ZyXEL Communications NBG418N Wireless N Home Router Model No.: NBG-418N User Manual Book
ZyXEL Communications Corporation Wireless N Home Router Model No.: NBG-418N Book
Contents
- 1. NBG-418N_User manual_Part1
- 2. NBG-418N_User Manual_Part2
NBG-418N_User Manual_Part2
NBG-418N User’s Guide 115
CHAPTER 13
Remote Management
13.1 Overview
This chapter provides information on the Remote Management screens.
Remote management allows you to determine which services/protocols can access which NBG-
418N interface (if any) from which computers.
You may manage your NBG-418N from a remote location via:
Note: When you configure remote management to allow management from the LAN and
WAN in the options above, you still need to configure a firewall rule to allow access.
See the firewall chapters for details on configuring firewall rules.
•LAN only •LAN and WAN
Chapter 13 Remote Management
NBG-418N User’s Guide
116
13.1.1 Remote Management Limitations
Remote management over LAN or WAN will not work when:
1You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens.
2The IP address in the Secured Client WAN IP Address field does not match the client IP address.
If it does not match, the NBG-418N will disconnect the session immediately.
3There is already another remote management session with an equal or higher priority running. You
may only have one remote management session running at one time.
4There is a firewall rule that blocks it.
13.1.2 Remote Management and NAT
When NAT is enabled:
• Use the NBG-418N’s WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN.
• Use the NBG-418N’s LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN.
13.1.3 System Timeout
There is a default system management idle timeout of five minutes (three hundred seconds). The
NBG-418N automatically logs you out if the management session remains idle for longer than this
timeout period. The management session does not time out when a statistics screen is polling. You
can change the timeout period in the System screen.
13.2 WWW Screen
To change your NBG-418N’s World Wide Web settings, click Management > Remote MGMT to
display the WWW screen.
Figure 81 Management > Remote MGMT > WWW
Chapter 13 Remote Management
NBG-418N User’s Guide 117
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 51 Management > Remote MGMT > WWW
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must
use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NBG-418N using
this service.
Secured Client WAN IP
Address
A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the
NBG-418N using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the NBG-418N using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to
access the NBG-418N using this service.
Note: This only applies on WAN IP.
Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 13 Remote Management
NBG-418N User’s Guide
118
NBG-418N User’s Guide 119
CHAPTER 14
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
14.1 Overview
This chapter introduces the UPnP feature in the Web Configurator.
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for
simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A UPnP device can dynamically join a
network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network.
In turn, a device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use.
14.2 What You Need to Know
How do I know if I'm using UPnP?
UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder (Windows XP). Each UPnP
compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a
UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device.
NAT Traversal
UPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate through NAT. UPnP
network devices can automatically configure network addressing, announce their presence in the
network to other UPnP devices and enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions.
NAT traversal allows the following:
• Dynamic port mapping
• Learning public IP addresses
• Assigning lease times to mappings
Windows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal and UPnP.
See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT.
Cautions with UPnP
The automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own services and opening
firewall ports may present network security issues. Network information and configuration may also
be obtained and modified by users in some network environments.
When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast message. For
security reasons, the NBG-418N allows multicast messages on the LAN only.
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
NBG-418N User’s Guide
120
All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without additional configuration.
Disable UPnP if this is not your intention.
14.3 Configuring UPnP
Use this screen to enable UPnP. Click the Management > UPnP to open the following screen.
Figure 82 Management > UPnP > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
14.3.1 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example
This section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must already have UPnP
installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the NBG-418N.
Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the NBG-418N. Turn on your computer and
the NBG-418N.
14.3.1.1 Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device
1Click start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon displays under
Internet Gateway.
Table 52 Management > UPnP > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable the Universal Plug
and Play (UPnP) Feature
Select this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a UPnP
application to open the Web Configurator's login screen without entering the
NBG-418N's IP address (although you must still enter the password to access
the Web Configurator).
Allow users to make port
forwarding changes through
UPnP
Select this check box to allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically
configure the NBG-418N so that they can communicate through the NBG-418N,
for example, by using NAT traversal. UPnP applications automatically reserve a
NAT forwarding port in order to communicate with another UPnP enabled
device. this eliminates the need to manually configure port forwarding for the
UPnP enabled application.
Apply Click Apply to save the setting to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
NBG-418N User’s Guide 121
2Right-click the icon and select Properties.
Figure 83 Network Connections
3In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port mappings there
were automatically created.
Figure 84 Internet Connection Properties
4You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port mappings.
Figure 85 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
NBG-418N User’s Guide
122
Figure 86 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings: Add
Note: When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port
mappings will be deleted automatically.
5Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK. An icon displays in
the system tray.
Figure 87 System Tray Icon
6Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status.
Figure 88 Internet Connection Status
14.3.2 Web Configurator Easy Access
With UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the NBG-418N without finding out the IP
address of the NBG-418N first. This comes helpful if you do not know the IP address of the NBG-
418N.
Follow the steps below to access the Web Configurator.
1Click Start and then Control Panel.
2Double-click Network Connections.
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
NBG-418N User’s Guide 123
3Select My Network Places under Other Places.
Figure 89 Network Connections
4An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local Network.
5Right-click on the icon for your NBG-418N and select Invoke. The Web Configurator login screen
displays.
Figure 90 Network Connections: My Network Places
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
NBG-418N User’s Guide
124
NBG-418N User’s Guide 125
CHAPTER 15
System
15.1 Overview
This chapter provides information on the System screens.
See the chapter about wizard setup for more information on the next few screens.
15.2 What You Can Do
•Use the General screen to enter a name to identify the NBG-418N in the network and set the
password (Section 15.3 on page 125).
•Use the Time Setting screen to change your NBG-418N’s time and date (Section 15.4 on page
126).
15.3 System General Screen
Use this screen to enter a name to identify the NBG-418N in the network and set the password.
Click Maintenance > System. The following screen displays.
Figure 91 Maintenance > System > General
Chapter 15 System
NBG-418N User’s Guide
126
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
15.4 Time Setting Screen
To change your NBG-418N’s time and date, click Maintenance > System > Time Setting. The
screen appears as shown. Use this screen to configure the NBG-418N’s time based on your local
time zone.
Table 53 Maintenance > System > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System Setup
System Name System Name is a unique name to identify the NBG-418N in an Ethernet network. It is
recommended you enter your computer’s “Computer name” in this field (see the chapter
about wizard setup for how to find your computer’s name).
This name can be up to 30 alphanumeric characters long. Spaces are not allowed, but
dashes “-” and underscores "_" are accepted.
Domain Name Enter the domain name (if you know it) here. If you leave this field blank, the ISP may
assign a domain name via DHCP.
The domain name entered by you is given priority over the ISP assigned domain name.
Administrator
Inactivity Timer
Type how many minutes a management session can be left idle before the session times
out. The default is 5 minutes. After it times out you have to log in with your password
again. Very long idle timeouts may have security risks. A value of "0" means a
management session never times out, no matter how long it has been left idle (not
recommended).
Password Setup Change your NBG-418N’s password (recommended) using the fields as shown.
Old Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this
field.
New Password Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a
password, the screen displays an asterisk (*) for each character you type.
Retype to Confirm Type the new password again in this field.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 15 System
NBG-418N User’s Guide 127
Figure 92 Maintenance > System > Time Setting
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 54 Maintenance > System > Time Setting
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Current Time and Date
Current Time This field displays the time of your NBG-418N.
Each time you reload this page, the NBG-418N synchronizes the time with the time
server.
Current Date This field displays the date of your NBG-418N.
Each time you reload this page, the NBG-418N synchronizes the date with the time
server.
Time and Date Setup
Manual Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you configure a new
time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the same time, the new time and date
you entered has priority and the Time Zone and Daylight Saving settings do not affect
it.
Copy Your
Computer’s Time
Settings
Click this to copy the time settings of your computer into the NBG-418N’s time and date
setup.
