ZyXEL Communications MAX306 2.5GHz MIMO Outdoor CPE User Manual MAX 306HW2 Series UG v1 ed1 2009 06 29

ZyXEL Communications Corporation 2.5GHz MIMO Outdoor CPE MAX 306HW2 Series UG v1 ed1 2009 06 29

Contents

Manual Part 2

Chapter 20The UPnP ScreenUser’s Guide 2516Right-click on the icon for your WiMAX Device and select Properties. A properties window displays with basic information about the WiMAX Device. Figure 121 Network Connections: My Network Places: Properties: ExampleCompany Confidential
Chapter 20The UPnP ScreenUser’s Guide252Company Confidential
User’s Guide 253CHAPTER 21The Status Screen21.1 OverviewUse this screen to view a complete summary of your WiMAX Device connection status.21.2 Status ScreenClick the STATUS icon in the navigation bar to go to this screen, where you can view the current status of the device, system resources, interfaces (LAN and WAN), and SIP accounts. You can also register and un-register SIP accounts as well as view detailed information from DHCP and statistics from WiMAX, VoIP, bandwidth management, and traffic.Figure 122 StatusCompany Confidential
Chapter 21The Status ScreenUser’s Guide254The following tables describe the labels in this screen. Table 113 StatusLABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh IntervalSelect how often you want the WiMAX Device to update this screen.Refresh NowClick this to update this screen immediately.Device InformationSystem NameThis field displays the WiMAX Device system name. It is used for identification.You can change this in the ADVANCED > System Configuration > General screen’s System Name field.Firmware Version This field displays the current version of the firmware inside the device. It also shows the date the firmware version was created. You can change the firmware version by uploading new firmware in ADVANCED > System Configuration > Firmware.WAN InformationIP AddressThis field displays the current IP address of the WiMAX Device in the WAN.IP Subnet MaskThis field displays the current subnet mask on the WAN.DHCPThis field displays what DHCP services the WiMAX Device is using in the WAN. Choices are:Client - The WiMAX Device is a DHCP client in the WAN. Its IP address comes from a DHCP server on the WAN.None - The WiMAX Device is not using any DHCP services in the WAN. It has a static IP address.LAN InformationIP AddressThis field displays the current IP address of the WiMAX Device in the LAN.IP Subnet MaskThis field displays the current subnet mask in the LAN.DHCPThis field displays what DHCP services the WiMAX Device is providing to the LAN. Choices are:Server - The WiMAX Device is a DHCP server in the LAN. It assigns IP addresses to other computers in the LAN.Relay - The WiMAX Device is routing DHCP requests to one or more DHCP servers. The DHCP server(s) may be on another network.None - The WiMAX Device is not providing any DHCP services to the LAN.You can change this in ADVANCED > LAN Configuration > DHCP Setup.WiMAX InformationOperator ID Every WiMAX service provider has a unique Operator ID number, which is broadcast by each base station it owns. You can only connect to the Internet through base stations belonging to your service provider’s network.BSID This field displays the identification number of the wireless base station to which the WiMAX Device is connected. Every base station transmits a unique BSID, which identifies it across the network.Company Confidential
Chapter 21The Status ScreenUser’s Guide 255Cell ID A base station’s coverage area can be divided into multiple cells. This field shows the identification number of the cell in which the WiMAX Device is connected.Frequency This field displays the radio frequency of the WiMAX Device’s wireless connection to a base station.MAC address This field displays the Media Access Control address of the WiMAX Device. Every network device has a unique MAC address which identifies it across the network.WiMAX StateThis field displays the status of the WiMAX Device’s current connection. •INIT: the WiMAX Device is starting up.•DL_SYN: The WiMAX Device is unable to connect to a base station.•RANGING: the WiMAX Device and the base station are transmitting and receiving information about the distance between them. Ranging allows the WiMAX Device to use a lower transmission power level when communicating with a nearby base station, and a higher transmission power level when communicating with a distant base station.•CAP_NEGO: the WiMAX Device and the base station are exchanging information about their capabilities.•AUTH: the WiMAX Device and the base station are exchanging security information.•REGIST: the WiMAX Device is registering with a RADIUS server.•OPERATIONAL: the WiMAX Device has successfully registered with the base station. Traffic can now flow between the WiMAX Device and the base station.•IDLE: the WiMAX Device is in power saving mode, but can connect when a base station alerts it that there is traffic waiting.Bandwidth This field shows the size of the bandwidth step the WiMAX Device uses to connect to a base station in megahertz (MHz). CINR mean This field shows the average Carrier to Interference plus Noise Ratio of the current connection. This value is an indication of overall radio signal quality. A higher value indicates a higher signal quality, and a lower value indicates a lower signal quality.CINR deviation This field shows the amount of change in the CINR level. This value is an indication of radio signal stability. A lower number indicates a more stable signal, and a higher number indicates a less stable signal. RSSI This field shows the Received Signal Strength Indication. This value is a measurement of overall radio signal strength. A higher RSSI level indicates a stronger signal, and a lower RSSI level indicates a weaker signal.A strong signal does not necessarily indicate a good signal: a strong signal may have a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).UL Data Rate This field shows the number of data packets uploaded from the WiMAX Device to the base station each second.DL Data Rate This field shows the number of data packets downloaded to the WiMAX Device from the base station each second.PER This field shows the Packet Error Rate. The PER is the percentage of data packets transmitted across the network but not successfully received.Table 113 Status (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONCompany Confidential
Chapter 21The Status ScreenUser’s Guide256Tx Power This field shows the output transmission (Tx) level of the WiMAX Device.System StatusSystem UptimeThis field displays how long the WiMAX Device has been running since it last started up. The WiMAX Device starts up when you plug it in, when you restart it (ADVANCED > System Configuration > Restart), or when you reset it.Current Date/Time This field displays the current date and time in the WiMAX Device. You can change this in SETUP > Time Setting.CPU UsageThis field displays what percentage of the WiMAX Device’s processing ability is currently being used. The higher the CPU usage, the more likely the WiMAX Device is to slow down. You can reduce this by disabling some services, such as DHCP, NAT, or content filtering.Memory UsageThis field displays what percentage of the WiMAX Device’s memory is currently used. The higher the memory usage, the more likely the WiMAX Device is to slow down. Some memory is required just to start the WiMAX Device and to run the web configurator. You can reduce the memory usage by disabling some services (see CPU Usage); by reducing the amount of memory allocated to NAT and firewall rules (you may have to reduce the number of NAT rules or firewall rules to do so); or by deleting rules in functions such as incoming call policies, speed dial entries, and static routes.IVR UsageThis field displays what percentage of the WiMAX Device’s IVR memory is currently used. IVR (Interactive Voice Response) refers to the customizable ring tone and on-hold music you set.Interface StatusInterfaceThis column displays each interface of the WiMAX Device.StatusThis field indicates whether or not the WiMAX Device is using the interface.For the WAN interface, this field displays Up when the WiMAX Device is connected to a WiMAX network, and Down when the WiMAX Device is not connected to a WiMAX network.For the LAN interface, this field displays Up when the WiMAX Device is using the interface and Down when the WiMAX Device is not using the interface.RateFor the LAN ports this displays the port speed and duplex setting.For the WAN interface, it displays the downstream and upstream transmission rate or N/A if the WiMAX Device is not connected to a base station.For the WLAN interface, it displays the transmission rate when WLAN is enabled or N/A when WLAN is disabled.SummaryPacket Statistics Click this link to view port status and packet specific statistics.WiMAX Site Information Click this link to view details of the radio frequencies used by the WiMAX Device to connect to a base station.Table 113 Status (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONCompany Confidential
Chapter 21The Status ScreenUser’s Guide 257DHCP TableClick this link to see details of computers to which the WiMAX Device has given an IP address.VoIP StatisticsClick this link to view statistics about your VoIP usage. WiMAX ProfileClick this link to view details of the current wireless security settings.VoIP StatusAccountThis column displays each SIP account in the WiMAX Device.RegistrationThis field displays the current registration status of the SIP account. You have to register SIP accounts with a SIP server to use VoIP.If the SIP account is already registered with the SIP server,Click Unregister to delete the SIP account’s registration in the SIP server. This does not cancel your SIP account, but it deletes the mapping between your SIP identity and your IP address or domain name.The second field displays Registered.If the SIP account is not registered with the SIP server,Click Register to have the WiMAX Device attempt to register the SIP account with the SIP server.The second field displays the reason the account is not registered.Inactive - The SIP account is not active. You can activate it in VOICE > SIP > SIP Settings.Register Fail - The last time the WiMAX Device tried to register the SIP account with the SIP server, the attempt failed. The WiMAX Device automatically tries to register the SIP account when you turn on the WiMAX Device or when you activate it.URIThis field displays the account number and service domain of the SIP account. You can change these in VOICE > SIP > SIP Settings.Table 113 Status (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONCompany Confidential
Chapter 21The Status ScreenUser’s Guide25821.2.1 Packet StatisticsClick Status > Packet Statistics to open this screen. This read-only screen displays information about the data transmission through the WiMAX Device. To configure these settings, go to the corresponding area in the Advanced screens.Figure 123 Packet StatisticsThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 114 Packet StatisticsLABEL DESCRIPTIONPortThis column displays each interface of the WiMAX Device.Status This field indicates whether or not the WiMAX Device is using the interface.For the WAN interface, this field displays the port speed and duplex setting when the WiMAX Device is connected to a WiMAX network, and Down when the WiMAX Device is not connected to a WiMAX network.For the LAN interface, this field displays the port speed and duplex setting when the WiMAX Device is using the interface and Down when the WiMAX Device is not using the interface.For the WLAN interface, it displays the transmission rate when WLAN is enabled or Down when WLAN is disabled.TxPkts This field displays the number of packets transmitted on this interface.RxPkts This field displays the number of packets received on this interface.Collisions This field displays the number of collisions on this port.Tx B/s This field displays the number of bytes transmitted in the last second.Rx B/s This field displays the number of bytes received in the last second.Up Time This field displays the elapsed time this interface has been connected. System up Time This is the elapsed time the system has been on.Poll Interval(s) Type the time interval for the browser to refresh system statistics.Set Interval Click this button to apply the new poll interval you entered in the PollInterval field above.Stop Click this button to halt the refreshing of the system statistics.Company Confidential
Chapter 21The Status ScreenUser’s Guide 25921.2.2 WiMAX Site InformationClick Status > WiMAX Site Information to open this screen. This read-only screen shows WiMAX frequency information for the WiMAX Device. These settings can be configured in the ADVANCED > WAN Configuration > WiMAX Configuration screen.Figure 124 WiMAX Site Information The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 115 WiMAX Site InformationLABEL DESCRIPTIONDL Frequency[0] ~ [19]These fields show the downlink frequency settings in kilohertz (kHz). These settings determine how the WiMAX Device searches for an available wireless connection.Company Confidential
Chapter 21The Status ScreenUser’s Guide26021.2.3 DHCP TableClick Status > DHCP Table to open this screen. This read-only screen shows the IP addresses, Host Names and MAC addresses of the devices currently connected to the WiMAX Device. These settings can be configured in the ADVANCED > LAN Configuration > DHCP Setup screen.Figure 125 DHCP TableEach field is described in the following table.Table 116 DHCP TableLABEL DESCRIPTION#The number of the item in this list.IP AddressThis field displays the IP address the WiMAX Device assigned to a computer in the network.Host NameThis field displays the system name of the computer to which the WiMAX Device assigned the IP address.MAC AddressThis field displays the MAC address of the computer to which the WiMAX Device assigned the IP address.RefreshClick this button to update the table data.Company Confidential
