ZyXEL Communications NBG418N Wireless N Home Router Model No.: NBG-418N User Manual Book

ZyXEL Communications Corporation Wireless N Home Router Model No.: NBG-418N Book

Contents

NBG-418N_User Manual_Part2

NBG-418N User’s Guide 115CHAPTER 13Remote Management13.1 OverviewThis chapter provides information on the Remote Management screens. Remote management allows you to determine which services/protocols can access which NBG-418N interface (if any) from which computers.You may manage your NBG-418N from a remote location via:Note: When you configure remote management to allow management from the LAN and WAN in the options above, you still need to configure a firewall rule to allow access. See the firewall chapters for details on configuring firewall rules.•LAN only •LAN and WAN
Chapter 13 Remote ManagementNBG-418N User’s Guide11613.1.1 Remote Management LimitationsRemote management over LAN or WAN will not work when:1You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens.2The IP address in the Secured Client WAN IP Address field does not match the client IP address. If it does not match, the NBG-418N will disconnect the session immediately.3There is already another remote management session with an equal or higher priority running. You may only have one remote management session running at one time.4There is a firewall rule that blocks it.13.1.2 Remote Management and NATWhen NAT is enabled:• Use the NBG-418N’s WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN. • Use the NBG-418N’s LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN.13.1.3 System TimeoutThere is a default system management idle timeout of five minutes (three hundred seconds). The NBG-418N automatically logs you out if the management session remains idle for longer than this timeout period. The management session does not time out when a statistics screen is polling. You can change the timeout period in the System screen.13.2 WWW Screen To change your NBG-418N’s World Wide Web settings, click Management > Remote MGMT to display the WWW screen.Figure 81 Management > Remote MGMT > WWW
Chapter 13 Remote ManagementNBG-418N User’s Guide 117The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 51 Management > Remote MGMT > WWWLABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NBG-418N using this service.Secured Client WAN IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the NBG-418N using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the NBG-418N using this service.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the NBG-418N using this service.Note: This only applies on WAN IP.Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen. Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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NBG-418N User’s Guide 119CHAPTER 14Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)14.1 Overview This chapter introduces the UPnP feature in the Web Configurator.Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A UPnP device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network. In turn, a device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use.14.2 What You Need to KnowHow do I know if I'm using UPnP? UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder (Windows XP). Each UPnP compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device. NAT TraversalUPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate through NAT. UPnP network devices can automatically configure network addressing, announce their presence in the network to other UPnP devices and enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions. NAT traversal allows the following:• Dynamic port mapping• Learning public IP addresses• Assigning lease times to mappingsWindows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal and UPnP. See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT.Cautions with UPnPThe automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own services and opening firewall ports may present network security issues. Network information and configuration may also be obtained and modified by users in some network environments. When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast message. For security reasons, the NBG-418N allows multicast messages on the LAN only.
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)NBG-418N User’s Guide120All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without additional configuration. Disable UPnP if this is not your intention. 14.3 Configuring UPnPUse this screen to enable UPnP. Click the Management > UPnP to open the following screen.Figure 82 Management > UPnP > General The following table describes the labels in this screen. 14.3.1 Using UPnP in Windows XP ExampleThis section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must already have UPnP installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the NBG-418N.Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the NBG-418N. Turn on your computer and the NBG-418N. 14.3.1.1 Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device1Click start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon displays under Internet Gateway.Table 52 Management > UPnP > GeneralLABEL DESCRIPTIONEnable the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) FeatureSelect this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a UPnP application to open the Web Configurator's login screen without entering the NBG-418N's IP address (although you must still enter the password to access the Web Configurator).Allow users to make port forwarding changes through UPnPSelect this check box to allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically configure the NBG-418N so that they can communicate through the NBG-418N, for example, by using NAT traversal. UPnP applications automatically reserve a NAT forwarding port in order to communicate with another UPnP enabled device. this eliminates the need to manually configure port forwarding for the UPnP enabled application. Apply Click Apply to save the setting to the NBG-418N.Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)NBG-418N User’s Guide 1212Right-click the icon and select Properties. Figure 83 Network Connections3In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port mappings there were automatically created. Figure 84 Internet Connection Properties 4You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port mappings. Figure 85 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)NBG-418N User’s Guide122Figure 86 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings: AddNote: When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port mappings will be deleted automatically.5Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK. An icon displays in the system tray. Figure 87 System Tray Icon6Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status.Figure 88 Internet Connection Status14.3.2 Web Configurator Easy AccessWith UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the NBG-418N without finding out the IP address of the NBG-418N first. This comes helpful if you do not know the IP address of the NBG-418N.Follow the steps below to access the Web Configurator.1Click Start and then Control Panel. 2Double-click Network Connections.
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)NBG-418N User’s Guide 1233Select My Network Places under Other Places. Figure 89 Network Connections4An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local Network. 5Right-click on the icon for your NBG-418N and select Invoke. The Web Configurator login screen displays. Figure 90 Network Connections: My Network Places
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NBG-418N User’s Guide 125CHAPTER 15System15.1 OverviewThis chapter provides information on the System screens. See the chapter about wizard setup for more information on the next few screens.15.2 What You Can Do•Use the General screen to enter a name to identify the NBG-418N in the network and set the password (Section 15.3 on page 125).•Use the Time Setting screen to change your NBG-418N’s time and date (Section 15.4 on page 126).15.3 System General Screen Use this screen to enter a name to identify the NBG-418N in the network and set the password. Click Maintenance > System. The following screen displays.Figure 91 Maintenance > System > General
Chapter 15 SystemNBG-418N User’s Guide126The following table describes the labels in this screen.15.4 Time Setting ScreenTo change your NBG-418N’s time and date, click Maintenance > System > Time Setting. The screen appears as shown. Use this screen to configure the NBG-418N’s time based on your local time zone.Table 53 Maintenance > System > GeneralLABEL DESCRIPTIONSystem SetupSystem Name System Name is a unique name to identify the NBG-418N in an Ethernet network. It is recommended you enter your computer’s “Computer name” in this field (see the chapter about wizard setup for how to find your computer’s name). This name can be up to 30 alphanumeric characters long. Spaces are not allowed, but dashes “-” and underscores "_" are accepted.Domain Name Enter the domain name (if you know it) here. If you leave this field blank, the ISP may assign a domain name via DHCP. The domain name entered by you is given priority over the ISP assigned domain name.Administrator Inactivity TimerType how many minutes a management session can be left idle before the session times out. The default is 5 minutes. After it times out you have to log in with your password again. Very long idle timeouts may have security risks. A value of "0" means a management session never times out, no matter how long it has been left idle (not recommended).Password Setup Change your NBG-418N’s password (recommended) using the fields as shown.Old Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this field.New Password Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a password, the screen displays an asterisk (*) for each character you type.Retype to Confirm Type the new password again in this field.Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 15 SystemNBG-418N User’s Guide 127Figure 92 Maintenance > System > Time Setting The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 54 Maintenance > System > Time SettingLABEL DESCRIPTIONCurrent Time and DateCurrent Time This field displays the time of your NBG-418N.Each time you reload this page, the NBG-418N synchronizes the time with the time server.Current Date This field displays the date of your NBG-418N. Each time you reload this page, the NBG-418N synchronizes the date with the time server.Time and Date SetupManual Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you configure a new time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the same time, the new time and date you entered has priority and the Time Zone and Daylight Saving settings do not affect it.Copy Your Computer’s Time SettingsClick this to copy the time settings of your computer into the NBG-418N’s time and date setup.New Time(hh:mm:ss)This field displays the last updated time from the time server or the last time configured manually.When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new time in this field and then click Apply.