New Time
(hh:mm:ss)
This field displays the last updated time from the time server or the last time
configured manually.
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new time in this field and
then click Apply.
Chapter 15 System
NBG-418N User’s Guide
128
New Date
(yyyy/mm/dd)
This field displays the last updated date from the time server or the last date configured
manually.
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new date in this field and
then click Apply.
Get from Time
Server
Select this radio button to have the NBG-418N get the time and date from the time
server you specified below.
Auto Select Auto to have the NBG-418N automatically search for an available time server
and synchronize the date and time with the time server after you click Apply.
User Defined Time
Server Address
Select User Defined Time Server Address and enter the IP address or URL (up to 20
extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Check with your ISP/network
administrator if you are unsure of this information.
Time Zone Setup
Time Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your
time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Daylight Savings Daylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their
clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the
evening.
Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.
Start Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you selected Daylight
Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the first Sunday of
April. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M.
local time. So in the United States you would select First, Sunday, April and type 2 in
the o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of
the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same
moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last,
Sunday, March. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In
Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour
ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
End Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you selected Daylight
Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the last Sunday of October. Each
time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time.
So in the United States you would select Last, Sunday, October and type 2 in the
o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of
the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same
moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last,
Sunday, October. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone.
In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour
ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 54 Maintenance > System > Time Setting (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
NBG-418N User’s Guide 129
CHAPTER 16
Logs
16.1 Overview
This chapter contains information about configuring general log settings and viewing the NBG-
418N’s logs.
The Web Configurator allows you to look at all of the NBG-418N’s logs in one location.
16.2 What You Need to Know
An alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks
(access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites or web sites with restricted web
features such as cookies, active X and so on. Some categories such as System Errors consist of
both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts
display in red and logs display in black.
Alerts are e-mailed as soon as they happen. Logs may be e-mailed as soon as the log is full (see
Log Schedule). Selecting many alert and/or log categories (especially Access Control) may
result in many e-mails being sent.
16.3 View Log Screen
Use the View Log screen to see the logged messages for the NBG-418N. Options include logs
about system maintenance, system errors, access control, allowed or blocked web sites, blocked
web features (such as ActiveX controls, Java and cookies), attacks (such as DoS) and IPSec.
Log entries in red indicate system error logs. The log wraps around and deletes the old entries after
it fills. Click a column heading to sort the entries. A triangle indicates ascending or descending sort
order.
Click Maintenance > Logs to open the View Log screen.
Chapter 16 Logs
NBG-418N User’s Guide
130
Figure 93 Maintenance > Logs > View Log
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 55 Maintenance > Logs > View Log
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Refresh Click Refresh to renew the log screen.
Clear Logs Click Clear Logs to delete all the logs.
Next Click Next to show the next page of log entries.
Last Click Last to show the last page of log entries.
#This is the index number of the log entry.
Time This field displays the time the log was recorded. See the chapter on system
maintenance and information to configure the NBG-418N’s time and date.
Message This field states the reason for the log.
NBG-418N User’s Guide 131
CHAPTER 17
Tools
17.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to upload a new firmware, upload or save backup configuration files
and restart the NBG-418N.
17.2 What You Can Do
•Use the Firmware screen to upload firmware to your NBG-418N (Section 17.3 on page 131).
•Use the Configuration screen to view information related to factory defaults, backup
configuration, and restoring configuration (Section 17.4 on page 133).
•Use the Restart screen to have the NBG-418N reboot (Section 17.5 on page 134).
17.3 Firmware Upload Screen
Find firmware at www.zyxel.com in a file that (usually) uses the system model name with a “*.bin”
extension, e.g., “NBG-418N.bin”. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and
may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot.
Click Maintenance > Tools. Follow the instructions in this screen to upload firmware to your NBG-
418N.
Figure 94 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
Chapter 17 Tools
NBG-418N User’s Guide
132
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Note: Do not turn off the NBG-418N while firmware upload is in progress!
After you see the Firmware Upload In Process screen, wait for several minutes before logging
into the NBG-418N again.
Figure 95 Upload Warning
The NBG-418N automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some
operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 96 Network Temporarily Disconnected
After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen.
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the
Firmware screen.
Figure 97 Upload Error Message
Table 56 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
LABEL DESCRIPTION
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse... to find it.
Browse... Click Browse... to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must
decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click Upload to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
Chapter 17 Tools
NBG-418N User’s Guide 133
17.4 Configuration Screen
Click Maintenance > Tools > Configuration. Information related to factory defaults, backup
configuration, and restoring configuration appears as shown next.
Figure 98 Maintenance > Tools > Configuration
17.4.1 Backup Configuration
Backup configuration allows you to back up (save) the NBG-418N’s current configuration to a file on
your computer. Once your NBG-418N is configured and functioning properly, it is highly
recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The
backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings.
Click Backup to save the NBG-418N’s current configuration to your computer.
17.4.2 Restore Configuration
Restore configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your
computer to your NBG-418N.
Note: Do not turn off the NBG-418N while configuration file upload is in progress.
Table 57 Maintenance Restore Configuration
LABEL DESCRIPTION
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse... to find it.
Browse... Click Browse... to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress
compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click Upload to begin the upload process.
Chapter 17 Tools
NBG-418N User’s Guide
134
After you see a “configuration upload successful” screen, you must then wait one minute before
logging into the NBG-418N again.
Figure 99 Configuration Restore Successful
The NBG-418N automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some
operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 100 Temporarily Disconnected
If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your
computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default NBG-418N IP address (192.168.1.1 in
router mode). See Appendix C on page 167 for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the
Configuration screen.
Figure 101 Configuration Restore Error
17.4.3 Back to Factory Defaults
Pressing the Reset button in this section clears all user-entered configuration information and
returns the NBG-418N to its factory defaults.
You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your NBG-
418N. Refer to Section 2.3.1 on page 19 for more information on the RESET button.
17.5 Restart Screen
System restart allows you to reboot the NBG-418N without turning the power off.
Chapter 17 Tools
NBG-418N User’s Guide 135
Click Maintenance > Tools > Restart. Click Restart to have the NBG-418N reboot. This does not
affect the NBG-418N's configuration.
Figure 102 Maintenance > Tools > Restart
Chapter 17 Tools
NBG-418N User’s Guide
136
NBG-418N User’s Guide 137
CHAPTER 18
Sys OP Mode
18.1 Overview
The Sys OP Mode (System Operation Mode) function lets you configure select the device operation
mode: Router, Access Point, Client Bridge or Universal Repeater.
See Chapter 4 on page 35 for more information on which mode to choose.
18.2 General Screen
Use this screen to select how you connect to the Internet.
Figure 103 Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General
The following table describes the labels in the General screen.
Table 58 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System Operation Mode
Router Use this mode if you want to use routing functions such as LAN DHCP, NAT, firewall and
so on on the NBG-418N (N). The NBG-418N has separate LAN and WAN network IP
addresses.
Access Point Use this mode if you already have a Router (R) in your network and you want to bridge
all wired and wireless network connections.
Chapter 18 Sys OP Mode
NBG-418N User’s Guide
138
If you select Router mode, the following pop-up message window appears.
Figure 104 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General: Router
• In this mode there are both LAN and WAN ports. The LAN Ethernet and WAN Ethernet ports have
different IP addresses.
• The DHCP server on your device is enabled and allocates IP addresses to other devices on your
local network.
• The LAN IP address of the NBG-418N is set to 192.168.1.1.
• You can configure the IP address settings on your WAN port. Contact your ISP or system
administrator for more information on appropriate settings.
If you select a non-router mode (Access Point, Client Bridge or Universal Repeater) the
following pop-up message window appears.
Figure 105 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General: Non-Router
• In non-router mode, all Ethernet ports have the same IP address.
• All ports on the rear panel of the device are LAN ports, including the port labeled WAN. There is
no WAN port.