Chapter 21The Status ScreenUser’s Guide 26121.2.4 VoIP StatisticsClick Status > DHCP Table to open this screen. This read-only screen shows SIP registration information, status of calls and VoIP traffic statistics. These settings can be configured in the VOICE > Service Configuration > SIP Setting screen.Figure 126 VoIP StatisticsEach field is described in the following table.Table 117 VoIP Statistics LABEL DESCRIPTIONSIP StatusPortThis column displays each SIP account in the WiMAX Device.StatusThis field displays the current registration status of the SIP account. You can change this in the Status screen.Registered - The SIP account is registered with a SIP server.Register Fail - The last time the WiMAX Device tried to register the SIP account with the SIP server, the attempt failed. The WiMAX Device automatically tries to register the SIP account when you turn on the WiMAX Device or when you activate it.Inactive - The SIP account is not active. You can activate it in VOICE > SIP > SIP Settings.LastRegistration This field displays the last time you successfully registered the SIP account. It displays N/A if you never successfully registered this account.URIThis field displays the account number and service domain of the SIP account. You can change these in VOICE > SIP > SIP Settings.ProtocolThis field displays the transport protocol the SIP account uses. SIP accounts always use UDP.MessageWaiting This field indicates whether or not there are any messages waiting for the SIP account.Last Incoming Number This field displays the last number that called the SIP account. It displays N/A if no number has ever dialed the SIP account.Company Confidential
Chapter 21The Status ScreenUser’s Guide262Last Outgoing Number This field displays the last number the SIP account called. It displays N/A if the SIP account has never dialed a number.Call StatisticsPhoneThis field displays the WiMAX Device’s phone port number.HookThis field indicates whether the phone is on the hook or off the hook.On - The phone is hanging up or already hung up.Off - The phone is dialing, calling, or connected.StatusThis field displays the current state of the phone call.N/A - There are no current VoIP calls, incoming calls or outgoing calls being made.DIAL - The callee’s phone is ringing.RING - The phone is ringing for an incoming VoIP call.Process - There is a VoIP call in progress.DISC - The callee’s line is busy, the callee hung up or your phone was left off the hook.CodecThis field displays what voice codec is being used for a current VoIP call through a phone port.Peer NumberThis field displays the SIP number of the party that is currently engaged in a VoIP call through a phone port.DurationThis field displays how long the current call has lasted.Tx PktsThis field displays the number of packets the WiMAX Device has transmitted in the current call.Rx PktsThis field displays the number of packets the WiMAX Device has received in the current call.Tx B/sThis field displays how quickly the WiMAX Device has transmitted packets in the current call. The rate is the average number of bytes transmitted per second.Rx B/sThis field displays how quickly the WiMAX Device has received packets in the current call. The rate is the average number of bytes transmitted per second.Poll Interval(s)Enter how often you want the WiMAX Device to update this screen, and click Set Interval.Set IntervalClick this to make the WiMAX Device update the screen based on the amount of time you specified in Poll Interval.StopClick this to make the WiMAX Device stop updating the screen.Table 117 VoIP Statistics LABEL DESCRIPTIONCompany Confidential
Chapter 21The Status ScreenUser’s Guide 26321.2.5 WiMAX ProfileClick Status > WiMAX Profile to open this screen. This read-only screen displays information about the security settings you are using. To configure these settings, go to the ADVANCED > WAN Configuration > Internet Connection screen.Note: Not all WiMAX Device models have all the fields shown here.Figure 127 WiMAX Profile The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 118 The WiMAX Profile ScreenLABEL DESCRIPTIONUserThis is the username for your Internet access account. PasswordThis is the password for your Internet access account. The password displays as a row of asterisks for security purposes.Anonymous IdentityThis is the anonymous identity provided by your Internet Service Provider. Anonymous identity (also known as outer identity) is used with EAP-TTLS encryption.PKMThis field displays the Privacy Key Management version number. PKM provides security between the WiMAX Device and the base station. See the WiMAX security appendix for more information.AuthenticationThis field displays the user authentication method. Authentication is the process of confirming the identity of a user (by means of a username and password, for example).EAP-TTLS allows an MS/SS and a base station to establish a secure link (or ‘tunnel’) with an AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting) server in order to exchange authentication information. See the WiMAX security appendix for more details.Company Confidential
Chapter 21The Status ScreenUser’s Guide264TTLS Inner EAPThis field displays the type of secondary authentication method. Once a secure EAP-TTLS connection is established, the inner EAP is the protocol used to exchange security information between the mobile station, the base station and the AAA server to authenticate the mobile station. See the WiMAX security appendix for more details.The WiMAX Device supports the following inner authentication types:•CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)•MSCHAP (Microsoft CHAP)•MSCHAPV2 (Microsoft CHAP version 2)•PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)Auth ModeThis is the authentication mode. The WiMAX Device supports the following authentication modes:•User Only•Device Only with Cert•Certs and User AuthenticationCertificateThis is the security certificate the WiMAX Device uses to authenticate the AAA server, if one is available.Table 118 The WiMAX Profile Screen (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONCompany Confidential
265PART VITroubleshooting and SpecificationsTroubleshooting (267)Product Specifications (275)Company Confidential
266Company Confidential
User’s Guide 267CHAPTER 22TroubleshootingThis chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories:•Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs•WiMAX Device Access and Login•Internet Access•Phone Calls and VoIP•Reset the WiMAX Device to Its Factory Defaults22.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDsThe WiMAX Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.1Make sure you are using the power adapter or cord included with the WiMAX Device.2Make sure the power adapter or cord is connected to the WiMAX Device and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.3Disconnect and re-connect the power adapter or cord to the WiMAX Device.4If the problem continues, contact the vendor.One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.1Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.2.1 on page 34 for more information.Company Confidential
Chapter 22TroubleshootingUser’s Guide2682Check the hardware connections. See the Quick Start Guide.3Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.4Disconnect and re-connect the power adapter to the WiMAX Device.5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.22.2 WiMAX Device Access and LoginI forgot the IP address for the WiMAX Device.1The default IP address is http://192.168.100.1.2If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the WiMAX Device by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd,and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP address of the WiMAX Device (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in your Internet browser.3If this does not work, you have to reset the WiMAX Device to its factory defaults. See Section 22.1 on page 267.I forgot the password.1The default password is 1234.2If this does not work, you have to reset the WiMAX Device to its factory defaults. See Section 11.5 on page 142.I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator.1Make sure you are using the correct IP address.•The default IP address is http://192.168.100.1.Company Confidential
Chapter 22TroubleshootingUser’s Guide 269•If you changed the IP address (Section 5.2 on page 68), use the new IP address.•If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I forgot the IP address for the WiMAX Device.2Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.2.1 on page 34.3Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScript and Java enabled. See Appendix D on page 327.4If there is a DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer is using a dynamic IP address. Your WiMAX Device is a DHCP server by default.If there is no DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer’s IP address is in the same subnet as the WiMAX Device. See Appendix E on page 337.5Reset the WiMAX Device to its factory defaults, and try to access the WiMAX Device with the default IP address. See Section 11.6 on page 143.6If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.Advanced Suggestions•Try to access the WiMAX Device using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the WiMAX Device, check the remote management settings and firewall rules to find out why the WiMAX Device does not respond to HTTP.•If your computer is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is connected to a LAN/ETHERNET port.I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the WiMAX Device.1Make sure you have entered the user name and password correctly. The default user name is admin, and the default password is 1234. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.2You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access the WiMAX Device. Log out of the WiMAX Device in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in to log out.3Disconnect and re-connect the power adapter or cord to the WiMAX Device.4If this does not work, you have to reset the WiMAX Device to its factory defaults. See Section 11.5 on page 142.Company Confidential
Chapter 22TroubleshootingUser’s Guide270I cannot Telnet to the WiMAX Device.See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.22.3 Internet AccessI cannot access the Internet.1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.2.1 on page 34.2Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.3Check your security settings. In the web configurator, go to the Status screen. Click the WiMAX Profile link in the Summary box and make sure that you are using the correct security settings for your Internet account.4Check your WiMAX settings. The WiMAX Device may have been set to search the wrong frequencies for a wireless connection. In the web configurator, go to the Status screen. Click the WiMAX Site Information link in the Summary box and ensure that the values are correct. If the values are incorrect, enter the correct frequency settings in the ADVANCED > WAN Configuration > WiMAX Configuration screen. If you are unsure of the correct values, contact your service provider.5If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the AP.6Disconnect all the cables from your WiMAX Device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again.7If the problem continues, contact your ISP.I cannot access the Internet any more. I had access to the Internet (with the WiMAX Device), but my Internet connection is not available any more.Company Confidential
Chapter 22TroubleshootingUser’s Guide 2711Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.2.1 on page 34.2Disconnect and re-connect the power adapter to the WiMAX Device. 3If the problem continues, contact your ISP.The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.1The quality of the WiMAX Device’s wireless connection to the base station may be poor. Poor signal reception may be improved by moving the WiMAX Device away from thick walls and other obstructions, or to a higher floor in your building. 2There may be radio interference caused by nearby electrical devices such as microwave ovens and radio transmitters. Move the WiMAX Device away or switch the other devices off. Weather conditions may also affect signal quality.3As well as having an external antenna connector, the MAX-210HW2 is equipped with an internal directional antenna. If you know the location of the base station, orient the front of the WiMAX Device (the side with the LEDs) towards the base station. If you do not know the location of the base station, experiment by moving the WiMAX Device while observing the Strength Indicator LEDs for an increase in received signal strength. The MAX-200HW2 and MAX-230HW2 do not have internal antennas.4There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 1.2.1 on page 34. If the WiMAX Device is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications.5Disconnect and re-connect the power adapter to the WiMAX Device.6If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.The Internet connection disconnects.1Check your WiMAX link and signal strength using the WiMAX Link and StrengthIndicator LEDs on the device.2Contact your ISP if the problem persists. Company Confidential