Chapter 15 SystemNBG-418N User’s Guide128New Date (yyyy/mm/dd)This field displays the last updated date from the time server or the last date configured manually.When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new date in this field and then click Apply.Get from Time ServerSelect this radio button to have the NBG-418N get the time and date from the time server you specified below.Auto Select Auto to have the NBG-418N automatically search for an available time server and synchronize the date and time with the time server after you click Apply.User Defined Time Server Address Select User Defined Time Server Address and enter the IP address or URL (up to 20 extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.Time Zone SetupTime Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Daylight Savings Daylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the evening.Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.Start Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you selected Daylight Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the first Sunday of April. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select First, Sunday, April and type 2 in the o'clock field.Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, March. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1). End Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you selected Daylight Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the last Sunday of October. Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select Last, Sunday, October and type 2 in the o'clock field.Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, October. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1). Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.Table 54 Maintenance > System > Time Setting (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
NBG-418N User’s Guide 129CHAPTER 16Logs16.1 OverviewThis chapter contains information about configuring general log settings and viewing the NBG-418N’s logs. The Web Configurator allows you to look at all of the NBG-418N’s logs in one location. 16.2 What You Need to KnowAn alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites or web sites with restricted web features such as cookies, active X and so on. Some categories such as System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black.Alerts are e-mailed as soon as they happen. Logs may be e-mailed as soon as the log is full (see Log Schedule). Selecting many alert and/or log categories (especially Access Control) may result in many e-mails being sent.16.3 View Log ScreenUse the View Log screen to see the logged messages for the NBG-418N. Options include logs about system maintenance, system errors, access control, allowed or blocked web sites, blocked web features (such as ActiveX controls, Java and cookies), attacks (such as DoS) and IPSec.Log entries in red indicate system error logs. The log wraps around and deletes the old entries after it fills. Click a column heading to sort the entries. A triangle indicates ascending or descending sort order. Click Maintenance > Logs to open the View Log screen.
Chapter 16 LogsNBG-418N User’s Guide130Figure 93 Maintenance > Logs > View Log The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 55 Maintenance > Logs > View LogLABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Click Refresh to renew the log screen. Clear Logs Click Clear Logs to delete all the logs. Next Click Next to show the next page of log entries.Last Click Last to show the last page of log entries.#This is the index number of the log entry.Time This field displays the time the log was recorded. See the chapter on system maintenance and information to configure the NBG-418N’s time and date.Message This field states the reason for the log.
NBG-418N User’s Guide 131CHAPTER 17Tools17.1 OverviewThis chapter shows you how to upload a new firmware, upload or save backup configuration files and restart the NBG-418N.17.2 What You Can Do•Use the Firmware screen to upload firmware to your NBG-418N (Section 17.3 on page 131).•Use the Configuration screen to view information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration (Section 17.4 on page 133).•Use the Restart screen to have the NBG-418N reboot (Section 17.5 on page 134).17.3 Firmware Upload ScreenFind firmware at www.zyxel.com in a file that (usually) uses the system model name with a “*.bin” extension, e.g., “NBG-418N.bin”. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot.Click Maintenance > Tools. Follow the instructions in this screen to upload firmware to your NBG-418N. Figure 94 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
Chapter 17 ToolsNBG-418N User’s Guide132The following table describes the labels in this screen.Note: Do not turn off the NBG-418N while firmware upload is in progress!After you see the Firmware Upload In Process screen, wait for several minutes before logging into the NBG-418N again.Figure 95 Upload WarningThe NBG-418N automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.Figure 96 Network Temporarily DisconnectedAfter two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen.If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the Firmware screen.Figure 97 Upload Error MessageTable 56 Maintenance > Tools > FirmwareLABEL DESCRIPTIONFile Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse... to find it.Browse... Click Browse... to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them. Upload Click Upload to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
Chapter 17 ToolsNBG-418N User’s Guide 13317.4 Configuration ScreenClick Maintenance > Tools > Configuration. Information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears as shown next.Figure 98 Maintenance > Tools > Configuration 17.4.1 Backup ConfigurationBackup configuration allows you to back up (save) the NBG-418N’s current configuration to a file on your computer. Once your NBG-418N is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings. Click Backup to save the NBG-418N’s current configuration to your computer.17.4.2 Restore ConfigurationRestore configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer to your NBG-418N.Note: Do not turn off the NBG-418N while configuration file upload is in progress.Table 57 Maintenance Restore ConfigurationLABEL DESCRIPTIONFile Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse... to find it.Browse... Click Browse... to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them. Upload Click Upload to begin the upload process.
Chapter 17 ToolsNBG-418N User’s Guide134After you see a “configuration upload successful” screen, you must then wait one minute before logging into the NBG-418N again. Figure 99 Configuration Restore SuccessfulThe NBG-418N automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.Figure 100 Temporarily DisconnectedIf you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default NBG-418N IP address (192.168.1.1 in router mode). See Appendix C on page 167 for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the Configuration screen.Figure 101 Configuration Restore Error17.4.3 Back to Factory DefaultsPressing the Reset button in this section clears all user-entered configuration information and returns the NBG-418N to its factory defaults.You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your NBG-418N. Refer to Section 2.3.1 on page 19 for more information on the RESET button.17.5 Restart ScreenSystem restart allows you to reboot the NBG-418N without turning the power off.
Chapter 17 ToolsNBG-418N User’s Guide 135Click Maintenance > Tools > Restart. Click Restart to have the NBG-418N reboot. This does not affect the NBG-418N's configuration.Figure 102 Maintenance > Tools > Restart
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NBG-418N User’s Guide 137CHAPTER 18Sys OP Mode18.1 OverviewThe Sys OP Mode (System Operation Mode) function lets you configure select the device operation mode: Router, Access Point, Client Bridge or Universal Repeater. See Chapter 4 on page 35 for more information on which mode to choose.18.2 General ScreenUse this screen to select how you connect to the Internet. Figure 103 Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General The following table describes the labels in the General screen.Table 58 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > GeneralLABEL DESCRIPTIONSystem Operation ModeRouter Use this mode if you want to use routing functions such as LAN DHCP, NAT, firewall and so on on the NBG-418N (N). The NBG-418N has separate LAN and WAN network IP addresses.Access Point Use this mode if you already have a Router (R) in your network and you want to bridge all wired and wireless network connections.