• The DHCP server on your device is disabled. In this mode there must be a device with a DHCP
server on your network such as a router which can allocate IP addresses or else you need to
manually assign IP addresses to devices on your network.
• The LAN IP address of the NBG-418N is set to 192.168.1.2.
Universal Repeater Use this mode if there is an existing wireless router or access point in your network and
you want the NBG-418N to wirelessly relay communications from its wireless clients to
it.
Client Bridge Use this mode if there is an existing wireless router or access point (AP) in the network
to which you want to connect your NBG-418N wirelessly. You should know the SSID and
wireless security details of the wireless router or access point to which you want to
connect.
Apply Click Apply to save your settings.
Reset Click Reset to return to the previous screen settings.
Table 58 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
NBG-418N User’s Guide 139
CHAPTER 19
Language
19.1 Language Screen
Use this screen to change the language for the Web Configurator display.
Click the language you prefer. The Web Configurator language changes after a while without
restarting the NBG-418N.
Figure 106 Language
Figure 107 Language Change Example
Chapter 19 Language
NBG-418N User’s Guide
140
NBG-418N User’s Guide 141
CHAPTER 20
Troubleshooting
This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential
problems are divided into the following categories.
•Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
•NBG-418N Access and Login
•Internet Access
•Resetting the NBG-418N to Its Factory Defaults
•Wireless Problems
20.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
The NBG-418N does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.
1Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the NBG-418N.
2Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the NBG-418N and plugged in to an
appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.
3Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the NBG-418N.
4If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.
1Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.3 on page 15.
2Check the hardware connections. See the Quick Start Guide.
3Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.
4Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor to the NBG-418N.
5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
NBG-418N User’s Guide
142
20.2 NBG-418N Access and Login
I don’t know the IP address of my NBG-418N.
1The default IP address in router mode is 192.168.1.1 and in non-router mode is 192.168.1.2.
2If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the NBG-418N
by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows
computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default
Gateway might be the IP address of the NBG-418N (it depends on the network), so enter this IP
address in your Internet browser.Set your device to Router Mode, login (see the Quick Start Guide
for instructions) and go to the Device Information table in the Status screen. Your NBG-418N’s
IP address is available in the Device Information table.
•If the DHCP setting under LAN information is None, your device has a fixed IP address.
•If the DHCP setting under LAN information is Client, then your device receives an IP
address from a DHCP server on the network.
3If your NBG-418N is a DHCP client, you can find your IP address from the DHCP server. This
information is only available from the DHCP server which allocates IP addresses on your network.
Find this information directly from the DHCP server or contact your system administrator for more
information.
4Reset your NBG-418N to change all settings back to their default. This means your current settings
are lost. See Section 20.4 on page 144 in the Troubleshooting for information on resetting your
NBG-418N.
I forgot the username and password.
1The default username is admin and default password is 1234.
2If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 20.4 on page
144.
I cannot see or access the Login screen in the Web Configurator.
1Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1 (router mode).
• If you changed the IP address, use the new IP address.
• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I
don’t know the IP address of my NBG-418N.
Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
NBG-418N User’s Guide 143
2Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide.
3Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScript and Java
enabled. See Appendix B on page 157.
4Make sure your computer is in the same subnet as the NBG-418N. (If you know that there are
routers between your computer and the NBG-418N, skip this step.)
• If there is a DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer is using a dynamic IP
address.
• If there is no DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer’s IP address is in the
same subnet as the NBG-418N.
5Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the NBG-418N with the default IP address.
6If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced
suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
• If your computer is connected to the WAN port or is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is
connected to a LAN/ETHERNET port.
I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the NBG-418N.
1Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default username is admin and default
password is 1234. This field is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
2This can happen when you fail to log out properly from your last session. Try logging in again after
5 minutes.
3Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the NBG-418N.
4If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 20.4 on page
144.
20.3 Internet Access
I cannot access the Internet.
1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide.
2Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These fields are case-
sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
NBG-418N User’s Guide
144
3If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless
client are the same as the settings in the AP.
4Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again.
5Go to Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General. Check your System Operation Mode setting.
6If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the NBG-418N), but
my Internet connection is not available anymore.
1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide and Section 1.3 on page 15.
2Reboot the NBG-418N.
3If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.
1There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 1.3 on page 15.
If the NBG-418N is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use
the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications.
2Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving the NBG-418N closer to the AP if
possible, and look around to see if there are any devices that might be interfering with the wireless
network (for example, microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on).
3Reboot the NBG-418N.
4If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced
suggestions.
Advanced Suggestion
• Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it.
20.4 Resetting the NBG-418N to Its Factory Defaults
If you reset the NBG-418N, you lose all of the changes you have made. The NBG-418N re-loads its
default settings, and the username/password resets to admin/1234. You have to make all of your
changes again.
Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
NBG-418N User’s Guide 145
You will lose all of your changes when you push the RESET button.
To reset the NBG-418N,
1Make sure the power LED is on.
2Press the RESET button for longer than 1 second to restart/reboot the NBG-418N.
3Press the RESET button for longer than five seconds to set the NBG-418N back to its factory-
default configurations.
If the NBG-418N restarts automatically, wait for the NBG-418N to finish restarting, and log in to the
Web Configurator. The username is admin and password is 1234.
If the NBG-418N does not restart automatically, disconnect and reconnect the NBG-418N’s power.
Then, follow the directions above again.
20.5 Wireless Problems
I cannot access the NBG-418N or ping any computer from the WLAN.
1Make sure the wireless LAN is enabled on the NBG-418N.
2Make sure the wireless adapter on the wireless station is working properly.
3Make sure the wireless adapter installed on your computer is IEEE 802.11 compatible and supports
the same wireless standard as the NBG-418N.
4Make sure your computer (with a wireless adapter installed) is within the transmission range of the
NBG-418N.
5Check that both the NBG-418N and your wireless station are using the same wireless and wireless
security settings.
6Make sure traffic between the WLAN and the LAN is not blocked by the firewall on the NBG-418N.
7Make sure you allow the NBG-418N to be remotely accessed through the WLAN interface. Check
your remote management settings.
•See Chapter 6 Wireless LAN for more information.
I cannot access the Web Configurator after I switched to a non-router mode.
Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
NBG-418N User’s Guide
146
When you change from router mode to a non-router mode, you must manually give your computer
an IP address in the range between 192.168.1.3 and 192.168.1.254 as non-router mode has no
LAN DHCP server.
Refer to Appendix C on page 167 for instructions on how to change your computer’s IP address.
NBG-418N User’s Guide 147
APPENDIX A
IP Addresses and Subnetting
This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including
computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the
network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use
subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Introduction to IP Addresses
One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same
way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common
network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has
its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets
to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are
delivered.
Structure
An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example,
192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary
number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation).
Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in
decimal.
The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are
the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
NBG-418N User’s Guide
148
Figure 108 Network Number and Host ID
How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according
to the subnet mask.
Subnet Masks
A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are
part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.
A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP
address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit
in the IP address is part of the host ID.
The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host
ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).
By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the
leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.
Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value).
For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24
bits are zeroes.
Table 59 IP Address Network Number and Host ID Example
1ST OCTET:
(192)
2ND
OCTET:
(168)
3RD
OCTET:
(1)
4TH OCTET
(2)
IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001
Host ID 00000010
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
NBG-418N User’s Guide 149
Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following
examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks.
Network Size
The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have
on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of
remaining host ID bits.
An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit
subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that
network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).
As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of
possible hosts in a network as follows:
Notation
Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a
continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the
number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/”
followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address.
For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128.
The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.