Chapter 22TroubleshootingUser’s Guide27222.4 Phone Calls and VoIPThe telephone port won’t work or the telephone lacks a dial tone.1Check the telephone connections and telephone wire.2Make sure you have the VOICE > Service Configuration > SIP Settingsscreen properly configured (Chapter 12 on page 147).I can access the Internet, but cannot make VoIP calls.1Make sure you have the VOICE > Service Configuration > SIP Settingsscreen properly configured (Chapter 12 on page 147).2The VoIP LED should come on. Make sure that your telephone is connected to the VoIP port (see the Quick Start Guide for information on connecting telephone cables to the these ports).3You can also check the VoIP status in the Status screen. 4If the VoIP settings are correct, use speed dial to make peer-to-peer calls. If you cannot make a call using speed dial, there may be something wrong with the SIP server. Contact your VoIP service provider.Problems With Multiple SIP AccountsYou can set up two SIP accounts on your WiMAX Device. By default your WiMAX Device uses SIP account 1 for outgoing calls, and it uses SIP accounts 1 and 2 for incoming calls. With this setting, you always use SIP account 1 for your outgoing calls and you cannot distinguish which SIP account the calls are coming in through. If you want to control the use of different dialing plans for accounting purposes or other reasons, you need to configure your phone port in order to control which SIP account you are using when placing or receiving calls.Company Confidential
Chapter 22TroubleshootingUser’s Guide 27322.5 Reset the WiMAX Device to Its Factory DefaultsIf you reset the WiMAX Device, you lose all of the changes you have made. The WiMAX Device re-loads its default settings, and the password resets to 1234. You have to make all of your changes again.You will lose all of your changes when you push the Reset button.To reset the WiMAX Device,1Make sure the Power LED is on and not blinking.2Press and hold the Reset button for five to ten seconds. Release the Reset button when the Power LED begins to blink. The default settings have been restored.If the WiMAX Device restarts automatically, wait for the WiMAX Device to finish restarting, and log in to the web configurator. The password is “1234”.If the WiMAX Device does not restart automatically, disconnect and reconnect the WiMAX Device’s power. Then, follow the directions above again.22.5.1 Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsPlease see Appendix D on page 327.Company Confidential
Chapter 22TroubleshootingUser’s Guide274Company Confidential
User’s Guide 275CHAPTER 23Product SpecificationsThis chapter gives details about your WiMAX Device’s hardware and firmware features. Table 119 IDU Hardware SpecificationsFEATUREDESCRIPTIONDevice NameMAX-306HW2-IDUDimension (W x D x H)216 mm x 164 mm x 52 mmWeight450 gPower48V DC, 1.25AEthernet Ports4 RJ-45 Ethernet portsPhone Ports2 RJ-11 phone portsPower over Ethernet (PoE)Provides Power over Ethernet via PoE port.Wireless LAN AntennaExternal dipole, 2dBi gain.Wireless LAN Antenna Connector 1 R-SMA connector for external wireless LAN antennaOperation Environmental Temperature: 0oC ~ 45oCHumidity: 10% ~ 90% RHStorage Environmental Temperature: -25oC ~ 55oCHumidity: 10% ~ 95% RHCertificationSafetyCSA 60950-1-07EMI & EMSCE certification & WiMAX Forum Wave II ComplianceTable 120 Indoor Wireless LAN SpecificationFEATUREDESCRIPTIONStandard IEEE802.11b/g compliantTransmit Output Power802.11b: 17 ± 2dBm @11Mbps (Typical 18dBm)802.11g: 14 ± 2dBm @54Mbps (Typical 15dBm)Receiver Sensitivity -70dBm @54M, -85dBm @11MCompany Confidential
Chapter 23Product SpecificationsUser’s Guide276Table 121 ODU Hardware SpecificationsFEATUREDESCRIPTIONDevice NameMAX-306MAX-316Dimension (W x D x H)231 mm x 236 mm x 69.6 mmWeight4 kg including the mount kitsData/Power PortIDU end: RJ-45 ConnectorODU end: RJ-45 ConnectorWiMAX AntennaMAX-306: CROSS- Polarization 12dBi (Built-in Antenna)MAX-316: CROSS- Polarization 14dBi (Built-in Antenna)Physical Connector1 Vent ConnectorOperation Environmental Temperature: -40oC ~ 60oCHumidity: 10% ~ 90% RHStorage Environmental Temperature: -40oC ~ 65oCHumidity: 10% ~ 95% RHCertificationSafetyEN60950-1 (CE-LVD & CB by TUV)EMI & EMSFCC certification & WiMAX Forum Wave II ComplianceCE certification & WiMAX Forum Wave II ComplianceOtherWater Tightness: IP65Wind Resistance Testing: Hurricane/Wind Speed 56.1-61.2(m/s)Table 122 Outdoor Wireless LAN SpecificationFEATUREDESCRIPTIONStandard IEEE 802.16e-2005 ModulationQPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (DL Only)Duplex modeMTDDWiMAX BandwidthMAX-306: 2.5-2.7 GHz (5MHz/10MHz)MAX-316: 3.4-3.6 GHz (5MHz/7MHz/10MHz)Channel Bandwidth / FFT size5MHz / 512FFT, 7MHz / 1024 FFT and 10MHz / 1024FFTSensitivity96dBm @ QPSK 1/2Data RateAggregate throughput up to 30 MbpsMaximum Output Power at Antenna Port 26dBmCompany Confidential
277PART VIIAppendices and IndexWiMAX Security (279)Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address (283)Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions (327)IP Addresses and Subnetting (337)Importing Certificates (349)SIP Passthrough (381)Common Services (383)Legal Information (387)Customer Support (391)Company Confidential
278Company Confidential
User’s Guide 279APPENDIX A WiMAX SecurityWireless security is vital to protect your wireless communications. Without it, information transmitted over the wireless network would be accessible to any networking device within range.User Authentication and Data EncryptionThe WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) standard employs user authentication and encryption to ensure secured communication at all times.User authentication is the process of confirming a user’s identity and level of authorization. Data encryption is the process of encoding information so that it cannot be read by anyone who does not know the code. WiMAX uses PKMv2 (Privacy Key Management version 2) for authentication, and CCMP (Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Protocol) for data encryption. WiMAX supports EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) which allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the base station or the mobile or subscriber stations.PKMv2PKMv2 is a procedure that allows authentication of a mobile or subscriber station and negotiation of a public key to encrypt traffic between the MS/SS and the base station. PKMv2 uses standard EAP methods such as Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) or Tunneled TLS (EAP-TTLS) for secure communication. In cryptography, a ‘key’ is a piece of information, typically a string of random numbers and letters, that can be used to ‘lock’ (encrypt) or ‘unlock’ (decrypt) a message. Public key encryption uses key pairs, which consist of a public (freely available) key and a private (secret) key. The public key is used for encryption and the private key is used for decryption. You can decrypt a message only if you have the private key. Public key certificates (or ‘digital IDs’) allow users to verify each other’s identity. Company Confidential
Appendix AWiMAX SecurityUser’s Guide280RADIUSRADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The base station is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:•Authentication Determines the identity of the users.•AuthorizationDetermines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.•AccountingKeeps track of the client’s network activity. RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your base station acts as a message relay between the MS/SS and the network RADIUS server. Types of RADIUS MessagesThe following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the base station and the RADIUS server for user authentication:•Access-RequestSent by an base station requesting authentication.•Access-RejectSent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.•Access-AcceptSent by a RADIUS server allowing access. •Access-ChallengeSent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The base station sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message. The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the base station and the RADIUS server for user accounting:•Accounting-RequestSent by the base station requesting accounting.•Accounting-ResponseSent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting. In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password they both know. The key is not sent over Company Confidential
Appendix AWiMAX SecurityUser’s Guide 281the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access. DiameterDiameter (RFC 3588) is a type of AAA server that provides several improvements over RADIUS in efficiency, security, and support for roaming. Security AssociationThe set of information about user authentication and data encryption between two computers is known as a security association (SA). In a WiMAX network, the process of security association has three stages.•Authorization request and replyThe MS/SS presents its public certificate to the base station. The base station verifies the certificate and sends an authentication key (AK) to the MS/SS.•Key request and replyThe MS/SS requests a transport encryption key (TEK) which the base station generates and encrypts using the authentication key. •Encrypted trafficThe MS/SS decrypts the TEK (using the authentication key). Both stations can now securely encrypt and decrypt the data flow.CCMPAll traffic in a WiMAX network is encrypted using CCMP (Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Protocol). CCMP is based on the 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. ‘Counter mode’ refers to the encryption of each block of plain text with an arbitrary number, known as the counter. This number changes each time a block of plain text is encrypted. Counter mode avoids the security weakness of repeated identical blocks of encrypted text that makes encrypted data vulnerable to pattern-spotting.‘Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication’ (also known as CBC-MAC) ensures message integrity by encrypting each block of plain text in such a way that its encryption is dependent on the block before it. This series of ‘chained’ blocks creates a message authentication code (MAC or CMAC) that ensures the encrypted data has not been tampered with.Company Confidential
Appendix AWiMAX SecurityUser’s Guide282AuthenticationThe WiMAX Device supports EAP-TTLS authentication.EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service) EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection (with EAP-TLS digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication). Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2. Company Confidential
User’s Guide 283APPENDIX B Setting Up Your Computer’s IPAddressNote: Your specific ZyXEL device may not support all of the operating systems described in this appendix. See the product specifications for more information about which operating systems are supported.This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in order for it to be able to communicate with the other devices on your network. Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to use TCP/IP on your computer. If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure that your network’s computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet.In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:•Windows XP/NT/2000 on page284•Windows Vista on page287•Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4 on page291•Mac OS X: 10.5 on page295•Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 298•Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) on page304Company Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide284Windows XP/NT/2000The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also apply to Windows 2000 and Windows NT.1Click Start >Control Panel.Figure 128 Windows XP: Start Menu2In the Control Panel, click the Network Connections icon.Figure 129 Windows XP: Control PanelCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 2853Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.Figure 130 Windows XP: Control Panel > Network Connections > Properties4On the General tab, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click Properties.Figure 131 Windows XP: Local Area Connection PropertiesCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide2865The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens.Figure 132 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties6Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address,Subnet mask,and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an AlternateDNS server, if that information was provided.7Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.Verifying Settings1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.Company Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 287Windows VistaThis section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional.1Click Start > Control Panel.Figure 133 Windows Vista: Start Menu2In the Control Panel, click the Network and Internet icon.Figure 134 Windows Vista: Control Panel3Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.Figure 135 Windows Vista: Network And InternetCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide2884Click Manage network connections.Figure 136 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center5Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.Figure 137 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing CenterNote: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.Company Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 2896Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.Figure 138 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection PropertiesCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide2907The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.Figure 139 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties8Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address,Subnet mask,and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an AlternateDNS server, if that information was provided.Click Advanced.9Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.Verifying Settings1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.Company Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 291Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3.1Click Apple > System Preferences.Figure 140 Mac OS X 10.4: Apple Menu2In the System Preferences window, click the Network icon.Figure 141 Mac OS X 10.4: System PreferencesCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide2923When the Network preferences pane opens, select Built-in Ethernet from the network connection type list, and then click Configure.Figure 142 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences4For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4list in the TCP/IP tab.Figure 143 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences > TCP/IP Tab.Company Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 2935For statically assigned settings, do the following:•From the Configure IPv4 list, select Manually.