bottom of your AMG1312-T Series.23.2 The Firmware ScreenClick Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade to open the following screen. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot. Do NOT turn off the AMG1312-T Series while firmware upload is in progress!Figure 112 Maintenance > Firmware UpgradeThe following table describes the labels in this screen. After you see the firmware updating screen, wait two minutes before logging into the AMG1312-T Series again. Table 87 Maintenance > Firmware UpgradeLABEL DESCRIPTIONCurrent Firmware VersionThis is the present Firmware version. File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse... to find it.Browse... Click this to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them. Upload Click this to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
Chapter 23 Firmware UpgradeAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide206Figure 113 Firmware UploadingThe AMG1312-T Series automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.Figure 114 Network Temporarily DisconnectedAfter two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen.If the upload was not successful, an error screen will appear. Click OK to go back to the Firmware Upgrade screen.Figure 115 Error Message
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 207CHAPTER 24Backup/Restore24.1 OverviewThe Backup/Restore screen allows you to backup and restore device configurations. You can also reset your device settings back to the factory default.24.2 The Backup/Restore Screen Click Maintenance > Backup/Restore. Information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen, as shown next.Figure 116 Maintenance > Backup/RestoreBackup Configuration Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the AMG1312-T Series’s current configuration to a file on your computer. Once your AMG1312-T Series is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings. Click Backup to save the AMG1312-T Series’s current configuration to your computer.
Chapter 24 Backup/RestoreAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide208Restore Configuration Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer to your AMG1312-T Series.Do not turn off the AMG1312-T Series while configuration file upload is in progress.After the AMG1312-T Series configuration has been restored successfully, the login screen appears. Login again to restart the AMG1312-T Series. The AMG1312-T Series automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.Figure 117 Network Temporarily DisconnectedIf you restore the default configuration, you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP address (192.168.1.1). See Appendix A on page 229 for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.If the upload was not successful, an error screen will appear. Click OK to go back to the Configuration screen. Reset to Factory Defaults Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and return the AMG1312-T Series to its factory defaults. The following warning screen appears.Figure 118 Reset Warning MessageWait until the AMG1312-T Series’s login screen appears. You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your AMG1312-T Series. Refer to Section 1.7 on page 18 for more information on the RESET button.Table 88 Restore ConfigurationLABEL DESCRIPTIONFile Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse... to find it.Browse... Click this to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them. Upload Click this to begin the upload process.Reset Click this to reset your device settings back to the factory default.
Chapter 24 Backup/RestoreAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 20924.3 The Reboot Screen System restart allows you to reboot the AMG1312-T Series remotely without turning the power off. You may need to do this if the AMG1312-T Series hangs, for example.Click Maintenance > Reboot. Click the Reboot button to have the AMG1312-T Series reboot. This does not affect the AMG1312-T Series's configuration. Figure 119 Maintenance > Reboot
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 210CHAPTER 25Remote Management25.1 OverviewRemote management allows you to determine which services/protocols can access which AMG1312-T Series interface (if any) from which computers.The following figure shows remote management of the AMG1312-T Series coming in from the WAN.Figure 120 Remote Management From the WANNote: When you configure remote management to allow management from the WAN, you still need to configure a IP filter rule to allow access.You may manage your AMG1312-T Series from a remote location via:• Internet (WAN only)•LAN only•LAN and WAN• None (Disable)To disable remote management of a service, select Disable in the corresponding Service Access field.25.1.1 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens•Use the WWW screen (Section 25.2 on page 211) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the AMG1312-T Series.•Use the Telnet screen (Section 25.3 on page 213) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the AMG1312-T Series.•Use the FTP screen (Section 25.4 on page 213) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the AMG1312-T Series.LAN WANHTTPTelnet
Chapter 25 Remote ManagementAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 211• Your AMG1312-T Series can act as an SNMP agent, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor the AMG1312-T Series through the network. Use the SNMP screen (see Section 25.5 on page 214) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use SNMP to access the AMG1312-T Series.•Use the DNS screen (Section 25.6 on page 217) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can send DNS queries to the AMG1312-T Series.•Use the ICMP screen (Section 25.7 on page 217) to set whether or not your AMG1312-T Series will respond to pings and probes for services that you have not made available.•Use the SSH screen (Section 25.8 on page 218) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use SSH to manage the AMG1312-T Series.25.1.2 What You Need to Know About Remote ManagementRemote Management LimitationsRemote management does not work when:• You have not enabled that service on the interface in the corresponding remote management screen.• You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens.• The IP address in the Secured Client IP Address field does not match the client IP address. If it does not match, the AMG1312-T Series will disconnect the session immediately.• There is a firewall rule that blocks it.Remote Management and NATWhen NAT is enabled:• Use the AMG1312-T Series’s WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN. • Use the AMG1312-T Series’s LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN.25.2 The WWW ScreenUse this screen to specify how to connect to the AMG1312-T Series from a web browser, such as Internet Explorer. 25.2.1 Configuring the WWW ScreenClick Maintenance > RemoteMGMT to display the WWW screen.
Chapter 25 Remote ManagementAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide212Figure 121 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > WWWThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 89 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > WWWLABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port This displays the service port number for accessing the AMG1312-T Series using HTTP or HTTPS. If the number is grayed out, it is not editable.Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Note: It is recommended if you are allowing WAN access even temporarily to change the default password (in Maintenance > User Account). To allow access from the WAN, you will need to configure a WAN to Router firewall rule. See Section 4.1 on page 34 for information on configuring firewall rules.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the AMG1312-T Series using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Choose Range to just allow the computer(s) with an IP address in the range that you specify to access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 25 Remote ManagementAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 21325.3 The Telnet ScreenYou can use Telnet to access the AMG1312-T Series’s command line interface. Specify which interfaces allow Telnet access and from which IP address the access can come.Click Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > Telnet tab to display the screen as shown. Figure 122 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > TelnetThe following table describes the labels in this screen.25.4 The FTP Screen You can use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) to upload and download the AMG1312-T Series’s firmware and configuration files. Please see the User’s Guide chapter on firmware and configuration file maintenance for details. To use this feature, your computer must have an FTP client.Table 90 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > TelnetLABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port This displays the service port number for accessing the AMG1312-T Series. If the number is grayed out, it is not editable.Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Note: It is recommended if you are allowing WAN access even temporarily to change the default password (in Maintenance > User Account). To allow access from the WAN, you will need to configure a WAN to Router firewall rule. See Firewall Section on page 168 for information on configuring firewall rules.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the AMG1312-T Series using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Choose Range to just allow the computer(s) with an IP address in the range that you specify to access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 25 Remote ManagementAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide214Use this screen to specify which interfaces allow FTP access and from which IP address the access can come. To change your AMG1312-T Series’s FTP settings, click Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > FTP. The screen appears as shown.Figure 123 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > FTPThe following table describes the labels in this screen. 25.5 The SNMP ScreenSimple Network Management Protocol is a protocol used for exchanging management information between network devices. Your AMG1312-T Series supports SNMP agent functionality, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor the AMG1312-T Series through the network. The AMG1312-T Series supports SNMP version one (SNMPv1) and version two (SNMPv2c). The next figure illustrates an SNMP management operation.Table 91 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > FTPLABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port This displays the service port number for accessing the AMG1312-T Series. If the number is grayed out, it is not editable.Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the AMG1312-T Series using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Choose Range to just allow the computer(s) with an IP address in the range that you specify to access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 25 Remote ManagementAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 215Figure 124 SNMP Management ModelAn SNMP managed network consists of two main types of component: agents and a manager. An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the AMG1312-T Series). An agent translates the local management information from the managed device into a form compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console through which network administrators perform network management functions. It executes applications that control and monitor managed devices. The managed devices contain object variables/managed objects that define each piece of information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include such as number of packets received, node port status etc. A Management Information Base (MIB) is a collection of managed objects. SNMP allows a manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing these objects.25.5.1 Configuring SNMP To change your AMG1312-T Series’s SNMP settings, click Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > SNMP tab. The screen appears as shown.