Table 60 Subnet Masks
BINARY
DECIMAL
1ST
OCTET 2ND
OCTET 3RD
OCTET 4TH OCTET
8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0
16-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0
24-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0
29-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248
Table 61 Maximum Host Numbers
SUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF
HOSTS
8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 16777214
16 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 216 – 2 65534
24 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 28 – 2 254
29 bits 255.255.255.248 3 bits 23 – 2 6
Table 62 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation
SUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE
NOTATION LAST OCTET
(BINARY) LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0
255.255.255.128 /25 1000 0000 128
255.255.255.192 /26 1100 0000 192
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
NBG-418N User’s Guide
150
Subnetting
You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example
a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the
company network for security reasons.
In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum
of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.
The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.
Figure 109 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting
You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-
networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).
The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25
and 192.168.1.128 /25.
The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-
networks, A and B.
255.255.255.224 /27 1110 0000 224
255.255.255.240 /28 1111 0000 240
255.255.255.248 /29 1111 1000 248
255.255.255.252 /30 1111 1100 252
Table 62 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation (continued)
SUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE
NOTATION LAST OCTET
(BINARY) LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
NBG-418N User’s Guide 151
Figure 110 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting
In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 – 2 or 126
possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s
broadcast address).
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask
255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to
an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126.
Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two
subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID
bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.
Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all
zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
Table 63 Subnet 1
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
NBG-418N User’s Guide
152
Example: Eight Subnets
Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111).
The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.
Table 64 Subnet 2
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 64
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
Table 65 Subnet 3
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 128
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190
Table 66 Subnet 4
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 192
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254
Table 67 Eight Subnets
SUBNET SUBNET
ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST
ADDRESS BROADCAST
ADDRESS
1 0 1 30 31
232 33 62 63
364 65 94 95
496 97 126 127
5128 129 158 159
6160 161 190 191
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
NBG-418N User’s Guide 153
Subnet Planning
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number.
7192 193 222 223
8224 225 254 255
Table 67 Eight Subnets (continued)
SUBNET SUBNET
ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST
ADDRESS BROADCAST
ADDRESS
Table 68 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
1255.255.255.128 (/25) 2126
2255.255.255.192 (/26) 462
3255.255.255.224 (/27) 830
4255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 14
5255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 6
6255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 2
7255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1
Table 69 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
1255.255.128.0 (/17) 232766
2255.255.192.0 (/18) 416382
3255.255.224.0 (/19) 88190
4255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 4094
5255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 2046
6255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 1022
7255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 510
8255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 254
9255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 126
10 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 62
11 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 30
12 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 14
13 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 6
14 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 2
15 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
NBG-418N User’s Guide
154
Configuring IP Addresses
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your
network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in
selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user
account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this
is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses
specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You
must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the NBG-418N.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your NBG-418N that is easy
to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is
using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your NBG-418N will
compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need
to change the subnet mask computed by the NBG-418N unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the
Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to
the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private
network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP
can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are
part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the
appropriate IP addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the
guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address
Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
IP Address Conflicts
Each device on a network must have a unique IP address. Devices with duplicate IP addresses on
the same network will not be able to access the Internet or other resources. The devices may also
be unreachable through the network.
Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example
More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example computer A has a
static (or fixed) IP address that is the same as the IP address that a DHCP server assigns to
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
NBG-418N User’s Guide 155
computer B which is a DHCP client. Neither can access the Internet. This problem can be solved by
assigning a different static IP address to computer A or setting computer A to obtain an IP address
automatically.
Figure 111 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example
Conflicting Router IP Addresses Example
Since a router connects different networks, it must have interfaces using different network
numbers. For example, if a router is set between a LAN and the Internet (WAN), the router’s LAN
and WAN addresses must be on different subnets. In the following example, the LAN and WAN are
on the same subnet. The LAN computers cannot access the Internet because the router cannot
route between networks.
Figure 112 Conflicting Router IP Addresses Example
Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example
More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example, the computer and
the router’s LAN port both use 192.168.1.1 as the IP address. The computer cannot access the
Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different IP address to the computer or the
router’s LAN port.
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
NBG-418N User’s Guide
156
Figure 113 Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example
NBG-418N User’s Guide 157
APPENDIX B
Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java
Permissions
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.
• JavaScripts (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
Note: The screens used below belong to Internet Explorer version 6, 7 and 8. Screens for
other Internet Explorer versions may vary.
Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers
You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device.
Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow
pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.
Disable Pop-up Blockers
1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker.
Figure 114 Pop-up Blocker
You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.
1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
2Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any
web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
NBG-418N User’s Guide
158
Figure 115 Internet Options: Privacy
3Click Apply to save this setting.
Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions
Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.
1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
2Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
NBG-418N User’s Guide 159
Figure 116 Internet Options: Privacy
3Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the
prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
4Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.
Figure 117 Pop-up Blocker Settings
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
NBG-418N User’s Guide
160
5Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
6Click Apply to save this setting.
JavaScripts
If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts
are allowed.
1In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
Figure 118 Internet Options: Security
2Click the Custom Level... button.
3Scroll down to Scripting.
4Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
5Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
6Click OK to close the window.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
NBG-418N User’s Guide 161
Figure 119 Security Settings - Java Scripting
Java Permissions
1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
2Click the Custom Level... button.
3Scroll down to Microsoft VM.
4Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
5Click OK to close the window.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
NBG-418N User’s Guide
162
Figure 120 Security Settings - Java
JAVA (Sun)
1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab.
2Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.
3Click OK to close the window.
Figure 121 Java (Sun)
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
NBG-418N User’s Guide 163
Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary slightly. The steps
below apply to Mozilla Firefox 3.0 as well.
You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the
screen that appears.
Figure 122 Mozilla Firefox: TOOLS > Options
Click Content to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Figure 123 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
NBG-418N User’s Guide
164
Opera
Opera 10 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary slightly.
Allowing Pop-Ups
From Opera, click Tools, then Preferences. In the General tab, go to Choose how you prefer
to handle pop-ups and select Open all pop-ups.
Figure 124 Opera: Allowing Pop-Ups
Enabling Java
From Opera, click Tools, then Preferences. In the Advanced tab, select Content from the left-
side menu. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
NBG-418N User’s Guide 165
Figure 125 Opera: Enabling Java
To customize JavaScript behavior in the Opera browser, click JavaScript Options.
Figure 126 Opera: JavaScript Options
Select the items you want Opera’s JavaScript to apply.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
NBG-418N User’s Guide
166
NBG-418N User’s Guide 167
APPENDIX C
Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
Note: Your specific NBG-418N may not support all of the operating systems described in
this appendix. See the product specifications for more information about which
operating systems are supported.
This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in order for it to be
able to communicate with the other devices on your network. Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/
OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to use TCP/IP on
your computer.
If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure that your network’s
computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet.
In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:
•Windows XP/NT/2000 on page 167
•Windows Vista on page 171
•Windows 7 on page 175
•Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4 on page 179
•Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6 on page 182
•Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 185
•Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) on page 189
Windows XP/NT/2000
The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also apply to Windows
2000 and Windows NT.
1Click Start > Control Panel.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
168
2In the Control Panel, click the Network Connections icon.
3Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
4On the General tab, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 169
5The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
170
6Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP
address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network
administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS
server, if that information was provided.
7Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
8Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network
connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection
information.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 171
Windows Vista
This section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional.
1Click Start > Control Panel.
2In the Control Panel, click the Network and Internet icon.
3Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.
4Click Manage network connections.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
172
5Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying
that it needs your permission to continue.
6Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 173
7The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
174
8Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP
address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network
administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS
server, if that information was provided.Click Advanced.
9Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
10 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network
connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection
information.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 175
Windows 7
This section shows screens from Windows 7 Enterprise.
1Click Start > Control Panel.
2In the Control Panel, click View network status and tasks under the Network and Internet
category.
3Click Change adapter settings.
4Double click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
176
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying
that it needs your permission to continue.
5Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 177
6The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
178
7Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP
address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network
administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS
server, if that information was provided. Click Advanced if you want to configure advanced
settings for IP, DNS and WINS.
8Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
9Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
3The IP settings are displayed as follows.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 179
Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4
The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3.