Chapter 18 Sys OP ModeNBG-418N User’s Guide138If you select Router mode, the following pop-up message window appears.Figure 104 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General: Router • In this mode there are both LAN and WAN ports. The LAN Ethernet and WAN Ethernet ports have different IP addresses. • The DHCP server on your device is enabled and allocates IP addresses to other devices on your local network. • The LAN IP address of the NBG-418N is set to 192.168.1.1.• You can configure the IP address settings on your WAN port. Contact your ISP or system administrator for more information on appropriate settings.If you select a non-router mode (Access Point, Client Bridge or Universal Repeater) the following pop-up message window appears.Figure 105 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General: Non-Router • In non-router mode, all Ethernet ports have the same IP address. • All ports on the rear panel of the device are LAN ports, including the port labeled WAN. There is no WAN port.• The DHCP server on your device is disabled. In this mode there must be a device with a DHCP server on your network such as a router which can allocate IP addresses or else you need to manually assign IP addresses to devices on your network.• The LAN IP address of the NBG-418N is set to 192.168.1.2.Universal Repeater Use this mode if there is an existing wireless router or access point in your network and you want the NBG-418N to wirelessly relay communications from its wireless clients to it.Client Bridge Use this mode if there is an existing wireless router or access point (AP) in the network to which you want to connect your NBG-418N wirelessly. You should know the SSID and wireless security details of the wireless router or access point to which you want to connect.Apply Click Apply to save your settings.Reset Click Reset to return to the previous screen settings.Table 58 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
NBG-418N User’s Guide 139CHAPTER 19Language19.1 Language ScreenUse this screen to change the language for the Web Configurator display.Click the language you prefer. The Web Configurator language changes after a while without restarting the NBG-418N.Figure 106 LanguageFigure 107 Language Change Example
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NBG-418N User’s Guide 141CHAPTER 20TroubleshootingThis chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories. •Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs•NBG-418N Access and Login•Internet Access•Resetting the NBG-418N to Its Factory Defaults•Wireless Problems20.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDsThe NBG-418N does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.1Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the NBG-418N.2Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the NBG-418N and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.3Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the NBG-418N.4If the problem continues, contact the vendor.One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.1Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.3 on page 15.2Check the hardware connections. See the Quick Start Guide. 3Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.4Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor to the NBG-418N. 5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
Chapter 20 TroubleshootingNBG-418N User’s Guide14220.2 NBG-418N Access and LoginI don’t know the IP address of my NBG-418N.1The default IP address in router mode is 192.168.1.1 and in non-router mode is 192.168.1.2.2If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the NBG-418N by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP address of the NBG-418N (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in your Internet browser.Set your device to Router Mode, login (see the Quick Start Guide for instructions) and go to the Device Information table in the Status screen. Your NBG-418N’s IP address is available in the Device Information table. •If the DHCP setting under LAN information is None, your device has a fixed IP address. •If the DHCP setting under LAN information is Client, then your device receives an IP address from a DHCP server on the network. 3If your NBG-418N is a DHCP client, you can find your IP address from the DHCP server. This information is only available from the DHCP server which allocates IP addresses on your network. Find this information directly from the DHCP server or contact your system administrator for more information.4Reset your NBG-418N to change all settings back to their default. This means your current settings are lost. See Section 20.4 on page 144 in the Troubleshooting for information on resetting your NBG-418N. I forgot the username and password.1The default username is admin and default password is 1234.2If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 20.4 on page 144.I cannot see or access the Login screen in the Web Configurator.1Make sure you are using the correct IP address.• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1 (router mode).• If you changed the IP address, use the new IP address.• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I don’t know the IP address of my NBG-418N.
Chapter 20 TroubleshootingNBG-418N User’s Guide 1432Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide. 3Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScript and Java enabled. See Appendix B on page 157.4Make sure your computer is in the same subnet as the NBG-418N. (If you know that there are routers between your computer and the NBG-418N, skip this step.)• If there is a DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer is using a dynamic IP address. • If there is no DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer’s IP address is in the same subnet as the NBG-418N.5Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the NBG-418N with the default IP address.6If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.Advanced Suggestions• If your computer is connected to the WAN port or is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is connected to a LAN/ETHERNET port.I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the NBG-418N.1Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default username is admin and default password is 1234. This field is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 2This can happen when you fail to log out properly from your last session. Try logging in again after 5 minutes.3Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the NBG-418N. 4If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 20.4 on page 144.20.3 Internet AccessI cannot access the Internet.1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide.2Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
Chapter 20 TroubleshootingNBG-418N User’s Guide1443If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the AP.4Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again. 5Go to Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General. Check your System Operation Mode setting. 6If the problem continues, contact your ISP.I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the NBG-418N), but my Internet connection is not available anymore.1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.3 on page 15. 2Reboot the NBG-418N.3If the problem continues, contact your ISP. The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.1There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 1.3 on page 15. If the NBG-418N is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications.2Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving the NBG-418N closer to the AP if possible, and look around to see if there are any devices that might be interfering with the wireless network (for example, microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on).3Reboot the NBG-418N.4If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.Advanced Suggestion• Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it.20.4 Resetting the NBG-418N to Its Factory Defaults If you reset the NBG-418N, you lose all of the changes you have made. The NBG-418N re-loads its default settings, and the username/password resets to admin/1234. You have to make all of your changes again.
Chapter 20 TroubleshootingNBG-418N User’s Guide 145You will lose all of your changes when you push the RESET button.To reset the NBG-418N,1Make sure the power LED is on.2Press the RESET button for longer than 1 second to restart/reboot the NBG-418N.3Press the RESET button for longer than five seconds to set the NBG-418N back to its factory-default configurations.If the NBG-418N restarts automatically, wait for the NBG-418N to finish restarting, and log in to the Web Configurator. The username is admin and password is 1234.If the NBG-418N does not restart automatically, disconnect and reconnect the NBG-418N’s power. Then, follow the directions above again.20.5 Wireless ProblemsI cannot access the NBG-418N or ping any computer from the WLAN.1Make sure the wireless LAN is enabled on the NBG-418N.2Make sure the wireless adapter on the wireless station is working properly.3Make sure the wireless adapter installed on your computer is IEEE 802.11 compatible and supports the same wireless standard as the NBG-418N.4Make sure your computer (with a wireless adapter installed) is within the transmission range of the NBG-418N.5Check that both the NBG-418N and your wireless station are using the same wireless and wireless security settings.6Make sure traffic between the WLAN and the LAN is not blocked by the firewall on the NBG-418N. 7Make sure you allow the NBG-418N to be remotely accessed through the WLAN interface. Check your remote management settings.•See Chapter 6 Wireless LAN for more information.I cannot access the Web Configurator after I switched to a non-router mode.
Chapter 20 TroubleshootingNBG-418N User’s Guide146When you change from router mode to a non-router mode, you must manually give your computer an IP address in the range between 192.168.1.3 and 192.168.1.254 as non-router mode has no LAN DHCP server.Refer to Appendix C on page 167 for instructions on how to change your computer’s IP address.