Chapter 25 Remote ManagementAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide216Figure 125 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > SNMPThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 92 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > SNMPLABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port This displays the port the SNMP agent listens on. If the number is grayed out, it is not editable.Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to access the SNMP agent on the AMG1312-T Series.Select All to allow any computer to access the SNMP agent.Choose Range to just allow the computer(s) with an IP address in the range that you specify to access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Get Community Enter the Get Community, which is the password for the incoming Get and GetNext requests from the management station. The default is public and allows all requests.Set Community Enter the Set community, which is the password for incoming Set requests from the management station. The default is public and allows all requests.Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the AMG1312-T Series. Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 25 Remote ManagementAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 21725.6 The DNS Screen Use DNS (Domain Name System) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa.Use this screen to set from which IP address the AMG1312-T Series will accept DNS queries and on which interface it can send them your AMG1312-T Series’s DNS settings. This feature is not available when the AMG1312-T Series is set to bridge mode. Click Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > DNS to change your AMG1312-T Series’s DNS settings.Figure 126 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > DNSThe following table describes the labels in this screen.25.7 The ICMP ScreenTo change your AMG1312-T Series’s security settings, click Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > ICMP. The screen appears as shown.If an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your AMG1312-T Series, an ICMP response packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the AMG1312-T Series exists. Your AMG1312-T Series supports anti-probing, which prevents the ICMP response Table 93 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > DNSLABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port This displays the service port number for accessing the AMG1312-T Series. If the number is grayed out, it is not editable.Access Status Select the interface(s) through which a computer may send DNS queries to the AMG1312-T Series.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to send DNS queries to the AMG1312-T Series.Select All to allow any computer to send DNS queries to the AMG1312-T Series.Choose Range to just allow the computer(s) with an IP address in the range that you specify to send DNS queries to the AMG1312-T Series.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 25 Remote ManagementAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide218packet from being sent. This keeps outsiders from discovering your AMG1312-T Series when unsupported ports are probed. Note: If you want your device to respond to pings and requests for unauthorized services, you will also need to configure the firewall accordingly by disabling SPI. Figure 127 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > ICMPThe following table describes the labels in this screen. 25.8 The SSH ScreenYou can use Secure SHell (SSH) to securely access the AMG1312-T Series’s command line interface. Specify which interfaces allow SSH access and from which IP address the access can come. SSH is a secure communication protocol that combines authentication and data encryption to provide secure encrypted communication between two hosts over an unsecured network.Click Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > SSH tab to display the screen as shown. Table 94 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > ICMPLABEL DESCRIPTIONRespond to Ping on The AMG1312-T Series will not respond to any incoming Ping requests when Disable is selected. Select LAN to reply to incoming LAN Ping requests. Select WAN to reply to incoming WAN Ping requests. Otherwise select LAN & WAN to reply to both incoming LAN and WAN Ping requests. Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to send Ping requests to the AMG1312-T Series.Select All to allow any computer to send Ping requests to the AMG1312-T Series.Choose Range to just allow the computer(s) with an IP address in the range that you specify to send Ping requests to the AMG1312-T Series.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 25 Remote ManagementAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 219Figure 128 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > SSHThe following table describes the labels in this screen.25.8.1 SSH ExampleThis section shows an example using a graphical interface SSH client program to remotely access the ZyXEL Device. The configuration and connection steps are similar for most SSH client programs. Refer to your SSH client program user’s guide.1Enter the IP address and port number. Select SSH.Table 95 Maintenance > RemoteMGMT > SSHLABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port This displays the service port number for accessing the AMG1312-T Series. If the number is grayed out, it is not editable.Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Note: It is recommended if you are allowing WAN access even temporarily to change the default password (in Maintenance > User Account). To allow access from the WAN, you will need to configure a WAN to Router firewall rule. See Firewall Section on page 168 for information on configuring firewall rules.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the AMG1312-T Series using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Choose Range to just allow the computer(s) with an IP address in the range that you specify to access the AMG1312-T Series using this service.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 25 Remote ManagementAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide2202 A window displays prompting you to store the host key in your computer. Click Yes to continue.3Enter your user name and password.4The command line interface displays.
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 221CHAPTER 26Diagnostic26.1 OverviewThese read-only screens display information to help you identify problems with the AMG1312-T Series.26.1.1 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens•Use the Ping screen (Section 26.2 on page 221) to ping an IP address.•Use the DSL Line screen (Section 26.3 on page 222) to view the DSL line statistics and reset the ADSL line.26.2 The General Screen Use this screen to ping an IP address. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic > Ping to open the screen shown next.Figure 129 Maintenance > Diagnostic > PingThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 96 Maintenance > Diagnostic > PingLABEL DESCRIPTIONType the IP address of a computer that you want to ping in order to test a connection.Ping Click this to ping the IP address that you entered.PingV6 Click this to ping the IPv6 address that you entered.TracerouteV6 Click this to display the route path and transmission delays between the AMG1312-T Series to the IPv6 address that you entered.
Chapter 26 DiagnosticAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide22226.3 The DSL Line Screen Use this screen to view the DSL line statistics and reset the ADSL line. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line to open the screen shown next.Figure 130 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL LineThe following table describes the fields in this screen.Table 97 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL LineLABEL DESCRIPTIONATM Status Click this to view your DSL connection’s Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) statistics. ATM is a networking technology that provides high-speed data transfer. ATM uses fixed-size packets of information called cells. With ATM, a high QoS (Quality of Service) can be guaranteed. The (Segmentation and Reassembly) SAR driver translates packets into ATM cells. It also receives ATM cells and reassembles them into packets.These counters are set back to zero whenever the device starts up.inPkts is the number of good ATM cells that have been received.inDiscards is the number of received ATM cells that were rejected.inF4Pkts is the number of ATM Operations, Administration, and Management (OAM) F4 cells that have been received. See ITU recommendation I.610 for more on OAM for ATM.inF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been received.outPkts is the number of ATM cells that have been sent.outDiscards is the number of ATM cells sent that were rejected.outF4Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F4 cells that have been sent. outF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been sent.ATM Loopback TestClick this to start the ATM loopback test. Make sure you have configured at least one PVC with proper VPIs/VCIs before you begin this test. The AMG1312-T Series sends an OAM F5 packet to the DSLAM/ATM switch and then returns it (loops it back) to the AMG1312-T Series. The ATM loopback test is useful for troubleshooting problems with the DSLAM and ATM network.
Chapter 26 DiagnosticAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 223DSL Line Status Click this to view statistics about the DSL connections.noise margin downstream is the signal to noise ratio for the downstream part of the connection (coming into the AMG1312-T Series from the ISP). It is measured in decibels. The higher the number the more signal and less noise there is. output power upstream is the amount of power (in decibels) that the AMG1312-T Series is using to transmit to the ISP.attenuation downstream is the reduction in amplitude (in decibels) of the DSL signal coming into the AMG1312-T Series from the ISP.Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation divides up a line’s bandwidth into sub-carriers (sub-channels) of 4.3125 KHz each called tones. The rest of the display is the line’s bit allocation. This is displayed as the number (in hexadecimal format) of bits transmitted for each tone. This can be used to determine the quality of the connection, whether a given sub-carrier loop has sufficient margins to support certain ADSL transmission rates, and possibly to determine whether particular specific types of interference or line attenuation exist. Refer to the ITU-T G.992.1 recommendation for more information on DMT. The better (or shorter) the line, the higher the number of bits transmitted for a DMT tone. The maximum number of bits that can be transmitted per DMT tone is 15. There will be some tones without any bits as there has to be space between the upstream and downstream channels. Reset ADSL Line Click this to reinitialize the ADSL line. The large text box above then displays the progress and results of this operation, for example:"Start to reset ADSLLoading ADSL modem F/W...Reset ADSL Line Successfully!"Table 97 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 224CHAPTER 27TroubleshootingThis chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories. •Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs•AMG1312-T Series Access and Login•Internet Access27.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDsThe AMG1312-T Series does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.1Make sure the AMG1312-T Series is turned on. 2Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the AMG1312-T Series.3Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the AMG1312-T Series and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.4Turn the AMG1312-T Series off and on.5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.1Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. Section 1.5 on page 162Check the hardware connections.3Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.LABEL DESCRIPTIONWPS LED Green: successful connectionOff: connection failureWIFI LED Green: WIFI activeOff: WIFI inactive
Chapter 27 TroubleshootingAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 2254Turn the AMG1312-T Series off and on.5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.27.2 AMG1312-T Series Access and LoginI forgot the IP address for the AMG1312-T Series.1The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.2If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the AMG1312-T Series by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP address of the AMG1312-T Series (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in your Internet browser.3If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.7 on page 18.I forgot the password.1The default admin user name and password can be found on the cover of this User’s Guide.2If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.7 on page 18.I cannot see or access the Login screen for the web configurator.1Make sure you are using the correct IP address.• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.• If you changed the IP address (Section 8.2 on page 117), use the new IP address.• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I forgot the IP address for the AMG1312-T Series.2Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide.3Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScripts and Java enabled. See Appendix C on page 257.