1Click Apple > System Preferences.
2In the System Preferences window, click the Network icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
180
3When the Network preferences pane opens, select Built-in Ethernet from the network
connection type list, and then click Configure.
4For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 list in the TCP/IP
tab.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 181
5For statically assigned settings, do the following:
•From the Configure IPv4 list, select Manually.
•In the IP Address field, type your IP address.
•In the Subnet Mask field, type your subnet mask.
•In the Router field, type the IP address of your device.
6Click Apply Now and close the window.
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then
selecting the appropriate Network Interface from the Info tab.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
182
Figure 127 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Utility
Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6
The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5 but can also apply to 10.6.
1Click Apple > System Preferences.
2In System Preferences, click the Network icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 183
3When the Network preferences pane opens, select Ethernet from the list of available connection
types.
4From the Configure list, select Using DHCP for dynamically assigned settings.
5For statically assigned settings, do the following:
•From the Configure list, select Manually.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
184
•In the IP Address field, enter your IP address.
•In the Subnet Mask field, enter your subnet mask.
•In the Router field, enter the IP address of your NBG-418N.
6Click Apply and close the window.
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then
selecting the appropriate Network interface from the Info tab.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 185
Figure 128 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Utility
Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME)
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the GNU Object Model
Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file
locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual
configuration. The following screens use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME:
1Click System > Administration > Network.
2When the Network Settings window opens, click Unlock to open the Authenticate window. (By
default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.) You cannot make changes to your
configuration unless you first enter your admin password.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
186
3In the Authenticate window, enter your admin account name and password then click the
Authenticate button.
4In the Network Settings window, select the connection that you want to configure, then click
Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 187
5The Properties dialog box opens.
•In the Configuration list, select Automatic Configuration (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP
address.
•In the Configuration list, select Static IP address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the
IP address, Subnet mask, and Gateway address fields.
6Click OK to save the changes and close the Properties dialog box and return to the Network
Settings screen.
7If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Settings window
and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
188
8Click the Close button to apply the changes.
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking System > Administration > Network Tools, and then
selecting the appropriate Network device from the Devices tab. The Interface Statistics
column shows data if your connection is working properly.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 189
Figure 129 Ubuntu 8: Network Tools
Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE)
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the K Desktop
Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file
locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual
configuration. The following screens use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:
1Click K Menu > Computer > Administrator Settings (YaST).
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
190
2When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and click OK.
3When the YaST Control Center window opens, select Network Devices and then click the
Network Card icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 191
4When the Network Settings window opens, click the Overview tab, select the appropriate
connection Name from the list, and then click the Configure button.
5When the Network Card Setup window opens, click the Address tab
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
192
Figure 130 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup
6Select Dynamic Address (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.
Select Statically assigned IP Address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address,
Subnet mask, and Hostname fields.
7Click Next to save the changes and close the Network Card Setup window.
8If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the Hostname/DNS tab in Network Settings
and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide 193
9Click Finish to save your settings and close the window.
Verifying Settings
Click the KNetwork Manager icon on the Task bar to check your TCP/IP properties. From the
Options sub-menu, select Show Connection Information.
Figure 131 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork Manager
When the Connection Status - KNetwork Manager window opens, click the Statistics tab to
see if your connection is working properly.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
NBG-418N User’s Guide
194
Figure 132 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager
NBG-418N User’s Guide 195
APPENDIX D
Wireless LANs
Wireless LAN Topologies
This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.
Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration
The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of
computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within
range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an
ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example
of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN.
Figure 133 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network
BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a
wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless
client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is
disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with
each other.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide
196
Figure 134 Basic Service Set
ESS
An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access
point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection
between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).
This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only
provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the
immediate neighborhood.
An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated
wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide 197
Figure 135 Infrastructure WLAN
Channel
A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data.
Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your
region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce
interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing
interference and degrading performance.
Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should
be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For
example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to
select a channel between 6 or 11.
RTS/CTS
A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not
within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are
within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they
cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore,
they are considered hidden from each other.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide
198
Figure 136 RTS/CTS
When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the
channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of
data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.
RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest
size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is
invoked.
When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station
that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for
permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other
stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms
with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.
Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and
the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the
RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be
fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could
negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.
Fragmentation Threshold
A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes)
that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data
frames.
A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while
you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.
If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you
set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames
will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide 199
Preamble Type
Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of
the synchronization field in a packet.
Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending
data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short
preamble.
Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network
support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide
more efficient communications.
Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the
network support it, otherwise the NBG-418N uses long preamble.
Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.
IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b
adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or
lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the
maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Wireless Security Overview
Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless
clients, access points and the wired network.
Wireless security methods available on the NBG-418N are data encryption, wireless client
authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the NBG-418N identity.
Table 70 IEEE 802.11g
DATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION
1 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)
2 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying)
6/9/12/18/24/36/48/
54
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide
200
The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on
your NBG-418N.
Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the NBG-418N and on all
wireless clients that you want to associate with it.
IEEE 802.1x
In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to
support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It
is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x
are:
• User based identification that allows for roaming.
• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for
centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server.
• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional
authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless
clients.
RADIUS
RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and
accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server
handles the following tasks:
• Authentication
Determines the identity of the users.
•Authorization
Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the
network.
• Accounting
Keeps track of the client’s network activity.
Table 71 Wireless Security Levels
SECURITY
LEVEL SECURITY TYPE
Least
Secure
Most Secure
Unique SSID (Default)
Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
MAC Address Filtering
WEP Encryption
IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA2
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide 201
RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the
wireless client and the network RADIUS server.
Types of RADIUS Messages
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS
server for user authentication:
• Access-Request
Sent by an access point requesting authentication.
• Access-Reject
Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.
• Access-Accept
Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.
• Access-Challenge
Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point
sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message.
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS
server for user accounting:
• Accounting-Request
Sent by the access point requesting accounting.
• Accounting-Response
Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.
In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret
key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the
shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from
unauthorized access.
Types of EAP Authentication
This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and
LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types.
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE
802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP
to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a
RADIUS server perform authentication.
The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that
supports IEEE 802.1x. .
For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain
the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used
to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate
owner.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide
202
EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)
MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server
sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by
encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in
plain text.
However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get
the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the
authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an
authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication.
Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You
must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.
EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)
With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for
mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of
the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done
in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive
attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity.
However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which
imposes a management overhead.
EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)
EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-
side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending
username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client
authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP,
CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.
PEAP (Protected EAP)
Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then
use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the
clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5,
EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is
implemented only by Cisco.
LEAP
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x.
Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the
wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is
generated each time reauthentication is performed.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide 203
If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless
security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while
dynamic WEP is enabled.
Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic
keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public
deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a
comparison of the features of authentication types.
WPA and WPA2
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a
wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management
than WPA.
Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user
authentication.
If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use
WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use
WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into
each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless
client will be granted access to a WLAN.
If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on
whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.
Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less
secure than WPA or WPA2.
Encryption
WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity
Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but
offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter
mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).
TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server.
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm
Table 72 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types
EAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAP
Mutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Certificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional No
Certificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes No
Dynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Credential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong Moderate
Deployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate Moderate
Client Identity Protection No No Yes Yes No
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide
204
called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check
(MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying
mechanism.
WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is
never used twice.
The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key
hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption
keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless
clients. This all happens in the background automatically.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets,
altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the
receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is
assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity
checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi
network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference
between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific
credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force
password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent,
single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal
encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of
WEP)
User Authentication
WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate
wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange
messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a
network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and
pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless
devices.
Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication
with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not
need to go with the authentication process again.
Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an
AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.
Wireless Client WPA Supplicants
A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless
client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch
for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client.
The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero
Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide 205
WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812),
and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server
looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.
1The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.
2The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies
network access accordingly.