•In the IP Address field, type your IP address.•In the Subnet Mask field, type your subnet mask.•In the Router field, type the IP address of your device.Figure 144 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences > EthernetCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide294Click Apply Now and close the window.Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network Interface from the Infotab.Figure 145 Mac OS X 10.4: Network UtilityCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 295Mac OS X: 10.5The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5.1Click Apple > System Preferences.Figure 146 Mac OS X 10.5: Apple Menu2In System Preferences, click the Network icon.Figure 147 Mac OS X 10.5: Systems PreferencesCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide2963When the Network preferences pane opens, select Ethernet from the list of available connection types.Figure 148 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Preferences > Ethernet4From the Configure list, select Using DHCP for dynamically assigned settings.5For statically assigned settings, do the following:•From the Configure list, select Manually.•In the IP Address field, enter your IP address.•In the Subnet Mask field, enter your subnet mask.Company Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 297•In the Router field, enter the IP address of your WiMAX Device.Figure 149 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Preferences > Ethernet6Click Apply and close the window.Company Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide298Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network interface from the Infotab.Figure 150 Mac OS X 10.5: Network UtilityLinux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME)This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME: Company Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 2991Click System > Administration > Network.Figure 151 Ubuntu 8: System > Administration Menu2When the Network Settings window opens, click Unlock to open the Authenticate window. (By default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.) You cannot make changes to your configuration unless you first enter your admin password.Figure 152 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > ConnectionsCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide3003In the Authenticate window, enter your admin account name and password then click the Authenticate button.Figure 153 Ubuntu 8: Administrator Account Authentication4In the Network Settings window, select the connection that you want to configure, then click Properties.Figure 154 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > ConnectionsCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 3015The Properties dialog box opens.Figure 155 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Properties•In the Configuration list, select Automatic Configuration (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.•In the Configuration list, select Static IP address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address,Subnet mask, and Gateway address fields. 6Click OK to save the changes and close the Properties dialog box and return to the Network Settings screen. Company Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide3027If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Settings window and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided. Figure 156 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > DNS 8Click the Close button to apply the changes.Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties by clicking System > Administration > Network Tools, and then selecting the appropriate Network device from the DevicesCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 303tab. The Interface Statistics column shows data if your connection is working properly.Figure 157 Ubuntu 8: Network ToolsCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide304Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE)This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the K Desktop Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:1Click K Menu > Computer > Administrator Settings (YaST).Figure 158 openSUSE 10.3: K Menu > Computer MenuCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 3052When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and click OK.Figure 159 openSUSE 10.3: K Menu > Computer Menu3When the YaST Control Center window opens, select Network Devices and then click the Network Card icon.Figure 160 openSUSE 10.3: YaST Control CenterCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide3064When the Network Settings window opens, click the Overview tab, select the appropriate connection Name from the list, and then click the Configure button. Figure 161 openSUSE 10.3: Network SettingsCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 3075When the Network Card Setup window opens, click the Address tabFigure 162 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup6Select Dynamic Address (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.Select Statically assigned IP Address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address,Subnet mask, and Hostname fields.7Click Next to save the changes and close the Network Card Setup window. Company Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide3088If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the Hostname/DNS tab in Network Settings and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.Figure 163 openSUSE 10.3: Network Settings9Click Finish to save your settings and close the window.Company Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide 309Verifying SettingsClick the KNetwork Manager icon on the Task bar to check your TCP/IP properties. From the Options sub-menu, select Show Connection Information.Figure 164 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork ManagerWhen the Connection Status - KNetwork Manager window opens, click the Statistics tab to see if your connection is working properly.Figure 165 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork ManagerCompany Confidential
Appendix BSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressUser’s Guide310Company Confidential
User’s Guide 311APPENDIX C Wireless LANsWireless LAN TopologiesThis section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.Ad-hoc Wireless LAN ConfigurationThe simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN. Figure 166 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc NetworkBSSA Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide312with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.Figure 167 Basic Service SetESSAn Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood. Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide 313An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.Figure 168 Infrastructure WLANChannelA channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance.Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.RTS/CTSA hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide314wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other. Figure 169 RTS/CTSWhen station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size. Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide 315Fragmentation ThresholdAFragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames.A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.Preamble TypePreamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of the synchronization field in a packet.Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short preamble. Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks. Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide more efficient communications.Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the network support it, otherwise the WiMAX Device uses long preamble.Note: The wireless devices MUSTuse the same preamble mode in order to communicate.IEEE 802.11g Wireless LANIEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide316several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:Wireless Security OverviewWireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network.Wireless security methods available on the WiMAX Device are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the WiMAX Device identity.The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your WiMAX Device.Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the WiMAX Device and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it. Table 123 IEEE 802.11gDATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION1DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)2DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)5.5 / 11CCK (Complementary Code Keying) 6/9/12/18/24/36/48/54 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Table 124 Wireless Security LevelsSECURITYLEVEL SECURITY TYPELeast SecureMost SecureUnique SSID (Default)Unique SSID with Hide SSID EnabledMAC Address FilteringWEP EncryptionIEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server AuthenticationWi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)WPA2Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide 317IEEE 802.1xIn June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:•User based identification that allows for roaming.•Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server. •Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients. RADIUSRADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:•Authentication Determines the identity of the users.•AuthorizationDetermines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.•AccountingKeeps track of the client’s network activity. RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server. Types of RADIUS MessagesThe following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:•Access-RequestSent by an access point requesting authentication.•Access-RejectSent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.•Access-AcceptSent by a RADIUS server allowing access. Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide318•Access-ChallengeSent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message. The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:•Accounting-RequestSent by the access point requesting accounting.•Accounting-ResponseSent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting. In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access. Types of EAP Authentication This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types. EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication. The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. .For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text. Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide 319However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption. EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity. However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead. EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service) EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2. PEAP (Protected EAP)Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco.LEAPLEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x. Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide320Dynamic WEP Key ExchangeThe AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key ExchangeFor added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types.WPA and WPA2Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication.If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN. Table 125 Comparison of EAP Authentication TypesEAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAPMutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes YesCertificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional NoCertificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes NoDynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes YesCredential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong ModerateDeployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate ModerateClient Identity Protection No No Yes Yes NoCompany Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide 321If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.EncryptionWPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism.WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice. The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically.The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped. By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network. The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide322keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP)User Authentication WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices.Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again.Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.Wireless Client WPA SupplicantsA wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is theWPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client. The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it. WPA(2) with RADIUS Application ExampleTo set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.1The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.2The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies network access accordingly.3A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS server and the client.Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide 3234The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.Figure 170 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application ExampleWPA(2)-PSK Application ExampleA WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.1First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols).2The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches.3The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID. Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide3244The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them.Figure 171 WPA(2)-PSK AuthenticationSecurity Parameters SummaryRefer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features.Table 126 Wireless Security Relational MatrixAUTHENTICATIONMETHOD/ KEY MANAGEMENTPROTOCOLENCRYPTION METHOD ENTERMANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1XOpenNoneNoDisableEnable without Dynamic WEP KeyOpen WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP KeyYes Enable without Dynamic WEP KeyYes DisableShared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP KeyYes Enable without Dynamic WEP KeyYes DisableWPA TKIP/AES No EnableWPA-PSK TKIP/AES Yes DisableWPA2 TKIP/AES No EnableWPA2-PSK TKIP/AES Yes DisableCompany Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide 325Antenna OverviewAn antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air. Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN. Antenna CharacteristicsFrequencyAn antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz (IEEE 802.11a) is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LANRadiation PatternA radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage area. Antenna GainAntenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications. For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment. Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides. Company Confidential
Appendix CWireless LANsUser’s Guide326Types of Antennas for WLANThere are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.•Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points. •Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.Positioning AntennasIn general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible. For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.Company Confidential
User’s Guide 327APPENDIX D Pop-up Windows, JavaScriptsand Java PermissionsIn order to use the web configurator you need to allow:•Web browser pop-up windows from your device.•JavaScripts (enabled by default).•Java permissions (enabled by default).Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary.Internet Explorer Pop-up BlockersYou may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device. Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.Disable Pop-up Blockers1In Internet Explorer, select Tools,Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker.Figure 172 Pop-up BlockerYou can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab. Company Confidential
Appendix DPop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide3281In Internet Explorer, select Tools,Internet Options,Privacy.2Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled. Figure 173 Internet Options: Privacy3Click Apply to save this setting.Enable Pop-up Blockers with ExceptionsAlternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.1In Internet Explorer, select Tools,Internet Options and then the Privacy tab. Company Confidential
Appendix DPop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide 3292Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.Figure 174 Internet Options: Privacy3Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1. Company Confidential
Appendix DPop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide3304Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.Figure 175 Pop-up Blocker Settings5Click Close to return to the Privacy screen. 6Click Apply to save this setting. JavaScriptsIf pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts are allowed. Company Confidential
Appendix DPop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide 3311In Internet Explorer, click Tools,Internet Options and then the Security tab. Figure 176 Internet Options: Security 2Click the Custom Level... button. 3Scroll down to Scripting.4Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).5Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default). Company Confidential
Appendix DPop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide3326Click OK to close the window.Figure 177 Security Settings - Java ScriptingJava Permissions1From Internet Explorer, click Tools,Internet Options and then the Securitytab. 2Click the Custom Level... button. 3Scroll down to Microsoft VM.4Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.Company Confidential
Appendix DPop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide 3335Click OK to close the window.Figure 178 Security Settings - Java JAVA (Sun)1From Internet Explorer, click Tools,Internet Options and then the Advancedtab. 2Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.Company Confidential
Appendix DPop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide3343Click OK to close the window.Figure 179 Java (Sun)Mozilla FirefoxMozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary. You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the screen that appears.Figure 180 Mozilla Firefox: TOOLS > OptionsCompany Confidential
Appendix DPop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide 335Click Content.to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.Figure 181 Mozilla Firefox Content SecurityCompany Confidential
Appendix DPop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsUser’s Guide336Company Confidential
User’s Guide 337APPENDIX E IP Addresses and SubnettingThis appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks. IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.Introduction to IP AddressesOne part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered.StructureAn IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example, 192.168.100.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation). Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal.Company Confidential
Appendix EIP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide338The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.Figure 182 Network Number and Host IDHow much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask. Subnet MasksA subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID. The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).Table 127 IP Address Network Number and Host ID Example1STOCTET:(192)2NDOCTET:(168)3RDOCTET:(1)4TH OCTET(2)IP Address (Binary)11000000101010000000000100000010Subnet Mask (Binary) 111111111111111111111111 00000000Network Number 110000001010100000000001Host ID00000010Company Confidential
Appendix EIP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide 339By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks. Network SizeThe size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits. An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:Table 128 Subnet MasksBINARYDECIMAL1STOCTET 2NDOCTET 3RDOCTET 4THOCTET8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.016-bitmask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.024-bitmask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.029-bitmask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248Table 129 Maximum Host NumbersSUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS8 bits255.0.0.024 bits224 – 21677721416 bits255.255.0.016 bits216 – 26553424 bits255.255.255.08 bits28 – 225429 bits255.255.255.248 3 bits23 – 26Company Confidential
Appendix EIP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide340NotationSince the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address. For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128. The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations. SubnettingYou can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.Table 130 Alternative Subnet Mask NotationSUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE NOTATION LAST OCTET (BINARY) LAST OCTET (DECIMAL)255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0255.255.255.128/25 1000 0000 128255.255.255.192/26 1100 0000 192255.255.255.224/27 1110 0000 224255.255.255.240/28 1111 0000 240255.255.255.248/29 1111 1000 248255.255.255.252/30 1111 1100 252Company Confidential
Appendix EIP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide 341The following figure shows the company network before subnetting. Figure 183 Subnetting Example: Before SubnettingYou can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.100.128 /25. Company Confidential
Appendix EIP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide342The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-networks, A and B.Figure 184 Subnetting Example: After SubnettingIn a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 – 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.100.127 with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.100.1 and the highest is 192.168.100.126. Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.100.129 to 192.168.1.254.Example: Four Subnets The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192. Company Confidential
Appendix EIP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide 343Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address). Table 131 Subnet 1IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.0 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.100.1Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.63 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62Table 132 Subnet 2IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 64IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.64 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65Broadcast Address: 192.168.100.127 Highest Host ID: 192.168.100.126Table 133 Subnet 3IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 128IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.100.128 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.100.129Broadcast Address: 192.168.100.191 Highest Host ID: 192.168.100.190Table 134 Subnet 4IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 192IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001.11000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000Company Confidential
Appendix EIP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide344Example: Eight SubnetsSimilarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111). The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.Subnet PlanningThe following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.Subnet Address: 192.168.100.192 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.100.193Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.255 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254Table 134 Subnet 4 (continued)IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUETable 135 Eight SubnetsSUBNET SUBNET ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST ADDRESS BROADCAST ADDRESS10130 312 32 33 62 633 64 65 94 954 96 97 126 1275 128 129 158 1596 160 161 190 1917 192 193 222 2238 224 225 254 255Table 136 24-bit Network Number Subnet PlanningNO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET1255.255.255.128 (/25) 2 1262 255.255.255.192 (/26) 4 623 255.255.255.224 (/27) 8 304 255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 145 255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 66 255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 27 255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1Company Confidential