Chapter 27 TroubleshootingAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide2264Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the AMG1312-T Series with the default IP address. See Section 1.7 on page 18.5If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.Advanced Suggestions• Try to access the AMG1312-T Series using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the AMG1312-T Series, check the remote management settings and firewall rules to find out why the AMG1312-T Series does not respond to HTTP. • If your computer is connected to the DSL port or is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is connected to a ETHERNET port.I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the AMG1312-T Series.1Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default user and default admin password can be found on the cover page of this User’s Guide. The field is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 2You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access the AMG1312-T Series. Log out of the AMG1312-T Series in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in to log out. 3Turn the AMG1312-T Series off and on. 4If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.7 on page 18.I cannot Telnet to the AMG1312-T Series.See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen for the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.I cannot use FTP to upload / download the configuration file. / I cannot use FTP to upload new firmware.See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen for the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
Chapter 27 TroubleshootingAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 22727.3 Internet AccessI cannot access the Internet.1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 27.1 on page 225.2Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 3If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the AP.4If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure you enabled the wireless LAN and have selected the correct country and channel in which your AMG1312-T Series operates in the Wireless LAN > AP screen.5Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again. 6If the problem continues, contact your ISP. I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the AMG1312-T Series), but my Internet connection is not available anymore.1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 27.1 on page 225.2Turn the AMG1312-T Series off and on.3If the problem continues, contact your ISP. The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.1There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 27.1 on page 225. If the AMG1312-T Series is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications. 2Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving your computer closer to the AMG1312-T Series if possible, and look around to see if there are any devices that might be interfering with the wireless network (for example, microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on).3Turn the AMG1312-T Series off and on.
Chapter 27 TroubleshootingAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide2284If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.Advanced Suggestions• Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it. If it is enabled, you might consider raising or lowering the priority for some applications.
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 229APPENDIX ASetting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAll computers must have a 10M or 100M Ethernet adapter and TCP/IP installed. Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/Vista, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to install and use TCP/IP on your computer. Windows 3.1 requires the purchase of a third-party TCP/IP application package.TCP/IP should already be installed on computers using Windows NT/2000/XP, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems.After the appropriate TCP/IP components are installed, configure the TCP/IP settings in order to "communicate" with your network. If you manually assign IP information instead of using dynamic assignment, make sure that your computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet as the AMG1312-T Series’s LAN port.Windows 95/98/MeClick Start, Settings, Control Panel and double-click the Network icon to open the Network window.Figure 131 WIndows 95/98/Me: Network: Configuration
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide230Installing ComponentsThe Network window Configuration tab displays a list of installed components. You need a network adapter, the TCP/IP protocol and Client for Microsoft Networks.If you need the adapter:1In the Network window, click Add.2Select Adapter and then click Add.3Select the manufacturer and model of your network adapter and then click OK.If you need TCP/IP:1In the Network window, click Add.2Select Protocol and then click Add.3Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.4Select TCP/IP from the list of network protocols and then click OK.If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:1Click Add.2Select Client and then click Add.3Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.4Select Client for Microsoft Networks from the list of network clients and then click OK.5Restart your computer so the changes you made take effect.Configuring 1In the Network window Configuration tab, select your network adapter's TCP/IP entry and click Properties2Click the IP Address tab.• If your IP address is dynamic, select Obtain an IP address automatically. • If you have a static IP address, select Specify an IP address and type your information into the IP Address and Subnet Mask fields.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 231Figure 132 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: IP Address3Click the DNS Configuration tab.• If you do not know your DNS information, select Disable DNS.• If you know your DNS information, select Enable DNS and type the information in the fields below (you may not need to fill them all in).Figure 133 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: DNS Configuration4Click the Gateway tab.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide232• If you do not know your gateway’s IP address, remove previously installed gateways.• If you have a gateway IP address, type it in the New gateway field and click Add.5Click OK to save and close the TCP/IP Properties window.6Click OK to close the Network window. Insert the Windows CD if prompted.7Turn on your AMG1312-T Series and restart your computer when prompted.Verifying Settings1Click Start and then Run.2In the Run window, type "winipcfg" and then click OK to open the IP Configuration window.3Select your network adapter. You should see your computer's IP address, subnet mask and default gateway.Windows 2000/NT/XPThe following example figures use the default Windows XP GUI theme.1Click start (Start in Windows 2000/NT), Settings, Control Panel.Figure 134 Windows XP: Start Menu2In the Control Panel, double-click Network Connections (Network and Dial-up Connections in Windows 2000/NT).
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 233Figure 135 Windows XP: Control Panel3Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.Figure 136 Windows XP: Control Panel: Network Connections: Properties4Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (under the General tab in Win XP) and then click Properties.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide234Figure 137 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties5The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens (the General tab in Windows XP).• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields. • Click Advanced.Figure 138 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 2356 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK.Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask, and then click Add.• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default gateways.•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric.• Click Add. • Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.• Click OK when finished.Figure 139 Windows XP: Advanced TCP/IP Properties7In the Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window (the General tab in Windows XP):• Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP address(es).• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields. If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order them.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide236Figure 140 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties8Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.9Click Close (OK in Windows 2000/NT) to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.10 Close the Network Connections window (Network and Dial-up Connections in Windows 2000/NT).11 Turn on your AMG1312-T Series and restart your computer (if prompted).Verifying Settings1Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab.Windows VistaThis section shows screens from Windows Vista Enterprise Version 6.0.1Click the Start icon, Control Panel.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 237Figure 141 Windows Vista: Start Menu2In the Control Panel, double-click Network and Internet.Figure 142 Windows Vista: Control Panel3Click Network and Sharing Center.Figure 143 Windows Vista: Network And Internet4Click Manage network connections.Figure 144 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide2385Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.Figure 145 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center6Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties.Figure 146 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties7The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens (the General tab).• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 239• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields. • Click Advanced.Figure 147 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties8 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK.Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask, and then click Add.• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default gateways.•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric.• Click Add. • Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.• Click OK when finished.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide240Figure 148 Windows Vista: Advanced TCP/IP Properties9In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window, (the General tab):• Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP address(es).• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields. If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order them.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 241Figure 149 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties10 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window.11 Click Close to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.12 Close the Network Connections window.13 Turn on your AMG1312-T Series and restart your computer (if prompted).Verifying Settings1Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab.Macintosh OS 8/9 1Click the Apple menu, Control Panel and double-click TCP/IP to open the TCP/IP Control Panel.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide242Figure 150 Macintosh OS 8/9: Apple Menu2Select Ethernet built-in from the Connect via list.Figure 151 Macintosh OS 8/9: TCP/IP3For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP Server from the Configure: list.4For statically assigned settings, do the following:
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 243•From the Configure box, select Manually.• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.• Type the IP address of your AMG1312-T Series in the Router address box.5Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.6Click Save if prompted, to save changes to your configuration.7Turn on your AMG1312-T Series and restart your computer (if prompted).Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties in the TCP/IP Control Panel window.Macintosh OS X1Click the Apple menu, and click System Preferences to open the System Preferences window.Figure 152 Macintosh OS X: Apple Menu2Click Network in the icon bar. •Select Automatic from the Location list.•Select Built-in Ethernet from the Show list. • Click the TCP/IP tab.3For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure list.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide244Figure 153 Macintosh OS X: Network4For statically assigned settings, do the following:•From the Configure box, select Manually.• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.• Type the IP address of your AMG1312-T Series in the Router address box.5Click Apply Now and close the window.6Turn on your AMG1312-T Series and restart your computer (if prompted).Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties in the Network window.Linux This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in Red Hat Linux 9.0. Procedure, screens and file location may vary depending on your Linux distribution and release version. Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 245Using the K Desktop Environment (KDE)Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address using the KDE. 1Click the Red Hat button (located on the bottom left corner), select System Setting and click Network.Figure 154 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Devices 2Double-click on the profile of the network card you wish to configure. The Ethernet Device General screen displays as shown. Figure 155 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Ethernet Device: General • If you have a dynamic IP address, click Automatically obtain IP address settings with and select dhcp from the drop down list. • If you have a static IP address, click Statically set IP Addresses and fill in the Address, Subnet mask, and Default Gateway Address fields. 3Click OK to save the changes and close the Ethernet Device General screen.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide2464If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Configuration screen. Enter the DNS server information in the fields provided. Figure 156 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: DNS 5Click the Devices tab. 6Click the Activate button to apply the changes. The following screen displays. Click Yes to save the changes in all screens.Figure 157 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Activate 7After the network card restart process is complete, make sure the Status is Active in the Network Configuration screen.Using Configuration FilesFollow the steps below to edit the network configuration files and set your computer IP address. 1Assuming that you have only one network card on the computer, locate the ifconfig-eth0 configuration file (where eth0 is the name of the Ethernet card). Open the configuration file with any plain text editor.• If you have a dynamic IP address, enter dhcp in the BOOTPROTO= field. The following figure shows an example.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 247Figure 158 Red Hat 9.0: Dynamic IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0 • If you have a static IP address, enter static in the BOOTPROTO= field. Type IPADDR= followed by the IP address (in dotted decimal notation) and type NETMASK= followed by the subnet mask. The following example shows an example where the static IP address is 192.168.1.10 and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. Figure 159 Red Hat 9.0: Static IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0 2If you know your DNS server IP address(es), enter the DNS server information in the resolv.conf file in the /etc directory. The following figure shows an example where two DNS server IP addresses are specified.Figure 160 Red Hat 9.0: DNS Settings in resolv.conf 3After you edit and save the configuration files, you must restart the network card. Enter ./network restart in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The following figure shows an example.Figure 161 Red Hat 9.0: Restart Ethernet Card Verifying SettingsEnter ifconfig in a terminal screen to check your TCP/IP properties. DEVICE=eth0ONBOOT=yesBOOTPROTO=dhcpUSERCTL=noPEERDNS=yesTYPE=EthernetDEVICE=eth0ONBOOT=yesBOOTPROTO=staticIPADDR=192.168.1.10NETMASK=255.255.255.0USERCTL=noPEERDNS=yesTYPE=Ethernetnameserver 172.23.5.1nameserver 172.23.5.2[root@localhost init.d]# network restartShutting down interface eth0: [OK]Shutting down loopback interface: [OK]Setting network parameters: [OK]Bringing up loopback interface: [OK]Bringing up interface eth0: [OK]