3A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS
server and the client.
4The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and
management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The
keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and
the wireless clients.
Figure 137 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
WPA(2)-PSK Application Example
A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.
1First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must
consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and
symbols).
2The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password
matches.
3The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not
sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide
206
4The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information
exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data
exchanged between them.
Figure 138 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication
Security Parameters Summary
Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each
authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on
how you configure these security features.
Antenna Overview
An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to
the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by
capturing RF signals from the air.
Table 73 Wireless Security Relational Matrix
AUTHENTICATION
METHOD/ KEY
MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL
ENCRYPTIO
N METHOD ENTER
MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1X
Open None No Disable
Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Open WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Disable
Shared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Disable
WPA TKIP/AES No Enable
WPA-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
WPA2 TKIP/AES No Enable
WPA2-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide 207
Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN.
Antenna Characteristics
Frequency
An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz or 5GHz is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless
LAN
Radiation Pattern
A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage
area.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width.
Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications.
For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately
2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of
approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment.
Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal
power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna
that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the
antenna provides.
Types of Antennas for WLAN
There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.
• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The
coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room
environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage
areas with multiple access points.
• Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light
from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles
typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional
antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.
Positioning Antennas
In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In
point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to
each other to attain the best performance.
For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For
omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP
application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-418N User’s Guide
208
For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
NBG-418N User’s Guide 209
APPENDIX E
Common Services
The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port
numbers. For a comprehensive list of port numbers, ICMP type/code numbers and services, visit
the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) web site.
•Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a
different one, if you like.
•Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service
uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP
protocol number, not the port number.
•Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information
about port numbers.
•If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.
•If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.
•Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations
in which this service is used.
Table 74 Commonly Used Services
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
AH
(IPSEC_TUNNEL)
User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling
protocol uses this service.
AIM/New-ICQ TCP 5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service. It is also used as
a listening port by ICQ.
AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some servers.
BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol.
BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client.
BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server.
CU-SEEME TCP
UDP
7648
24032
A popular videoconferencing solution from White
Pines Software.
DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that matches web
names (for example www.zyxel.com) to IP
numbers.
ESP
(IPSEC_TUNNEL)
User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol)
tunneling protocol uses this service.
FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that
can be used to find out if a user is logged on.
FTP TCP
TCP
20
21
File Transfer Program, a program to enable fast
transfer of files, including large files that may not
be possible by e-mail.
H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.
HTTP TCP 80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/server
protocol for the world wide web.
Appendix E Common Services
NBG-418N User’s Guide
210
HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-
commerce.
ICMP User-Defined 1Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for
diagnostic or routing purposes.
ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat program.
IGMP (MULTICAST) User-Defined 2Internet Group Management Protocol is used when
sending packets to a specific group of hosts.
IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for
key distribution and management.
IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat program.
MSN Messenger TCP 1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger service uses this
protocol.
NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program.
NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups.
NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/server
distributed file service that provides transparent file
sharing for network environments.
NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery
mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service.
PING User-Defined 1Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out
ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote
host is reachable.
POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer
get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary
connection (TCP/IP or other).
PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure
transfer of data over public networks. This is the
control channel.
PPTP_TUNNEL
(GRE)
User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables
secure transfer of data over public networks. This is
the data channel.
RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service.
REAL_AUDIO TCP 7070 A streaming audio service that enables real time
sound over the web.
REXEC TCP 514 Remote Execution Daemon.
RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login.
RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet.
RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol
(RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the
Internet.
SFTP TCP 115 Simple File Transfer Protocol.
SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-
exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables
you to move messages from one e-mail server to
another.
SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management Program.
SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).
Table 74 Commonly Used Services (continued)
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
Appendix E Common Services
NBG-418N User’s Guide 211
SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an interface to
access data on many different types of database
systems, including mainframes, midrange systems,
UNIX systems and network servers.
SSH TCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program.
STRM WORKS UDP 1558 Stream Works Protocol.
SYSLOG UDP 514 Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX
server.
TACACS UDP 49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal Access
Controller Access Control System).
TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol
common on the Internet and in UNIX environments.
It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary
function is to allow users to log into remote host
systems.
TFTP UDP 69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an Internet file
transfer protocol similar to FTP, but uses the UDP
(User Datagram Protocol) rather than TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol).
VDOLIVE TCP 7000 Another videoconferencing solution.
Table 74 Commonly Used Services (continued)
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
Appendix E Common Services
NBG-418N User’s Guide
212
NBG-418N User’s Guide 213
APPENDIX F
Legal Information
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into
any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it
convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any
products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.
Certifications
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement
The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
• This device may not cause harmful interference.
• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations.
This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These
limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses,
and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference
to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.
If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by turning the device off and on, the
user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
1Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
2Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
3Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
4Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
FCC Radiation Exposure Statement
• This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter.
• IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n (20MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1 through 11. IEEE
802.11n (40MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 3 through 9.
• To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20 cm must be maintained between the
antenna of this device and all persons.
注意 !
依據 低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法
第十二條 經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機，非經許可，公司、商號或使用
者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性及功能。
第十四條 低功率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信；經發現
有干擾現象時，應立即停用，並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用。
前項合法通信，指依電信規定作業之無線電信。低功率射頻電機須忍
受合法通信或工業、科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾。
Notices
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the
equipment.
This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC region and Switzerland, with restrictions in France.
Ce produit est conçu pour les bandes de fréquences 2,4 GHz conformément à la législation Européenne. En France métropolitaine, suivant
les décisions n°03-908 et 03-909 de l'ARCEP, la puissance d'émission ne devra pas dépasser 10 mW (10 dB) dans le cadre d'une
installation WiFi en extérieur pour les fréquences comprises entre 2454 MHz et 2483,5 MHz.
Appendix F Legal Information
NBG-418N User’s Guide
214
This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.
Viewing Certifications
Go to http://www.zyxel.com to view this product’s documentation and certifications.
ZyXEL Limited Warranty
ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in material or workmanship for a specific
period (the Warranty Period) from the date of purchase. The Warranty Period varies by region. Check with your vendor and/or the
authorized ZyXEL local distributor for details about the Warranty Period of this product. During the warranty period, and upon proof of
purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or
replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to
restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally
equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has
been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.
Note
Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other
warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in
no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.
To obtain the services of this warranty, contact your vendor. You may also refer to the warranty policy for the region in which you bought
the device at http://www.zyxel.com/web/support_warranty_info.php.
Registration
Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at
www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.
Open Source Licenses (all products)
This product contains in part some free software distributed under GPL license terms and/or GPL like licenses. Open source licenses are
provided with the firmware package. You can download the latest firmware at www.zyxel.com. To obtain the source code covered under
those Licenses, please contact support@zyxel.com.tw to get it.
Regulatory Information
European Union
The following information applies if you use the product within the European Union.
Declaration of Conformity with Regard to EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive)
Compliance Information for 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wireless Products Relevant to the EU and Other Countries Following the EU Directive 1999/5/EC
(R&TTE Directive)
[Czech] ZyXEL tímto prohlašuje, že tento zařízení je ve shodě se základními požadavky a dalšími příslušnými ustanoveními
směrnice 1999/5/EC.
[Danish] Undertegnede ZyXEL erklærer herved, at følgende udstyr udstyr overholder de væsentlige krav og øvrige relevante
krav i direktiv 1999/5/EF.
[German] Hiermit erklärt ZyXEL, dass sich das Gerät Ausstattung in Übereinstimmung mit den grundlegenden Anforderungen
und den übrigen einschlägigen Bestimmungen der Richtlinie 1999/5/EU befindet.
[Estonian] Käesolevaga kinnitab ZyXEL seadme seadmed vastavust direktiivi 1999/5/EÜ põhinõuetele ja nimetatud direktiivist
tulenevatele teistele asjakohastele sätetele.