NBG-418N User’s Guide 147APPENDIX AIP Addresses and SubnettingThis appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks. IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.Introduction to IP AddressesOne part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered.StructureAn IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation). Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal.The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG-418N User’s Guide148Figure 108 Network Number and Host IDHow much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask. Subnet MasksA subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID. The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.Table 59 IP Address Network Number and Host ID Example1ST OCTET:(192)2ND OCTET:(168)3RD OCTET:(1)4TH OCTET(2)IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001Host ID 00000010
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG-418N User’s Guide 149Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks. Network SizeThe size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits. An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:NotationSince the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address. For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128. The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations. Table 60 Subnet MasksBINARYDECIMAL1ST OCTET 2ND OCTET 3RD OCTET 4TH OCTET8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.016-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.024-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.029-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248Table 61 Maximum Host NumbersSUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 1677721416 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 216 – 2 6553424 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 28 – 2 25429 bits 255.255.255.248 3 bits 23 – 2 6Table 62 Alternative Subnet Mask NotationSUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE NOTATION LAST OCTET (BINARY) LAST OCTET (DECIMAL)255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0255.255.255.128 /25 1000 0000 128255.255.255.192 /26 1100 0000 192
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG-418N User’s Guide150SubnettingYou can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.The following figure shows the company network before subnetting. Figure 109 Subnetting Example: Before SubnettingYou can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25. The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-networks, A and B. 255.255.255.224 /27 1110 0000 224255.255.255.240 /28 1111 0000 240255.255.255.248 /29 1111 1000 248255.255.255.252 /30 1111 1100 252Table 62 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation (continued)SUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE NOTATION LAST OCTET (BINARY) LAST OCTET (DECIMAL)
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG-418N User’s Guide 151Figure 110 Subnetting Example: After SubnettingIn a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 – 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126. Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.Example: Four Subnets The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192. Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address). Table 63 Subnet 1IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.0Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.63Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG-418N User’s Guide152Example: Eight SubnetsSimilarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111). The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.Table 64 Subnet 2IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 64IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.64Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.127Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126Table 65 Subnet 3IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 128IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.128Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.191Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190Table 66 Subnet 4IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 192IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.192Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.255Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254Table 67 Eight SubnetsSUBNET SUBNET ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST ADDRESS BROADCAST ADDRESS1 0 1 30 31232 33 62 63364 65 94 95496 97 126 1275128 129 158 1596160 161 190 191
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG-418N User’s Guide 153Subnet PlanningThe following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number. 7192 193 222 2238224 225 254 255Table 67 Eight Subnets (continued)SUBNET SUBNET ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST ADDRESS BROADCAST ADDRESSTable 68 24-bit Network Number Subnet PlanningNO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET1255.255.255.128 (/25) 21262255.255.255.192 (/26) 4623255.255.255.224 (/27) 8304255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 145255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 66255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 27255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1Table 69 16-bit Network Number Subnet PlanningNO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET1255.255.128.0 (/17) 2327662255.255.192.0 (/18) 4163823255.255.224.0 (/19) 881904255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 40945255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 20466255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 10227255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 5108255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 2549255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 12610 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 6211 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 3012 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 1413 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 614 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 215 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG-418N User’s Guide154Configuring IP AddressesWhere you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the NBG-418N. Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your NBG-418N that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your NBG-418N will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the NBG-418N unless you are instructed to do otherwise.Private IP AddressesEvery machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.IP Address ConflictsEach device on a network must have a unique IP address. Devices with duplicate IP addresses on the same network will not be able to access the Internet or other resources. The devices may also be unreachable through the network. Conflicting Computer IP Addresses ExampleMore than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example computer A has a static (or fixed) IP address that is the same as the IP address that a DHCP server assigns to
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG-418N User’s Guide 155computer B which is a DHCP client. Neither can access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different static IP address to computer A or setting computer A to obtain an IP address automatically. Figure 111 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses ExampleConflicting Router IP Addresses ExampleSince a router connects different networks, it must have interfaces using different network numbers. For example, if a router is set between a LAN and the Internet (WAN), the router’s LAN and WAN addresses must be on different subnets. In the following example, the LAN and WAN are on the same subnet. The LAN computers cannot access the Internet because the router cannot route between networks.Figure 112 Conflicting Router IP Addresses ExampleConflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses ExampleMore than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example, the computer and the router’s LAN port both use 192.168.1.1 as the IP address. The computer cannot access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different IP address to the computer or the router’s LAN port.
Appendix A IP Addresses and SubnettingNBG-418N User’s Guide156Figure 113 Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example
NBG-418N User’s Guide 157APPENDIX BPop-up Windows, JavaScripts and JavaPermissionsIn order to use the web configurator you need to allow:• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.• JavaScripts (enabled by default).• Java permissions (enabled by default).Note: The screens used below belong to Internet Explorer version 6, 7 and 8. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary.Internet Explorer Pop-up BlockersYou may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device. Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.Disable Pop-up Blockers1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker. Figure 114 Pop-up BlockerYou can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab. 1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.2Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsNBG-418N User’s Guide158Figure 115 Internet Options: Privacy3Click Apply to save this setting.Enable Pop-up Blockers with ExceptionsAlternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab. 2Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsNBG-418N User’s Guide 159Figure 116 Internet Options: Privacy3Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1. 4Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.Figure 117 Pop-up Blocker Settings
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsNBG-418N User’s Guide1605Click Close to return to the Privacy screen. 6Click Apply to save this setting. JavaScriptsIf pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts are allowed. 1In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. Figure 118 Internet Options: Security 2Click the Custom Level... button. 3Scroll down to Scripting. 4Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).5Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default). 6Click OK to close the window.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsNBG-418N User’s Guide 161Figure 119 Security Settings - Java ScriptingJava Permissions1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. 2Click the Custom Level... button. 3Scroll down to Microsoft VM. 4Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.5Click OK to close the window.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsNBG-418N User’s Guide162Figure 120 Security Settings - Java JAVA (Sun)1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab. 2Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.3Click OK to close the window.Figure 121 Java (Sun)
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsNBG-418N User’s Guide 163Mozilla FirefoxMozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary slightly. The steps below apply to Mozilla Firefox 3.0 as well.You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the screen that appears.Figure 122 Mozilla Firefox: TOOLS > OptionsClick Content to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.Figure 123 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsNBG-418N User’s Guide164OperaOpera 10 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary slightly.Allowing Pop-UpsFrom Opera, click Tools, then Preferences. In the General tab, go to Choose how you prefer to handle pop-ups and select Open all pop-ups.Figure 124 Opera: Allowing Pop-UpsEnabling JavaFrom Opera, click Tools, then Preferences. In the Advanced tab, select Content from the left-side menu. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsNBG-418N User’s Guide 165Figure 125 Opera: Enabling JavaTo customize JavaScript behavior in the Opera browser, click JavaScript Options. Figure 126 Opera: JavaScript OptionsSelect the items you want Opera’s JavaScript to apply.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsNBG-418N User’s Guide166
NBG-418N User’s Guide 167APPENDIX CSetting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNote: Your specific NBG-418N may not support all of the operating systems described in this appendix. See the product specifications for more information about which operating systems are supported.This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in order for it to be able to communicate with the other devices on your network. Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to use TCP/IP on your computer. If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure that your network’s computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet.In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:•Windows XP/NT/2000 on page 167•Windows Vista on page 171•Windows 7 on page 175•Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4 on page 179•Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6 on page 182•Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 185•Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) on page 189Windows XP/NT/2000The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also apply to Windows 2000 and Windows NT.1Click Start > Control Panel.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide1682In the Control Panel, click the Network Connections icon.3Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.4On the General tab, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 1695The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide1706Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided.7Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.8Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.Verifying Settings1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 171Windows VistaThis section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional.1Click Start > Control Panel.2In the Control Panel, click the Network and Internet icon.3Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.4Click Manage network connections.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide1725Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.6Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 1737The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide1748Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided.Click Advanced.9Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.10 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.Verifying Settings1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 175Windows 7This section shows screens from Windows 7 Enterprise.1Click Start > Control Panel.2In the Control Panel, click View network status and tasks under the Network and Internet category.3Click Change adapter settings.4Double click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide176Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.5Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 1776The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide1787Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided. Click Advanced if you want to configure advanced settings for IP, DNS and WINS. 8Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.9Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.Verifying Settings1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. 