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide248Figure 162 Red Hat 9.0: Checking TCP/IP Properties [root@localhost]# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BA:72:5B:44 inet addr:172.23.19.129 Bcast:172.23.19.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:717 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:730412 (713.2 Kb) TX bytes:1570 (1.5 Kb) Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1000 [root@localhost]#
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 249APPENDIX BIP Addresses and SubnettingThis appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks. IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.Introduction to IP AddressesOne part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered.StructureAn IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation). Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal.The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide250Figure 163 Network Number and Host IDHow much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask. Subnet MasksA subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID. The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.Table 98 Subnet Masks1ST OCTET:(192)2ND OCTET:(168)3RD OCTET:(1)4TH OCTET(2)IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001Host ID 00000010
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 251Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks. Network SizeThe size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits. An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:NotationSince the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address. For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128. The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations. Table 99 Subnet MasksBINARYDECIMAL1ST OCTET 2ND OCTET 3RD OCTET 4TH OCTET8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.016-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.024-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.029-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248Table 100 Maximum Host NumbersSUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 1677721416 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 216 – 2 6553424 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 28 – 2 25429 bits 255.255.255.2483 bits 23 – 2 6Table 101 Alternative Subnet Mask NotationSUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE NOTATION LAST OCTET (BINARY) LAST OCTET (DECIMAL)255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0255.255.255.128 /25 1000 0000 128255.255.255.192 /26 1100 0000 192
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide252SubnettingYou can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.The following figure shows the company network before subnetting. Figure 164 Subnetting Example: Before SubnettingYou can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25. The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-networks, A and B. 255.255.255.224 /27 1110 0000 224255.255.255.240 /28 1111 0000 240255.255.255.248 /29 1111 1000 248255.255.255.252 /30 1111 1100 252Table 101 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation (continued)SUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE NOTATION LAST OCTET (BINARY) LAST OCTET (DECIMAL)
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 253Figure 165 Subnetting Example: After SubnettingIn a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 – 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126. Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.Example: Four Subnets The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192. Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address). Table 102 Subnet 1IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.0Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.63Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide254Example: Eight SubnetsSimilarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111). The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.Table 103 Subnet 2IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 64IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.64Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.127Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126Table 104 Subnet 3IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 128IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.128Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.191Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190Table 105 Subnet 4IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 192IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.192Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.255Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254Table 106 Eight SubnetsSUBNET SUBNET ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST ADDRESS BROADCAST ADDRESS1 0 1 30 31232 33 62 63364 65 94 95496 97 126 1275128 129 158 1596160 161 190 1917192 193 222 2238224 225 254 255
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 255Subnet PlanningThe following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number. Configuring IP AddressesWhere you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the AMG1312-T Series. Table 107 24-bit Network Number Subnet PlanningNO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET1255.255.255.128 (/25) 21262255.255.255.192 (/26) 4623255.255.255.224 (/27) 8304255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 145255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 66255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 27255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1Table 108 16-bit Network Number Subnet PlanningNO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET1255.255.128.0 (/17) 2327662255.255.192.0 (/18) 4163823255.255.224.0 (/19) 881904255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 40945255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 20466255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 10227255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 5108255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 2549255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 12610 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 6211 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 3012 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 1413 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 614 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 215 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide256Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your AMG1312-T Series that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your AMG1312-T Series will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the AMG1312-T Series unless you are instructed to do otherwise.Private IP AddressesEvery machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 257APPENDIX CPop-up Windows, JavaScripts and JavaPermissionsIn order to use the web configurator you need to allow:• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.• JavaScripts (enabled by default).• Java permissions (enabled by default).Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary.Internet Explorer Pop-up BlockersYou may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device. Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.Disable Pop-up Blockers1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker. Figure 166 Pop-up BlockerYou can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab. 1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.2Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide258Figure 167 Internet Options: Privacy3Click Apply to save this setting.Enable Pop-up Blockers with ExceptionsAlternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab. 2Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 259Figure 168 Internet Options: Privacy3Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1. 4Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.Figure 169 Pop-up Blocker Settings
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide2605Click Close to return to the Privacy screen. 6Click Apply to save this setting. JavaScriptsIf pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts are allowed. 1In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. Figure 170 Internet Options: Security 2Click the Custom Level... button. 3Scroll down to Scripting. 4Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).5Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default). 6Click OK to close the window.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 261Figure 171 Security Settings - Java ScriptingJava Permissions1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. 2Click the Custom Level... button. 3Scroll down to Microsoft VM. 4Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.5Click OK to close the window.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide262Figure 172 Security Settings - Java JAVA (Sun)1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab. 2Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.3Click OK to close the window.Figure 173 Java (Sun)
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 263Mozilla FirefoxMozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary. You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the screen that appears.Figure 174 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > OptionsClick Content to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.Figure 175 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 264APPENDIX DWireless LANsWireless LAN TopologiesThis section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.Ad-hoc Wireless LAN ConfigurationThe simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN. Figure 176 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc NetworkBSSA Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.
Appendix D Wireless LANsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 265Figure 177 Basic Service SetESSAn Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood. An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.
Appendix D Wireless LANsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide266Figure 178 Infrastructure WLANChannelA channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance.Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.RTS/CTSA hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other.
Appendix D Wireless LANsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 267Figure 179 RTS/CTSWhen station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size. Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.Fragmentation ThresholdA Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames.A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Appendix D Wireless LANsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide268Preamble TypePreamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of the synchronization field in a packet.Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short preamble. Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks. Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide more efficient communications.Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the network support it, otherwise the AMG1312-T Series uses long preamble.Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.IEEE 802.11g Wireless LANIEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:Wireless Security OverviewWireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network.Wireless security methods available on the AMG1312-T Series are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the AMG1312-T Series identity.Table 109 IEEE 802.11gDATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION1 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)2 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying) 6/9/12/18/24/36/48/54OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Appendix D Wireless LANsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 269The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your AMG1312-T Series.Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the AMG1312-T Series and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it. IEEE 802.1xIn June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:• User based identification that allows for roaming.• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server. • Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients. RADIUSRADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:• Authentication Determines the identity of the users.•AuthorizationDetermines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.• AccountingKeeps track of the client’s network activity. Table 110 Wireless Security LevelsSECURITY LEVEL SECURITY TYPELeast Secure Most SecureUnique SSID (Default)Unique SSID with Hide SSID EnabledMAC Address FilteringWEP EncryptionIEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server AuthenticationWi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)WPA2
Appendix D Wireless LANsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide270RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server. Types of RADIUS MessagesThe following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:• Access-RequestSent by an access point requesting authentication.• Access-RejectSent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.• Access-AcceptSent by a RADIUS server allowing access. • Access-ChallengeSent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message. The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:• Accounting-RequestSent by the access point requesting accounting.• Accounting-ResponseSent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting. In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access. Types of EAP Authentication This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types. EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication. The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.
Appendix D Wireless LANsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 271EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text. However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption. EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity. However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead. EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service) EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2. PEAP (Protected EAP) Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco.LEAPLEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x. Dynamic WEP Key ExchangeThe AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.
Appendix D Wireless LANsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide272If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key ExchangeFor added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types.WPA and WPA2Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication.If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN. If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.Encryption WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm Table 111 Comparison of EAP Authentication TypesEAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAPMutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes YesCertificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional NoCertificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes NoDynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes YesCredential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong ModerateDeployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate ModerateClient Identity Protection No No Yes Yes No
Appendix D Wireless LANsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 273called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism.WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice. The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically.The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped. By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network. The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP)User Authentication WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices.Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again.Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.Wireless Client WPA SupplicantsA wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client. The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it.