English Hereby, ZyXEL declares that this equipment is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant
provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC.
[Spanish] Por medio de la presente ZyXEL declara que el equipo cumple con los requisitos esenciales y cualesquiera otras
disposiciones aplicables o exigibles de la Directiva 1999/5/CE.
[Greek] ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ZyXEL ΔΗΛΩΝΕΙ ΟΤΙ εξοπλισμός ΣΥΜΜΟΡΦΩΝΕΤΑΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΙΣ ΟΥΣΙΩΔΕΙΣ ΑΠΑΙΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΣ
ΛΟΙΠΕΣ ΣΧΕΤΙΚΕΣ ΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΟΔΗΓΙΑΣ 1999/5/ΕC.
[French] Par la présente ZyXEL déclare que l'appareil équipements est conforme aux exigences essentielles et aux autres
dispositions pertinentes de la directive 1999/5/EC.
[Italian] Con la presente ZyXEL dichiara che questo attrezzatura è conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed alle altre disposizioni
pertinenti stabilite dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE.
[Latvian] Ar šo ZyXEL deklarē, ka iekārtas atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajām prasībām un citiem ar to saistītajiem
noteikumiem.
[Lithuanian] Šiuo ZyXEL deklaruoja, kad šis įranga atitinka esminius reikalavimus ir kitas 1999/5/EB Direktyvos nuostatas.
[Dutch] Hierbij verklaart ZyXEL dat het toestel uitrusting in overeenstemming is met de essentiële eisen en de andere
relevante bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EC.
[Maltese] Hawnhekk, ZyXEL, jiddikjara li dan tagħmir jikkonforma mal-ħtiġijiet essenzjali u ma provvedimenti oħrajn relevanti li
hemm fid-Dirrettiva 1999/5/EC.
Appendix F Legal Information
NBG-418N User’s Guide 215
National Restrictions
This product may be used in all EU countries (and other countries following the EU directive 1999/5/EC) without any limitation except for
the countries mentioned below:
Ce produit peut être utilisé dans tous les pays de l’UE (et dans tous les pays ayant transposés la directive 1999/5/CE) sans aucune
limitation, excepté pour les pays mentionnés ci-dessous:
Questo prodotto è utilizzabile in tutte i paesi EU (ed in tutti gli altri paesi che seguono le direttive EU 1999/5/EC) senza nessuna
limitazione, eccetto per i paesii menzionati di seguito:
Das Produkt kann in allen EU Staaten ohne Einschränkungen eingesetzt werden (sowie in anderen Staaten die der EU Direktive 1995/5/CE
folgen) mit Außnahme der folgenden aufgeführten Staaten:
In the majority of the EU and other European countries, the 2, 4- and 5-GHz bands have been made available for the use of wireless local
area networks (LANs). Later in this document you will find an overview of countries inwhich additional restrictions or requirements or both
are applicable.
The requirements for any country may evolve. ZyXEL recommends that you check with the local authorities for the latest status of their
national regulations for both the 2,4- and 5-GHz wireless LANs.
The following countries have restrictions and/or requirements in addition to those given in the table labeled “Overview of Regulatory
Requirements for Wireless LANs”:.
Belgium
The Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must be notified of any outdoor wireless link having a range
exceeding 300 meters. Please check http://www.bipt.be for more details.
Draadloze verbindingen voor buitengebruik en met een reikwijdte van meer dan 300 meter dienen aangemeld te worden bij het Belgisch
Instituut voor postdiensten en telecommunicatie (BIPT). Zie http://www.bipt.be voor meer gegevens.
Les liaisons sans fil pour une utilisation en extérieur d’une distance supérieure à 300 mètres doivent être notifiées à l’Institut Belge des
services Postaux et des Télécommunications (IBPT). Visitez http://www.ibpt.be pour de plus amples détails.
Denmark
In Denmark, the band 5150 - 5350 MHz is also allowed for outdoor usage.
I Danmark må frekvensbåndet 5150 - 5350 også anvendes udendørs.
France
For 2.4 GHz, the output power is restricted to 10 mW EIRP when the product is used outdoors in the band 2454 - 2483.5 MHz. There are
no restrictions when used indoors or in other parts of the 2.4 GHz band. Check http://www.arcep.fr/ for more details.
[Hungarian] Alulírott, ZyXEL nyilatkozom, hogy a berendezés megfelel a vonatkozó alapvetõ követelményeknek és az 1999/5/EK
irányelv egyéb elõírásainak.
[Polish] Niniejszym ZyXEL oświadcza, że sprzęt jest zgodny z zasadniczymi wymogami oraz pozostałymi stosownymi
postanowieniami Dyrektywy 1999/5/EC.
[Portuguese] ZyXEL declara que este equipamento está conforme com os requisitos essenciais e outras disposições da Directiva
1999/5/EC.
[Slovenian] ZyXEL izjavlja, da je ta oprema v skladu z bistvenimi zahtevami in ostalimi relevantnimi določili direktive 1999/5/EC.
[Slovak] ZyXEL týmto vyhlasuje, že zariadenia spĺňa základné požiadavky a všetky príslušné ustanovenia Smernice 1999/5/
EC.
[Finnish] ZyXEL vakuuttaa täten että laitteet tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien
direktiivin muiden ehtojen mukainen.
[Swedish] Härmed intygar ZyXEL att denna utrustning står I överensstämmelse med de väsentliga egenskapskrav och övriga
relevanta bestämmelser som framgår av direktiv 1999/5/EC.
[Bulgarian] С настоящото ZyXEL декларира, че това оборудване е в съответствие със съществените изисквания и другите
приложими разпоредбите на Директива 1999/5/ЕC.
[Icelandic] Hér með lýsir, ZyXEL því yfir að þessi búnaður er í samræmi við grunnkröfur og önnur viðeigandi ákvæði tilskipunar
1999/5/EC.
[Norwegian] Erklærer herved ZyXEL at dette utstyret er I samsvar med de grunnleggende kravene og andre relevante
bestemmelser I direktiv 1999/5/EF.
[Romanian] Prin prezenta, ZyXEL declară că acest echipament este în conformitate cu cerinţele esenţiale şi alte prevederi
relevante ale Directivei 1999/5/EC.
Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs
Frequency Band (MHz) Max Power Level
(EIRP)1 (mW) Indoor ONLY Indoor and Outdoor
2400-2483.5 100 V
5150-5350 200 V
5470-5725 1000 V
Appendix F Legal Information
NBG-418N User’s Guide
216
Pour la bande 2.4 GHz, la puissance est limitée à 10 mW en p.i.r.e. pour les équipements utilisés en extérieur dans la bande 2454 -
2483.5 MHz. Il n'y a pas de restrictions pour des utilisations en intérieur ou dans d'autres parties de la bande 2.4 GHz. Consultez http://
www.arcep.fr/ pour de plus amples détails.
Italy
This product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements specified in the National Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless
this wireless LAN product is operating within the boundaries of the owner's property, its use requires a “general authorization.” Please
check http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ for more details.
Questo prodotto è conforme alla specifiche di Interfaccia Radio Nazionali e rispetta il Piano Nazionale di ripartizione delle frequenze in
Italia. Se non viene installato all 'interno del proprio fondo, l'utilizzo di prodotti Wireless LAN richiede una “Autorizzazione Generale”.
Consultare http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ per maggiori dettagli.
Latvia
The outdoor usage of the 2.4 GHz band requires an authorization from the Electronic Communications Office. Please check http://
www.esd.lv for more details.
2.4 GHz frekvenèu joslas izmantoðanai ârpus telpâm nepiecieðama atïauja no Elektronisko sakaru direkcijas. Vairâk informâcijas: http://www.esd.lv.
Notes:
1. Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states, the EU Directive 1999/5/EC has also been implemented in
those countries.
2. The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP. The EIRP level (in dBm) of a device can be calculated by adding
the gain of the antenna used(specified in dBi) to the output power available at the connector (specified in dBm).