Appendix EIP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide 345The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number. Configuring IP AddressesWhere you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the WiMAX Device. Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your WiMAX Device that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.100.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your WiMAX Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP Table 137 16-bit Network Number Subnet PlanningNO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO.SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET1255.255.128.0 (/17) 2 327662 255.255.192.0 (/18) 4 163823 255.255.224.0 (/19) 8 81904255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 40945255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 20466255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 10227255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 5108 255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 2549 255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 12610 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 6211 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 3012 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 1413 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 614 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 215 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1Company Confidential
Appendix EIP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide346address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the WiMAX Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.Private IP AddressesEvery machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:•10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255•172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255•192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.IP Address ConflictsEach device on a network must have a unique IP address. Devices with duplicate IP addresses on the same network will not be able to access the Internet or other resources. The devices may also be unreachable through the network. Conflicting Computer IP Addresses ExampleMore than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example computer Ahas a static (or fixed) IP address that is the same as the IP address that a DHCP server assigns to computer B which is a DHCP client. Neither can access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different static IP Company Confidential
Appendix EIP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide 347address to computer A or setting computer A to obtain an IP address automatically. Figure 185 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses ExampleConflicting Router IP Addresses ExampleSince a router connects different networks, it must have interfaces using different network numbers. For example, if a router is set between a LAN and the Internet (WAN), the router’s LAN and WAN addresses must be on different subnets. In the following example, the LAN and WAN are on the same subnet. The LAN computers cannot access the Internet because the router cannot route between networks.Figure 186 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses ExampleConflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses ExampleMore than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example, the computer and the router’s LAN port both use 192.168.100.1 as the IP address. Company Confidential
Appendix EIP Addresses and SubnettingUser’s Guide348The computer cannot access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different IP address to the computer or the router’s LAN port. Figure 187 Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses ExampleCompany Confidential
User’s Guide 349APPENDIX F Importing CertificatesThis appendix shows you how to import public key certificates into your web browser. Public key certificates are used by web browsers to ensure that a secure web site is legitimate. When a certificate authority such as VeriSign, Comodo, or Network Solutions, to name a few, receives a certificate request from a website operator, they confirm that the web domain and contact information in the request match those on public record with a domain name registrar. If they match, then the certificate is issued to the website operator, who then places it on the site to be issued to all visiting web browsers to let them know that the site is legitimate.Many ZyXEL products, such as the NSA-2401, issue their own public key certificates. These can be used by web browsers on a LAN or WAN to verify that they are in fact connecting to the legitimate device and not one masquerading as it. However, because the certificates were not issued by one of the several organizations officially recognized by the most common web browsers, you will need to import the ZyXEL-created certificate into your web browser and flag that certificate as a trusted authority.Note: You can see if you are browsing on a secure website if the URL in your web browser’s address bar begins with https:// or there is a sealed padlock icon () somewhere in the main browser window (not all browsers show the padlock in the same location.)In this appendix, you can import a public key certificate for:•Internet Explorer on page 350•Firefox on page 360•Opera on page 366•Konqueror on page 374Company Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide350Internet ExplorerThe following example uses Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 on Windows XP Professional; however, they can also apply to Internet Explorer on Windows Vista.1If your device’s web configurator is set to use SSL certification, then the first time you browse to it you are presented with a certification error.Figure 188 Internet Explorer 7: Certification Error2Click Continue to this website (not recommended).Figure 189 Internet Explorer 7: Certification ErrorCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 3513In the Address Bar, click Certificate Error > View certificates.Figure 190 Internet Explorer 7: Certificate Error4In the Certificate dialog box, click Install Certificate.Figure 191 Internet Explorer 7: CertificateCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide3525In the Certificate Import Wizard, click Next.Figure 192 Internet Explorer 7: Certificate Import Wizard6If you want Internet Explorer to Automatically select certificate store based on the type of certificate, click Next again and then go to step 9.Figure 193 Internet Explorer 7: Certificate Import WizardCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 3537Otherwise, select Place all certificates in the following store and then click Browse.Figure 194 Internet Explorer 7: Certificate Import Wizard8In the Select Certificate Store dialog box, choose a location in which to save the certificate and then click OK.Figure 195 Internet Explorer 7: Select Certificate StoreCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide3549In the Completing the Certificate Import Wizard screen, click Finish.Figure 196 Internet Explorer 7: Certificate Import Wizard10 If you are presented with another Security Warning, click Yes.Figure 197 Internet Explorer 7: Security WarningCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 35511 Finally, click OK when presented with the successful certificate installation message.Figure 198 Internet Explorer 7: Certificate Import Wizard12 The next time you start Internet Explorer and go to a ZyXEL web configurator page, a sealed padlock icon appears in the address bar. Click it to view the page’s Website Identification information.Figure 199 Internet Explorer 7: Website IdentificationCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide356Installing a Stand-Alone Certificate File in Internet ExplorerRather than browsing to a ZyXEL web configurator and installing a public key certificate when prompted, you can install a stand-alone certificate file if one has been issued to you.1Double-click the public key certificate file.Figure 200 Internet Explorer 7: Public Key Certificate File2In the security warning dialog box, click Open.Figure 201 Internet Explorer 7: Open File - Security Warning3Refer to steps 4-12 in the Internet Explorer procedure beginning on page350 to complete the installation process.Company Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 357Removing a Certificate in Internet ExplorerThis section shows you how to remove a public key certificate in Internet Explorer 7.1Open Internet Explorer and click TOOLS >Internet Options.Figure 202 Internet Explorer 7: Tools Menu2In the Internet Options dialog box, click Content >Certificates.Figure 203 Internet Explorer 7: Internet OptionsCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide3583In the Certificates dialog box, click the Trusted Root Certificates Authoritiestab, select the certificate that you want to delete, and then click Remove.Figure 204 Internet Explorer 7: Certificates4In the Certificates confirmation, click Yes.Figure 205 Internet Explorer 7: Certificates5In the Root Certificate Store dialog box, click Yes.Figure 206 Internet Explorer 7: Root Certificate StoreCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 3596The next time you go to the web site that issued the public key certificate you just removed, a certification error appears.Company Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide360FirefoxThe following example uses Mozilla Firefox 2 on Windows XP Professional; however, the screens can also apply to Firefox 2 on all platforms.1If your device’s web configurator is set to use SSL certification, then the first time you browse to it you are presented with a certification error.2Select Accept this certificate permanently and click OK.Figure 207 Firefox 2: Website Certified by an Unknown AuthorityCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 3613The certificate is stored and you can now connect securely to the web configurator. A sealed padlock appears in the address bar, which you can click to open the Page Info > Security window to view the web page’s security information.Figure 208 Firefox 2: Page InfoCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide362Installing a Stand-Alone Certificate File in FirefoxRather than browsing to a ZyXEL web configurator and installing a public key certificate when prompted, you can install a stand-alone certificate file if one has been issued to you.1Open Firefox and click TOOLS > Options.Figure 209 Firefox 2: Tools Menu2In the Options dialog box, click ADVANCED >Encryption > View Certificates.Figure 210 Firefox 2: OptionsCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 3633In the Certificate Manager dialog box, click Web Sites > Import.Figure 211 Firefox 2: Certificate Manager4Use the Select File dialog box to locate the certificate and then click Open.Figure 212 Firefox 2: Select File5The next time you visit the web site, click the padlock in the address bar to open the Page Info > Security window to see the web page’s security information.Company Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide364Removing a Certificate in FirefoxThis section shows you how to remove a public key certificate in Firefox 2.1Open Firefox and click TOOLS >Options.Figure 213 Firefox 2: Tools Menu2In the Options dialog box, click ADVANCED >Encryption > View Certificates.Figure 214 Firefox 2: OptionsCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 3653In the Certificate Manager dialog box, select the Web Sites tab, select the certificate that you want to remove, and then click Delete.Figure 215 Firefox 2: Certificate Manager4In the Delete Web Site Certificates dialog box, click OK.Figure 216 Firefox 2: Delete Web Site Certificates5The next time you go to the web site that issued the public key certificate you just removed, a certification error appears.Company Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide366OperaThe following example uses Opera 9 on Windows XP Professional; however, the screens can apply to Opera 9 on all platforms.1If your device’s web configurator is set to use SSL certification, then the first time you browse to it you are presented with a certification error.2Click Install to accept the certificate.Figure 217 Opera 9: Certificate signer not foundCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 3673The next time you visit the web site, click the padlock in the address bar to open the Security information window to view the web page’s security details.Figure 218 Opera 9: Security informationCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide368Installing a Stand-Alone Certificate File in OperaRather than browsing to a ZyXEL web configurator and installing a public key certificate when prompted, you can install a stand-alone certificate file if one has been issued to you.1Open Opera and click TOOLS >Preferences.Figure 219 Opera 9: Tools MenuCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 3692In Preferences, click ADVANCED >Security > Manage certificates.Figure 220 Opera 9: PreferencesCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide3703In the Certificates Manager, click Authorities > Import.Figure 221 Opera 9: Certificate manager4Use the Import certificate dialog box to locate the certificate and then clickOpen.Figure 222 Opera 9: Import certificateCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 3715In the Install authority certificate dialog box, click Install.Figure 223 Opera 9: Install authority certificate6Next, click OK.Figure 224 Opera 9: Install authority certificate7The next time you visit the web site, click the padlock in the address bar to open the Security information window to view the web page’s security details.Company Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide372Removing a Certificate in OperaThis section shows you how to remove a public key certificate in Opera 9.1Open Opera and click TOOLS >Preferences.Figure 225 Opera 9: Tools Menu2In Preferences,ADVANCED >Security > Manage certificates.Figure 226 Opera 9: PreferencesCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 3733In the Certificates manager, select the Authorities tab, select the certificate that you want to remove, and then click Delete.Figure 227 Opera 9: Certificate manager4The next time you go to the web site that issued the public key certificate you just removed, a certification error appears.Note: There is no confirmation when you delete a certificate authority, so be absolutely certain that you want to go through with it before clicking the button.Company Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide374KonquerorThe following example uses Konqueror 3.5 on openSUSE 10.3, however the screens apply to Konqueror 3.5 on all Linux KDE distributions.1If your device’s web configurator is set to use SSL certification, then the first time you browse to it you are presented with a certification error.2Click Continue.Figure 228 Konqueror 3.5: Server Authentication3Click Forever when prompted to accept the certificate.Figure 229 Konqueror 3.5: Server AuthenticationCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 3754Click the padlock in the address bar to open the KDE SSL Information window and view the web page’s security details.Figure 230 Konqueror 3.5: KDE SSL InformationCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide376Installing a Stand-Alone Certificate File in KonquerorRather than browsing to a ZyXEL web configurator and installing a public key certificate when prompted, you can install a stand-alone certificate file if one has been issued to you.1Double-click the public key certificate file.Figure 231 Konqueror 3.5: Public Key Certificate File2In the Certificate Import Result - Kleopatra dialog box, click OK.Figure 232 Konqueror 3.5: Certificate Import ResultThe public key certificate appears in the KDE certificate manager, Kleopatra.Figure 233 Konqueror 3.5: KleopatraCompany Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 3773The next time you visit the web site, click the padlock in the address bar to open the KDE SSL Information window to view the web page’s security details.Company Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide378Removing a Certificate in KonquerorThis section shows you how to remove a public key certificate in Konqueror 3.5.1Open Konqueror and click Settings > Configure Konqueror.Figure 234 Konqueror 3.5: Settings Menu2In the Configure dialog box, select Crypto.3On the Peer SSL Certificates tab, select the certificate you want to delete and then click Remove.Figure 235 Konqueror 3.5: Configure4The next time you go to the web site that issued the public key certificate you just removed, a certification error appears.Company Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide 379Note: There is no confirmation when you remove a certificate authority, so be absolutely certain you want to go through with it before clicking the button.Company Confidential
Appendix FImporting CertificatesUser’s Guide380Company Confidential
User’s Guide 381APPENDIX G SIP PassthroughEnabling/Disabling the SIP ALGYou can turn off the WiMAX Device SIP ALG to avoid retranslating the IP address of an existing SIP device that is using STUN. If you want to use STUN with a SIP client device (a SIP phone or IP phone for example) behind the WiMAX Device, use the ip alg disable ALG_SIP command to turn off the SIP ALG.Signaling Session TimeoutMost SIP clients have an “expire” mechanism indicating the lifetime of signaling sessions. The SIP UA sends registration packets to the SIP server periodically and keeps the session alive in the WiMAX Device. If the SIP client does not have this mechanism and makes no call during the WiMAX Device SIP timeout default (60 minutes), the WiMAX Device SIP ALG drops any incoming calls after the timeout period. You can use the ip alg siptimeout command to change the timeout value.Audio Session TimeoutIf no voice packets go through the SIP ALG before the timeout period default (5 minutes) expires, the SIP ALG does not drop the call but blocks all voice traffic and deletes the audio session. You cannot hear anything and you will need to make a new call to continue your conversation.Company Confidential
Appendix GSIP PassthroughUser’s Guide382Company Confidential
User’s Guide 383APPENDIX H Common ServicesThe following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers. For a comprehensive list of port numbers, ICMP type/code numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) web site. •Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like.•Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number.•Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.•If the Protocol is TCP,UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.•If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.•Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used.Table 138 Commonly Used ServicesNAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTIONAH(IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling protocol uses this service.AIM/New-ICQ TCP 5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service. It is also used as a listening port by ICQ.AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some servers.BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol.BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client.BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server.CU-SEEME TCPUDP764824032A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software.DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (for example www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers.Company Confidential
Appendix HCommon ServicesUser’s Guide384ESP (IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service.FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on.FTP TCPTCP2021File Transfer Program, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail.H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.HTTP TCP 80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/server protocol for the world wide web.HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-commerce.ICMP User-Defined 1 Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for diagnostic or routing purposes.ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat program.IGMP(MULTICAST) User-Defined 2 Internet Group Management Protocol is used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts.IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for key distribution and management.IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat program.MSN Messenger TCP 1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger service uses this protocol. NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program.NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups.NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments.NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service.PING User-Defined 1 Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable.POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other).Table 138 Commonly Used Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTIONCompany Confidential
Appendix HCommon ServicesUser’s Guide 385PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel.PPTP_TUNNEL (GRE) User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel.RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service.REAL_AUDIO TCP 7070 A streaming audio service that enables real time sound over the web.REXEC TCP 514 Remote Execution Daemon.RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login.RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet.RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the Internet.SFTP TCP 115 Simple File Transfer Protocol.SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another.SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management Program.SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an interface to access data on many different types of database systems, including mainframes, midrange systems, UNIX systems and network servers.SSH TCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program.STRM WORKS UDP 1558 Stream Works Protocol.SYSLOG UDP 514 Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX server.TACACS UDP 49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System).TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and in UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log into remote host systems.Table 138 Commonly Used Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTIONCompany Confidential
Appendix HCommon ServicesUser’s Guide386TFTP UDP 69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an Internet file transfer protocol similar to FTP, but uses the UDP (User Datagram Protocol) rather than TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).VDOLIVE TCP 7000 Another videoconferencing solution.Table 138 Commonly Used Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTIONCompany Confidential
User’s Guide 387APPENDIX I Legal InformationCopyrightCopyright © 2009 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.DisclaimersZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.Your use of the WiMAX Device is subject to the terms and conditions of any related service providers.Do not use the WiMAX Device for illegal purposes. Illegal downloading or sharing of files can result in severe civil and criminal penalties. You are subject to the restrictions of copyright laws and any other applicable laws, and will bear the consequences of any infringements thereof. ZyXEL bears NO responsibility or liability for your use of the download service feature.TrademarksTrademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and may be properties of their respective owners.Company Confidential
Appendix ILegal InformationUser’s Guide388CertificationsFederal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference StatementThe device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:•This device may not cause harmful interference.•This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations.This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:1Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.2Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.3Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.4Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.FCC Radiation Exposure Statement•This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter.•To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance ofatleast23cm mustbemaintainedbetweenthe antenna ofthisdevice and all persons. Company Confidential
Appendix ILegal InformationUser’s Guide 389NoticesChanges or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.Viewing Certifications1Go to http://www.zyxel.com.2Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page.3Select the certification you wish to view from this page.ZyXEL Limited WarrantyZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.NoteRepair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or Company Confidential
Appendix ILegal InformationUser’s Guide390implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.To obtain the services of this warranty, contact your vendor. You may also refer to the warranty policy for the region in which you bought the device at http://www.zyxel.com/web/support_warranty_info.php.RegistrationRegister your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com.Company Confidential
User’s Guide 391APPENDIX J Customer SupportIn the event of problems that cannot be solved by using this manual, you should contact your vendor. If you cannot contact your vendor, then contact a ZyXEL office for the region in which you bought the device. Regional offices are listed below (see also http://www.zyxel.com/web/contact_us.php). Please have the following information ready when you contact an office.Required Information•Product model and serial number.•Warranty Information.•Date that you received your device.•Brief description of the problem and the steps you took to solve it.“+” is the (prefix) number you dial to make an international telephone call.Corporate Headquarters (Worldwide)•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.com.tw•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.com.tw•Telephone: +886-3-578-3942•Fax: +886-3-578-2439•Web: www.zyxel.com•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications Corp., 6 Innovation Road II, Science Park, Hsinchu 300, TaiwanChina - ZyXEL Communications (Beijing) Corp.•Support E-mail: cso.zycn@zyxel.cn•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.cn•Telephone: +86-010-82800646•Fax: +86-010-82800587•Address: 902, Unit B, Horizon Building, No.6, Zhichun Str, Haidian District, Beijing•Web: http://www.zyxel.cnCompany Confidential
Appendix JCustomer SupportUser’s Guide392China - ZyXEL Communications (Shanghai) Corp.•Support E-mail: cso.zycn@zyxel.cn•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.cn•Telephone: +86-021-61199055•Fax: +86-021-52069033•Address: 1005F, ShengGao International Tower, No.137 XianXia Rd., Shanghai•Web: http://www.zyxel.cnCosta Rica•Support E-mail: soporte@zyxel.co.cr•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.co.cr•Telephone: +506-2017878•Fax: +506-2015098•Web: www.zyxel.co.cr•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Costa Rica, Plaza Roble Escazú, Etapa El Patio, Tercer Piso, San José, Costa RicaCzech Republic•E-mail: info@cz.zyxel.com•Telephone: +420-241-091-350•Fax: +420-241-091-359•Web: www.zyxel.cz•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications, Czech s.r.o., Modranská 621, 143 01 Praha 4 - Modrany, Ceská RepublikaDenmark•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.dk•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.dk•Telephone: +45-39-55-07-00•Fax: +45-39-55-07-07•Web: www.zyxel.dk •Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications A/S, Columbusvej, 2860 Soeborg, DenmarkFinland•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.fi•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.fi•Telephone: +358-9-4780-8411Company Confidential