3The IP settings are displayed as follows.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 179Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3.1Click Apple > System Preferences.2In the System Preferences window, click the Network icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide1803When the Network preferences pane opens, select Built-in Ethernet from the network connection type list, and then click Configure.4For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 list in the TCP/IP tab.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 1815For statically assigned settings, do the following:•From the Configure IPv4 list, select Manually.•In the IP Address field, type your IP address.•In the Subnet Mask field, type your subnet mask.•In the Router field, type the IP address of your device.6Click Apply Now and close the window.Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network Interface from the Info tab.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide182Figure 127 Mac OS X 10.4: Network UtilityMac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5 but can also apply to 10.6.1Click Apple > System Preferences.2In System Preferences, click the Network icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 1833When the Network preferences pane opens, select Ethernet from the list of available connection types.4From the Configure list, select Using DHCP for dynamically assigned settings.5For statically assigned settings, do the following:•From the Configure list, select Manually.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide184•In the IP Address field, enter your IP address.•In the Subnet Mask field, enter your subnet mask.•In the Router field, enter the IP address of your NBG-418N.6Click Apply and close the window.Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network interface from the Info tab.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 185Figure 128 Mac OS X 10.5: Network UtilityLinux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME)This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME: 1Click System > Administration > Network.2When the Network Settings window opens, click Unlock to open the Authenticate window. (By default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.) You cannot make changes to your configuration unless you first enter your admin password.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide1863In the Authenticate window, enter your admin account name and password then click the Authenticate button.4In the Network Settings window, select the connection that you want to configure, then click Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 1875The Properties dialog box opens.•In the Configuration list, select Automatic Configuration (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.•In the Configuration list, select Static IP address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Gateway address fields. 6Click OK to save the changes and close the Properties dialog box and return to the Network Settings screen. 7If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Settings window and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide188 8Click the Close button to apply the changes.Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties by clicking System > Administration > Network Tools, and then selecting the appropriate Network device from the Devices tab. The Interface Statistics column shows data if your connection is working properly.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 189Figure 129 Ubuntu 8: Network ToolsLinux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE)This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the K Desktop Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:1Click K Menu > Computer > Administrator Settings (YaST).
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide1902When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and click OK.3When the YaST Control Center window opens, select Network Devices and then click the Network Card icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 1914When the Network Settings window opens, click the Overview tab, select the appropriate connection Name from the list, and then click the Configure button. 5When the Network Card Setup window opens, click the Address tab
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide192Figure 130 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup6Select Dynamic Address (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.Select Statically assigned IP Address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Hostname fields.7Click Next to save the changes and close the Network Card Setup window. 8If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the Hostname/DNS tab in Network Settings and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide 1939Click Finish to save your settings and close the window.Verifying SettingsClick the KNetwork Manager icon on the Task bar to check your TCP/IP properties. From the Options sub-menu, select Show Connection Information.Figure 131 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork ManagerWhen the Connection Status - KNetwork Manager window opens, click the Statistics tab to see if your connection is working properly.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP AddressNBG-418N User’s Guide194Figure 132 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager
NBG-418N User’s Guide 195APPENDIX DWireless LANsWireless LAN TopologiesThis section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.Ad-hoc Wireless LAN ConfigurationThe simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN. Figure 133 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc NetworkBSSA Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide196Figure 134 Basic Service SetESSAn Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood. An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide 197Figure 135 Infrastructure WLANChannelA channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance.Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.RTS/CTSA hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide198Figure 136 RTS/CTSWhen station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size. Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.Fragmentation ThresholdA Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames.A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide 199Preamble TypePreamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of the synchronization field in a packet.Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short preamble. Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks. Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide more efficient communications.Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the network support it, otherwise the NBG-418N uses long preamble.Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.IEEE 802.11g Wireless LANIEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:Wireless Security OverviewWireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network.Wireless security methods available on the NBG-418N are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the NBG-418N identity.Table 70 IEEE 802.11gDATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION1 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)2 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying) 6/9/12/18/24/36/48/54OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide200The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your NBG-418N.Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the NBG-418N and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it. IEEE 802.1xIn June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:• User based identification that allows for roaming.• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server. • Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients. RADIUSRADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:• Authentication Determines the identity of the users.•AuthorizationDetermines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.• AccountingKeeps track of the client’s network activity. Table 71 Wireless Security LevelsSECURITY LEVEL SECURITY TYPELeast Secure Most SecureUnique SSID (Default)Unique SSID with Hide SSID EnabledMAC Address FilteringWEP EncryptionIEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server AuthenticationWi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)WPA2
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide 201RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server. Types of RADIUS MessagesThe following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:• Access-RequestSent by an access point requesting authentication.• Access-RejectSent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.• Access-AcceptSent by a RADIUS server allowing access. • Access-ChallengeSent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message. The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:• Accounting-RequestSent by the access point requesting accounting.• Accounting-ResponseSent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting. In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access. Types of EAP Authentication This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types. EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication. The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. .For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide202EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text. However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption. EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity. However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead. EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service) EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2. PEAP (Protected EAP) Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco.LEAPLEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x. Dynamic WEP Key ExchangeThe AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide 203If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key ExchangeFor added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types.WPA and WPA2Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication.If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN. If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.Encryption WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm Table 72 Comparison of EAP Authentication TypesEAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAPMutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes YesCertificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional NoCertificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes NoDynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes YesCredential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong ModerateDeployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate ModerateClient Identity Protection No No Yes Yes No
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide204called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism.WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice. The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically.The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped. By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network. The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP)User Authentication WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices.Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again.Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.Wireless Client WPA SupplicantsA wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client. The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide 205WPA(2) with RADIUS Application ExampleTo set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.1The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.2The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies network access accordingly.3A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS server and the client.4The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.Figure 137 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application ExampleWPA(2)-PSK Application ExampleA WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.1First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols).2The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches.3The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide2064The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them.Figure 138 WPA(2)-PSK AuthenticationSecurity Parameters SummaryRefer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features.Antenna OverviewAn antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air. Table 73 Wireless Security Relational MatrixAUTHENTICATION METHOD/ KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLENCRYPTION METHOD ENTER MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1XOpen None No DisableEnable without Dynamic WEP KeyOpen WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP KeyYes Enable without Dynamic WEP KeyYes DisableShared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP KeyYes Enable without Dynamic WEP KeyYes DisableWPA TKIP/AES No EnableWPA-PSK TKIP/AES Yes DisableWPA2 TKIP/AES No EnableWPA2-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide 207Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN. Antenna CharacteristicsFrequencyAn antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz or 5GHz is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LANRadiation PatternA radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage area. Antenna GainAntenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications. For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment. Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides. Types of Antennas for WLANThere are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points. • Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.Positioning AntennasIn general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible.