Appendix D Wireless LANsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide274WPA(2) with RADIUS Application ExampleTo set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.1The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.2The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies network access accordingly.3A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS server and the client.4The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.Figure 180 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application ExampleWPA(2)-PSK Application ExampleA WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.1First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols).2The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches.3The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
Appendix D Wireless LANsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 2754The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them.Figure 181 WPA(2)-PSK AuthenticationSecurity Parameters SummaryRefer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features.Antenna OverviewAn antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air. Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN. Table 112 Wireless Security Relational MatrixAUTHENTICATION METHOD/ KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLENCRYPTION METHOD ENTER MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1XOpen None No DisableEnable without Dynamic WEP KeyOpen WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP KeyYes Enable without Dynamic WEP KeyYes DisableShared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP KeyYes Enable without Dynamic WEP KeyYes DisableWPA TKIP/AES No EnableWPA-PSK TKIP/AES Yes DisableWPA2 TKIP/AES No EnableWPA2-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
Appendix D Wireless LANsAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide276Antenna CharacteristicsFrequencyAn antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz (IEEE 802.11a) is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LANRadiation PatternA radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage area. Antenna GainAntenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications. For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment. Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides. Types of Antennas for WLANThere are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points. • Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.Positioning AntennasIn general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible. For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 277APPENDIX EIPv6OverviewIPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The increase in IPv6 address size to 128 bits (from the 32-bit IPv4 address) allows up to 3.4 x 1038 IP addresses. IPv6 AddressingThe 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This is an example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000. IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:• Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can be written as 2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0. • Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double colon can only appear once in an IPv6 address. So 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be written as 2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015, 2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15.Prefix and Prefix LengthSimilar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (start from the left) in the address compose the network address. The prefix length is written as “/x” where x is a number. For example, 2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix. Link-local AddressA link-local address uniquely identifies a device on the local network (the LAN). It is similar to a “private IP address” in IPv4. You can have the same link-local address on multiple interfaces on a device. A link-local unicast address has a predefined prefix of fe80::/10. The link-local unicast address format is as follows.Table 113 Link-local Unicast Address Format1111 1110 10 0 Interface ID10 bits 54 bits 64 bits
Appendix E IPv6AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide278Global AddressA global address uniquely identifies a device on the Internet. It is similar to a “public IP address” in IPv4. A global unicast address starts with a 2 or 3. Unspecified AddressAn unspecified address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::) is used as the source address when a device does not have its own address. It is similar to “0.0.0.0” in IPv4.Loopback AddressA loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1) allows a host to send packets to itself. It is similar to “127.0.0.1” in IPv4.Multicast AddressIn IPv6, multicast addresses provide the same functionality as IPv4 broadcast addresses. Broadcasting is not supported in IPv6. A multicast address allows a host to send packets to all hosts in a multicast group. Multicast scope allows you to determine the size of the multicast group. A multicast address has a predefined prefix of ff00::/8. The following table describes some of the predefined multicast addresses. The following table describes the multicast addresses which are reserved and can not be assigned to a multicast group. Table 114 Predefined Multicast AddressMULTICAST ADDRESS DESCRIPTIONFF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All hosts on a local node. FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local node.FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All hosts on a local connected link.FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local connected link.FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local site. FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:3 All DHCP severs on a local site. Table 115 Reserved Multicast AddressMULTICAST ADDRESSFF00:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF03:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF04:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF06:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF07:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
Appendix E IPv6AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 279Subnet MaskingBoth an IPv6 address and IPv6 subnet mask compose of 128-bit binary digits, which are divided into eight 16-bit blocks and written in hexadecimal notation. Hexadecimal uses four bits for each character (1 ~ 10, A ~ F). Each block’s 16 bits are then represented by four hexadecimal characters. For example, FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FC00:0000:0000:0000.Interface IDIn IPv6, an interface ID is a 64-bit identifier. It identifies a physical interface (for example, an Ethernet port) or a virtual interface (for example, the management IP address for a VLAN). One interface should have a unique interface ID.EUI-64The EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier) defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is an interface ID format designed to adapt with IPv6. It is derived from the 48-bit (6-byte) Ethernet MAC address as shown next. EUI-64 inserts the hex digits fffe between the third and fourth bytes of the MAC address and complements the seventh bit of the first byte of the MAC address. See the following example. Stateless AutoconfigurationWith stateless autoconfiguration in IPv6, addresses can be uniquely and automatically generated. Unlike DHCPv6 (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version six) which is used in IPv6 stateful autoconfiguration, the owner and status of addresses don’t need to be maintained by a DHCP server. Every IPv6 device is able to generate its own and unique IP address automatically when IPv6 is initiated on its interface. It combines the prefix and the interface ID (generated from its own Ethernet MAC address, see Interface ID and EUI-64) to form a complete IPv6 address.When IPv6 is enabled on a device, its interface automatically generates a link-local address (beginning with fe80).When the interface is connected to a network with a router and the AMG1312-T Series is set to automatically obtain an IPv6 network prefix from the router for the interface, it generates 3another FF08:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF09:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0B:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0C:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0D:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0E:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0F:0:0:0:0:0:0:0Table 115 Reserved Multicast Address (continued)MULTICAST ADDRESS MAC 00 : 13 : 49 :12 : 34 :56 EUI-64 02:13 :49 :FF :FE :12 : 34 :56
Appendix E IPv6AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide280address which combines its interface ID and global and subnet information advertised from the router. This is a routable global IP address.DHCPv6The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6, RFC 3315) is a server-client protocol that allows a DHCP server to assign and pass IPv6 network addresses, prefixes and other configuration information to DHCP clients. DHCPv6 servers and clients exchange DHCP messages using UDP.Each DHCP client and server has a unique DHCP Unique IDentifier (DUID), which is used for identification when they are exchanging DHCPv6 messages. The DUID is generated from the MAC address, time, vendor assigned ID and/or the vendor's private enterprise number registered with the IANA. It should not change over time even after you reboot the device.Identity AssociationAn Identity Association (IA) is a collection of addresses assigned to a DHCP client, through which the server and client can manage a set of related IP addresses. Each IA must be associated with exactly one interface. The DHCP client uses the IA assigned to an interface to obtain configuration from a DHCP server for that interface. Each IA consists of a unique IAID and associated IP information.The IA type is the type of address in the IA. Each IA holds one type of address. IA_NA means an identity association for non-temporary addresses and IA_TA is an identity association for temporary addresses. An IA_NA option contains the T1 and T2 fields, but an IA_TA option does not. The DHCPv6 server uses T1 and T2 to control the time at which the client contacts with the server to extend the lifetimes on any addresses in the IA_NA before the lifetimes expire. After T1, the client sends the server (S1) (from which the addresses in the IA_NA were obtained) a Renew message. If the time T2 is reached and the server does not respond, the client sends a Rebind message to any available server (S2). For an IA_TA, the client may send a Renew or Rebind message at the client's discretion. DHCP Relay AgentA DHCP relay agent is on the same network as the DHCP clients and helps forward messages between the DHCP server and clients. When a client cannot use its link-local address and a well-known multicast address to locate a DHCP server on its network, it then needs a DHCP relay agent to send a message to a DHCP server that is not attached to the same network.The DHCP relay agent can add the remote identification (remote-ID) option and the interface-ID option to the Relay-Forward DHCPv6 messages. The remote-ID option carries a user-defined string, 3. In IPv6, all network interfaces can be associated with several addresses. T1T2Renew RebindRebindto S1Renewto S1Renewto S1Renewto S1Renewto S1Renewto S1to S2to S2
Appendix E IPv6AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 281such as the system name. The interface-ID option provides slot number, port information and the VLAN ID to the DHCPv6 server. The remote-ID option (if any) is stripped from the Relay-Reply messages before the relay agent sends the packets to the clients. The DHCP server copies the interface-ID option from the Relay-Forward message into the Relay-Reply message and sends it to the relay agent. The interface-ID should not change even after the relay agent restarts.Prefix DelegationPrefix delegation enables an IPv6 router to use the IPv6 prefix (network address) received from the ISP (or a connected uplink router) for its LAN. The AMG1312-T Series uses the received IPv6 prefix (for example, 2001:db2::/48) to generate its LAN IP address. Through sending Router Advertisements (RAs) regularly by multicast, the AMG1312-T Series passes the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts then can use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.ICMPv6Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6 or ICMP for IPv6) is defined in RFC 4443. ICMPv6 has a preceding Next Header value of 58, which is different from the value used to identify ICMP for IPv4. ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6. IPv6 nodes use ICMPv6 to report errors encountered in packet processing and perform other diagnostic functions, such as "ping".Multicast Listener DiscoveryThe Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol (defined in RFC 2710) is derived from IPv4's Internet Group Management Protocol version 2 (IGMPv2). MLD uses ICMPv6 message types, rather than IGMP message types. MLDv1 is equivalent to IGMPv2 and MLDv2 is equivalent to IGMPv3.MLD allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the presence of MLD listeners who wish to receive multicast packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network. MLD snooping and MLD proxy are analogous to IGMP snooping and IGMP proxy in IPv4. MLD filtering controls which multicast groups a port can join.MLD MessagesA multicast router or switch periodically sends general queries to MLD hosts to update the multicast forwarding table. When an MLD host wants to join a multicast group, it sends an MLD Report message for that address.An MLD Done message is equivalent to an IGMP Leave message. When an MLD host wants to leave a multicast group, it can send a Done message to the router or switch. The router or switch then sends a group-specific query to the port on which the Done message is received to determine if other devices connected to this port should remain in the group.Transition TechniquesIPv6 Over IPv4 TunnellingTo route traffic between two IPv6 networks over an IPv4 network, an IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel has to be used.