List of national codes
Safety Warnings
• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.
• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.
• Do NOT store things on the device.
• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.
• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY
qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.
• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.
• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.
• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.
• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device.
R&TTE 1999/5/EC
WLAN 2.4 – 2.4835 GHz
IEEE 802.11 b/g/n
Location Frequency Range(GHz) Power (EIRP)
Indoor (No restrictions) 2.4 – 2.4835 100mW (20dBm)
Outdoor 2.4 – 2.454 100mW (20dBm)
2.454 – 2.4835 10mW (10dBm)
COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE
Austria AT Malta MT
Belgium BE Netherlands NL
Cyprus CY Poland PL
Czech Republic CR Portugal PT
Denmark DK Slovakia SK
Estonia EE Slovenia SI
Finland FI Spain ES
France FR Sweden SE
Germany DE United Kingdom GB
Greece GR Iceland IS
Hungary HU Liechtenstein LI
Ireland IE Norway NO
Italy IT Switzerland CH
Latvia LV Bulgaria BG
Lithuania LT Romania RO
Luxembourg LU Turkey TR
Appendix F Legal Information
NBG-418N User’s Guide 217
• Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe).
• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power
adaptor or cord.
• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.
• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the power outlet.
• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.
• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device.
• Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the
included antenna(s).
• If you wall mount your device, make sure that no electrical lines, gas or water pipes will be damaged.
Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical
Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and
electronic equipment should be treated separately.
Appendix F Legal Information
NBG-418N User’s Guide
218
Index
NBG-418N User’s Guide 219
Index
A
Address Assignment 86
Advanced Encryption Standard
See AES.
AES 203
Alert 129
alternative subnet mask notation 149
antenna
directional 207
gain 207
omni-directional 207
AP (access point) 197
AP Mode
menu 42, 47
overview 35
status screen 37, 45, 49, 53
B
Backup configuration 133
Basic Service Set, See BSS 195
BSS 195
C
CA 202
Certificate Authority
See CA.
certifications
notices 213
viewing 214
Channel 39, 46, 50, 53
channel 69, 197
interference 197
client bridge 13
Configuration
backup 133
reset the factory defaults 134
restore 133
copyright 213
CPU usage 39, 46, 50, 54
CTS (Clear to Send) 198
D
Daylight saving 128
DDNS
service providers 109
device mode 13, 35
DHCP 40, 97
DHCP server
see also Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP client information 100
DHCP client list 100
DHCP server 94, 97
DHCP table 40, 100
DHCP client information
DHCP status
disclaimer 213
DNS 30, 99
DNS server
see also Domain name system
DNS Server 86
DNS server 99
documentation
related 2
Domain name 23
vs host name. see also system name
Domain Name System 99
Domain Name System. See DNS.
duplex setting 40, 46, 50, 54
Dynamic DNS 109
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 97
dynamic WEP key exchange 202
DynDNS 109
DynDNS see also DDNS 109
Index
NBG-418N User’s Guide220
E
EAP Authentication 201
encryption 70, 203
key 70
WPA compatible 70
ESS 196
ESSID 145
Extended Service Set, See ESS 196
Extended wireless security 24
F
Factory LAN defaults 94, 97
FCC interference statement 213
Firewall
ICMP packets 113
ZyXEL device firewall 112
firewall
stateful inspection 111
Firmware upload 131
file extension
using HTTP
firmware version 39, 46, 49, 53
fragmentation threshold 198
G
General wireless LAN screen 70
Guide
Quick Start 2
H
hidden node 197
I
IANA 154
IBSS 195
IEEE 802.11g 199
Independent Basic Service Set
See IBSS 195
initialization vector (IV) 204
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
See IANA 154
Internet connection
Ethernet
PPPoE. see also PPP over Ethernet
PPTP
WAN connection
Internet connection wizard 25
IP Address 95, 104
IP address 30
dynamic
IP Pool 98
L
LAN 93
IP pool setup 94
LAN overview 93
LAN setup 93
LAN TCP/IP 94
Language 139
Link type 40, 46, 50, 54
Local Area Network 93
Log 129
M
MAC 75
MAC address 69, 86
cloning 31, 86
MAC address filter 69
MAC address filtering 75
MAC filter 75
managing the device
good habits 14
Media access control 75
Memory usage 39, 46, 50, 54
Message Integrity Check (MIC) 203
Index
NBG-418N User’s Guide 221
mode 13
N
NAT 101, 104, 154
global 102
how it works 101, 103
inside 102
local 102
outside 102
overview 101
port forwarding 106
see also Network Address Translation
server 103
server sets 106
NAT traversal 119
Navigation Panel 42, 47, 51, 54
navigation panel 42, 47, 51, 54
Network Address Translation 101, 104
O
operating mode 13
operation mode 35, 137
access point 35
client 36
router 35
universal repeater 36
other documentation 2
overview 13
P
Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 204, 205
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet 26, 88
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 27, 90
Pool Size 98
Port forwarding 104, 106
default server 104, 106
example 107
local server 104
port numbers
services
port speed 40, 46, 50, 54
PPPoE 26, 88
benefits 26
dial-up connection
see also Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet 26
PPTP 27, 90
see also Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 27
preamble mode 199
product registration 214
PSK 204
Q
Quality of Service (QoS) 78
Quick Start Guide 2
R
RADIUS 200
message types 201
messages 201
shared secret key 201
registration
product 214
related documentation 2
Remote management 115
and NAT 116
and the firewall 115
limitations 116
system timeout 116
Reset button 19, 134
Reset the device 19
Restore configuration 133
Roaming 76
RTS (Request To Send) 198
threshold 197, 198
RTS/CTS Threshold 68, 76, 77
S
safety warnings 216
Index
NBG-418N User’s Guide222
Scheduling 81
screw anchor 16
Service Set 72
Service Set IDentification 72, 82, 83
Service Set IDentity. See SSID.
SSID 39, 46, 53, 69, 72, 82, 83
stateful inspection firewall 111
Static DHCP 98
subnet 147
Subnet Mask 95
subnet mask 30, 148
subnetting 150
Summary
DHCP table 40
Packet statistics 41
Wireless station status 42
Sys Op Mode 137
System General Setup 125
System Name 126
System name 22
vs computer name
System restart 134
T
TCP/IP configuration 97
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) 203
Time setting 126
U
Universal Plug and Play 119
application 119
universal repeater 13
UPnP 119
security issues 119
V
VPN 90
W
wall mounting 16
WAN
IP address assignment 29
WAN (Wide Area Network) 85
WAN IP address 29
WAN IP address assignment 30
WAN MAC address 86
warranty 214
note 214
Web Configurator
how to access 17
Overview 17
WEP Encryption 74
WEP encryption 73
WEP key 73
Wi-Fi Protected Access 203
Wireless association list 42
wireless channel 145
wireless client WPA supplicants 204
wireless LAN 145
wireless LAN scheduling 81
Wireless LAN wizard 23
Wireless network
basic guidelines 68
channel 69
encryption 70
example 67
MAC address filter 69
overview 67
security 69
SSID 69
Wireless security 69
overview 69
type 69
wireless security 145, 199
Wireless tutorial 57
WPS 57
Wizard setup 21
complete 32
Internet connection 25
system information 22
wireless LAN 23
WLAN
interference 197
Index
NBG-418N User’s Guide 223
security parameters 206
WPA 203
key caching 204
pre-authentication 204
user authentication 204
vs WPA-PSK 204
wireless client supplicant 204
with RADIUS application example 205
WPA compatible 70
WPA2 203
user authentication 204
vs WPA2-PSK 204
wireless client supplicant 204
with RADIUS application example 205
WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 203
WPA2-PSK 203, 204
application example 205
WPA-PSK 203, 204
application example 205
WPS 15
WPS button 15
Index
NBG-418N User’s Guide224