Appendix D Wireless LANsNBG-418N User’s Guide208For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
NBG-418N User’s Guide 209APPENDIX ECommon ServicesThe following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers. For a comprehensive list of port numbers, ICMP type/code numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) web site. •Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like.•Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number.•Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.•If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.•If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.•Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used.Table 74 Commonly Used ServicesNAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTIONAH (IPSEC_TUNNEL)User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling protocol uses this service.AIM/New-ICQ TCP 5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service. It is also used as a listening port by ICQ.AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some servers.BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol.BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client.BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server.CU-SEEME TCPUDP764824032A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software.DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (for example www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers.ESP (IPSEC_TUNNEL)User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service.FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on.FTP TCPTCP2021File Transfer Program, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail.H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.HTTP TCP 80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/server protocol for the world wide web.
Appendix E Common ServicesNBG-418N User’s Guide210HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-commerce.ICMP User-Defined 1Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for diagnostic or routing purposes.ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat program.IGMP (MULTICAST) User-Defined 2Internet Group Management Protocol is used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts.IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for key distribution and management.IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat program.MSN Messenger TCP 1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger service uses this protocol. NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program.NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups.NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments.NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service.PING User-Defined 1Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable.POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other).PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel.PPTP_TUNNEL (GRE)User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel.RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service.REAL_AUDIO TCP 7070 A streaming audio service that enables real time sound over the web.REXEC TCP 514 Remote Execution Daemon.RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login.RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet.RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the Internet. SFTP TCP 115 Simple File Transfer Protocol.SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another.SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management Program.SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).Table 74 Commonly Used Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
Appendix E Common ServicesNBG-418N User’s Guide 211SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an interface to access data on many different types of database systems, including mainframes, midrange systems, UNIX systems and network servers.SSH TCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program.STRM WORKS UDP 1558 Stream Works Protocol.SYSLOG UDP 514 Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX server.TACACS UDP 49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System).TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and in UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log into remote host systems.TFTP UDP 69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an Internet file transfer protocol similar to FTP, but uses the UDP (User Datagram Protocol) rather than TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).VDOLIVE TCP 7000 Another videoconferencing solution.Table 74 Commonly Used Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
Appendix E Common ServicesNBG-418N User’s Guide212
NBG-418N User’s Guide 213APPENDIX FLegal InformationCopyrightCopyright © 2012 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.DisclaimerZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.CertificationsFederal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference StatementThe device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:• This device may not cause harmful interference.• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations.This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:1Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.2Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.3Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.4Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.FCC Radiation Exposure Statement• This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. • IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n (20MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1 through 11. IEEE 802.11n (40MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 3 through 9.• To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20 cm must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons. 注意 !依據 低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法第十二條 經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機，非經許可，公司、商號或使用者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性及功能。第十四條 低功率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信；經發現有干擾現象時，應立即停用，並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用。前項合法通信，指依電信規定作業之無線電信。低功率射頻電機須忍受合法通信或工業、科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾。 Notices Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC region and Switzerland, with restrictions in France. Ce produit est conçu pour les bandes de fréquences 2,4 GHz conformément à la législation Européenne. En France métropolitaine, suivant les décisions n°03-908 et 03-909 de l'ARCEP, la puissance d'émission ne devra pas dépasser 10 mW (10 dB) dans le cadre d'une installation WiFi en extérieur pour les fréquences comprises entre 2454 MHz et 2483,5 MHz.
Appendix F Legal InformationNBG-418N User’s Guide214This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.Viewing Certifications Go to http://www.zyxel.com to view this product’s documentation and certifications.ZyXEL Limited WarrantyZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in material or workmanship for a specific period (the Warranty Period) from the date of purchase. The Warranty Period varies by region. Check with your vendor and/or the authorized ZyXEL local distributor for details about the Warranty Period of this product. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.NoteRepair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.To obtain the services of this warranty, contact your vendor. You may also refer to the warranty policy for the region in which you bought the device at http://www.zyxel.com/web/support_warranty_info.php.RegistrationRegister your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.Open Source Licenses (all products)This product contains in part some free software distributed under GPL license terms and/or GPL like licenses. Open source licenses are provided with the firmware package. You can download the latest firmware at www.zyxel.com. To obtain the source code covered under those Licenses, please contact support@zyxel.com.tw to get it.Regulatory Information European UnionThe following information applies if you use the product within the European Union. Declaration of Conformity with Regard to EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive)Compliance Information for 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wireless Products Relevant to the EU and Other Countries Following the EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive) [Czech] ZyXEL tímto prohlašuje, že tento zařízení je ve shodě se základními požadavky a dalšími příslušnými ustanoveními směrnice 1999/5/EC.[Danish] Undertegnede ZyXEL erklærer herved, at følgende udstyr udstyr overholder de væsentlige krav og øvrige relevante krav i direktiv 1999/5/EF.[German] Hiermit erklärt ZyXEL, dass sich das Gerät Ausstattung in Übereinstimmung mit den grundlegenden Anforderungen und den übrigen einschlägigen Bestimmungen der Richtlinie 1999/5/EU befindet.[Estonian] Käesolevaga kinnitab ZyXEL seadme seadmed vastavust direktiivi 1999/5/EÜ põhinõuetele ja nimetatud direktiivist tulenevatele teistele asjakohastele sätetele.English Hereby, ZyXEL declares that this equipment is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC.[Spanish] Por medio de la presente ZyXEL declara que el equipo cumple con los requisitos esenciales y cualesquiera otras disposiciones aplicables o exigibles de la Directiva 1999/5/CE.[Greek] ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ZyXEL ΔΗΛΩΝΕΙ ΟΤΙ εξοπλισμός ΣΥΜΜΟΡΦΩΝΕΤΑΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΙΣ ΟΥΣΙΩΔΕΙΣ ΑΠΑΙΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΣ ΛΟΙΠΕΣ ΣΧΕΤΙΚΕΣ ΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΟΔΗΓΙΑΣ 1999/5/ΕC.[French] Par la présente ZyXEL déclare que l'appareil équipements est conforme aux exigences essentielles et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la directive 1999/5/EC.[Italian] Con la presente ZyXEL dichiara che questo attrezzatura è conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed alle altre disposizioni pertinenti stabilite dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE.[Latvian] Ar šo ZyXEL deklarē, ka iekārtas atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajām prasībām un citiem ar to saistītajiem noteikumiem.[Lithuanian] Šiuo ZyXEL deklaruoja, kad šis įranga atitinka esminius reikalavimus ir kitas 1999/5/EB Direktyvos nuostatas.[Dutch] Hierbij verklaart ZyXEL dat het toestel uitrusting in overeenstemming is met de essentiële eisen en de andere relevante bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EC.[Maltese] Hawnhekk, ZyXEL, jiddikjara li dan tagħmir jikkonforma mal-ħtiġijiet essenzjali u ma provvedimenti oħrajn relevanti li hemm fid-Dirrettiva 1999/5/EC.