Appendix E IPv6AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide282On the AMG1312-T Series, you can either set up a configured tunnel or an automatic 6to4 tunnel. The following describes each method. Configured TunnelA configured tunnel is a point-to-point tunnelling mechanism that encapsulates an IPv6 address with an IPv4 address. Routers (A and B) on both IPv6 networks (1 and 2) each must have an interface that connects to the IPv4 network (with an IPv4 address). This allows the router to send and receive IPv6 data over the IPv4 network. In this case, you must specify B’s public IPv4 address on A (similarly, specify A’s public IPv4 address on B) in order for packets to arrive at the intended destination through the IPv4 network. Figure 182 Configured Tunnel Example 6to4 TunnelA 6to4 tunnel is an automatic tunnelling mechanism that provides connection between IPv6 networks across an IPv4 network. To transmit IPv6 packets over an IPv4 network, the IPv6 packets are encapsulated inside IPv4 packets. The following figure shows a network example. Figure 183 6to4 Relay Router Network Example In a 6to4 tunnel, 6to4 routers (A and B in the example network) forward these packets between IPv6 networks (1 and 2) over the IPv4 Internet. A 6to4 relay router (C) connects to both an IPv6 and IPv4 network. A 6to4 relay router is used to forward packets between 6to4 routers in an IPv4 Internet and an IPv6 device (Z) on the IPv6 Internet. To transmit packets, a 6to4 address is used with a special IPv6 prefix of 2002:: to encode a given IPv4 address. A 6to4 address has the following format: 2002:IPv4 address:subnet ID:host ID/64
Appendix E IPv6AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 283For example, if you have an IPv4 address of 192.168.1.1 (first converted to binary notation and then to the colon hexadecimal representation of c0a8:0101), then the 6to4 addresses is 2002:c0a8:0101::1/64. Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows XP/2003/VistaBy default, Windows XP and Windows 2003 support IPv6. This example shows you how to use the ipv6 install command on Windows XP/2003 to enable IPv6. This also displays how to use the ipconfig command to see auto-generated IP addresses.IPv6 is installed and enabled by default in Windows Vista. Use the ipconfig command to check your automatic configured IPv6 address as well. You should see at least one IPv6 address available for the interface on your computer.Example - Enabling DHCPv6 on Windows XPWindows XP does not support DHCPv6. If your network uses DHCPv6 for IP address assignment, you have to additionally install a DHCPv6 client software on your Windows XP. (Note: If you use static IP addresses or Router Advertisement for IPv6 address assignment in your network, ignore this section.)This example uses Dibbler as the DHCPv6 client. To enable DHCPv6 client on your computer:1Install Dibbler and select the DHCPv6 client option on your computer.2After the installation is complete, select Start > All Programs > Dibbler-DHCPv6 > Client Install as service.3Select Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services.4Double click Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client.C:\>ipv6 installInstalling...Succeeded.C:\>ipconfigWindows IP ConfigurationEthernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.1.1.46 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : fe80::2d0:59ff:feb8:103c%4 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 10.1.1.254
Appendix E IPv6AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide2845Click Start and then OK.6Now your computer can obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server.Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows 7Windows 7 supports IPv6 by default. DHCPv6 is also enabled when you enable IPv6 on a Windows 7 computer.To enable IPv6 in Windows 7:1Select Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Local Area Connection.2Select the Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) checkbox to enable it.3Click OK to save the change.
Appendix E IPv6AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 2854Click Close to exit the Local Area Connection Status screen.5Select Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.6Use the ipconfig command to check your dynamic IPv6 address. This example shows a global address (2001:b021:2d::1000) obtained from a DHCP server.C:\>ipconfigWindows IP ConfigurationEthernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IPv6 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 2001:b021:2d::1000 Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::25d8:dcab:c80a:5189%11 IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.100.61 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : fe80::213:49ff:feaa:7125%11 172.16.100.254
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 286APPENDIX FServicesThe following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers.•Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like.•Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number.•Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol.•If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.•If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.•Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used.
Appendix F ServicesAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 287Table 116 Examples of ServicesNAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTIONAH (IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling protocol uses this service.AIM TCP 5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service.AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some servers.BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol.BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client.BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server.CU-SEEME TCP/UDPTCP/UDP 764824032A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software.DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (for instance www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers.ESP (IPSEC_TUNNEL)User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service.FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on.FTP TCPTCP2021File Transfer Protocol, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail.H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.HTTP TCP 80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/server protocol for the world wide web.HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-commerce.ICMP User-Defined 1Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for diagnostic purposes.ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat program.IGMP (MULTICAST) User-Defined 2Internet Group Multicast Protocol is used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts.IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for key distribution and management.IMAP4 TCP 143 The Internet Message Access Protocol is used for e-mail.IMAP4S TCP 993 This is a more secure version of IMAP4 that runs over SSL.IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat program.MSN Messenger TCP 1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger service uses this protocol. NetBIOS TCP/UDPTCP/UDPTCP/UDPTCP/UDP137138139445The Network Basic Input/Output System is used for communication between computers in a LAN.
Appendix F ServicesAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide288NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program.NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups.NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments.NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service.PING User-Defined 1Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable.POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other).POP3S TCP 995 This is a more secure version of POP3 that runs over SSL.PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel.PPTP_TUNNEL (GRE) User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel.RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service.REAL_AUDIO TCP 7070 A streaming audio service that enables real time sound over the web.REXEC TCP 514 Remote Execution Daemon.RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login.ROADRUNNER TCP/UDP 1026 This is an ISP that provides services mainly for cable modems.RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet.RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the Internet. SFTP TCP 115 The Simple File Transfer Protocol is an old way of transferring files between computers.SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another.SMTPS TCP 465 This is a more secure version of SMTP that runs over SSL.SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management Program.SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).Table 116 Examples of Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
Appendix F ServicesAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 289SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an interface to access data on many different types of database systems, including mainframes, midrange systems, UNIX systems and network servers.SSDP UDP 1900 The Simple Service Discovery Protocol supports Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP).SSH TCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program.STRM WORKS UDP 1558 Stream Works Protocol.SYSLOG UDP 514 Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX server.TACACS UDP 49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System).TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and in UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log into remote host systems.VDOLIVE TCPUDP7000user-definedA videoconferencing solution. The UDP port number is specified in the application.Table 116 Examples of Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
AMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 290APPENDIX GLegal InformationCopyrightCopyright © 2013 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.DisclaimerZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.TrademarksZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System) is a registered trademark of ZyXEL Communications, Inc. Other trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and may be properties of their respective owners.Certifications Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference StatementThe device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:• This device may not cause harmful interference.• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations.This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:1Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.2Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.3Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.4Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.FCC Radiation Exposure Statement• This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. • IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n(20MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1 through 11. IEEE 802.11n(40MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1 through 7. • To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20 cm must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons. Note: only channels 1 to 11 (frequency band 2.412 GHz to 2.462 GHz) are available for use in the United States of America.注意 !依據 低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法第十二條 經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機，非經許可，公司、商號或使用者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性及功能。第十四條 低功率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信；經發現有干擾現象時，應立即停用，並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用。前項合法通信，指依電信規定作業之無線電信。低功率射頻電機須忍受合法通信或工業、科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾。 本機限在不干擾合法電臺與不受被干擾保障條件下於室內使用。 減少電磁波影響，請妥適使用。
Appendix G Legal InformationAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 291Notices Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.Viewing CertificationsGo to www.zyxel.com to view the product’s documents and certifications.ZyXEL Limited WarrantyZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.NoteRepair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your Return Material Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is recommended that the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of purchase or those with an out-dated warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer will be billed for parts and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to the corresponding return address, Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights that vary from country to country.RegistrationRegister your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.Regulatory InformationEuropean UnionThe following information applies if you use the product within the European Union.Declaration of Conformity with Regard to EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive)Compliance Information for 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wireless Products Relevant to the EU and Other Countries Following the EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive) [Czech] ZyXEL tímto prohlašuje, že tento zařízení je ve shodě se základními požadavky a dalšími příslušnými ustanoveními směrnice 1999/5/EC.[Danish] Undertegnede ZyXEL erklærer herved, at følgende udstyr udstyr overholder de væsentlige krav og øvrige relevante krav i direktiv 1999/5/EF.[German] Hiermit erklärt ZyXEL, dass sich das Gerät Ausstattung in Übereinstimmung mit den grundlegenden Anforderungen und den übrigen einschlägigen Bestimmungen der Richtlinie 1999/5/EU befindet.[Estonian] Käesolevaga kinnitab ZyXEL seadme seadmed vastavust direktiivi 1999/5/EÜ põhinõuetele ja nimetatud direktiivist tulenevatele teistele asjakohastele sätetele.English Hereby, ZyXEL declares that this equipment is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC.[Spanish] Por medio de la presente ZyXEL declara que el equipo cumple con los requisitos esenciales y cualesquiera otras disposiciones aplicables o exigibles de la Directiva 1999/5/CE.[Greek] ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ZyXEL ∆ΗΛΩΝΕΙ ΟΤΙ εξοπλισμός ΣΥΜΜΟΡΦΩΝΕΤΑΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΙΣ ΟΥΣΙΩ∆ΕΙΣ ΑΠΑΙΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΣ ΛΟΙΠΕΣ ΣΧΕΤΙΚΕΣ ∆ΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ Ο∆ΗΓΙΑΣ 1999/5/ΕC.[French] Par la présente ZyXEL déclare que l'appareil équipements est conforme aux exigences essentielles et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la directive 1999/5/EC.[Italian] Con la presente ZyXEL dichiara che questo attrezzatura è conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed alle altre disposizioni pertinenti stabilite dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE.[Latvian] Ar šo ZyXEL deklarē, ka iekārtas atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajām prasībām un citiem ar to saistītajiem noteikumiem.[Lithuanian] Šiuo ZyXEL deklaruoja, kad šis įranga atitinka esminius reikalavimus ir kitas 1999/5/EB Direktyvos nuostatas.[Dutch] Hierbij verklaart ZyXEL dat het toestel uitrusting in overeenstemming is met de essentiële eisen en de andere relevante bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EC.[Maltese] Hawnhekk, ZyXEL, jiddikjara li dan tagħmir jikkonforma mal-ħtiġijiet essenzjali u ma provvedimenti oħrajn relevanti li hemm fid-Dirrettiva 1999/5/EC.