Appendix JCustomer SupportUser’s Guide 393•Fax: +358-9-4780-8448•Web: www.zyxel.fi•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications Oy, Malminkaari 10, 00700 Helsinki, FinlandFrance•E-mail: info@zyxel.fr •Telephone: +33-4-72-52-97-97•Fax: +33-4-72-52-19-20•Web: www.zyxel.fr•Regular Mail: ZyXEL France, 1 rue des Vergers, Bat. 1 / C, 69760 Limonest, FranceGermany•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.de•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.de•Telephone: +49-2405-6909-69•Fax: +49-2405-6909-99•Web: www.zyxel.de•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Deutschland GmbH., Adenauerstr. 20/A2 D-52146, Wuerselen, GermanyHungary•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.hu•Sales E-mail: info@zyxel.hu•Telephone: +36-1-3361649•Fax: +36-1-3259100•Web: www.zyxel.hu•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Hungary, 48, Zoldlomb Str., H-1025, Budapest, HungaryIndia•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.in•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.in•Telephone: +91-11-30888144 to +91-11-30888153•Fax: +91-11-30888149, +91-11-26810715•Web: http://www.zyxel.in•Regular Mail: India - ZyXEL Technology India Pvt Ltd., II-Floor, F2/9 Okhla Phase -1, New Delhi 110020, IndiaCompany Confidential
Appendix JCustomer SupportUser’s Guide394Japan•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.co.jp•Sales E-mail: zyp@zyxel.co.jp•Telephone: +81-3-6847-3700•Fax: +81-3-6847-3705•Web: www.zyxel.co.jp•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Japan, 3F, Office T&U, 1-10-10 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0022, JapanKazakhstan•Support: http://zyxel.kz/support•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.kz•Telephone: +7-3272-590-698•Fax: +7-3272-590-689•Web: www.zyxel.kz•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Kazakhstan, 43 Dostyk Ave., Office 414, Dostyk Business Centre, 050010 Almaty, Republic of KazakhstanMalaysia•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.com.my•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.com.my•Telephone: +603-8076-9933•Fax: +603-8076-9833•Web: http://www.zyxel.com.my•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Malaysia Sdn Bhd., 1-02 & 1-03, Jalan Kenari 17F, Bandar Puchong Jaya, 47100 Puchong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MalaysiaNorth America•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.com•Support Telephone: +1-800-978-7222•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.com•Sales Telephone: +1-714-632-0882•Fax: +1-714-632-0858•Web: www.zyxel.com•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications Inc., 1130 N. Miller St., Anaheim, CA 92806-2001, U.S.A.Norway•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.no Company Confidential
Appendix JCustomer SupportUser’s Guide 395•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.no•Telephone: +47-22-80-61-80•Fax: +47-22-80-61-81•Web: www.zyxel.no•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications A/S, Nils Hansens vei 13, 0667 Oslo, NorwayPoland•E-mail: info@pl.zyxel.com•Telephone: +48-22-333 8250•Fax: +48-22-333 8251•Web: www.pl.zyxel.com•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications, ul. Okrzei 1A, 03-715 Warszawa, PolandRussia•Support: http://zyxel.ru/support•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.ru•Telephone: +7-095-542-89-29•Fax: +7-095-542-89-25•Web: www.zyxel.ru•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Russia, Ostrovityanova 37a Str., Moscow 117279, RussiaSingapore•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.com.sg•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.com.sg•Telephone: +65-6899-6678•Fax: +65-6899-8887•Web: http://www.zyxel.com.sg•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Singapore Pte Ltd., No. 2 International Business Park, The Strategy #03-28, Singapore 609930Spain•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.es•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.es•Telephone: +34-902-195-420•Fax: +34-913-005-345•Web: www.zyxel.es •Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications, Arte, 21 5ª planta, 28033 Madrid, SpainCompany Confidential
Appendix JCustomer SupportUser’s Guide396Sweden•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.se•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.se•Telephone: +46-31-744-7700•Fax: +46-31-744-7701•Web: www.zyxel.se•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications A/S, Sjöporten 4, 41764 Göteborg, SwedenTaiwan•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.com.tw•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.com.tw•Telephone: +886-2-27399889•Fax: +886-2-27353220•Web: http://www.zyxel.com.tw•Address: Room B, 21F., No.333, Sec. 2, Dunhua S. Rd., Da-an District, TaipeiThailand•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.co.th•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.co.th•Telephone: +662-831-5315•Fax: +662-831-5395•Web: http://www.zyxel.co.th•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Thailand Co., Ltd., 1/1 Moo 2, Ratchaphruk Road, Bangrak-Noi, Muang, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.Turkey•Support E-mail: cso@zyxel.com.tr•Telephone: +90 212 222 55 22•Fax: +90-212-220-2526•Web: http:www.zyxel.com.tr•Address: Kaptanpasa Mahallesi Piyalepasa Bulvari Ortadogu Plaza N:14/13 K:6 Okmeydani/Sisli Istanbul/TurkeyUkraine•Support E-mail: support@ua.zyxel.com•Sales E-mail: sales@ua.zyxel.com•Telephone: +380-44-247-69-78Company Confidential
Appendix JCustomer SupportUser’s Guide 397•Fax: +380-44-494-49-32•Web: www.ua.zyxel.com•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Ukraine, 13, Pimonenko Str., Kiev 04050, UkraineUnited Kingdom•Support E-mail: support@zyxel.co.uk•Sales E-mail: sales@zyxel.co.uk•Telephone: +44-1344-303044, 0845 122 0301 (UK only)•Fax: +44-1344-303034•Web: www.zyxel.co.uk•Regular Mail: ZyXEL Communications UK Ltd., 11 The Courtyard, Eastern Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2XB, United Kingdom (UK)Company Confidential
Appendix JCustomer SupportUser’s Guide398Company Confidential
IndexUser’s Guide 399IndexAAAA 91AbS 152accounting serversee AAAACK message 159activity 91Advanced Encryption Standardsee AESSee AES.AES 281,321ALG 132alternative subnet mask notation 340analysis-by-synthesis 152antennadirectional 326gain 325omni-directional 326AP (access point) 313Application Layer Gatewaysee ALGauthentication 55,91,94,279inner 282keyserver 91types 282authorization 279request and reply 281server 91auto-discoveryUPnP 246Bbase stationsee BSBasic Service Set, See BSS 311BS 89–90links 90BSS 311BYE request 160CCA 183,199,319and certificates 199callEurope type service mode 171hold 171–173service mode 171–173transfer 172–173waiting 171–173CBC-MAC 281CCMP 279,281cell 89Certificate AuthoritySee CA.Certificate Management Protocol (CMP) 188Certificate Revocation List (CRL) 199certificates 183,279advantages 199and CA 199certification path 190,196,199expired 199factory-default 200file formats 200fingerprints 191,197importing 185not used for encryption 199revoked 199self-signed 187serial number 190,196storage space 184thumbprint algorithms 201thumbprints 201used for authentication 199verification 281verifying fingerprints 201certificationCompany Confidential
IndexUser’s Guide400authority, see CAnotices 389requests 183,187,188viewing 389chaining 281chaining message authenticationsee CCMPchannel 313interference 313circuit-switched telephone networks 147Class of Service (CoS) 162client-serverprotocol 160SIP 160CMACsee MACcodec 152comfort noise 165contact information 391copyright 387CoS 162counter modesee CCMPcoverage area 89cryptography 279CTS (Clear to Send) 314customer support 391Ddata 279–281decryption 279encryption 279flow 281device name 245DHCP 76,136,138client 136server 76diameter 91Differentiated Servicessee DiffServDiffServ 162DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) 162marking rule 163digital ID 279DL frequency 98,99domain name 136download frequencysee DL frequencyDS field 163DSCPsee DiffServdynamic DNS 138Dynamic Host Configuration Protocolsee DHCPdynamic WEP key exchange 320EEAP 91EAP Authentication 318echo cancellation 165encryption 279–281,321traffic 281ESS 312Ethernetencapsulation 126Europe type call service mode 171Extended Service Set, See ESS 312Extensible Authorization Protocolsee EAPFFCC interference statement 388firewall 203,208,209flash key 170flashing 170fragmentation threshold 315frequencyband 99ranges 98,99scanning 99FTP 138,218restrictions 218Company Confidential
IndexUser’s Guide 401GG.168 165G.711 152G.729 152Hhidden node 313hybrid waveform codec 152IIANA 346IBSS 311identity 91,279idle timeout 218IEEE 802.11g 315IEEE 802.16 89,279IEEE 802.16e 89IEEE 802.1Q VLAN 158IGD 1.0 244Independent Basic Service SetSee IBSS 311initialization vector (IV) 321inner authentication 282Internetaccess 91gateway device 244Internet Assigned Numbers Authoritysee IANA 346Internet Telephony Service Providersee ITSPinteroperability 89IP-PBX 147ITSP 147ITU-T 165Kkey 55,94,279request and reply 281Llistening port 155MMAC 281MAN 89Management Information Base (MIB) 222manual site survey 98,99Message Authentication Codesee MACmessage integrity 281Message Integrity Check (MIC) 321message waiting indication 152Metropolitan Area Networksee MANmicrowave 89,90mobile stationsee MSMS 90multimedia 148MWI 152My Certificates 184see also certificatesNNAT 151,345and remote management 218routers 151server sets 126traversal 243networkactivity 91services 91Company Confidential
IndexUser’s Guide402OOK response 159outbound proxy 151,162server 151SIP 151PPairwise Master Key (PMK) 321,323pattern-spotting 281PBX services 147PCM 152peer-to-peer calls 175per-hop behavior 163PHB (per-hop behavior) 163phoneservices 166PKMv2 55,91,94,279,282plain text encryption 281preamble mode 315Privacy Key Managementsee PKMprivate key 279product registration 390proxy serverSIP 160PSK 321public certificate 281public key 55,94,279Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI) 199public-private key pairs 183,198pulse code modulation 152RRADIUS 91,280,317Message Types 280message types 317Messages 280messages 317Shared Secret Key 280shared secret key 318Real-time Transport Protocolsee RTPredirect serverSIP 161register serverSIP 148registrationproduct 390related documentation 3remote management and NAT 218remote management limitations 218required bandwidth 152RFC 1889 148RFC 2510. See Certificate Management Protocol.RFC 3489 151RFC 3842 152RTP 148RTS (Request To Send) 314threshold 313,314Ssafety warnings 6secure communication 55,94,279secure connection 91security 279security association 281see SAserveroutbound proxy 151services 91Session Initiation Protocolsee SIPsilence suppression 165silent packets 165Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol (SCEP)188SIP 147account 148ACK message 159ALG 132,162Application Layer Gateway, see ALGCompany Confidential
IndexUser’s Guide 403authentication 60authentication password 60BYE request 160call progression 159client 160client server 160identities 148INVITE request 159number 60,148OK response 159outbound proxy 151proxy server 160redirect server 161register server 148server address 60servers 160service domain 60,148URI 148user agent 160SNMP 219manager 221sound quality 152speed dial 175SS 89,90stateful inspection 208STUN 151,162subnet 337mask 338subnetting 340subscriber stationsee SSsupplementary phone services 166syntax conventions 4system timeout 218TtamperingTCP/IP configuration 76TEK 281Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) 321TFTP restrictions 218three-way conference 172,174TLS 55,94,279transport encryption keysee TEKtransport layer securitysee TLStriangle routeproblem 209solutions 210trigger port forwardingprocess 131TTLS 55,94,279,282tunneled TLSsee TTLSUunauthorized device 279uniform resource identifier 148Universal Plug and Playsee UPnPUPnP 243–245application 244auto-discovery 246security issues 244Windows XP 245USA type call service mode 173use NAT 162use NAT feature 148user agent, SIP 160user authentication 279user ID 60user name 139VVAD 165verification 281virtual local area networksee VLANVLAN 158group 158ID tags 158tags 158VLAN ID 158voiceCompany Confidential
IndexUser’s Guide404activity detection 165coding 152mail 147Voice over IPsee VoIPVoIP 147Wwaveform codec 152Wi-Fi Protected Access 320WiMAX 89–90security 281WiMAX Forum 89wireless client WPA supplicants 322Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Accesssee WiMAXWireless Metropolitan Area Networksee MANwireless networkaccess 89standard 89wireless security 279,316wizard setup 47WLANinterference 313security parameters 324WPA 320key caching 322pre-authentication 322user authentication 322vs WPA-PSK 321wireless client supplicant 322with RADIUS application example 322WPA2 320user authentication 322vs WPA2-PSK 321wireless client supplicant 322with RADIUS application example 322WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 320WPA2-PSK 320,321application example 323WPA-PSK 321application example 323Company Confidential
IndexUser’s Guide 405Company Confidential

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