Appendix F Legal InformationNBG-418N User’s Guide 215National RestrictionsThis product may be used in all EU countries (and other countries following the EU directive 1999/5/EC) without any limitation except for the countries mentioned below:Ce produit peut être utilisé dans tous les pays de l’UE (et dans tous les pays ayant transposés la directive 1999/5/CE) sans aucune limitation, excepté pour les pays mentionnés ci-dessous:Questo prodotto è utilizzabile in tutte i paesi EU (ed in tutti gli altri paesi che seguono le direttive EU 1999/5/EC) senza nessuna limitazione, eccetto per i paesii menzionati di seguito:Das Produkt kann in allen EU Staaten ohne Einschränkungen eingesetzt werden (sowie in anderen Staaten die der EU Direktive 1995/5/CE folgen) mit Außnahme der folgenden aufgeführten Staaten:In the majority of the EU and other European countries, the 2, 4- and 5-GHz bands have been made available for the use of wireless local area networks (LANs). Later in this document you will find an overview of countries inwhich additional restrictions or requirements or both are applicable.The requirements for any country may evolve. ZyXEL recommends that you check with the local authorities for the latest status of their national regulations for both the 2,4- and 5-GHz wireless LANs.The following countries have restrictions and/or requirements in addition to those given in the table labeled “Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs”:.BelgiumThe Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must be notified of any outdoor wireless link having a range exceeding 300 meters. Please check http://www.bipt.be for more details.Draadloze verbindingen voor buitengebruik en met een reikwijdte van meer dan 300 meter dienen aangemeld te worden bij het Belgisch Instituut voor postdiensten en telecommunicatie (BIPT). Zie http://www.bipt.be voor meer gegevens.Les liaisons sans fil pour une utilisation en extérieur d’une distance supérieure à 300 mètres doivent être notifiées à l’Institut Belge des services Postaux et des Télécommunications (IBPT). Visitez http://www.ibpt.be pour de plus amples détails.DenmarkIn Denmark, the band 5150 - 5350 MHz is also allowed for outdoor usage.I Danmark må frekvensbåndet 5150 - 5350 også anvendes udendørs.FranceFor 2.4 GHz, the output power is restricted to 10 mW EIRP when the product is used outdoors in the band 2454 - 2483.5 MHz. There are no restrictions when used indoors or in other parts of the 2.4 GHz band. Check http://www.arcep.fr/ for more details.[Hungarian] Alulírott, ZyXEL nyilatkozom, hogy a berendezés megfelel a vonatkozó alapvetõ követelményeknek és az 1999/5/EK irányelv egyéb elõírásainak.[Polish] Niniejszym ZyXEL oświadcza, że sprzęt jest zgodny z zasadniczymi wymogami oraz pozostałymi stosownymi postanowieniami Dyrektywy 1999/5/EC.[Portuguese] ZyXEL declara que este equipamento está conforme com os requisitos essenciais e outras disposições da Directiva 1999/5/EC.[Slovenian] ZyXEL izjavlja, da je ta oprema v skladu z bistvenimi zahtevami in ostalimi relevantnimi določili direktive 1999/5/EC.[Slovak] ZyXEL týmto vyhlasuje, že zariadenia spĺňa základné požiadavky a všetky príslušné ustanovenia Smernice 1999/5/EC.[Finnish] ZyXEL vakuuttaa täten että laitteet tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien direktiivin muiden ehtojen mukainen.[Swedish] Härmed intygar ZyXEL att denna utrustning står I överensstämmelse med de väsentliga egenskapskrav och övriga relevanta bestämmelser som framgår av direktiv 1999/5/EC.[Bulgarian] С настоящото ZyXEL декларира, че това оборудване е в съответствие със съществените изисквания и другите приложими разпоредбите на Директива 1999/5/ЕC.[Icelandic] Hér með lýsir, ZyXEL því yfir að þessi búnaður er í samræmi við grunnkröfur og önnur viðeigandi ákvæði tilskipunar 1999/5/EC.[Norwegian] Erklærer herved ZyXEL at dette utstyret er I samsvar med de grunnleggende kravene og andre relevante bestemmelser I direktiv 1999/5/EF.[Romanian] Prin prezenta, ZyXEL declară că acest echipament este în conformitate cu cerinţele esenţiale şi alte prevederi relevante ale Directivei 1999/5/EC.Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs Frequency Band (MHz) Max Power Level(EIRP)1 (mW) Indoor ONLY Indoor and Outdoor 2400-2483.5 100 V 5150-5350 200 V 5470-5725 1000 V
Appendix F Legal InformationNBG-418N User’s Guide216Pour la bande 2.4 GHz, la puissance est limitée à 10 mW en p.i.r.e. pour les équipements utilisés en extérieur dans la bande 2454 - 2483.5 MHz. Il n'y a pas de restrictions pour des utilisations en intérieur ou dans d'autres parties de la bande 2.4 GHz. Consultez http://www.arcep.fr/ pour de plus amples détails.ItalyThis product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements specified in the National Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless this wireless LAN product is operating within the boundaries of the owner's property, its use requires a “general authorization.” Please check http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ for more details.Questo prodotto è conforme alla specifiche di Interfaccia Radio Nazionali e rispetta il Piano Nazionale di ripartizione delle frequenze in Italia. Se non viene installato all 'interno del proprio fondo, l'utilizzo di prodotti Wireless LAN richiede una “Autorizzazione Generale”. Consultare http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ per maggiori dettagli.LatviaThe outdoor usage of the 2.4 GHz band requires an authorization from the Electronic Communications Office. Please check http://www.esd.lv for more details.2.4 GHz frekvenèu joslas izmantoðanai ârpus telpâm nepiecieðama atïauja no Elektronisko sakaru direkcijas. Vairâk informâcijas: http://www.esd.lv.Notes:1. Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states, the EU Directive 1999/5/EC has also been implemented in those countries.2. The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP. The EIRP level (in dBm) of a device can be calculated by adding the gain of the antenna used(specified in dBi) to the output power available at the connector (specified in dBm).List of national codesSafety Warnings• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.• Do NOT store things on the device.• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device.R&TTE 1999/5/ECWLAN 2.4 – 2.4835 GHzIEEE 802.11 b/g/nLocation Frequency Range(GHz) Power (EIRP)Indoor (No restrictions) 2.4 – 2.4835 100mW (20dBm)Outdoor 2.4 – 2.454 100mW (20dBm)2.454 – 2.4835 10mW (10dBm)COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODEAustria AT Malta MTBelgium BE Netherlands NLCyprus CY Poland PLCzech Republic CR Portugal PTDenmark DK Slovakia SKEstonia EE Slovenia SIFinland FI Spain ESFrance FR Sweden SEGermany DE United Kingdom GBGreece GR Iceland ISHungary HU Liechtenstein LIIreland IE Norway NOItaly IT Switzerland CHLatvia LV Bulgaria BGLithuania LT Romania ROLuxembourg LU Turkey TR
Appendix F Legal InformationNBG-418N User’s Guide 217• Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe).• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the power outlet.• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. • Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device. • Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s). • If you wall mount your device, make sure that no electrical lines, gas or water pipes will be damaged. Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately.