Appendix G Legal InformationAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide292National RestrictionsThis product may be used in all EU countries (and other countries following the EU directive 1999/5/EC) without any limitation except for the countries mentioned below:Ce produit peut être utilisé dans tous les pays de l’UE (et dans tous les pays ayant transposés la directive 1999/5/CE) sans aucune limitation, excepté pour les pays mentionnés ci-dessous:Questo prodotto è utilizzabile in tutte i paesi EU (ed in tutti gli altri paesi che seguono le direttive EU 1999/5/EC) senza nessuna limitazione, eccetto per i paesii menzionati di seguito:Das Produkt kann in allen EU Staaten ohne Einschränkungen eingesetzt werden (sowie in anderen Staaten die der EU Direktive 1995/5/CE folgen) mit Außnahme der folgenden aufgeführten Staaten:In the majority of the EU and other European countries,the 2,4- and 5-GHz bands have been made available for the use of wireless local area networks (LANs). Later in this document you will find an overview of countries inwhich additional restrictions or requirements or both are applicable.The requirements for any country may evolve. ZyXEL recommends that you check with the local authorities for the latest status of their national regulations for both the 2,4- and 5-GHz wireless LANs.The following countries have restrictions and/or requirements in addition to those given in the table labeled “Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs”:.BelgiumThe Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must be notified of any outdoor wireless link having a range exceeding 300 meters. Please check http://www.bipt.be for more details.Draadloze verbindingen voor buitengebruik en met een reikwijdte van meer dan 300 meter dienen aangemeld te worden bij het Belgisch Instituut voor postdiensten en telecommunicatie (BIPT). Zie http://www.bipt.be voor meer gegevens.Les liaisons sans fil pour une utilisation en extérieur d’une distance supérieure à 300 mètres doivent être notifiées à l’Institut Belge des services Postaux et des Télécommunications (IBPT). Visitez http://www.ibpt.be pour de plus amples détails.DenmarkIn Denmark, the band 5150 - 5350 MHz is also allowed for outdoor usage.I Danmark må frekvensbåndet 5150 - 5350 også anvendes udendørs.Italy[Hungarian] Alulírott, ZyXEL nyilatkozom, hogy a berendezés megfelel a vonatkozó alapvetõ követelményeknek és az 1999/5/EK irányelv egyéb elõírásainak.[Polish] Niniejszym ZyXEL oświadcza, że sprzęt jest zgodny z zasadniczymi wymogami oraz pozostałymi stosownymi postanowieniami Dyrektywy 1999/5/EC.[Portuguese] ZyXEL declara que este equipamento está conforme com os requisitos essenciais e outras disposições da Directiva 1999/5/EC.[Slovenian] ZyXEL izjavlja, da je ta oprema v skladu z bistvenimi zahtevami in ostalimi relevantnimi določili direktive 1999/5/EC.[Slovak] ZyXEL týmto vyhlasuje, že zariadenia spĺňa základné požiadavky a všetky príslušné ustanovenia Smernice 1999/5/EC.[Finnish] ZyXEL vakuuttaa täten että laitteet tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien direktiivin muiden ehtojen mukainen.[Swedish] Härmed intygar ZyXEL att denna utrustning står I överensstämmelse med de väsentliga egenskapskrav och övriga relevanta bestämmelser som framgår av direktiv 1999/5/EC.[Bulgarian] С настоящото ZyXEL декларира, че това оборудване е в съответствие със съществените изисквания и другите приложими разпоредбите на Директива 1999/5/ЕC.[Icelandic] Hér með lýsir, ZyXEL því yfir að þessi búnaður er í samræmi við grunnkröfur og önnur viðeigandi ákvæði tilskipunar 1999/5/EC.[Norwegian] Erklærer herved ZyXEL at dette utstyret er I samsvar med de grunnleggende kravene og andre relevante bestemmelser I direktiv 1999/5/EF.[Romanian] Prin prezenta, ZyXEL declară că acest echipament este în conformitate cu cerinţele esenţiale şi alte prevederi relevante ale Directivei 1999/5/EC. Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs Frequency Band (MHz) Max Power Level(EIRP)1 (mW) Indoor ONLY Indoor and Outdoor 2400-2483.5 100 V 5150-5350 200 V 5470-5725 1000 V
Appendix G Legal InformationAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 293This product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements specified in the National Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless this wireless LAN product is operating within the boundaries of the owner's property, its use requires a “general authorization.” Please check http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ for more details.Questo prodotto è conforme alla specifiche di Interfaccia Radio Nazionali e rispetta il Piano Nazionale di ripartizione delle frequenze in Italia. Se non viene installato all 'interno del proprio fondo, l'utilizzo di prodotti Wireless LAN richiede una “Autorizzazione Generale”. Consultare http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ per maggiori dettagli.LatviaThe outdoor usage of the 2.4 GHz band requires an authorization from the Electronic Communications Office. Please check http://www.esd.lv for more details.2.4 GHz frekvenèu joslas izmantoðanai ârpus telpâm nepiecieðama atïauja no Elektronisko sakaru direkcijas. Vairâk informâcijas: http://www.esd.lv.Notes:1. Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states, the EU Directive 1999/5/EC has also been implemented in those countries.2. The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP. The EIRP level (in dBm) of a device can be calculated by adding the gain of the antenna used(specified in dBi) to the output power available at the connector (specified in dBm).Safety Warnings• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.• Do NOT store things on the device.• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device.• Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe).• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source.• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. • Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device. • Use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication line cord.• Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s). Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately.
IndexAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 294IndexNumbers802.1p 145AactivationCWMP 201dynamic DNS 162DYNDNS wildcard 162NAT 148port binding 158port forwarding 151QoS 138SSID 94wireless LANscheduling 101WPS 97address mappingtypes 155administrator password 19alternative subnet mask notation 251antennadirectional 276gain 276omni-directional 276anti-probing 170AP (access point) 266applications, NAT 154Asynchronous Transfer Mode, see ATMATM 222MBS 75, 79PCR 74, 79QoS 74, 79, 86SCR 75, 79status 222authentication 104, 105RADIUS server 105automatic logout 20Bbackupconfiguration 207Basic Service Set, See BSS 264Basic Service Set, see BSSbroadcast 69BSS 107, 264example 107CCA 189, 271CBR 74, 79, 86certificatefactory default 190Certificate AuthoritySee CA.certificates 189authentication 189CApublic key 189replacing 190storage space 190trusted CAs 191Certification Authority 189Certification Authority. see CAcertifications 290notices 291viewing 291channel 266interference 266channel, wireless LAN 103CLI 14client list 119Command Line Interface, see CLIcompatibility, WDS 99configurationbackup 207
IndexAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide295CWMP 200DHCP 119IP alias 121IP precedence 143IP/MAC filter 164port forwarding 149reset 208restoring 208static route 133, 135WAN 69wizard 28connectionnailed-up 84copyright 290CPE WAN Management Protocol, see CWMPCTS (Clear to Send) 267customized services 176, 178CWMP 200activation 201configuration 200Ddata fragment threshold 101, 104DDoS 169default LAN IP address 19default server address 152default server, NAT 149Denials of Service, see DoSDHCP 66, 116, 119, 128diagnostic 221DiffServ Code Point, see DSCPdigital IDs 189disclaimer 290DMZ 152DNS 116, 128, 217documentationrelated 2Domain Name System, see DNSDoS 169three-way handshake 179thresholds 170, 179, 180DSCP 143DSL connections, status 223dynamic DNS 161activation 162wildcard 161activation 162Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, see DHCPdynamic WEP key exchange 271DYNDNS wildcard 161activation 162EEAP Authentication 270encapsulation 68, 71, 78ENET ENCAP 83PPPoA 83PPPoE 83RFC 1483 83encryption 106, 272ENET ENCAP 71, 78, 83ESS 265Extended Service Set IDentification 89, 95Extended Service Set, See ESS 265FFCC interference statement 290filters 163IP/MAC 163structure 163IP/MAC filterconfiguration 164MAC address 96, 105URL 163firewalls 168actions 175address types 176anti-probing 170customized services 176, 178DDoS 169default action 172DoS 169thresholds 170, 179, 180ICMP 170LAND attack 169
IndexAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 296logs 175P2P 180packet direction 172Ping of Death 169rules 181security 182SYN attack 169three-way handshake 179triangle route 183solutions 184firmware 205forwarding ports 148, 149activation 151configuration 149example 149rules 150fragmentation threshold 101, 104, 267FTP 14, 213GGuideQuick Start 2Hhidden node 266host 199host name 65IIANA 256Internet Assigned Numbers Authoritysee IANAIBSS 264ICMP 170, 217IEEE 802.11g 268IGA 153IGMP 69, 118, 130ILA 153importing trusted CAs 191Independent Basic Service SetSee IBSS 264initialization vector (IV) 273Inside Global Address, see IGAInside Local Address, see ILAInternet Control Message Protocol, see ICMPInternet Protocol version 6, see IPv6IP address 65, 69, 72, 78, 84, 116, 129default 19default server 149ping 221private 129IP alias 120configuration 121NAT applications 155IP precedence 143, 145configuration 143IP/MAC filter 163configuration 164structure 163IPv6 277addressing 277EUI-64 279global address 278interface ID 279link-local address 277Neighbor Discovery Protocol 277ping 277prefix 277prefix length 277stateless autoconfiguration 279unspecified address 278LLAN 115client list 119DHCP 116, 119, 128DNS 116, 128IGMP 130IP address 116, 117, 129IP alias 120configuration 121MAC address 120multicast 118, 130RIP 130
IndexAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide297subnet mask 116, 129LAND attack 169limitationswireless LAN 106WPS 113Local Area Network, see LANloginpasswords 19logout 20automatic 20logs 194firewalls 175MMAC 65MAC address 96, 120filter 96, 105MAC authentication 96Management Information Base (MIB) 215managing the deviceusing FTP. See FTP.mapping addresstypes 155Maximum Burst Size, see MBSMaximum Transmission Unit, see MTUMBS 75, 79, 85MBSSID 107Media Access Control, see MAC AddressMLD proxy 74model name 65MTU 75, 80multicast 69, 74, 118, 130IGMPInternet Group Multicast Protocol, see IGMPMultiple BSS, see MBSSIDmultiplexing 71, 78, 83LLC-based 84VC-based 84Nnailed-up connection 73, 84NAT 78, 147, 153, 154, 255activation 148address mappingtypes 155applications 154IP alias 155default server IP address 149example 154global 153IGA 153ILA 153inside 153local 153outside 153P2P 148port forwarding 148, 149activation 151configuration 149example 149rules 150remote management 211Network Address Translationsee NATNetwork Address Translation, see NATnetwork map 24Oother documentation 2PP2P 148, 180packet direction 172Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 273, 274passwords 19PBC 108PCR 74, 79, 85Peak Cell Rate, see PCRPIN, WPS 109example 110Ping of Death 169port binding 157activation 158
IndexAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 298summary screen 159port forwarding 148, 149activation 151configuration 149example 149rules 150PPPoA 71, 78, 83PPPoE 71, 78, 83preamble 101, 104preamble mode 268private IP address 129probing, firewalls 170product registration 291PSK 273push button 17Push Button Configuration, see PBCpush button, WPS 108QQoS 136802.1p 145activation 138DSCP 143example 136IP precedence 143, 145priority queue 146Quality of Service, see QoSQuick Start Guide 2, 19RRADIUS 269message types 270messages 270shared secret key 270RADIUS server 105registrationproduct 291related documentation 2remote management 210DNS 217FTP 213ICMP 217limitations 211NAT 211SSH 218Telnet 213WWW 211reset 18, 208restart 209restoring configuration 208RFC 1483 71, 78, 83RFC 3164 194RIP 74, 130Routing Information Protocol, see RIPRTS (Request To Send) 267threshold 266, 267rules, port forwarding 150Sscheduleswireless LAN 101SCR 75, 79, 85securitynetwork 182wireless LAN 104Security Parameter Index, see SPIService Set 89, 95setupDHCP 119IP alias 121IP precedenceQoSIP precedence 143IP/MAC filter 164port forwarding 149static route 133, 135WAN 69wizard 28shaping traffic 85Simple Network Management Protocol, see SNMPSNMP 214agents 215Manager 215managers 215MIB 215network components 215
IndexAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide299versions 214SPI 169SSH 218SSID 105activation 94MBSSID 107static route 132configuration 133, 135example 132status 63ATM 222DSL connections 223WPS 98subnet 249subnet mask 116, 129, 250subnetting 252Sustain Cell Rate, see SCRSYN attack 169syslogprotocol 194severity levels 194system 202firmware 205passwords 19reset 18status 63time 202System Info 64system name 65TTelnet 213three-way handshake 179thresholdsdata fragment 101, 104DoS 170, 179, 180P2P 180time 202TR-069 14trademarks 290traffic shaping 85example 85triangle route 183solutions 184trusted CAs, and certificates 191UUBR 74, 79, 86unicast 69Universal Plug and Play, see UPnPupgrading firmware 205UPnP 121cautions 117NAT traversal 116URL 163URL filterURL 163VVBR 86VBR-nRT 74, 79, 86VBR-RT 74, 79, 86VCI 71, 78, 84versionfirmwareversion 65Virtual Channel Identifier, see VCIVirtual Path Identifier, see VPIVPI 71, 78, 84WWAN 68ATM QoS 74, 79, 86encapsulation 68, 71, 78IGMP 69IP address 69, 72, 78, 84mode 71, 78MTU 75, 80multicast 69, 74multiplexing 71, 78, 83nailed-up connection 73, 84NAT 78RIP 74
IndexAMG1312-T Series User’s Guide 300setup 69traffic shaping 85example 85VCI 71, 78, 84VPI 71, 78, 84warranty 291note 291WDS 99, 108compatibility 99example 108Web Configurator 19web configurator 14passwords 19WEP 106WEP Encryption 91, 92WEP encryption 91WEP key 91Wide Area Network, see WANWiFi Protected Access 272WiFi Protected Setup, see WPSwirelessclient configuration 42wireless client WPA supplicants 273Wireless Distribution System, see WDSwireless LAN 87, 102authentication 104, 105BSS 107example 107channel 103encryption 106example 103fragmentation threshold 101, 104limitations 106MAC address filter 96, 105MBSSID 107preamble 101, 104RADIUS server 105scheduling 101security 104SSID 105activation 94WDS 99, 108compatibility 99example 108WEP 106wizard 32WPA 106WPA-PSK 106WPS 97, 108, 110activation 97example 111limitations 113PIN 109push button 17, 108status 98wireless security 268Wireless tutorial 38wizard 27configuration 28wireless LAN 32WLANinterference 266security parameters 275WPA 106, 272key caching 273pre-authentication 273user authentication 273vs WPA-PSK 273wireless client supplicant 273with RADIUS application example 274WPA2 272user authentication 273vs WPA2-PSK 273wireless client supplicant 273with RADIUS application example 274WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 272WPA2-PSK 272, 273application example 274WPA-PSK 106, 272, 273application example 274WPS 97, 108, 110activation 97example 111limitations 113PIN 109example 110push button 17, 108status 98

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