Appendix F Legal InformationNBG-418N User’s Guide218
IndexNBG-418N User’s Guide 219IndexAAddress Assignment 86Advanced Encryption StandardSee AES.AES 203Alert 129alternative subnet mask notation 149antennadirectional 207gain 207omni-directional 207AP (access point) 197AP Modemenu 42, 47overview 35status screen 37, 45, 49, 53BBackup configuration 133Basic Service Set, See BSS 195BSS 195CCA 202Certificate AuthoritySee CA.certificationsnotices 213viewing 214Channel 39, 46, 50, 53channel 69, 197interference 197client bridge 13Configurationbackup 133reset the factory defaults 134restore 133copyright 213CPU usage 39, 46, 50, 54CTS (Clear to Send) 198DDaylight saving 128DDNSservice providers 109device mode 13, 35DHCP 40, 97DHCP serversee also Dynamic Host Configuration ProtocolDHCP client information 100DHCP client list 100DHCP server 94, 97DHCP table 40, 100DHCP client informationDHCP statusdisclaimer 213DNS 30, 99DNS serversee also Domain name systemDNS Server 86DNS server 99documentationrelated 2Domain name 23vs host name. see also system nameDomain Name System 99Domain Name System. See DNS.duplex setting 40, 46, 50, 54Dynamic DNS 109Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 97dynamic WEP key exchange 202DynDNS 109DynDNS see also DDNS 109
IndexNBG-418N User’s Guide220EEAP Authentication 201encryption 70, 203key 70WPA compatible 70ESS 196ESSID 145Extended Service Set, See ESS 196Extended wireless security 24FFactory LAN defaults 94, 97FCC interference statement 213FirewallICMP packets 113ZyXEL device firewall 112firewallstateful inspection 111Firmware upload 131file extensionusing HTTPfirmware version 39, 46, 49, 53fragmentation threshold 198GGeneral wireless LAN screen 70GuideQuick Start 2Hhidden node 197IIANA 154IBSS 195IEEE 802.11g 199Independent Basic Service SetSee IBSS 195initialization vector (IV) 204Internet Assigned Numbers AuthoritySee IANA 154Internet connectionEthernetPPPoE. see also PPP over EthernetPPTPWAN connectionInternet connection wizard 25IP Address 95, 104IP address 30dynamicIP Pool 98LLAN 93IP pool setup 94LAN overview 93LAN setup 93LAN TCP/IP 94Language 139Link type 40, 46, 50, 54Local Area Network 93Log 129MMAC 75MAC address 69, 86cloning 31, 86MAC address filter 69MAC address filtering 75MAC filter 75managing the devicegood habits 14Media access control 75Memory usage 39, 46, 50, 54Message Integrity Check (MIC) 203
IndexNBG-418N User’s Guide 221mode 13NNAT 101, 104, 154global 102how it works 101, 103inside 102local 102outside 102overview 101port forwarding 106see also Network Address Translationserver 103server sets 106NAT traversal 119Navigation Panel 42, 47, 51, 54navigation panel 42, 47, 51, 54Network Address Translation 101, 104Ooperating mode 13operation mode 35, 137access point 35client 36router 35universal repeater 36other documentation 2overview 13PPairwise Master Key (PMK) 204, 205Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet 26, 88Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 27, 90Pool Size 98Port forwarding 104, 106default server 104, 106example 107local server 104port numbersservicesport speed 40, 46, 50, 54PPPoE 26, 88benefits 26dial-up connectionsee also Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet 26PPTP 27, 90see also Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 27preamble mode 199product registration 214PSK 204QQuality of Service (QoS) 78Quick Start Guide 2RRADIUS 200message types 201messages 201shared secret key 201registrationproduct 214related documentation 2Remote management 115and NAT 116and the firewall 115limitations 116system timeout 116Reset button 19, 134Reset the device 19Restore configuration 133Roaming 76RTS (Request To Send) 198threshold 197, 198RTS/CTS Threshold 68, 76, 77Ssafety warnings 216
IndexNBG-418N User’s Guide222Scheduling 81screw anchor 16Service Set 72Service Set IDentification 72, 82, 83Service Set IDentity. See SSID.SSID 39, 46, 53, 69, 72, 82, 83stateful inspection firewall 111Static DHCP 98subnet 147Subnet Mask 95subnet mask 30, 148subnetting 150SummaryDHCP table 40Packet statistics 41Wireless station status 42Sys Op Mode 137System General Setup 125System Name 126System name 22vs computer nameSystem restart 134TTCP/IP configuration 97Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) 203Time setting 126UUniversal Plug and Play 119application 119universal repeater 13UPnP 119security issues 119VVPN 90Wwall mounting 16WANIP address assignment 29WAN (Wide Area Network) 85WAN IP address 29WAN IP address assignment 30WAN MAC address 86warranty 214note 214Web Configuratorhow to access 17Overview 17WEP Encryption 74WEP encryption 73WEP key 73Wi-Fi Protected Access 203Wireless association list 42wireless channel 145wireless client WPA supplicants 204wireless LAN 145wireless LAN scheduling 81Wireless LAN wizard 23Wireless networkbasic guidelines 68channel 69encryption 70example 67MAC address filter 69overview 67security 69SSID 69Wireless security 69overview 69type 69wireless security 145, 199Wireless tutorial 57WPS 57Wizard setup 21complete 32Internet connection 25system information 22wireless LAN 23WLANinterference 197
IndexNBG-418N User’s Guide 223security parameters 206WPA 203key caching 204pre-authentication 204user authentication 204vs WPA-PSK 204wireless client supplicant 204with RADIUS application example 205WPA compatible 70WPA2 203user authentication 204vs WPA2-PSK 204wireless client supplicant 204with RADIUS application example 205WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 203WPA2-PSK 203, 204application example 205WPA-PSK 203, 204application example 205WPS 15WPS button 15
IndexNBG-418N User’s Guide224

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